Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes

Tan TruongBIOL 503

May 4, 2010

• Galvanotropism – growth in response to external electric field • Thigmotropism – growth in response to contact• Chemotropism – growth in response to chemicals• Geotropism/gravitropism – growth in response to gravity• Heliotropism/Phototropism – growth in response to sunlight• Hydrotropism – growth in response to water• Thermotropism – growth in response to temperature changes• Specific Host Tropism (amphotropism, neurotropism, etc.)

Tropism

Galvanotropism

C. albicans hyphal reorientation upon applied current

(Brand et al., 2007)

Thigmotropism

C. albicans hyphal reorientation upon surface ridge contact

(Brand et al., 2007)

Neurospora crassa chemotropic attraction (Mak-2 localizing to CAT)

Chemotropism

(Gleissner et al., 2009)

Phycomyces exhibiting phototropism

Phototropism

(Bergman et al., 1969)

• Candida albicans - thin-walled, small budding yeast

• Saccharomyces cerevisiae – model organism

• Candida glabrata – non-dimorphic, haploid yeast; opportunistic pathogen; Candidemia

Fungal Species

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Outline

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Outline

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Outline

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Outline

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Outline

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Outline

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Outline

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Outline

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Outline

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Outline

• Environmental cues can induce tropism

• Environmental cues can promote the uptake of other environmental cues, which can induce directional growth

• Strategically-positioned receptors can facilitate tropism

Hypotheses

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Re-cap

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Re-cap

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Re-cap

(Ozeki-Miyawaki et al., 2005)

Stretch described by (Murase et al., 2001)

Figure 1: S. cerivisiae Mid1 is a stretch-activated Ca2+ channel

Figure 2: Extracellular Ca2+ affects cathodal emergence of C. albicans hyphae

(Brand et al., 2007)

Figure 3: Thigmotropic response is attenuated in C. albicans Ca2+–signaling –pathway mutants

(Brand et al., 2007)

(Brand et al., 2007)

Figure 4: Proposed model for Ca2+ uptake in galvanotropic and thigmotropic growth

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Re-cap

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Re-cap

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Re-cap

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Re-cap

(Miyazaki et al., 2010)

Figure 5: Calcineurin is important for C. glabrata azole resistance

Cnb1 = Calcineurin B subunit

(Karababa et al., 2006)

Figure 6: Calcineurin & Crz1 regulate the expression of C. albicans Ca2+-dependent genes

Cna = Calcineurin A subunit

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Re-cap

(Kang et al., 2001)

Figure 7: S. cerevisiae Bud5 interacts with Axl2

S10 = soluble fraction

a = haploid yeasta/α = diploid yeastb = untagged protein

b b

(Marston et al., 2001)

Figure 8: Bud5 localizes at pre-bud sites in both haploid and diploid S. cerevisiae cells

Bright field im

agesha

ploi

ddi

ploi

d

(Marston et al., 2001)

Figure 9: S. cerevisiae Bud2 & Bud5 localize at pre-bud sites

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Re-cap

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Re-cap

Figure 10: Rsr1 & Bud2 are important for actin patch polarization in C. albicans

(Hausauer et al., 2005)

Stained with Alexa phalloidin (actin)DIC microscopy

Figure 11: C. albicans Rsr1 & Bud2 are important for hyphal morphogenesis

(Hausauer et al., 2005)

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Re-cap

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Re-cap

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Re-cap

Figure 12: Yeast Two-Hybrid (Y2H) Screening

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-hybrid_screening

(Barale et al., 2004)

Figure 13: S. cerevisiae Cdc24 interacts with both Far1 & Bem1

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

(Barale et al., 2004)

Figure 14: S. cerevisiae Cdc24 responds to α-factor

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Re-cap

GST-

(Mionnet et al., 2008)

Figure 15: S. cerevisiae Cdc24 associates with Cdc42

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Re-cap

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Re-cap

(B)

(A)

(Oehlen et al., 1996)

Figure 16: S. cerevisiae Ste2 regulates far1

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

Conclusion

• Environmental cues can induce tropism

• Environmental cues can promote the uptake of other environmental cues, which can induce directional growth

• Strategically-positioned receptors can facilitate tropism

Take-Home Messages

?

(Brand & Gow, 2009)

(Brand et al., 2007)

Proposed model for Ca2+ uptake in galvanotropic and thigmotropic growth

Tropic growth is facilitated by polarized protein complexes

Tan TruongBIOL 503

May 4, 2010

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