Aaqib IqbalDeccan School of Planning & Architecture

CLIMATOLOGY PROJECT ON TROPICAL CLIMATE

• Climate is a measure of the average pattern of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time. Climate is different from weather, in that weather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables in a given region

• A region's climate is generated by the climate system, which has five components: atmosphere, hydrosphere,cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.

• The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water bodies and their currents. Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation.

CLIMATE

WORLDWIDE CLIMATE CLASSIFICATIONS

• A tropical climate is a climate in the tropical region. In the Köppen climate classification it is a non-arid climate in which all twelve months have mean temperatures of at least 18 °C (64 °F).

• Tropical temperature remains relatively constant throughout the year and seasonal variations are dominated by precipitation.

• Tropical Climates are those climates where heat is dominant problem where the greater part of year buildings serve to keep cool for occupants room rather than warm.

TROPICAL CLIMATE

• The Basis of classification is given by 3 atmospheric factors which dominantly influence human comfort – air , temperate & humidity

• The Tropical regions of earth are divided into 3 major climatic zones & three sub groups

Warm Humid equatorial climate

Hot Dry Desert (or) semi desert climate

Composite or monsoon climate

CLASSIFICATION

• These climates are found in belt near equator extending to about 15ºN & s. Logos,Dar-es-Salam,Colombo,Singapore etc are examples of this climate. There is very less seasonal variation throughout the year .Periods of more or less rain & occurrence of gusty winds & electric storms

Air Temperature – Shades reaches a max during the day of between 27 & 32ºc but occasionally it may exceed. The mean minimum varies from 21º & 27ºc

Humidity – Rh(Relative humidity remains high at about 75 % for most of the time but it may vary from 55 to almost 100 % . Vapor pressure is steady from 2500 to 3000 N/m2

WARM HUMID CLIMATE

Locations of warm humid climates

Precipitation – High through out the year. Annual rainfall can vary from2000 to 5000 mm & may exceed 500 mm .

Sky Condition – Fairly cloudy throughout the year . Cloud cover varies between 60 & 90 % .Skies are usually bright .

Solar Radiation – is partly reflected & partly scattered by cloud blanket but strong radiation can cause painful sky glare

Wind Velocities – are typically low, calm periods are forewent but strong winds can occur during rainfall

Vegetation : Grown quickly due to frequent rains & high temperature & it is difficult to control the red or brown laterite soils are generally poor for agriculture .

Special Characteristics – High humidity accelerates mould & algal growth rusting & rotting .Organic buildings materials tend to decay rapidly Mosquitoes and other insects abound .The thunder storms are accompanied by frequent air – to air electrical discharges

These climates occur in two belts at latitudes between approximately 15 & 30ºnorth & south of the equator . Example's : Assuan Baghdad,Alice springs & phoenix

Two marked seasons occur :a hot & a somewhat cooler period

Air Temperature : DBT in shade rises quickly after sunrise to day time mean maximum temperature ranged from 27 to 32ºc . Night time mean minima between 24 & 30ºc in hot season & between 10 & 18º in cool season .The diurnal range is very great 17 to 22º

Humidity : RH varies from 10 to 55 % as wet depression is large (rapid evaporation) .Vapor pressure is normally between 750 & 1500 N /m2

HOT DRY DESERT CLIMATE

LOCATIONS OF HOT DRY DESERT CLIMATE

Precipitation : Slight & variable throughout the year, from 50 to 155 mm per annum ,Flash storms may occur over limited areas but some regions may not have rains for several years .

Sky Conditions : Normally Clear .Clouds are few due to low humidity of the air . The sky is usually dark blue , with a luminance of 700 to 2500 cd/m2 & further darkened dust or sand storms may occur

Solar Radiation : Direct & strong during the day , but the absence of cloud permits easy release of hear stored during day time

Winds : are usually local .Heating of air over hot ground cause a temperature inversion

Vegetation : is sparse & difficult to maintain humidity . The soil is usually dusty & very dry. Soils dries quickly after rain & would generally be fertile if irrigated

• These climates usually occur in large land masses near tropics of cancer & Capricorn which are sufficiently far from equator to experience seasonal changes in solar radiation & wind direction

• Examples : Lahore ,Mandalay, New Delhi

• Two seasons occur normally .Approximately 2/3rds of the year is hot dry & other third is warm humid. Localities further north & south often have a third season but described as cool dry

Air temperature : in shade as follows

COMPOSITE OR MONSOON CLIMATE

Seasons Hot Dry Warm Humid Cool Dry

Day time 32 -43ºc 27-32ºc Upton 27ºc

Night time 21-27ºc 24-27ºc 4-10ºc

Diurnal mean range 11-22ºc 3-6 11-22ºc

LOCATIONS OF COMPOSITE OR MONSOON CLIMATE

Humidity i.e. RH : Is low throughout the dry periods at 20 to 55 % with a vapor pressure of 1300 to 1600 N/m2.Durin wet period it rises to 55 to 95 %

Precipitation : Monsoon rains are intense & continued for a long timeoccasionally 25 to 38 mm can fall in an hour. Annual rainfall varies from 500 to 1300 mm with 200 to 250 mm wettest month. There Is little rain during dry seasons

Sky conditions :Markedly vary with the seasons .The sky is heavily overcast & dull during monsoons & clear with dark blue color in dry seasons

Solar Radiation : Alternated between conditions found in warm humid & hot dry desert climates

Winds : are hot & dusty during dry period .Monsoon winds are fairly strong & steady

• Vegetation : Hot dry region has brown & red barren ground which changes rapidly with the rain .Plants grow quickly. There is a risk of soil erosion during monsoon

• Special Characteristics : Seasonal changes in relative humidity cause rapid weakening of building materials .Dust & Sand storms may occur

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Aaqib Iqbal| 13131AA001 |THIRD SEM