Table of contentsLophophora sp. var. Vieska

122

Some forms not widely accepted as specific

designations

123

Lophophora fricii Habermann

123

Lophophora jourdaniana Habermann

124

Lophophora williamsii var. caespitosa Hort.

125

Lophophora lutea

127

“Other” peyote species

127

Lophophora williamsii (Lemaire ex Salm-

Dyck) Coulter

129

Common names used for or names applied to

peyote

129

Other names encountered in connection with

Peyote

132

Folk uses of Lophophora williamsii

133

Occurrence and distribution

133

Flora often associated with peyote

135

Description and characteristics

136

Moisture content of Peyote

139

Reported analysis of L. williamsii:

140

Mescaline content of Peyote

140

Alkaloid content of Peyote

141

An Abbreviated Chronology of the Identifi-

cation of the Peyote alkaloids

144

Effects of peyote summarized

146

Pharmacological overview of the non-mesca-

line alkaloid content of peyote

146

Alkaloids identified in peyote

148

Abbreviations

11

IMPORTANT Disclaimer & Cautionary

Statement to Readers

13

Opening comments

19

Endnotes for Opening comments

29

Chapter One

33

Random thoughts from a variety of minds

56

Notes for Chapter One

61

A Few Similarities between the Drug Wars

and the Witch Craze (after Szasz)

78

Chapter Two

81

The Peyote ‘crisis’

81

Some statistics from the Texas DPS

82

Some suggestions

88

Chapter Three

93

The Distribution & Occurrence of Mesca-

line

95

The reported distribution of mescaline

containing species within the family

Cactaceae

96

Distribution of alkaloids within cacti

98

Traces, Questions or Errors

100

Aztekium ritteri (Bödeker) Bödeker

101

The Gymnocalycium species

102

Reports of the occurrences of mescaline

within the Gymnocalycium species

108

Islaya minor Backeberg

117

Lophophora diffusa (Croizat) H. Bravo

118

A preview excerpted from the unpublished Sacred Cacti 3rd edition

5

Descriptions of Delospermas mentioned in

positive assays

209

Cultivation of the Delosperma species

212

Delosperma species in which we have de-

tected the tentative presence of DMT

and/or 5-MeO-DMT

214

Other members of the Aizoaceae

216

Summary of other Aizoaceous TLC alkaloid

screening

216

Some Other Succulents Held to be Sa-

cred, Medicinal or Useful

217

Miscellaneous Notes on other members of

the Aizoaceae

221

Miscellaneous Notes on some additional

Aizoaceous Chemistry

222

Endnotes for Some other Succulents

226

Chapter Five

231

Mescaline; Physical Data & Toxicity

233

Free base

233

LD50

234

Mescaline hydrochloride

235

Mescaline sulfate

237

Mescaline’s action

238

Dosage

239

Isolation

239

Synthesis

239

Spectrofluorometry

241

Mass Spectra

242

Biosynthesis of mescaline (discussions,

studies and route proposals)

242

A couple points of potential interest

154

References on peyote that may be of

potential interest to readers

158

Peyote Music

161

A portion of the first Inquisition Law

against Mescaline Containing Plants

(Peyote)

162

the genus Opuntia

163

Pelecyphora aselliformis Ehrenberg

171

Pereskia Mill.

172

Pereskiopsis Britton & Rose

177

Polaskia chende (Gosselin) Gibson & Horak

177

Pterocereus (?) gaumeri (Britton & Rose)

MacDougall & Miranda

179

Stenocereus beneckei (Ehrenberg)

Buxbaum

180

re: Djerassi reporting the detection of no

alkaloid

182

Stenocereus stellatus (Pfeiffer) Riccobono

183

Stenocereus treleasei (Britton & Rose)

Backeberg

184

Stetsonia coryne (Salm-Dyck) Britton &

Rose

185

The Turbinicarpus species

187

Comments on the occurrence & distribution

of mescaline

194

Chapter Four

203

Some Other Succulents

203

Some Other Succulents

204

Notes on the AIZOACEAE

205

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

6

Assays

242

Some Rf values reported for Mescaline

242

Some Color Reagents and Reactions Re-

ported For Mescaline

244

Some color reactions of Mescaline

246

Mescaline Endnotes

247

Chapter Six

249

Pharmacology & Metabolism of Mescaline

249

Physical & psychological effects in humans

251

A few observations published on the phe-

nomenon of mescaline experiences

253

Individual variability of drug response

256

Suggested readings on psychological and

psychiatric investigations of peyote and

its alkaloids

258

Taraxein

258

Tolerance to mescaline

259

Cross-tolerance

260

Interactions between hallucinogenic drugs

261

Some odds and ends

261

Miscellaneous drug interactions with mes-

caline

262

Use of MAOIs with mescaline

263

Assorted drug interactions reported in

animals

267

SC3: Table of Contents

7

Lophophora williamsii

Inhibitors of various components of mes-

caline-induced effects (in animals)

269

Pharmacology in animals

270

Mechanism of action (What we don’t

know)

275

Some more recent thought

277

Suggested readings on the pharmacognosy

and physiology of peyote and its alka-

loids

278

Distribution, metabolism & excretion

reported in animals

279

Metabolism and excretion reported in

humans

283

Suggested readings on the metabolism of

mescaline

284

Biochemistry of mescaline (Miscellaneous

observations)

284

Animal toxicity summary

286

Mescaline pharmacology endnotes

286

Chapter Seven

293

the Cultivation & Propagation of Cacti

293

Growing cacti from seed

295

Cultivation of Peyote

298

Grafting

299

Cultivation of San Pedro

302

Physically handling cacti

305

Shipping & receiving a cactus

305

Propagation of San Pedro by cuttings

307

Problems & pests

310

Notes on Cultivating Some Other Cacti

315

Desert varnish

323

Comments on “other cacti”

324

A comment on night blooming cacti

325

Cactus Cultivation Endnotes

326

Chapter Eight

329

Utilization

329

Peyote & mescaline; the plant & its use

331

Other ways of ingesting peyote and San

Pedro

336

Utilization endnotes

340

Making an orally active tincture

343

Chapter Nine

345

Purifying and Producing Mescaline.

345

Extracting and processing mescaline

347

A few words on emulsions

352

Thoughts for the explorers among us

353

Suggestions for investigation or production

using modern technology

354

Related studies on enzymes and some

useful purification procedures, in,

mostly, unrelated species

355

Purification & isolation endnotes

356

Chapter Ten

359

Abstracts of Some Useful Manipulations

361

Chapter Eleven

367

Chromophoretic Reagents & Assays

369

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

8

Chapter Twelve

373

Abstracts of useful assay approaches

375

Spectrophotometry and other approaches

378

Retention times reported in Gas Chroma-

tography

379

Chapter Thirteen

381

Miscellany

381

Some authors, namesakes & contributing

researchers

383

Some Knize Trichocereus offerings as they

have appeared listed by KK#

387

Suggested reading concerning phosphenes,

drug or mind interactions with rhyth-

mic stimuli (entrainment), and entoptic

imagery in rock & other shamanic art

396

Suggested reading

397

Cactus Phenethylamines: A Tabular Key to

their Structural Formulas

399

Cactus Isoquinolines: A Tabular Key to

their Structural Formulas

403

Mescaline’s Krebs acid conjugates & other

compounds

408

Cactus Triterpenoids & similar molecules:

A Tabular Key to their Structural

Formulas

(The following includes several related

compounds that do not occur in cacti;

these are included for comparative

purposes)

409

Useful properties of some solvents com-

monly used in chromatography

413

Polaskia chende

9

SC3: Table of Contents

References

417

ICactus alkaloid cross-list

469

Index

475

Some questions that still remain

497

Acknowledgements

511

10

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

Trichocereus bridgesii W.Baker 5452A bridgesii initially collected as a pachanoi.

A proven active form that is purported to have indigenous usebut we have been unable to locate any details.

SC3: Table of Contents

µm = micrometer = micron

Å = angstromBCE = before current eraBP = before presentbp= boiling pointcm = centimeterdec. = with decompositiondm = decimeter (10 cm.)et al. = et alia (“& others”)f = formaft = footgc = gas chromatographygm = gramin = inchim = intramuscularip = intraperitonealir = infrarediv = intravenouskg = kilogramkV = kilovoltLD

100 = lethal dose 100%

LD50

= lethal dose 50%

mµ = millimicron (= nm)m = meterma = milliampMAO = monoamine oxidaseMAOI = mao inhibitor

ml = milliliterMLD = minimum lethal dose

reported in literaturemM = milliMolarmm = millimetermmp = mixed melting pointmp = melting pointms = mass spectroscopyna = not available/applicablend = not detectednm = nanometernn = nomen nudum (named but

lacking any description)RT = room temperaturesc = subcutaneoussn = sine numero (lacking a

collection number)sp = species (singular)spp = species (plural)ssp = subspeciessubsp = subspeciesTD = toxic doseTLC = thin-layer

chromatographyuv = ultravioletv = voltvar = varietyX = indicates a hybrid

Abbreviations

11

Trichocereus peruvianus (Australia)

Petrified peyote

The first reference to ‘petrified peyote’ was a misnomer in refer-ence to the Shumla Caves’ handmade 5 millenia old peyote effigies.(See Terry et al. 2006 for details.)

More recently ‘petrified peyote buttons’ have been offered forsale at the Tucson Gem & Mineral Show and elsewhere.

These appear on first glance to vaguely resenble dried peyotebuttons but are either an agate or another form of chalcedony witha fine drusy quartz coating on one side and lack critical features(such as ribbed divisions or the distinctive apex) that are typicallyfound in peyote buttons.

They are amazing natural treasures but in our opinion are clearlynot of botanical origin.

Compare the above to the dried peyote button on page 145. Rock sold as a petrified peyote button (front & back view)

19

Opening comments

“The Archaic Revival is a clarion call to recover our birthright, however uncomfortable that may make us. It is a call to realize that life lived in the absence of the psychedelic experience upon which primordial shamanism is based is life trivialized, life denied, life enslaved to the ego and its fear of dissolution in the mysterious matrix of feeling that is all around us. It is in the Archaic Revival that our transcendence of the historical dilemma actually lies.” Terence MCKENNA 1992 Food of the Gods, page 252.

“Every major advance in science and technology has been greeted with suspicion and alarm. It happened with the telescope; it happened with the thermometer. What we have to take into account is that if any substance has potential for abuse or misuse, then it is axiomatic that this abuse or misuse will in fact take place. There are many people who !"##$%&$'(()'*(&+$(,$(-&.&$*-&/"*'#.$!-,$')&$"0$1'*($(-&$#'.($2&,2#&$!-,$*,3#+$2,.."%#4$%&0&5($1),/$(-&/But it’s not so easy as all that. The only certainty we have is that whatever we do, it will be rough going. At the end,

one of two things will happen: people will say “what an incredible number of blundering idiots there were who thought LSD was of any use whatever,” or they’ll say “what an incredible number of people there were who were so stupid as to ignore this astounding happening.”” Humphrey OSMOND, D.P.M., Director, Psychiatric Research, Princeton Neuro­psychiatric Institute, as quoted in

Thomas LYTTLE’s Psychedelic Monographs & Essays, Volume 2

“...I am convinced that we cannot alter the destructive nature of our “Technological culture” without altering our consciousness, without altering our tissue and that is exactly what the psychedelics are for [Note 1]...In one sentence I can say that the future of psychedelics is the future of the world...the

13(3)&$,1$/'06"0+7$8,($,0#4$(-'($%3($(-&$.*"&0("5*$!,)#+$".$/'6"09$'$9)&'(:$9)&'($#&'2$(-),39-$this altered state of consciousness. It is not admitted because it is an illegal thing, but things Einstein missed have now come into modern physics through the psychedelic doctorates. [Interviewer: “Fritjof Capra has written that the initial stimulus for the Tao of Physics

came through the use of power plants.”] “Not only him but quite a few Nobel prize winners ­ I won’t mention their names, I don’t

want to mess them up ­ made their great discoveries after they were turned on. Most of the 9)'0+$30"5&+$5&#+$(-&,)".(.7$'#/,.($'##$,1$(-&/$')&$(3)0&+$,0$2&,2#&.” Baba GANESH, from an interview also published in Psychedelic Monographs & Essays,

Volume 2.

I understand why people on both sides of this issue might question why I felt it necessary to assemble this book.Some of those who believe as I do may object to this being written because, while they know

!"#$!%&!"'$!"#($)%#$*)!+*,#-$.+!"$!")!$)/-$.0&1-$2%#3#%$+!$4#$5#2!$*"#1!#%#-$)/-$2%#*#%6#-$30%$!"#7$and fellow believers. Those who oppose my beliefs may view this as reckless, irresponsible and a contribution to everything they oppose. Any forms of spiritual restriction and persecution are wrong. Any legislation of what a

person should or should not believe or experience spiritually is also wrong. Nor is the truth to be protected from prying eyes and reserved for a select few.I fully recognize that writing this book under a pseudonym automatically casts at least

*07#$-0&4!*$ )40&!$ !"+*$.0%58*$6#%)9+!($ )/-$7($:&)1+,9)!+0/*$ !0$7)5#$ *07#$03$ !"#$ 91)+7*$that I do. What is opinion or subjective observations are presented as such. What is fact has enough documentation included to enable interested parties to decide the truth for themselves by consulting our references, and, better still, THEIR references. If they truly object to what is included here and what we believe then they should not waste

their time reading it. No one shoved a gun down their throat to force them to read it. Believers of the systems of worship and spiritual exploration which I discuss, on the other hand, routinely have guns shoved in their face by screaming and often abusive law enforcement personnel, who should be allies and fellow Americans, not sworn enemies, dedicated in their misguided attempts to force us to abandon our spiritual beliefs. It should be noted that extreme persecution has been applied for over a millennium and a

half to people who believe as I do. In many cases, torture and actual death were both prescribed and enacted punishments. WE ARE STILL HERE.

Peyote plant from Safford 1916

Excerpted from the current working version of Sacred Cacti 3rd ed by Keeper Trout. !ese words are largely unchanged from the 1997 "rst edition.

20

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

This did not eradicate San Pedro use from the Andes, nor did it eliminate Peyote or Psilocybe use in Mexico. Illegality did not destroy the African Eboka users nor has it eliminated the use of Cannabis anywhere in the world. In spite of intense persecution, we are still here because we

believe. The sacraments are sacred even if profaned by the unknowing

who also sometimes use them. They do not function as spiritual tools for all who use them anymore than membership in a particular church ensures that the member is devout and sincere. Spirituality is an individual and subjective experience and

must come from the heart to be functional. It cannot be legislated, prescribed or dictated by others. No religion that promotes a placebo sacrament and forbids direct

!""#$$%&'%!()%*('+,#)-#%'.%&/#%0!"1#)%2(3(4&#5%"!(%#6#1%/'7#%&'%persuade us to abandon the TRUE sources of Original Communion as provided to us by our creator [Note 2]. The most that can be done is to drive the religion underground

as has frequently happened in its past and current history; from the peyote and mushroom faiths disappearing into remote mountainous regions of Mexico after the Spanish invasion, through the Dyidé reduced to using their sacramental Mitragyna africana leaf amidst great secrecy in remote areas of Mali [Note 3], to the establishment of an eclectic and disparate counterculture in America born in direct response to its members being lumped together and branded as criminals for having nothing in common but some shared philosophical beliefs. Illegalization of any philosophical, spiritual or religious system

creates a coherency and a secret structure that ensures their support and continuation even if diminished in numbers. No valid system of religious belief has ever been destroyed without killing every sincere believer and their families. Proof that this works, albeit temporarily, can be witnessed in the destruction of a number of such faiths in Europe by the early organized church. No blood was spared to gain dominion over and destroy those faiths that still knew of a sacrament that was active. It should also be noted that such suppression can only last until

one person with the right biochemistry and predisposition once again eats of the sacrament, at which point the ‘religion’ inherent in our genes is born anew. The faith is again blossoming all over Europe despite frequent legal restrictions and, in some areas, severe punishments. The persistence of the faithful in the US, despite the intensive

and unrelenting efforts of the US government to dissuade them through grossly exaggerated & excessively harsh penalties, should be rightly considered as evidence and testimony of just how strong this faith can be.In an era of political and legal persecution, such as we currently

are enduring, quite often the only time the truth can be published is anonymously. For myself or any of those who have helped with &/4$% 74#"#% &'% 8#% '7#(,9% 4)#(&43#)5% '7#($% :$% :7% .'1% 1#&148:&4'(5%prosecution and possible imprisonment simply for exercising our rights to basic religious freedom. If it was a viable option I would be proud to attach my name to this work. Anonymous authorship of ‘politically incorrect’ topics is well

established as both necessary and acceptable in repressive regimes such as the one we now live under. Those who are not directly threatened by this repression may

have a hard time believing we are once again in an era of attempted cultural, ideological and spiritual ‘cleansing’. Yet the War on Drugs is blatantly just another attempted ‘social purge’.

Going into what would prove to be WWII, the German people of the late 1930’s would have had a hard time believing that the cleansing of society and the elimination of the ‘Jew problem’ was in any way a bad thing for German society. They were similarly brainwashed into perceiving that a minor and primarily politically powerless subclass of society were somehow undesirables, pariahs, the cause of their woes and THE major threat to social order and stability [Note 4].. As are the drug users of today, the Jewish people were publicly

misrepresented as dangerous and worthless VERMIN not even worthy of normal human considerations under the law; subhuman SCUM to be cleansed from society’s fabric without guilt or remorse. That Jews were being used as scapegoats for enabling a larger

social and political agenda was not even considered by the average German citizen. Our situation today in Amerika is little different. Even the

police themselves lack accurate information and are purposefully ‘educated’ [Note 5] with intentionally prejudicial propaganda, frequently utterly lacking in facts, and instead often comprised '.% -1'$$,9% )4$&'1&#)% ;$"4#(&43"%3()4(-$<% )#,48#1!&#,9% 4(&#()#)% &'%misrepresent their intended victims as threats to the established social order. Drug users ARE the Jews of the 1990’s [and onward into the

new millennium].As were the Jewish people, we also are viciously attacked and

persecuted for no reason other than our readily perceived differences of belief and sometimes appearance. Our crime is our insistence that the individual and the individual alone has the right to dictate how they worship, what they think and how they feel in the privacy of their own minds. It has been said to me that this comparison is unfair, that

entheogenic drug users choose who we are, whereas Jewish people are born Jews. It is far from certain that people with predilections towards the

hallucinogens are not born that way. Certainly most people do not care for the experience. There is also considerable evidence to suggest that biochemical

markers can differentiate people into classes corresponding to which drugs they prefer; suggesting that individual tastes for particular substances may have underlying biochemical reasons. We would sugest that the answers to the true problems of drug abuse will only be found in those lines of thought that start by asking the question “Why is this individual self­medicating? What is it that they require which their pattern of abuse is somehow satisfying?”Ignoring this, it must also be pointed out that had the Jewish

people not been such a visible subclass, had the Orthodox Jews stopped wearing their traditional clothing, had they given up their language and their religious beliefs and sheepishly attempted an assimilation into mainstream German society they also would have had no problems and could never have been so unjustly and viciously used as a scapegoat for Germany’s far larger economic and societal problems. Drug users today are no different and suggestions that we abandon our beliefs, in an attempt to conform to the wishes and religious beliefs of those who believe differently from us, are no less insulting and inappropriate. Social cleansings and cultural purges of unpopular minorities

are evil things no matter who the target.As was the case with the German Jewish people, we also have

been relentlessly demonized in the media and portrayed as criminals !()%:()#$41!8,#$%&'%$:"/%!%)#-1##%&/!&%4&%4$%1!1#%&'%3()%!(%!6#1!-#%citizen who has not been affected.

21

Opening comments

As was true for the German Jewish people, we too have no support or advocates within any bodies with effective political input. Any open and visible stances we might take would be dealt with as the Nazis would have dealt with a Jew who dared to stand up openly and visibly defy Hitler in print or speech. For those who would dispute this, we would remind them that

when Jim Hogshire was arrested for possession of commercial !"#$%&'%()"))*()"+%,(&-.()#$/0#*(.1$+.23.(&-.()#"%.34&$"2()#.%.2&.+(against him was his published WRITINGS about this politically incorrect topic. Readers might want to think about this for a moment.The necessity of anonymity when voicing opposition to such

an unjust and oppressive regime is not limited to such gross and extreme examples. Had James Madison not written the Federalist Papers under the anonymity of “Publias”, he would have rapidly been arrested, imprisoned and probably hanged as a traitor. The American Revolution only succeeded because its membership was able to stay invisible until the time for action arose. It should be remembered that the majority of colonial Americans

never supported the establishment of an independent nation founded on the principles of democracy and freedom and were not in favor of our breaking away from England. (At least not until AFTER it had already happened.)It would be too simple to target, harass and silence us as

individuals. I am under no illusion about this very serious matter. This is a revolution. Not one of violence, nor one that advocates

an overthrow or even an undermining of the government [Note 6] but one of consciousness and of conscience that dares to declare and assert our rights to govern and control our own thoughts, consciousness and ability to worship, or not worship, as we believe. No form of expression should be restricted unless it harms others.Those of us who worship in this way are not bound together

within any formal dogma or organization, we only know the truth 0%($&($%(5#$&&.2($2("4#(-.0#&%6(703-("8(4%(92"5%(5.(/4%&(:2+("4#(own personal path, as we are individuals and not mindless clones to be spoon fed a mass marketed religion. Often, our only shared point is that each of us believes that we have a right to govern our own consciousness and that the only valid spiritual path for us is the cultivation of a personal relationship with our creator. We are claiming nothing more than the spiritual and religious

freedom that supposedly is guaranteed to us under the Constitution and Bill of Rights that now hangs in tattered shreds, another victim of the War on Drugs. [Writing for the third edition in 2005, both documents now appear to have largely been buried, if not composted.]I have said it before and will say it again; A War on Drugs

is a War on People. Namely, people of different beliefs. Drugs are things. You cannot have a war on things. Wars are conducted between people or else, as in this case, waged against people. The very notion of “zero tolerance” is not only blatantly un­

American but decidedly anti­Christian; despite the numbers of American Christians who preach it. Too many otherwise decent humans have allowed themselves to be swept up in an emotional propaganda campaign of hatred, intolerance and prejudice against people who are different from themselves. It is little different from any of the other attempted cultural

cleansings, those social and ideological purges of minorities that are shunned and condemned for their visible philosophical or spiritual differences. Hitler targeted the Jews & other minorities, the Inquisitions targeted witches, scientists and other ‘heretics’, various Christian groups have repeatedly targeted those people that they perceive as ‘godless’ such as witches, peyoteists and communists, Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge targeted the educated and those ‘contaminated’ by exposure to foreign cultures, and the

current American, medically approved and religiously sanitized, version of the long­standing Christian pogrom targets those who alter their consciousness.In the case of the entheogen users, this is directed mainly against

people who do not believe in an organized religion with dogmas )#.%3#$;.+(;*(3"//$&&..,(02+(5-"(&-.#.8"#.(3022"&(:<-&(;039("#(adequately defend themselves as the courts do not recognize the pharmacological realms of spiritual experience as being valid for people of European backgrounds, nor do the courts recognize any religion that is not formally organized. The courts cannot be expected to be unbiased in this matter, as

their decision makers swear an oath to the same God who’s followers have been waging a war on those who hold the sacred plants to be Holy (and who have been doing so ever since Christianity was decreed to be the new State Religion of the Constantine’s Roman Empire). We do not want to diverge by discussing where this has been permitted to lead in the new millennia.We could also heap equal blame on the medical and pharmaceutical

community but as Dr. Thomas Szasz has done such an eloquent and well written job annihilating the pompous facade on their blatant :2023$0==*(/"&$10&.+(0&&./)&%(0&(=$/$&$2<(3"/).&$&$"2(02+(0%%4/$2<(total control over people’s health choices and options for their own ;.2.:&,(5.(%..(2"()"$2&($2(#.).0&$2<(/"#.(&-02(%"/.("8(&-.(;"2.%(of his observations.I believe that, for the largest part, their minds are made up and

they are not open enough, or even able, to evaluate the issue honestly and justly, free from preconceived notions and prejudice. In most cases they have been assaulted by a deluge of misinformation and intense propaganda since they were old enough to understand what was said to them. They cannot be blamed. They are too ignorant of the actual truth to even consider it to be a possibility. They hold what we believe as not only wrong but utterly lacking in merit despite the precedence of its great antiquity and the history of direct and unrelenting persecution by the Christian faith over the last 1500 or so years. It must be stressed that despite their best effort to destroy us and

the ‘faith’, we are still here. They may imprison or even kill us. They may do the same to many thousands of others, as they have done and are still doing, but our practices and beliefs live on. Even if they somehow succeeded in destroying every single

follower, the faith will be born anew as soon as one person with the right biochemistry eats of the sacrament in any one of it’s many varied forms. My religious and spiritual beliefs are incorporated into the

biochemistry of my body. The Holy ‘temple’ is within. My religious and spiritual beliefs cannot be destroyed by destroying the individual as they are incorporated into human physiology; encoded within the heart and soul of my DNA. I did not create this ‘religion’; I was born with it. My ‘religion’ was created by the same forces that created me.

My belief is that it came with the planet. It needs neither prophets and creeds nor threats and dangled

promises to ensure our obedience. Those of us who believe and merge with these substances do so because we ACCEPT who and what we are: HUMAN BEINGS.This is an area in great need of truth. There is an unjustly perceived

social undesirability and political incorrectness surrounding the very topic I hope to throw more light upon. This is unfortunate, as it is the direct result of people believing that they somehow have the right and duty to dictate and legislate what other people believe spiritually and religiously. To this end they have sought to portray this faith as something it is not with lies and innuendo.

22

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

!"#$%&'$ ()$ *'+,-$ .-$ &/-($ &$%&'$ -0#1.21&//3$ *.'#14#*$ &,&.)-4$accurate information and knowledge; it is especially focused on access to that information. (This inability to control information distribution, and, more pointedly, information access, is the true reason that the Internet strikes fear in the hearts of many who are obsessed with power and control.) For example, during the Reagan years, every reference to

alkaloids was mysteriously lacking from UT Austin’s On­Line catalog. Considering there are several multiple volume series with this as their title, it was not a small omission. Books concerning hallucinogens suddenly disappeared from the catalog and in many 1&-#-$5'(6$4"#$&14+&/$-"#/7#-$4"#6-#/7#-8$9.:'&'3$(521.&/-$&44'.:+4#*$the latter to coincidence and patrons failing to return books but as it happened literally overnight and involved hundreds of books this stretches credibility. I know that many remained on the shelves for YEARS without

catalog entries because I had always recorded the call numbers &)*$1(+/*$2)*$4"#6$0"3-.1&//3$:3$+-.),$63$)(4#-8$;4$'#6&.)#*$4".-$way for almost a decade. During the last two years of the Bush administration almost all existing material A­Z reappeared in the catalog. Many books however did not return, including any individual

works that had reported favorably on the usage of hallucinogenic drugs. [Unless bearing such titles as “The Diabolic Root” or “Peyote, the Indian Mind­Drug”.] Curiously, many reference and frequently cited source books previously in the library holdings now say “Unavailable” in their listing in the catalog. A few still say “Unavailable” in their On­Line listing in spite of

their physical presence on the shelves. Many more say “Unavailable” or “No longer available” that, while they are not in the University’s holdings, are actually readily available through such services as Inter­Library Loan. This option is commonly included for many books listed for other topics along with the note of their absence from the University holdings.Due to the deluge of publications arising from recent ethnological

work among drug using peoples and studies of shamanic oriented faiths there is a balance once again slowly returning to the library system. (This refers to the University library.);)$-0.4#$(5$4".-<$4"#'#$.-$-4.//$4"#$0'#-#)1#$(5$%"&4$6&)3$.)$4".-$2#/*$

/.=#$4($1&//$4"#$>?@!$2/4#'A8$!".-$.-$&)$+)(521.&/$:+4$/(),B-4&)*.),$trend of compilers of data bases and On­Line search indexes to omit the majority of references concerning DMT. (Perhaps due to the fact that, not only is DMT wondrous and informationally rich when approached properly [Note 7] but, as Dr. Shulgin puts it, “DMT is everywhere.”) This largely ceased to be true by around 2001.Some might call this paranoia on my part but in 1995 if a person

went to the Academic Periodical Index (which covers 1988 through the present) and entered DMT in any one of its many names or -3)()36-<$ 4"#3$%(+/*$2)*$)(4".),$ 1()1#').),$ 4".-$ 1(60(+)*8$(At least this was true in a search conducted at UT Austin.) To a novice observer this would suggest that there either was no ongoing research concerning DMT or else the name was not in their title. In the prior 8 years there were at least 12 mainstream journal

articles that clearly incorporated N,N­Dimethyltryptamine or a synonym as part of their title or else listed it among their keywords. Under a subject keyword search for hallucinogens we found only a reference to a New York Times article concerning a Californian arrested for possessing toads, referring to him as the ‘High Priest of Toads’, a label certain to induce visions of witchcraft or satanic worship in many preprogrammed Christians.

A similar keyword search for peyote yielded primarily mentions of articles which stressed the High Court’s currently narrow view on allowance of minority religious expression or accounts of the ‘crisis’ facing the NAC due to the limited availability of their sacrament in contrast to their increasing requirements. (As if they are being allowed any choice in the matter; especially now that Congress made peyote seeds Schedule 1 in 1997, and failed to include any provision for even !"#$%&'( NAC people to possess seeds, cultivate the plant or even to return seeds to the wild! Incredibly this is even considered to apply to those licensed to collect the plant from wild populations, according to the Texas DPS!)A few years ago a professional journal was created as a forum

for this topic. Yet, all of our available referencing sources at the University insist that Integration: (subtitled; Zeitschrift fur Geistbewegende )*$#+(#%,#'%-,./,0) does not exist. This is true despite its primary contributing authors being well known and highly respected scientists and medical professionals with many articles behind them; some stretching back literally decades. Apparently it was never included by any of the citation services which catalog professional journals. Unfortunately this lack of awareness has now outlived the life of the fairly short­lived journal.I suspect this attitude of casual dismissal to be a part of the

prejudice and popular misconception that we are all a bunch of tie­dyed barefoot ‘hippies’ wanting to dance naked in the parks. A few of us may be, but the vast majority are just regular hardworking and honest people. We are doctors, chemists and other degreed professionals. We

teach and we work in factories. We are everywhere. We are not criminals except for what we believe in spiritually.

We have nothing in common for the most part except for this faith that ties us together and the pains we must take to keep our spiritual practices out of sight, similar to what early Christians were forced to undergo. They also were persecuted, arrested and severely punished for

their beliefs if discovered. Their meetings and congregations of worship and fellowship also had to occur in secrecy. They did not cease to exist in response to being branded outlaws. Our situation is no different and our beliefs are certainly no

less valid. Many people who believe as I do will strenuously object to our

system of spiritual experience being labeled a religion because this conjures up images of a centrally controlled system or prescribed *(,6&$-+1"$&-$4"&4$%".1"$0('4'&3-$+-$&-$-+:"+6&)$7#'6.)$24$4($:#$exterminated and exhibits no tolerance for those of different beliefs. Whether you refer to it as spirituality or religion these are just words for a system of belief concerning what we hold to be sacred and true as concerns the ineffable. Terence MCKENNA$*#2)#*$-"&6&).-6$&-$:#.),$)(4$&$'#/.,.()$

but rather a set of techniques. This is quite true and will go far towards explaining why the approaches often seem as variable as the individual.Ours is distinct from the organized religions in that most of us

reject the ideas that someone else must tell us what is true and that we must live in the shadows of the organizational control and spiritual experiences of others. Spirituality is either living and personally accessible or it is dead. The idea of an organization existing to direct and therefore legitimize our beliefs and experiences is abhorrent to almost all of us. The issue is the Sacred. The Sacred cannot be legislated by committee.Many of us who follow the PharmacoGnostic paths or other

shamanic approaches are sincere in our beliefs. We could not claim that all are sincere anymore than any church or organization can truthfully claim that all of its members are sincere.

23

Opening comments

We are also the only faith for which the courts frequently require a racist criterion for the only exception to their blanket prohibition on the sacraments, or suggest that proof of sincerity would be a prerequisite for any consideration of expanding its tolerance. I must wonder how a person would legally “prove” sincerity? Have others attest to it? As if they know.At the highest level, the court rejects the issue of toleration of

minority religious freedom entirely (in their words, as a “luxury”) except for one established group, the Native American Church. !"#$% &$% '(&)%*+)#,% '(#-% .#/#+'#01-%2$0% '(#3)#1"#)%4$0#.%+''+*5)%and harassment as to this day the High Court refuses to bar the States from enacting their own laws to prohibit any expression of 67.)(&/%'(#-%)##%2',%)#''&$8%'(#%9:;%4/%<7.%-#'%37.#%<4'4.#%*74.'%battles and wasted resources. A more subtle but far more damaging restriction exists for the

NAC due to the illegality of peyote cultivation. As natural resources are dwindling, due in largest part to habitat loss resulting from land conversion to agriculture and pasturage, the inability of peyote­ists to mass cultivate the plant legally is creating a serious threat for their future unless they are willing to accept an alternate sacrament (which of course will not be legal). A Peyote church in Arizona, dedicated towards cultivation

and preservation of their sacrament, has found limited success but similarly found themselves or their members back in court to 28('%<7.%6(+'%1&''1#%/.7'#*'&7$%7<%'(#&.%*&"&1%.&8(')%'(+'%'(#%)'+'#%(+)%allowed. This is a pattern that we can expect to continue until the Supreme Court develops the cojónes% '7%+<2.3%'(+'%74.% 1+6%07#)%indeed support religious freedom of minorities.Peyote can be readily cultivated but there is a lag time before

usefulness that is comparable to aged scotches. Unless the courts are willing to allow large scale cultivation to begin they are directly contributing to great hardships for a faith they supposedly allow. ;4..#$'% /.7"&)&7$)% 4$0#.% '(#% 1+6%07%$7'% )/#*&2*+11-% /.7(&=&'%

cultivation but only guarantee protection for harvesting by registered harvesters and actual consumption itself by recognized members. >(&1#%$7'%)/#*&2*+11-%forbidding the NAC to cultivate, the seeds

are now illegal to possess, creating an interesting obstacle for its purportedly protected and legitimate users to assume any control over their future. The Texas Department of Public Safety, the agency who licenses

the 4 remaining peyoteros who harvest for the entirety of the NAC, insists that it is not legal for anyone to cultivate. Their stance is that even peyoteros are licensed only to collect from wild populations; not to grow or even to replant the cacti! As Texas is the only state it grows in naturally and it strictly

forbids its possession, even if for strictly ornamental or horticultural purposes, large scale cultivation would be a risky undertaking at best. [Note 8] Peyoteros are licensed to COLLECT not to cultivate.While many of us accept and use other sacraments, the NAC

and other peyote faiths should be enabled to choose their own and continue to have access to it. They currently have little or no actual freedom to address the

issue of future access or even to undertake action to remedy and prevent the destruction of their sacrament. The current system unrealistically allows them to obtain peyote only through these duly licensed harvesters who, due to the system and restrictions imposed, legally and physically, continually harvest smaller and younger plants from the few remaining areas of wild populations that are available to them.

Efforts to secure protection for cultivation of the sacrament have thus far not seen the cooperation of the necessary authorities. While Leo Mercado’s Peyote Foundation enjoyed a small degree of success in their state (Arizona), this proved short­lived when more creative steps were applied to overcome the earlier decisions and not permit the courts to return Leo’s peyote plants to him again.It appears that there are still no straight answers on the actual

circumstances under which Peyote cultivation (and possession) is protected. One thing that is clear is that Leo and others have clearly

demonstrated that large scale peyote cultivation can be done by anyone almost anywhere if they are willing to do some work. Its almost fascinating that attacks on Peyote is now well underway in several European nations. One has to wonder who is behind the introduction of these new prohibitions.Interestingly those involved in Leo’s harassment included

Arizona authorities who did not agree with Arizona state law and simply refused to respect it despite their sworn oaths to do so. So much for the frequently repeated claim of being impartial upholders of the law. (Perhaps upholders of the law as they would like it to be, would be more accurate):%(+$0<41% 7<% +15+17&0)%284.#% &$'7% 74.% .#1&8&74)% +$0% )/&.&'4+1%

lives as they have done in the lives of countless humans for many millennia. We do not, can not and will not accept the religious oppression and censorship placed upon us and our beliefs. What I believe is not wrong nor is it without substance. What

is wrong is that is has been forbidden in a 2­pronged attack by 2 competing ‘religious’ [Note 9] orders [Note 10] who largely pull the strings in both the governing and legislative factions of our government, and who have gone to great pains to demonize and misrepresent our sacraments to both mainstream American Christians & ‘acceptable’ non­Christians (including the secular and nonsecular factions that exist in each). The unrelenting intensity of the ongoing media blitz and outrageous propaganda efforts launched so far would make even Herr Goebbels envious.While this is currently masqueraded as a public health and safety

issue, the vast majority of the public health and safety risks for any and all drugs are the direct result of, and are actually created by, the laws forbidding the use of drugs [Note 11]. This is an issue that is too large for our small work to address and we would refer interested readers to OTT 1993 (1996) or OTT 1995 or OTT 1997 and references therein.Some of the best written essays on this subject can be found in

what should be considered as required reading for anyone with an interest in this area, whether pro or con:Thomas SZASZ 1985 Ceremonial Chemistry: The Ritual

Persecution of Drugs, Addicts and Pushers. and Thomas SZASZ 1992 Our Right to Drugs. The Case for a Free

Market. and Milton FRIEDMAN & Thomas SZASZ 1992 On Liberty and Drugs.Another work on the subject of misrepresentation of this issue

to hide its true nature as an actual war on nonconformity, the Constitution and democracy itself was brought to our attention in a book review in the PRL [Note 12]. This book should be required reading by everyone on both sides of this issue. It may not change their minds on where they stand but, as with Szasz, it will help them to better understand the true issues involved and why things are as they are. See Richard Lawrence MILLER 1996 Drug Warriors and Their Prey: From Police Power to Police State.

24

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

For those who aren’t appalled enough and who would like to delve even deeper into understanding the history of why we are where we are right now, we would suggest additionally reading (or viewing) the following to pull together a larger picture from their different vantage points:Dennis BERNSTEIN & Howard LEVIN 1994 The Texas Observer.

(June 17): 14­15. “Ollie Takes a Powder: A Texas DEA Agent Once Tracked Oliver North’s Contra Drug Deals.”Also, wade through the transcripts of the Iran­Contra hearings.

[Bring some tall boots.]Martin A. LEE & Bruce SHLAIN 1985 Acid Dreams: The CIA,

LSD, and the Sixties Rebellion. Michael LEVINE 1994 The Big White Lie: The deep cover

operation that exposed the CIA sabotage of the drug war. [A former DEA agent’s viewpoint of the CIA’s role in the appearance and distribution of crack cocaine. Largely misses the big picture but important and eye­opening reading.]Alfred W. MCCOY 1972 The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia.

[Interesting viewpoint of a CIA apologist.]Terence MCKENNA 1992 Food of the Gods.See Bill MOYER’s hair­raising look at the documentation that

Oliver North didn’t have time to shred. [Broadcast on PBS; the title escapes us, it seems like it was one of the parts of the “Secret War” (“Secret gov’t.”?)]Jonathan OTT 1993 (1996) Pharmacotheon.Jonathan OTT 1995 The Age of Entheogens.Jonathan OTT 1997 Pharmacophilia or the Natural Paradises.Jay STEVENS 1987 Storming Heaven: LSD and the American

Dream.Another slant on elements of this subject can be found in Linda

HUNT 1991 Secret Agenda: The United States Government Nazi Scientists and Operation Paperclip.

Another book I have not yet read, mentioned in MILLER 1996 and MCKENNA 1992, is Arnold S. TREBACH 1987 The Great Drug War.

There are MANY more excellent works & resources on this topic. We would suggest using a keyword search at www.google.com for the words “drug policy reform” in order to locate current resources.

!"#$%&#'#$ ()*$ +,#$ -).$ ,#+/&-0$ &1$ +$ 12+33$ #44),5$ &-$ 5"#$60"5$against the ongoing War on Information and is intended to enable interested people to have access to information that is as accurate as the existing literature would allow. It is presented in the hopes that it will enable those who are determined to exercise their right of personal control over their own consciousness and spiritual experience to be able to do so both safely and effectively. It is also intended to serve as a source of further references for those desiring more in­depth information on this subject.Many established professional researchers might potentially

7#-#65$ 4,)2$ 5"&1$.),8$ 7*5$ 5"#($2+($ "+9#$ %,)73#21$.&5"$2($opinions. A good number probably have not even gotten this far before putting the book down in disgust. In assembling Sacred Cacti I have attempted to correct as many errors and erroneous inclusions and literature citations as I could identify. If prejudices against what I believe can be set aside, even temporarily, they may 6-/$5"&1$.),8$)4$1)2#$9+3*#:Some may take me to task for freely presenting my opinions

in what otherwise might be a useful and, in parts, a fairly focused %&#'#:$;#,5+&-3($5"&1$7))8$.)*3/$6-/$7,)+/#,$+''#%5+-'#$&4$<$3#45$it as a simple factual compendium and omitted my thoughts and opinions. I would ask these critics to look at their own prejudices.

It is far too frequent that researcher’s opinions biased against these plants and substances are included in their work.I offer what I think and believe simply as a very small counter

balance to the prevailing mainstream view.It is rare that during Dr. Jerry L. McLaughlin’s analyses of

mescaline containing plants that he did not include his opinion about whether a plant has amounts too low to be a ‘problem’ or whether it should become a scheduled drug due to its “potential of abuse”. In several cases he actually proposed that further laws be

enacted against God­given plants that are not against the law. I suspect he has received little if any criticism for this stance and PharmacoGnostically bigoted statements. It would be surprising if his vocal position did not help to ensure continued funding. [I seriously doubt that Dr. McLaughlin ever had any consciously malicious intent or even considered that his comments might be viewed as prejudiced; much less outright religious bigotry.]I believe that the real abuse is the restriction of otherwise fairly

innocuous sacramental substances and the imposition of laws and penalties that often ruin people’s lives, steal from them, cheat them out of and deprive them of those things which are by right theirs, such as freedom, property, child custody and employment, as well as basic human dignity; all for simply using plants created by nature for our use. All of which, in the case of the alkaloids that I will discuss, are neither particularly dangerous, nor are they injurious, habit forming or physically addictive.A person could not abuse mescaline if they wanted to. The

experience is physically demanding and a person would be unable to experience any effect, except for the physical distress, within a very few days of use. Any use, currently, is considered abuse. The Inquisition has never ended. It has only taken other forms. To lock a person up, depriving them of freedom, family and

property; cheating them (and their families) out of YEARS of productive life, subjecting them to inhuman and degrading situations and conditions, forced labor and, not uncommonly, homosexual rape [Note 14] is only a somewhat more protracted and different form of torture. The weight and severity of such punishment far outweighs even

the greatest degree of imagined harm as portrayed by prohibitionists.It is just as wrong for such a loss and waste of their life to be

imposed since the only ‘crime’ is simply that of a person holding different religious or philosophical beliefs than those prescribing and applying the punishment. Whether actions and personal beliefs cause harm to others should be the sole deciding criteria for making acts +0+&-15$5"#$3+.=$-)5$."#5"#,$),$-)5$5"#($')->&'5$.&5"$%,#')-'#&9#/$philosophical beliefs, or the majority’s religion.That spiritual, ideological and mental control are the motivation

and origin of this prejudice and harassment is inescapable. Even if the accuser is not a particularly religious person, those

set against us ARE from an environment and of a social background that contained their views and premises concerning these substances within a field of intensely and uncompromisingly pejorative prejudicial propaganda that has been heavily promoted in Christian circles for some 15 centuries now. The fact that the ‘church of medicine’ has helped the State

transform the labeling of this issue from one of personal freedom and religious choice into one of ‘Public Health’ [Note 15] changes nothing beyond the public’s perception.Even if a user does not view these substances in spiritual or

religious terms, any such restrictions on what a person can and cannot experience in the privacy of their own mind are those born of religious control and proscription.

25

Opening comments

!"#$%"&#'"()%"*+(,#-+#."/#012(+34+(#5%2#$02+#'"#"++/#05#52++/0$#FROM religion than freedon OF religion. Freedom of religion does not simply mean freedom to choose what to believe but it means the freedom to not be forced what to believe or, even, to believe. Most of us who use these sacraments DO believe.If what the sacred plant using people believe was truly wrong

or in error, it would present absolutely no threat to the church. If it was a fantasy, as some would have us believe, then it would have no substance. Things with no substance do not pose a threat.What we believe is not wrong. This is why they fear these plants.When these PLANTS teach us, and THEY DO teach us, it is with

the truth. The peyote has never lied to me. It has told me things that I have had no way of knowing ahead of time, it has told me things that I did not want to know or want to believe to be true but I have never found it to be wrong or in error. Not all plants have the same degree of truthfulness as peyote,

some such as mushrooms can be downright playful. Even with peyote, or ANY other spiritual or religious path, it is possible to lie to or deceive oneself or to operate under a self­imposed delusion, especially if a person is inexperienced or not well trained at differentiating real information from imagination. The information that comes from the plant however is always

correct and appears to be intended for our growth and learning. Even with the inherent trickster elements of these plants; the experience always seems to be geared towards giving us the opportunity to get a clearer and more honest look at ourselves and who we are.These drugs cause the effects they do because we have the

underlying biochemical machinery for these experiences. A question rapidly arises about why these alkaloids exist and why they cause the effects they do in humansA frequent assertion is that alkaloids are present as feeding

deterrents and that this is their primary function. I agree that some are indeed a deterrent to grazing animals

as are spines, but must point out that even in the case of the spineless peyote, alkaloid levels are lowest in young plants. These are the plants at the most risk from grazing as they often have underdeveloped defences and present the most succulent and tender growth. IF alkaloids truly were primarily grazing deterrents then it would seem most likely they would be higher or at least equally present in young plants. While this is true in some plants, this is clearly not the case

in any species of cacti that have been analyzed. It could be that they do indeed exist as feeding deterrents but only after a plant has successfully reached an age where it can procreate. This may represent an evolutionary survival strategy to ensure that the strongest and best situated plants have the greatest contribution to the future gene pool. (Obviously this would only be advantageous to perennials. It is also suggested by the peaks of alkaloid levels in the AIZOACEAE#*0'"*'/'"6#-')7#)7+'2#80-+2'"6#9+2'0/(:#;++#SMITH et al. 1998) Another proposal is that they are just metabolic by­products that

serve no purpose. In view of their sometimes high concentrations %"/#/&"%$'*#81*)1%)'0"(#)7'(#(++$(#1"3'<+3&:I believe that they are intimately involved with metabolic

processes in the plant. If there was no function for them it is unlikely that they would be expressed in the quantities they sometimes are. All of these require multiple enzymes for their assembly. This is a lot of DNA information to be perpetuated for no reason. Also, for the vastly largest part, these alkaloids are produced in parenchymal tissues, specialized thin­walled cells where intense metabolic and synthetic activity often occurs. Another point suggesting an active role in the metabolism of the plants which produce them is that

(+%(0"%3#81*)1%)'0"(#'"#)7+#%3<%30'/#3+4+3(#=>1%")')%)'4+?#%"/#%*)1%3#variations in alkaloid content (qualitative) are known to occur.Some of this is supported by our observations in Desmanthus

leptolobus. In our assays of its root bark, we [Note 16] found that DMT (N,N­Dimethyltryptamine) concentrations were apparently 7'67+()#%5)+2#80-+2'"6#7%/#0**122+/#%"/#(++/(#-+2+#502$+/:#@7+#elevated levels persisted even after the seeds had been dropped. During the latter part of the year, other alkaloids also began to be present in higher amounts. Similarly in Phalaris (all Phalaris assays used new growth [Note 17]) and Delosperma, DMT and/or 5­MeO­AB@#%99+%2#)0#C+#92+(+")#%)#)7+#7'67+()#3+4+3(#30"6#%5)+2#80-+2'"6#had occurred and after the seeds had been dropped.The answer of their function in these plants is not clear. This is

an area in need of further study.The answer of the function of some in the human organism is

more clear. It is apparent to almost anyone who has ingested them. They would be unable to exert the effects that they do if there was not an underlying biochemical and physiological mechanism for this experience and its expression. This clearly suggests an endogenous chemical mechanism for religious and spiritual experiences of all kinds [Note 18]. @7+#5%*)#)7%)#)7'(#'(#"0)#+D9+2'+"*+/#C&#%33#9+093+#/0+(#"0)#*0"8'*)#

with this conclusion as evidently not all people are capable of direct religious and spiritual experiences via any means. (I like to think that they are capable but something in their chemical make­up, psyche or persona blocks it.) For example, some people are easily threatened or challenged,

others are control freaks. Neither of these groups tends to be able to comfortably handle or interact with forces greater than themselves or circumstances over which they cannot exert control [Note 19]. It certainly is a lot easier to either let someone else (or their 2+92+(+")%)'4+?#'")+2%*)#-')7#)7+#70%2&#!"."')+#0"#&012#C+7%35#02#)0#simply deny its existence altogether. It can be a terrifying thing to enter these realms as one very small person. It is not an experience everyone seeks.I have never tended towards the easy approach. Life and

(9'2')1%3')&#%2+#3'<+#500/E#)7+&#%2+#C+()#-7+"#)7+&#7%4+#%#600/#8%402#but are not obsessively indulged in. Life and spirituality should be savored in the diverse experiences that are presented to us and which our personal temperaments and predilections enable us to appreciate. We all are different in our genetic makeup, our psychological

make­up and our backgrounds; no standard approach can be described and applied by another.Chemicals able to induce spiritual experiences are potentially

capable of being made within us (endogenous alkaloids), while others exist within plants and animals in a number of varieties that we hope to adequately address in this short series of works. Mescaline, the topic of this volume, is most likely not made

endogenously but is capable of interacting with the neurological pathways that do exist for this purpose, or at least those which '"4034+#02#%2+#'"81+"*+/#C&#FGH@2 receptor interactions. Terence McKenna made an interesting comment that only DMT

possesses activity when its ingestion occurs in a dream. I would take issue with him on this. I agree that when smoking DMT in a dream there is a

pronounced DMT effect, sometimes even more profound than that which occurs when awake. As DMT is now recognized to be a human neurotransmitter, produced under as yet poorly understood parameters, existence of this activity is not surprising. Nor would it be surprising if the structure that mediates spiritual experience, even if a protein, involves DMT, 5­MeO­DMT and/or one of the 6­methoxylated­!­carbolines or has a similar structure 02#*0".612%)'0"#'"#%)#3+%()#')(#%*)'4+#(')+:

26

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

[Jace Callaway proposed that DMT/5­MeO­DMT production during sleep may be involved in the production of dreams. In spite of the importance that these substances hold concerning not only religious experience but also consciousness itself, it is curious that !"#"$!%&'()'*&"+',#'%-!!")*./'#('#*,0"1'$)1'!"#*!,%*"123When eating peyote in dreams [Note 20], smoking pot in dreams

or even if using narcotics in dreams (the only time in my life that this last example rarely occurs) there are also corresponding drug effects. That of mescaline is indeed altered from how it is perceived via external ingestion but it is still psychoactive in a phenethylamine (like a low dose of mescaline) rather than a tryptamine sense (as experienced subjectively in the dream state). As for mushrooms, I do not know, every single time that I have

eaten mushrooms in a dream the onset has caused me to wake up. Mushrooms DO seem to have that effect...This ‘waking up’

effect is one of the primary reasons that those who would like to manipulate people by pushing buttons to control them through their pre­existing set of beliefs so despise the use of hallucinogens. They are nothing if not de­programming tools par excellence. It is my belief that there is a (perhaps small) repertoire of

endogenous chemicals that catalyze ALL spiritual and religious experiences. Some of the potential categories are obvious: THC type structures [Note 21], opiates (a large number have already 4"")' ,1")*,5"1' ,)' &-+$)#67' 8&")"*&/.$+,)"#7' *!/8*$+,)"#' $)1'!­carbolines. Other more complex structures probably also exist in the

form of peptides. The activity exhibited by the aforementioned small molecules may normally be mediated by a moiety present as a portion of these peptides. Only the size, shape and charge distribution on the binding portion and adjacent areas (active sites) actually matter when it comes to a receptor site’s reaction to a substance. Physiologically active di­ or triterpenoids, or other molecules

shaped similarly to our major hormones and capable of interacting with our nervous system may also eventually be found in some cacti.In spite of how upset some people get when presented with

proposals of a biochemical mechanism underlying religious and spiritual experience I must stress that we ARE biochemical machines, constructed and operated according to the chemical information contained within and expressed by our DNA (also a chemical). This is who and what we are, how we operate and how we exist. This is HOW we interface with the real world. There is nothing that we think, feel or perceive that is not chemically mediated. This is simply how we are designed to work and why we can be created from the simple DNA code that forms us as individual organisms.Life and everything physical around us is chemicals and

chemistry. We did not invent it, we simply created a language to describe it and learned how to manipulate it.9&$*':'5)1'8"!8.";,)<',#'*&$*'#(+"&(='*&,#'>,"=',#',)*"!8!"*"1'

by some as trivializing or negating the marvelousness and vital importance of life and perception. I would suggest that it is even more marvelous that such richness

& diversity of life, perception and experience can be enabled, allowed and perpetuated via such seemingly simple mechanisms. It should not diminish but rather substantially enhance our respect and admiration for the designer of such an amazing system of life and consciousness.People should feel blessed for being allowed to exist.I believe that the reason these substances are attacked so

relentlessly by the control freak factions of Christianity is because in

their hearts they know that what is too often offered as Christianity is a shallow and false replica intended to manipulate others; one without any true spiritual substance. No true Christian would promote hatred, injustice and intolerance

in the name of Christ. It certainly is a useful banner, though, for !"%!-,*,)<'4.,)1'+$##"#'(?'8-#&@4-**()'#-88(!*"!#'$)1'5..,)<'*&",!'leaders’ pockets. People who consider themselves Christians would do well to look

honestly at their leaders and the actions of their organizations and see if they actually spread the doctrines of love, peace, brotherhood, stewardship and tolerance, or if their love is reserved only for their ‘own kind’ and spread by intimidation or even ‘force of the sword’ (or threat of incarceration), accompanied by insistence on condemnation, ruthless persecution, suppression or outright oppression for those who disagree. Murder, and oppression of other beliefs, has always been a

recurrent component during the spread of their ideology into ‘non­Christian’ societies for the entirety of formalized Christian history.It is tragic that many otherwise decent and sincere people have

blindly accepted what they have been told by, unknown to them, evil leaders for so long that some have come to accept these blatantly satanic practices as Christian values. It is understandable that they would not want to recognize the evil they had unwittingly served as it might damage their faith but if their faith is true, valid and properly placed it can withstand the truth, only that which is false fears being questioned in the light of day. IF they have been deceived, the sooner they can discover this, the sooner they can begin to practice their faith in a way that is true to its ideals.If love is reserved only for people of a particular club or group

then it is perverse and a contributor to the darkness. If a person’s actions bring misery, torment and wrongful deprivation to others (as the Drug Wars DO) and they call themselves a Christian, they would do well to look at what is truly being served.What is Sacred and Holy is a part of us all. No one has patent

over the truth and no group “owns” God or somehow has to act as interpreter for the rest of the world. It is my belief the satanic forces that Christians rant and rave about are indeed living and active; and calling themselves Christians in order to deceive and manipulate the masses of sincere and unquestioning Christians. They exist as a powerful structure within the very heart of modern Christianity. They protect themselves from the discovery of who and what

they are by using the same tactics of misdirection that dirty cops do. Namely they misrepresent any challenge to or attack on them as an attack on all the decent and honest cops (or Christians) who make up the bulk of their organizations and who they know will automatically rally to defend themselves as a group and in doing so are unknowingly manipulated and used to shield and protect the evil and corrupt elements within their ranks. Christians who actually are and who live as Christians deserve

nothing but respect. None is due to those who loudly proclaim they are and spend their time ignoring their own commandments to +$),8-.$*"7'%()*!(.'(!'")#.$>"'(*&"!#'?(!'*&",!'(=)'4")"5*'$)1'8!(5*2'The ‘sacrament’ is inherent within us all. Whether it is produced

internally or accessed through the plants that we were provided with, by the same forces that also created us, access is our birthright. A&"'B$%!"1' :)5),*"' %!"$*"1' 8"/(*"' $)1'+-#&!((+#' $)17'by

their design, gave them the powers they have within my nervous system. They are not the creation of humans, unlike the multitude of ‘organized’ religions. No other person or organization must hold the keys for anyone

else (they are ours by right of birth for actual and personal use),

27

Opening comments

although many will claim this in order to control and enslave people by taking away their personal power. The only time I was fortunate enough to have met him, Tellis Papastavro told me, a long time ago, “The price of freedom is eternal vigilance” [against those who would take that freedom away] [Note 22] .He, and others, have also told me, “What you are searching for

is what you are searching with.” or as CHANG Po­tuan wrote in the 12th century (as translated by Thomas CLEARY) : “Everyone originally has the herb of long life: it’s just that

they don’t understand it and throw it away in vain [...] When the !"#$#%&#'&()""*&+!,!"-.!+/&012)%1""*&3-"+&4""'&25!&%--6&[....] I urge *-)&2-&40+&-)2&25!&."17!&85!%!&*-)%&9-+*&81'&9-%0:&3-#03&917;&to the basis, returning to the origin, this is the production of the medicine.” [Note 23]This clearly indicates that this author realized the inherent nature

of awareness as being incorporated into the very origin of our being (a product of our DNA) and innately contained within the human machine as an inviolable and inextricable formative component of our fabric.What matters is whether the information is true, not whether the

key was the original or a duplicate. Even if it was a skeleton key; as long as it opened the door to the room, access could be achieved. One does have to wonder why it is that hallucinogenic plants grow everywhere in the world [Note 24].What many people often miss with any spiritual approach is

that they somehow think that access is all there is. They mistakenly believe that once they are ‘in’ or a member or have reached some preset goal (such as enlightenment) that nothing further is required. Once we ‘arrive’ is when the work begins. Arriving is not the end point; and, in and of itself, has no intrinsic value. What matters is what is done with what has been accessed. The destination is the starting point for future actions, not some magical endpoint where nothing further needs to be done. I would urge that the issue of entheogen use be re­examined.

Not as an issue of it being morally right or wrong. It is neither. No religion or spiritual approach is purely right or wrong. What is right or wrong is its application. Does it help or harm people? Does it !"#$#%&'%(&')*+(%'#"',&&-'%(&'-."/0&112'3(&1&'."&'0#%'-*,456)%'%#'determine simply by looking at the results of the actions taken.

A major failure of the war on drugs is its dangerously asinine approach to factual information. The inane slogans “Just Say No To Drugs” and “Zero Tolerance”

)6$!'.))'-"6+'61&'%#+&%(&"'*0'.'7.8'%(.%'*1'0#%'#0)8'*))9-&40&-'.0-'%(61'-&4&1'".%*#0.)'.0.)81*1:';6%',."'$#"&'*$!#"%.0%)8:'&,,&5%*<&)8'prevents any realistic popular perception, public debate, address or resolution [Note 25] of the REAL issues or even the REAL problems of drug abuse. Rather than accomplish its stated goals of decreasing drug use or

abuse it can readily be proven to radically stimulate it among people who often would have otherwise never have become involved.The issue that is currently avoided is one of personal

responsibility. There is an idea that hallucinogenic drug use is somehow irresponsible. As with the issue of drug abuse, irresponsible use is a relationship

with said drug that is detrimental to oneself.I would urge the responsible use of any and all drugs; namely

accepting responsibility for one’s own actions when using drugs. Clearly some times are inappropriate for drug usage. For example, if a person is being paid to do a job, it is wrong to

use any drugs that impair performance be it alcohol or any other substance.

Currently many employers believe that they can extend this =61%*4.;)&' 5#05&"0' %#' *05)6-&'7(.%' .' !&"1#0' -#&1' *0' %(&*"' #70',"&&'%*$&>'3(*1'*1'.'+"#11'.0-'?.+".0%'.;61&'#,'%(&*"'5#0%".5%'7*%('their help. Depriving citizens of rights and liberties is supposed to require demonstration of a compelling need by the state. It begs to be questioned why urine­analysis to prove a person does not smoke Cannabis'*0'%(&*"'#70',"&&'%*$&'*1'0&&-&-'#"'=61%*4.;)&'*0'#"-&"',#"'a human to sell pet food to the public.Employment does not confer ownership unless said “employment”

is in the form of slave and master. For a person’s philosophical and spiritual beliefs to determine whether or not they are employable is blatantly a religious prejudice and discrimination.If a crime or act of violence or theft is committed a person must

be held accountable. The widely embraced idea that alcohol or a drug ‘made them do it’ is an absurd excuse that attempts to misdirect blame and should not be tolerated. If someone was capable of the .5%'7(*)&'60-&"' %(&' *0?6&05&:' %(&8'7&"&'capable of it when not 60-&"'%(&'*0?6&05&>'3(&'-"6+'-*-'0#%'@ABC'%(&$'5#$$*%'%(&'.5%>'THEY committed the act. If a person cannot control their actions when they are intoxicated;

then they should not get intoxicated. It is neither society’s nor the government’s responsibility to

act as their parent or nanny and protect them from their own free choices [Note 26].

. The fact that they were intoxicated should have no bearing on their guilt as, assuming for a moment that a crime was committed because of ‘relaxed inhibitions’ [Note 27] it was THEIR CHOICE to get intoxicated.The issue is simply one of self­control and a person assuming

and accepting full personal responsibility for their actions whether choosing to use drugs or choosing not to use drugs. Some places and situations are simply not appropriate for many drugs [Note 28]. Some situations are. In others, it does not matter one way or the other. It is a matter of personal choice and personal responsibility. Nothing is more personal than the relationship one has with one’s own consciousness.Entheogenic drug use is also currently considered and presented

as being an aberrant behavior. It is indeed a minority behavior but it is neither unnatural nor is it aberrant. Deliberate ingestion of hallucinogens by animals is well documented. Ronald Siegel had recorded over 300 cases by the late 1970’s according to Dr. DOBKIN DE RIOS 1990. Despite Siegel’s peculiar and irrationally emphatic bias

against these plants and his disturbingly free anthropomorphic interpretations [Note 29] of animal behaviors, his work actually lends much support to the NATURALNESS of consciousness alteration as a NORMAL biological drive.Use of all types of substances and activities to alter consciousness

seems to be one of the largest and most basic of drives and needs of humans (perhaps second only to eating and sex; both of which can easily be proven to alter consciousness). It certainly takes up a huge amount of most people’s time. It is not always perceived of as consciousness alteration because

#,'(#7'<."*#61'1#5*&%*&1'-&40&'7(.%'."&'.55&!%.;)&',#"$1'#,'.)%&"*0+'their consciousness and what are not. D#"'*01%.05&:'61&'#,'"&40&-'16+."1:'%&)&<*1*#0:'1!#"%1'*0<#)<&$&0%:'

whether as spectator or player, dancing, jogging, religion, martial arts, meditation, sex and all types of common points of interest for people (including obsessive disorders and, if we can believe the courts, Beanie Baby collecting [Note 30] ) can make people feel better in some way, with their moods and/or perceptions correspondingly altered or ‘enhanced’.

28

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

!""#$%&'()#%*+#,'%-./$'01+)2#34&#!55#&'+/-1")#34&#06/-'7-3"")#alter consciousness. Many literally produce OPIATES [Note 31] within our nervous

system. I suspect that sex additionally produces natural ligands for the known THC receptors but this is just a hunch based on a subjective comparison of Cannabis with the after­effects of good sex. And, although some might immediately deny it, ALL are highly

addictive in nature for those attracted to them and produce very real withdrawal symptoms of some type if access to the stimulation is suddenly cut off. [Often this is as simple as irritability and/or a headache but these symptoms vanish once access to the desired stimulation is regained.]The appearance of withdrawal symptoms once an addictive

stimulus is discontinued and the cessation of these withdrawal symptoms once the discontinued addictive stimulus (or suitable 0*++%831/9#'0#+/366"'/&#3+/#:/)#/"/$/410#'4#+/-%84';'48#34&#&/74'48#an addiction as is a compulsion or urge to repeat the stimulus.

Drug use, and most especially hallucinogenic drug use, is also frequently depicted as a ‘new problem’. While the ‘problem’ may be new, the use of drugs is not. Despite huge gaps in our understanding, the archeological record

clearly indicates that not only drug use but hallucinogenic drug use has been with mankind since the very earliest of times. [See SCHULTES 1998.]Growing evidence suggests that we actually owe much of who

we are today to our interactions with these plants both in early times and throughout history. [See DEVEREAUX 1997 or MCKENNA 1992 for many excellent examples.]

Entheogenic drugs are not for most people. It is not that they are somehow reserved for only a privileged few;

but rather, apparently only a relatively few people respond to them this way. The majority of people do not like them and either have no desire to experience them, or to experience them again [Note 32].The minority that does respond this way to them does so because

this is who we are. It is not clear why they do what they do for us and apparently

do not have the same effects in others. We are not missionaries wanting to promote their use among

others. We are who we are because we were born this way. We will use these substances because it is right and proper, this we know in our hearts. It is less a matter of choice than one of conscience. We expect only the due and proper right [Note 33] to worship in

our own way as our Creator has taught and enabled us. Make no mistake, this IS, in fact, where these plants came from,

how we were given them & why they produce the effects that they do. Unlike ALL of the world’s major organized religions, their creation was through the same forces that gave our species its birth. The forces which oppose them, on the other hand, are not

elements formed during our creation but rather arise directly out of the beliefs and acts of HUMANS who want to manipulate and -%41+%"#<'(#4%1#$%4%6%"';/#(%+#1./'+#%=4#,/4/719#1./#+/"'8'%*0#34&#spiritual experiences of others.This small work is offered in hopes that it will provide enough

information to enable people to make responsible and safe choices. It is also offered with the sincere hopes that it will stimulate and better enable future research into this fascinating area.

As editor, I would hope that this will not offend people or be misconstrued as to its intent but am fairly certain that it will be by at least some people. Over this I can have no control. I do hope that the reader enjoys this book. Any comments or

corrections will be greatly welcomed.

Author’s comments concering the 2006 Third Edition.It seemed to us that the entire opening sections should be

+/=+'11/4#1%#+/>/-1#1./#0=//6'48#-.348/0#$34)#%(#%*+#+/3&/+0#have experienced since the publication of the second edition.So much has changed we realized that to accomplish this we

would do better to discard the old version and rewrite it.We decided on a compromise of mildly updating but largely

preserving those sections despite a good portion of that being outdated or even no longer applicable. For instance, we wrote that the US needed to return to

acknowledging its constitutional guarantees but , despite my still agreeing with that, the reality is that the post­coup USA no longer has a functional Constitution and it appears unlikely we will see its return in our lifetime. The Inquisition is gearing up anew and casually intruding into

people’s lives on a scale not even dreamed of outsite of science 7-1'%4#34&#(*1*+'01'-#(34130)?We live in interesting times.

29

Opening comments

Endnotes for Opening comments

Note 1:An interesting coincidence pointed out to me by Sasha Shulgin

is that the discovery of mescaline and its activity occurred just after the discovery of radiation (radium and x­ray) [the apparent discovery !"#$$%&#'(%")*#%+(#,*"*%+)-.)/#0"-1"0)#2-*34#+"-**5..#+6"'2)-"#+"these years] and the discovery of LSD and its activity paralleled the successful unleashing of nuclear energy. It is no coincidence that psychedelic drug users and the nuclear industry often seem so diametrically opposed in life philosophies.

I have come to believe that the widespread proliferation of the knowledge of the entheogens in technologically based cultures is nature’s response to the reckless and irresponsible proliferation of nuclear energy. It is fairly obvious that the planet has never before been so seriously imperiled by human hands nor has there ever been a broader based usage of the entheogens.

The response of the established power structure is also clear in intent and motivation; Albert Einstein observed “Great spirits have always been viciously attacked by mediocre minds.”

Sasha quoted Voltaire as correctly observing “It is dangerous to be right in matters on which the established authorities are wrong.”

Note 2: It must be stressed that Bufotenine, DMT & 5­MeO­DMT

have all been proven to be naturally produced WITHIN the human +%.7-5)"")3)(%$"'+&"'.%"0.%)%+("#+"'"7'.#%(3"-1"4-&#23"85#&)9":%%"the following and/or the references therein:

BARKER et al. 1981, Clarke’s !"#$%&'#() %(*) !*+(&',-%&'#() #.)Drugs in Pharmaceuticals, Body Fluids and Post­Mortem Materials. Second edition 1986, DAVIS 1989, FRANZEN & GROSS 1965, GILLIN et al.1976, GUCCHAIT 1976, HAZUM et al. 1981, OON et al. 1977, ROSENGARTEN & FRIEDHOFF 1976, SAAVEDRA & AXELROD 1972, SMYTHIES et al. 1979, TANIMUKAI et al. 1970 & WYATT et al.1973.

Note 3: Due to government suppression over half a century ago.

Note 4: A fact many Americans are unaware of is that the model Hitler

chose to provide a ‘Jewish solution’ (concentration camps) was that of America’s ‘solution’ to the ‘Indian problem’ (reservations). [OTT] The national Gulag being created in the US for drug users is not so different.

The concentration camps however could never have been “created” for the Jews despite how forcefully history has put them at the forefront of the picture. (This is probably because, quite unlike his enemies on the political left, a great many survived the atrocities they were subjected to as a class.)

Long before he directed action against the Jews, long before he ever had any power to even be a threat them, Hitler, in one of his earliest acts as Chancellor, initially started his rise to absolute power with intensive and extensive roundups of his political opponents. He used the terrorist bombing of the German Reichstag as an excuse to declare a state of emergency and began by targeting the left in general so that there would be no opposition and only full support from the conservative government and the middle class.

This lasitude enabled him to create the momentum and the actual framework for forging the power base for the killing machinery (secret police) he would later direct against the others who opposed him, this time within the leadership of both the German military and the Nazi storm troopers. All of this occurred well before he targeted the Jews and many other people.

During this time the representatives who had been elected by '"2'.6%23";'(/-2#*"*-+)(#(5%+*3"<=/-"#+#(#'223",.$23"-00-)%&"/#$>"6.%="(-",.$23"4'*?"@#(2%."'+&A")%+)#+6"(/'("/%"=')"('.6%(#+6"(/%#."common enemies, literally handed him the reigns of unprecedented and nearly unlimited power (sound familiar?).

As an immediate result of his purge of the left, the prisons .'0#&23"4%*'$%"0'*?%&"(-"-7%.8-=#+6"<)-5+&"1'$#2#'.B>9"

To solve the problem of not having enough space to incarcerate those ‘undesirables’ targeted for permanent removal from society, “concentration camps” were created which would later be used for much better known purposes.

While it has been stated that if there had been no Jews it would have been necessary for Hitler to create them, he could have never gained either the power or the opportunity to threaten them had not his initial purge of the hated “left” been tolerated and supported without question.

Note 5: What they are being ‘taught’ is little different in intent, purpose,

spirit, content or factual reality than the “Tokyo Joe”­style anti­C'0'+%)%"0.-0'6'+&'",2$)")/-=+"(-"-5."(.--0)D(-D4%"&5.#+6"E-.2&"War II. (A similar anti­drug user misinformational indoctrination strategy is currently being directed at the general public and has been since the Reagan­Bush “Dark Age” began.)

This is not an accident: to paraphrase an ancient general, “If my troops began to think, not one of them would remain in the ranks.”

This is especially true in this area; where the only hope of sustaining anti­drug efforts lies in preventing the overall honest and decent people involved in this travesty from recognizing the inherent evil of their actions and the true nature of their efforts as just another ugly cultural purge & social cleansing.

Note 6: If anything I would urge a return to those purely American

principles (as were originally conceived by the Seven Nations) found embodied in the Constitution and Bill of Rights which we have in recent years been tossing into the trash as ‘outdated’; in the +'$%"-1"*-.0-.'(%"0.-,(A"(-"F'#&G"(/%"E'."-+"H.56)"'+&"(-")%("(/%"stage for the formation of a police state based on Napoleonic Law as opposed to Common Law.

Note 7: This may not be believed by those who attempt to use it as a

casual recreational drug. Descriptions like “hellish”, “terrifying”, “horrible”, “...

insecticide for people”, “...a door that is best left unopened” and “...like ...being conked on the head” are fairly frequent.

One very experienced friend joked that the best way to reduce the growing demand for DMT would be to make it readily available.

Note 8: Perhaps not enough people are aware that the peyote plant itself

is now considered a Schedule 1 controlled substance in the USA and possession of any part of the plant, EVEN ITS SEEDS or hairs, is explicitly and expressly forbidden by Federal law. As mentioned above, absolutely no exception was included for those Native peyote people intending cultivation. This was by the very same )%))#-+"-1";-+6.%))"=#&%23"0.'#)%&"1-."'1,.$#+6"I'(#7%"J$%.#*'+K)"rights to eat peyote!

See the Code of Federal Regulation 1997, § 1308.11(22): #7415 [Interprets 21 USC 812(c), Schedule I(c)(12)].

This amazingly further schedules (as Schedule I) any and all alkaloids occurring within the peyote plant.

30

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

A handful of these occur naturally within humans, as neurotransmitters or normal metabolic products, and are readily detectable by blood or urine analysis. SHULGIN & SHULGIN 1997: page 596.

Note 9: Many may not accept our portrayal of medicine as a religion

since the notion of God is so often rejected. The concept of GOD is not a requirement for a religion, as

the American Atheists have so clearly demonstrated in the courts. Regardless of how one labels it, it is still an externally imposed

system which seeks to control and regulate the thoughts, beliefs and actions of others; with or without the other’s consent, and considering itself moral and wise enough to do so. And more importantly it declares itself as the ultimate authority.

!"#$%"&'$( )"*+"$( &",-.-/+( 0$( 1belief in. acceptance of. or non­rational sense of a superhuman unseen controlling power or powers. with the emotion and morality connected there with: rites or worship: any system of such belief or worship.”

The medical monopoly and even secular humanism itself clearly 20,,(3-%4-+(%4-$()"*+-%-/+5

Note 10: One: Theocratic; judging itself moral enough and wise enough

to choose our manner of worship for us (with or without our consent), the other Pharmacratic; judging itself moral enough and wise enough to choose our manner of drug use and medical treatments for us (with or without our consent).

While history casts serious doubts on the absolute morality and wisdom of either group, both consider themselves wise enough to do this without our consent and have appointed themselves in this capacity or engineered the situation to limit our options to the point where we are allowed little choice.

Note 11: The harm is not as much in the use of the forbidden substances

as in the response of the authorities and the lack of quality controls arising from the establishment of an unregulated black­market.

In the case of peyote, the ONLY real harm resulting from its use by normal humans is that of being arrested.

If we are to survive the future as a technological society, we must move from the destructive feudal mentality of us versus them, encouraging ruthless competition to ensure that the strongest and most powerful are always in control (they always will be regardless; only their degree of control can be limited and this only partially) into one of cooperation, joining together to create a society that thrives because of its diversity.

Toleration of diversity can give great cohesive strength to a society if this is a belief that is cherished and held in high regard. The only limits to this should be when the desires or practices of one group harms or attempts to interfere with those of another.

The only thing that it will limit is the degree to which any single group can control the behavior of the general population. Perhaps this is why those in positions of authority stress homogeneity. A sea of clones is much easier to predict and manipulate.

Note 12: Psychedelic Resource List: Soma Graphics, P.O. Box 19820,

Sacramento, CA 95819­0820.

Note 14: Which today, due to the abnormally high incidence of AIDS in

prison populations, is tantamount to a death sentence.

Note 15: As if the government has any business, or even the right, to

legislate and dictate what our health should be.

Note 16: Johnny Appleseed & myself.

Note 17: Tryptamines are apparently present in highest levels in fresh

growth. The more toxic beta­carbolines that are also sometimes present are highest in older growth; at least in the strains that produce mainly tryptamines.

Note 18: Terence McKenna’s notion (MCKENNA 1992) that these types of

alkaloids exist as exopheromones really bears some closer thought. There is a distinct symbiotic (spiritual) relationship that we seem %/(2/&6(3-%4(%4"$"(7,0+%$(%40%()-&"8%,9(#"+"*%$(#/%4($7"8-"$5(:4"(more we learn about the real workings of the world, the less far fetched the more far fetched ideas of McKenna begin to sound. The recent evidence that things as simple as the acquisition of an unusual food shared repeatedly by a single mating pair and their off­spring can lead to surprisingly rapid and dramatic morphological changes forces a re­evaluation of several pre­conceived concepts about ‘evolution’ and gives support to some of McKenna’s ideas that might be otherwise dismissed without enough thought.

Note 19: :4"&"( -$( ";-)"+8"( %40%( %4-$(*.<&")(4"0;-,9( -+( %4"(="$80,"&/(

Apaches abandoning peyote use earlier this century. Evidently, according to L.B. BOYER et al 1968, after being forced onto the reservation, their use of peyote devolved into primarily sorcery 0+)(-+%"&7"&$/+0,(8/+>-8%$(,"0)-+.(%/(-%$(0#0+)/+6"+%(#9($/8-"%95

Note 20: Peyote tastes the same but less intense in dreams. All dream experiences referred to occurred spontaneously and

were completely independent of use.

Note 21: One ligand for the known THC receptors has already been

elucidated. It was named Anandamide and shows oral activity comparable to THC.

Note 22: This quote may have originated with Thomas Payne?The mistaken notion that “It can’t happen here” is all that is

required to set the stage for it to indeed happen here.At least as far back as THUCYDIDES, 400BC, it was recognized

that: “The secret of Happiness is Freedom, and the secret of Freedom is Courage.”

Note 23: From stanzas 6 and 9 of the Taoist alchemical classic

Understanding Reality [The Wu Chien P’ien]

Note 24: This is far more common than most people realize and we

know only a fraction of what is there as work in this area has been almost non­existent except for a relatively few intrepid explorers (most of whom have not published their results and determined psychoactivity by INGESTING the plant in question).

For instance, at least a handful more cactus species than is suggested by the literature are now known to be usefully active.

31

Opening comments

Most are apparently unnamed. Similarly, several species suggested by the published accounts to be weak have been reported to be potent in human bioassay.

The entire field concerning psychoactive cacti other than those containing mescaline is only now beginning to be properly examined.

The still climbing tally on active psilocybian mushrooms has long passed 100 species with their occurrence now reported worldwide in tropical and temperate zones.

An accurate total of the seemingly ubiquitous DMT/5­MeO­DMT plants would boggle the mind if it were presently known. Their apparent occurrence (based on co­tlc indicating one or both) in species of Bromus (Brome­grass), Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) and Digitaria sanguinalis (crab­grass) suggests broad based assays of common grasses and other weedy herbage are greatly needed and potentially valuable.

Note 25: It is not a coincidence that as ‘anti­drug’ efforts escalate, they

are invariably accompanied by a corresponding increase in popular drug use, an increase in drug availability and a decrease in the !"#$!%#&!%#&'(&)$*+,-*#.&

Thanks to morally obscene and ethically bankrupt programs such as DARE, kids as young as grade school are now heavy users of all types of addictive drugs or else being trained as active informants spying and reporting on their FAMILY.

How long can this trend go unchecked before people wake up to the fact that the DRUG WAR IS the direct cause of MOST of the ‘drug problem’?

“The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is !"#$%&'()*+!#$,-..-!#.” MILL 1859

Note 26: Stuart MILL’s 1859 essay “On Liberty” contains wisdom that

deserves some careful thought in modern times.

Note 27: This is another concept of misdirected blame in need of a

closer look.

Note 28: A good rule of thumb is that if a substance impairs motor

functions or affects perceptions, then operating motor vehicles and power tools should be avoided.

Note 29: Attributing human characteristics and motivations to his lab

animals.

Note 30: From the 22 Nov. 1998 Austin American Statesman:In Monterey County, California, Deputy District Attorney

Christine Harter asked the courts that Tamara Dee Maldonado be prohibited from possessing Beanie Babies. [The charge was credit card fraud.]

The prosecution argued that the toys were like a drug to her and should therefore be treated as such.

Judge Jonathan Price agreed and gave Mrs. Maldonado 6 months in jail and a 5 year probation that gave local law enforcement the right to search her home for the banned Beanie Babies, without a warrant or advance notice, at any time they chose, for the duration

of the 5 years. Only Ty brand Beanie’s were prohibited as Mrs. Maldonado

apparently claimed that she did not suffer an addiction to other brands.

She claimed to have become “addicted” to them while working at McDonalds and growing envious of all of the customers she gave free ones to during a promotional Beanie Baby give­away.

Note 31: Both morphine and codeine have been found; in addition

to the better known occurrence of a multitude of enkephalins & endorphins with a variety of differing potencies & durations; not simply the more widely known endorphins, enkephalins and other large molecules with strongly opioid effects.

Note 32: /'0123+&42+5&6$#3'03#2"#7&$#82%2'-*&27#!*&'$&4'$87,"2#4*&!$#&

not uncommon sources of problems.

Note 33: A lot of people get lost in the delusion that the powers­that­be are going to respond to rational arguments on this issue. This is an emotional issue and in our current era, as was true in the Civil Rights issue in the late 1950s, is unlikely to ever be open for sane & rational public debate at any point in the near future. If African Americans had not refused to sit in the back of the bus or if a few brave souls had not refused to avoid “White Only“ facilities, NONE of the advances in Civil Rights, that are now largely taken for granted, would have ever happened. Thomas PAIYNE may have put it best when commenting, “Men should not petition for rights, but take them.” (As quoted by JL HUDSON)

32

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

The War on Drugs is a War on Drug Using People.Drugs are things. War is waged between or, as in this case, against people; never inanimate objects.

This is an intentional cultural purge and social cleansing of a religious origin; no matter what it may have been relabeled.

“Tyranny always arrives to a hero’s welcome, promising to protect us, and asking only for authorization to take away rights of villains who threaten good people. It soon follows that “good” people are those who support the tyranny and “villains” are those who oppose it.” DPFT NEWS 1999: 5(4):8.

!"#$%#&'(')%*#+"*,-#*"%.#/"+#%&%/#0%12'0%#"33".'+'"/4#.'53(-#6,'(20%#+"#,7+'&%(-#.233"0+#+8%#+-0,//-#7,/#$%#%/"298:#If this seems to be far­fetched, consider the modern applications of the nuisance abatement laws as announced on the local evening

news during December of 1999. In instances where the police learn of properties that they claim are “infested” with drug dealers or drug users, property owners are now

required to remove the “problems;#"0#+8%-#7,/#(".%#+8%'0#38-.'7,(#$2'(*'/9.#,/*<"0#30"3%0+'%.#2/*%0#(,=.2'+.#)(%*#,9,'/.+#+8%5#$-#+8%#Police department. Suddenly landlords who have rented to drug users or dealers become criminals simply for providing housing. They can even be legally deprived of their land or have their rental properties bulldozed to the ground as a result of their failure to surrender their rights to private property and allow the police free reign to remove their tenants. (This is apparently on the basis of their tenants’ drug use being perceived to represent a threat to their neighbors similar to a rat infestation.) I know one Austin resident who was evicted in November of 1999 entirely on the basis of a neighbor informing his landlord that they

smelled marijuana smoke coming from his apartment. (Simple possession is a misdemeanor in Austin.)According to the same local evening news story, the City of Austin, Texas, claimed to have hired an attorney on a full­time basis to do

/"+8'/9#5"0%#+8,/#)(%#nuisance abatement paperwork on behalf of the Austin Police Department.After the seizure of over 11,000 living peyote plants failed to stop the propagation activities of the Peyote Foundation, Arizona law

enforcement apparently used similar arguments to pressure their landlord to evict them.In more recent years, as legally permitted Cannabis cultivation becomes more commonplace, legal cultivators with medical prescriptions

'/#>?',8#@,('6"0/',#7,/#)/*#+8%5.%(&%.#02//'/9#,6"2(#"6#7'+-#"0*'/,/7%.#7(,'5'/9#+8%'0#/%'98$"0.#,0%#8,05%*#$-#%A3".20%#+"#+8%#.5%((#of cultivated Cannabis. I know of no other plant for which the smell is considered a dangerous nuisance or of any other prescription medicine that can have its private in­the­home administration used as grounds for child endangerment charges or evictions.

Trichocereus bridgesii

(HBG)

Make no mistake;

War on Drug Craft

Drug activity in direct conflict with desired control by religious/

medical authorities.

By providing illegal drugs, dealers threaten the oligarchic control

of physicians and legal drug dealers (pharmaceutical industry).

In direct competition with desired monopolistic control by

medical authorities and pharmaceutical/ alcohol/ tobacco

manufacturers.

Drug users use pharmacologically active substances and give

them to others

Forbidden to use or supply drugs unless versed in study of

medicine and approved as a physician or pharmacist.

Merciless treatment recommended for drug dealers (and often

users).

Most drug users are unlikely to fight back.

Punishments harsh and severe; grossly exceeding any

purported harm.

Search and arrest procedure often deliberately destructive and

brutal.

Punishments handed out regardless of the outcome their action

(regardless of whether their actions produces harm).

Intent considered a punishable act.

Conspiracy conviction can result from testimony of a single

informant and does not require physical evidence.

Different standards of law applied to drug people than the

rest of society. Safe to cheat or attack.

Informants encouraged and rewarded to turn in people they

thought were guilty of drug involvement (even if parents or

other family members).

Children questioned in the absence of their parents with or

without parental consent or knowledge.

Children are both trained & used as domestic spies and

information sources with the assurances that their actions will

“”help” the family.

Failure to report drug sales or possession can result in

condemnation and punishment as accomplice (including even

the loss of rental properties for failure to control actions of

tenants)! Failure to agree to testify in drug cases can result in

heavier sentencing than if agreeing to serve as an informant.

Members punished not only for what they do but also

condemned for what they are – an autonomous “counter culture”

perceived defiant of the imposed control of authorities.

Loss of parental rights often accompanies pronouncement of

guilt.

Property and land seizures directly profits anti-drug warriors.

Use of testimony from a paid or leveraged anonymous

informant is acceptable; if not encouraged or predominant.

Informants can additionally receive 25% of all seized property.

War on Witchcraft

Witches perceived to be in direct conflict with desired control

by religious authorities.

In providing medical treatments and spiritual practices,

witchcraft threatened the oligarchic control of the church.

In direct competition with control by medical authorities.

(usually the church, ‘healing’ with fasts and prayers, as medicine

was usually considered a form of witchcraft)

Witches used pharmacologically active substances and gave

them to others

Forbidden to heal unless versed in study of the scriptures and

approved as a priest.

Merciless treatment recommended for witches.

Most ‘witches’ were unlikely to fight back.

Punishments harsh and severe; grossly exceeding any purported

harm.

Search and arrest procedure often deliberately destructive and

brutal.

Punishments handed out regardless of the outcome their action

(regardless of whether they cured or harmed).

Intent considered a punishable act.

Conspiracy conviction could result from testimony of a single

informant and did not require physical evidence.

Different standards of law applied to witches than the rest of

society. Safe to cheat or attack.

Informants encouraged and rewarded to turn in people they

thought were guilty of witchcraft (even if parents or other family

members).

Children questioned in the absence of their parents with or

without parental consent or knowledge.

Children used as domestic spies and information sources.

Failure to report witchery (or to testify against a witch) could

result in condemnation and punishment as an accomplice.

Members punished not only for what they did but also

condemned for what they were – an autonomous “counter

culture” perceived defiant of the imposed control of authorities.

Loss of parental rights often accompanied pronouncement of

guilt.

Property and land seizures directly profited the Inquisitors.

Use of testimony from paid or leveraged informants was

acceptable.

Informants could be rewarded with seized property.

A Few Similarities between the Drug Wars and the Witch Craze (after SZASZ)

78

Chapter 1: Background & perspective

from OSTOLAZA 1998 Quepo 12: p 64 Field collection scene from a Moche ceramic

War on Witchcraft

Inquisitors rewarded handsomely from finding and

persecuting witches. Persecuting witches was a lucrative and

profitable business.

Development of a powerful group of witch-mongers whose

livelihood depended on expanding their powers and finding, if

not actually creating, more ‘witches’.

Inquisition was international in scope. Two principle centers;

Rome and Spain.

Institutionalized [as the Inquisition].

Presented to the public as necessary to ‘save them’ from the

evils of witchery.

Unresponsive to rational analysis, criticism or policy

evaluation once the efforts began.

Not answerable to the public.

No middle ground and no meaningful debate.

Witches presented as worthless and undesirable members of

society, or as bad and evil people, simply for being witches.

Intensive propaganda efforts characterized by sensationalism

and outright lies aimed at stirring adverse public sentiment,

intolerance and mass hysteria.

Simple ideological identification accepted as justification to

deprive of housing and employment (or worse).

Witches portrayed as subhuman murderous monsters preying

on the hapless innocent.

No widely perceived witch ‘problem’ prior to the War on

witches.

Efforts of witch hunters repeatedly presented as valiant

failures, claimed due to the perceived size of the ‘problem’,

but with enticement of future success, requiring more autonomy

for the witch-hunters and greater authority to take drastic

actions. Their real failures were often misrepresented as

successes.

Members of targeted group unorganized, as well as politically

and socially powerless.

Lacked any effective advocates in positions of power.

Any advocates were also attacked.

Group persecuting them was both politically and socially

powerful.

War on Drug Craft

Combating the drug trade generates huge amounts of seized

property, assets and money for the drug warriors. In addition,

a flourishing multi-billion dollar industry has been created out

of drug detection services, private prisons and the manufacture/

sales of surveillance equipment. Treating drug ‘addicts’ is

similarly a lucrative and immensely profitable business with

explosive growth.

Development of a powerful group of drug persecutors whose

livelihood depends on expanding their powers and finding, if

not actually creating, more ‘drug problems’ to ‘resolve’.

Inquisition is international in scope. Two principle centers;

Washington and Geneva.

Institutionalized [as the DEA, the FDA, the National Institute

of Mental Health and other “public health” groups who have

teamed (ganged?) up for a ‘war on drugs’].

Presented to the public as necessary to ‘save them’ from the

evils of drugs.

Unresponsive to rational analysis, criticism or policy

evaluation once the efforts began.

Not answerable to the public.

No middle ground and no meaningful debate.

Drug users presented as worthless and undesirable members

of society, or as bad and/or evil people, simply for using drugs.

Intensive propaganda efforts characterized by sensationalism

and outright lies aimed at stirring adverse public sentiment,

intolerance and mass hysteria.

Simple ideological identification accepted as justification to

deprive of housing, government services and employment.

Drug dealers portrayed as subhuman murderous monsters

preying on the hapless innocent.

No widely perceived drug ‘problem’ prior to the War on

Drugs.

Efforts of drug warriors repeatedly presented as valiant

failures, claimed due to the perceived size of the ‘problem’, but

with enticement of future success, requiring more autonomy

for the drug warriors and greater authority to take drastic

actions. Their real failures are still often misrepresented as

successes.

Members of targeted group unorganized, as well as politically

and socially powerless.

Lacking any effective advocates in positions of power.

Any advocates are also attacked. Even defense lawyers can

find themselves charged with conspiracy or other criminal

charges simply for defending drug dealers!

Groups persecuting them are both politically and socially

powerful

79

Image from the Nazca culture

(Phase 6)

modified from CANE 1985

after EISLEB 1977

shading added for definition

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

While interpretations certainly might

vary, some elements of this drawing

suggest cactus spines and vomiting.

93

Chapter ThreeThe reported occurrences of mescaline

“More than you need to know?”

Trichocereus peruvianus P.C.Hutchison 543Collected in the canyon of the Río Rímac, Huarochiri Prov., Peru. 1700m.

94

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

Lophophora williamsii echinata and Trichocereus bridgesii SSO2

95

The Distribution & Occurrence of Mescaline

Readers will quickly notice that the following section is lacking the entries for the Trichocereus species. These now form another book: San Pedro & related

Trichocereus species. ie Sacred Cacti Part B. We hope that the splitting of this work into separate books

does not cause our readers too much inconvenience. We !"!#$%&' &($)'*+,,' $-./)' &($' 0$-$1&!'*(+%(' &($' $2#3-!+/-'permitted and think that these offset the disadvantages. 4-' &($'!$%&+/-'*(+%('5/,,/*!6'7/!&' &32/-/7+%'!)-/-)7!'

were omitted as these are readily available in the sources cited and are primarily only of historical importance. (More detailed and 8#9/#$9,):'*/9;$;'&32/-/7+%';$!%9+#&+/-!'/5'&($'plants can be found in the listed references.) To better assist the reader in search of more information

it was thought helpful to include synonyms that are in horticultural use or used in the references included. Many times plants get renamed or transferred by one

authority without being accepted by some or most others. In some cases, such as Stenocereus, it is not uncommon to 1-;'!$<$93,';+55$9$-&'-37$!'5/9'&($'!37$'#,3-&';$#$-;+-='/-'which reference work one consults. While it is unlikely that they would be encountered and still referred to as a Cereus, as many cereoids were originally called, it is just as likely they will not be listed by MOST sources as a Stenocereus.4&'+!'(/#$;'&(3&'&($'9$3;$9'*+,,'1-;'&($'5/,,/*+-='%(3#&$9'

helpful; any feedback on how this could be made more useful is welcomed. Proviso: It must be kept in mind that substantial differences in

the alkaloid content and in the relative ratios of alkaloids present have been noted by numerous researchers. (True also in many families.) These differences have been noted to sometimes appear seasonally, such as the higher presence of N­methylated (as compared to N­demethylated) alkaloids detected, by Lundstrom, during summer in greenhouse maintained peyote. In contrast; in the same population of plants, winter analysis found levels of N­demethylated compounds to be higher than N­methylated ones. [While he used cultivated plants, the mescaline content was comparable to most of what is collected from the wild.] They can vary as well according to the age of plant (young

plant versus adult plant) or even by age of part (such as new growth on a large adult compared to older growth). In cacti, the actual variables effecting such reports are, usually, unknown and unstudied. Alkaloid content has been noticed to vary substantially in

amount and/or actual even composition between varieties considered closely related by morphology, and concentrations sometimes vary widely even from one individual or locality &/' &($' -$2&>' 4-' /&($9!' $<$-' ;3+,)' ?"%&"3&+/-!' (3<$' 0$$-'noted; in Phalaris and Papaver6' 5/9' $237#,$6' 3,@3,/+;'concentrations were found to be highest in the early morning. (Quantitative comparative isolations of Phalaris was reported by APPLESEED.)Very few workers seem to concern themselves with any

of this and rigorous work on this subject has rarely been performed or published. [Species suggested by published analysis to be variously

weak or potent have on occasion proved to be just the opposite!]Often the only data included is whether the plant was

cultivated or collected from the wild. In many early papers we literally have to rely on the word of the workers as to the identity of what they analyzed, as vouchers for reference’s sake were never prepared and there is no physical means 5/9'%/-1973&+/->Fortunately, in recent decades, far more attention is being

given to the importance of proper herbarium vouchers being prepared for any and all plant analysis. Even in these cases, not all workers note enough variables for their observations to be truly meaningful.A+B$'3-;'3##9/2+73&$'3=$6'#39&'/5'#,3-&'"!$;'3-;'!&3=$'

of growth, i.e. actively gowing versus fully developed (if sampling only branches of large specimens), and time of harvest (time of year and time of day) should all be considered to be critical data to include along with place of origin. Ideally for a voucher some comments on the local ecology

and a description of habitat would also be quite valuable. This could include the plants growing around it, or with it, the immediate local conditions of occurrence [moisture, degree of sun, etc...], its apparent niche in ecosystem, and a description of the land or terrain.Even better would be additionally including a local soil

test and/or sample, and analyzing as many parts and ages of material as possible, as well as repeated tests with the same specimens at different times of year.If performing repeated samplings of the same individuals;

!&9$!!'%3-'0$%/7$'3'53%&/9'%3#30,$'/5'+-?"$-%+-='&($'9$!",&!>'I suggest initially using pooled smaller samples of adjacent individuals within a given population. There should be additional small samples taken from several individuals within the same population that is pooled in order to check uniformity. Most plants can recover rapidly and well from light

prunings. A minimum of two years time is suggested for such 3'!$9+$!'/5'!37#,+-=!'*+&('3'732+7"7'/5'CDE'&9+77+-=!>'Differences in regrowth versus original growth should also be evaluated.The factors controlling and regulating alkaloid production

would be a fascinating and productive area for future 3%3;$7+%' 9$!$39%(>' 45' %($7/&32/-/7)' +!' &/' $<$9' 0$'considered a truly useful inclusion in the repertoire of &32/-/7+%' &//,!6'*$'7"!&' 0$' 30,$' &/' 0$&&$9' ;$5+-$' &($'parameters of alkaloid production. F$&$97+-+-='3-;'&3@+-='!&$#!'&/'732+7+B$'3,@3,/+;'%/-&$-&'

*/",;'3,!/'0$'/5'0$-$1&' 5/9' &(/!$'*(/'<+$*'&($!$'#,3-&!'as sacraments. Selection for known high alkaloid strains, /9' 5/%"!+-='/-'%,/-$!'/5'!#$%+1%'$2%$#&+/-3,' +-;+<+;"3,!6'for intensive large scale breeding and propagation efforts, would be a worthwhile avenue for everyone involved with sacramental use of these plants.

Chapter 3: The mescaline containing species

96

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

a thirsty !"#$%&'()*#+,&$-&*' growing in Australia

97

The reported distribution of mescaline containing species within the family CACTACEAE

!"#$"%&'()*+',-+*./*'#)0+,'.#&.*)1+')**+-1)#*+'),')',-+*.+,'.,',1.%%'#"1'2.&+%3'4+*"5#.6+&7

Family: CACTACEAESubfamily: CEREOIDEAETribe PERESKIEAE­ Pereskia corrugata

Pereskia tampicana

Tribe OPUNTIEAE­ Pereskiopsis scandens subtribe CYLINDROPUNTIA Opuntia acanthocarpa Opuntia echinocarpa Opuntia imbricata Opuntia spinosior subtribe OPUNTIA Opuntia basilaris

! "#$%&'(!)*$+,'%-'*(Tribe CACTEAE­ subtribe CACTINAE Pelecyphora aselliformis subtribe CEREINAE Polaskia chende Pterocereus gaumeri Stenocereus beneckei Stenocereus eruca Stenocereus stellatus Stenocereus treleasei Stetsonia coryne Trichocereus bridgesii ***(all forms*) Trichocereus bridgesii monstrosus *** Trichocereus cuzcoensis *** [Often 0. See its entry.] Trichocereus fulvilanus Trichocereus huanucoensis * Trichocereus macrogonus *** Trichocereus pachanoi *** Trichocereus pachanoi monstrosus * Trichocereus pallarensis *** Trichocereus peruvianus *** Trichocereus peruvianus monstrosus * Trichocereus puquiensis *** Trichocereus puquiensis monstrosus * Trichocereus santaensis *** Trichocereus schoenii *** Trichocereus scopulicola *** Trichocereus sp. W.BAKER 5452 ** Trichocereus cv. SS01, SS02, SS03 * Trichocereus cv. TJG *** Trichocereus sp. TORRES & TORRES: N. Chile * Trichocereus cv. “Unknown C” * Trichocereus sp. aff. huanucoensis * Trichocereus strigosus Trichocereus taquimbalensis * Trichocereus terscheckii *** Trichocereus thelegonoides Trichocereus uyupampensis *** (Erroneous ID) Trichocereus validus Trichocereus vollianus Trichocereus werdermannianus ***

subtribe ECHINOCACTINAE Aztekium ritteri

Gymnocalycium achirasense Gymnocalycium asterium Gymnocalycium baldianum Gymnocalycium calochlorum

Gymnocalycium carminanthum Gymnocalycium comarapense Gymnocalycium denudatum Gymnocalycium gibbosum Gymnocalycium horridispinum

Gymnocalycium leeanum

Gymnocalycium mesopotamicum Gymnocalycium monvillei Gymnocalycium moserianum Gymnocalycium netrelianum Gymnocalycium nigriareolatum Gymnocalycium oenanthemum Gymnocalycium paraguayense Gymnocalycium quehlianum Gymnocalycium ragonesii Gymnocalycium riograndense Gymnocalycium stellatum

Gymnocalycium striglianum

Gymnocalycium triacanthum Gymnocalycium uebelmannianum Gymnocalycium valnicekianum

Gymnocalycium vatteri

Islaya minor Lophophora diffusa *** (but not usual case) Lophophora fricii *** [Does not appear to be typical.] Lophophora jourdaniana *** Lophophora koehresii Lophophora williamsii williamsii *** Lophophora williamsii echinata *** Turbinicarpus lophophoroides Turbinicarpus pseudomacrochele var. krainzianus Turbinicarpus schmiedickianus var. .(/'.01$+ Turbinicarpus schmiedickianus var. schwarzii

Please note that this system of organization is presently no longer accepted by most authorities but it is still commonly encountered in horticulture and among ethnobotanists. However, the genus Trichocereus was resurrected by Albesiano &

Kiesling in 2011 and all of the molecular work to­date indicates that they are on solid ground. See elsewhere in this work for more details.

Most of the species listed contain only trace amounts.Species marked * lack formally published analytical work but have

successful human bioassays reported.Species marked ** have unpublished analytical work confirming

mescaline’s presence as well as successful human bioassays reported.Species marked *** have both published analytical work & successful

human bioassays reported.

Chapter 3: The mescaline containing species

98

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

Acharagma aguirreana (GLASS & R.FOSTER) GLASSDNA work by Wallace suggests that this is Lophophora’s closest relative

Reported to contain over 2% hordenine by WEST et al. 1974Formerly known as Gymnocactus aguirreanus GLASS & R.FOSTER

A more recent view

Species that are missing from this list were variously discarded, merged or ignored in the revisions. Details can be found under their entries.One thing that careful readers will notice about this arrangement is

that some of the new combinations merge plants with quite different published chemistry. If a plant reported to contain mescaline was renamed as a synonym of one which did not it was omitted from this list.We would suggest that these be looked at closer with an eye for

possible subdivision into chemical races.Comparisons of Anderson, Hunt & others will also rapidly reveal a

lack of agreement on a number of points and the seemingly capricious acceptance of some and rejection of others with little if any comment. Hunt’s lack of meaningful references, including in some cases the actual describers, precludes any resolution in a number of instances.Some of the combinations have actually caused us to wonder if

!"#$%&'"()"#(*+",($-$%().,+)//0($1)23"$#(4'5$%3"6(&7$.32$"&('%(in some cases ANY actual specimens.In several cases, the mergers were published by people who

&$$23"6/0( /).8$#( 93%&,:;)"#( $1)23"),3'"( '9( ,;$(2),$%3)/<( ='%(instance the peculiar assertion that the slender, densely branching Trichocereus uyupampensis BACKEBERG and the stout, solitary columnar Trichocereus validus SENSU BACKEBERG are synonymous. When faced with this situation we would suggest to botanists that

they should not be afraid to say “I don’t know” or at least search out !"#$%&'( materials before uttering such pronouncements in print. What is perhaps most fascinating is the movement within the

>7+",3'3#)$(,'5)%#&()(/+270(#$?"3,3'"('9(,;$(&7$.3$&()..'27)"3$#(by a splitter’s view of the genera.

Family: CACTACEAESubfamily: PERESKIOIDEAE Pereskia corrugata

Pereskia tampicana

Subfamily: OPUNTIOIDEAE Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa Cylindropuntia echinocarpa Cylindropuntia imbricata Cylindropuntia spinosior Opuntia basilaris

! "#$%&'(!)*$+,'%-'*( Pereskiopsis scandensSubfamily CACTOIDEAE Tribe BROWNINGIEAE Stetsonia coryne Tribe CACTEAE Aztekium ritteri

Lophophora diffusa

Lophophora fricii Lophophora williamsii

Turbinicarpus lophophoroides Turbinicarpus pseudomacrochele subsp. krainzianus Turbinicarpus schmiedickianus subsp. .(/'.01$+ Turbinicarpus schmiedickianus subsp. schwarzii Pelecyphora aselliformis

Subfamily CACTOIDEAE (continued) Tribe NOTOCACTEAE Eriosyce islayensis

Tribe PACHYCEREEAE Polaskia chende Pachycereus gaumeri Stenocereus beneckei Stenocereus eruca Stenocereus stellatus Stenocereus treleasei Tribe TRICHOCEREEAE Gymnocalycium asterium

Gymnocalycium baldianum

Gymnocalycium calochlorum

Gymnocalycium carminanthum Gymnocalycium denudatum Gymnocalycium gibbosum

Gymnocalycium leeanum

Gymnocalycium mesopotamicum Gymnocalycium monvillei

Gymnocalycium monvillei subsp. achirasense Gymnocalycium monvillei subsp. horridispinum

Gymnocalycium netrelianum Gymnocalycium oenanthemum

Gymnocalycium paraguayense Gymnocalycium quehlianum Gymnocalycium ragonesii ! 234%0*(53*'$4!#.(%6''!/(17!1'081(%-9%+9 Gymnocalycium stellatum

Gymnocalycium striglianum

Gymnocalycium triacanthum Gymnocalycium uebelmannianum

Gymnocalycium valnicekianum

Gymnocalycium vatteri

Echinopsis lageniformis

Echinopsis cuzcoensis

Echinopsis fulvilana Echinopsis macrogona

Echinopsis pachanoi

Echinopsis peruviana

Echinopsis peruviana subsp. puquiensis

Echinopsis santaensis

Echinopsis schoenii

Echinopsis scopulicola

Echinopsis strigosa Echinopsis tacaquirensis subsp. taquimbalensis Echinopsis terscheckii

Echinopsis thelegona Echinopsis uyupampensis Echinopsis volliana

99

Chapter 3: The mescaline containing species

Lophophora williamsii williamsii in South Texas

100

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

Lophophora williamsii echinata sensu WENIGER in West Texas

This prepublication preview was excerpted fromSacred Cacti Third Edition (2005?)Copyright 2004 Mydriatic Productions

A Bettter Days Publication

Delosperma britteniae ? CoegakopMonadenium lugardae

Delosperma ecklonisDelosperma britteniae ?

Coegakop

Sceletium sp. nova

Trout’s Notes onSome Other Succulents

Chapter 5 (with corrections & edits: rev. 17 April 2004)

featuring: Notes on the AIZOACEAE;with particular reference to the genus Delosperma

by Trout & friends

Delosperma sp. Hanburg 24095

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed. (rev. 2004: rev. 17Apr04)

Chapter 5

Trout’s Notes on

Some Other SucculentsNotes on the AIZOACEAE:

3Descriptions of Delospermas mentioned

in positive assays7

Cultivation of the Delosperma species10

Delosperma species in which we havedetected the tentative presence ofDMT and/or 5-MeO-DMT12

Other members of the Aizoaceae14

Summary of other Aizoceous tlc alkaloidscreening14

Some Other Succulents Held to be Sa-cred, Medicinal or Useful15

Miscellaneous Notes on other membersof the Aizoaceae18

Miscellaneous Notes on some additionalAizoceous Chemistry19

Endnotes for Some other Succulents23

References for Some other Succulents25

Index29

Copyright ©2004 & 2001 Mydriatic Productions;©1999 Better Days Publishing, Austin, Texas.©1997, 1998 by Trout’s Notes Sacred Cacti was first published in 1997 by NarayanPublications, Sedona, Arizona.

All rights reserved.Produced by Mydriatic Productions; a division of Better Days Publishing

Photographs are by K.Trout unless indicated otherwise.Photograph copyrights reside with the photographer(s) and

all images herein are used with their permission.

Mydriatic Productions

However:Trout’s Notes strongly encourages the dissemination of any and all factual information

contained within these pages so long as all proper acknowledgment of authorships and theoriginal sources of origin for the data as cited herein are maintained.

No one owns facts or factual data.

2

Unauthorized commercial distribution andreproduction of Trout’s Notes is prohibited.

Table of Contents

This is a prepublication release containingmaterial excerpted from the forthcoming

Sacred Cacti. Botany, Chemistry, Cultivation &Utilization (Including notes on some other

succulents)Third Edition. Revised & Illustrated

To-Be-Published ca. 2005

Trout’s Notes onSome Other Succulents

Notes on the AIZOACEAE:with particular reference to the genus

Delosperma

Our attention was drawn to the Delospermas through aseries of coincidental literature encounters involving otherMesembryanthemums.

SCHULTES & HOFMANN [1980: 332-333] stated that, severalcenturies ago, the roots of a Mesembryanthemum called“Kanna” or “Channa” were chewed by the Hottentots ofsouthern Africa, and retained in the mouths to induce visualhallucinations. They quoted LEWIN 1964; “their animalspirits were awakened, their eyes sparkled and their facesmanifested laughter and gaiety. Thousands of delightsomeideas appeared, and a pleasant jollity which enabled themto be amused by simple jests. By taking the substances toexcess, they lost consciousness and fell into a terribledelirium.”

Currently the vernacular names of kanna or channa, [alsogauwgoed and kougoed according to Emboden] are used for“certain species of Mesembryanthemum [Note 1] (orSceletium), especially M. expansum and M. tortuosum”

EMBODEN in his 1972 Narcotic Plants noted also that theMesembryanthemums currently known as kanna or channawere used for stimulant and sedative effects and these drugssound unlike the effects described.

He suggested that there may have been a confusion withthe somewhat similar Nananthus albinotus, that he claimed

considered doubtful that SMITH, KLINE & FRENCH would careto share the exact species name or names, it was put on aback burner with the rest of the curious but unfollowabletopics and plants.

The next stimulation came when noticing T.A. SMITH’sinclusion of Delosperma sp. as containing N-Methyltryptamine and N,N-Dimethyltryptamine. In his1977 review of tryptamines, he had cited RIVIER & PILET

1971 and DEULOFEU 1973.After tracking down his two references, it was extremely

annoying to find that both of them are simply secondarylistings and both cited RAFFAUF 1970 as their source. (OTT

1993 & 1994 similarly listed the same two references.)This was a return to the starting point and provided enough

motivation (irritation) to begin actively locating and obtainingseeds and plants of all the Delosperma and Nananthusspecies that could be located.

Plants were grown from seed and also raised from plantsobtained as specimens from multiple commercial sources (byTrout) and assayed (by Johnny Appleseed) at various timesof year (usually when growth would allow). Sometimes entireplants were sacrificed for assay but usually only leaves andstems were sampled.

N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) appeared to be presentin a number of Delospermas (nine of the species examined),based on co-tlc with a known reference standard and colorreactions with Ehrlich’s Reagent and/ or 0.1% Xanthydrol.

The frequent presence of N-Methyltryptamine (MMT)was inferred from similar co-tlc which relied on extracts ofother plants known to contain MMT such as Psychotriaviridis (observed in some samples of leaf), Desmanthusillinoensis (observed in some samples of root bark),Desmanthus leptolobus (observed in most samples of rootbark) or Acacia maidenii (observed in all samples of bark orroot).

DMT co-occurred with MMT in all of these species [Note2]

We can only infer N-Methyltryptamine’s presence as welacked a pure reference standard for it. In some, such as D.klinghardtianum, the alkaloid which was visible at this Rfcan apparently occur alone in decent amounts.

A number of other Ehrlich and/or xanthydrol reactivecomponents were also seen. Sometimes there were 3 or 4present within a given sample. There were dramaticfluctuations in alkaloid content and composition whenassayed at various times of the year. In general, fall and winter(in Texas) appear to be the times of highest and most variedalkaloids. DMT seems to show up in good amounts in latesummer before the appearance of some of the other alkaloids.

What we suspect was 5-MeO-DMT was seen in severalDMT producers when assayed in spring and summer. Wehave not yet determined a pattern for its occurrence. Whilemany instances were at trace levels, 5-MeO-DMT was quitestrong in a November sampling of Delosperma britteniae.

As far as we are able to determine this is the first reportedoccurrence of 5-MeO-DMT in the genus Delosperma or inany member of the AIZOACEAE. While it is a novel observationit is not a particularly surprising one as O-methylatedcomponents are well known in the Aizoaceae and DMT hasbeen previously reported.

We have potentially observed the presence of 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in eight species.

Chapter Five

Nananthus albinotus now Rabeia albinota

was used as a hallucinogenic drug known as ‘S’ Keng-Keng’.While searching for what could be located concerning

occurrences of alkaloids in the AIZOACEAE., this was stillfresh in mind when encountering mention in RAFFAUF 1970that DMT had been reported to occur in an unnamedDelosperma sp.

RAFFAUF had cited SMITH, KLINE & FRENCH Laboratories;unpublished work and personal communication.

Since this was not an accessible reference, as it was

3

In some cases it was co-occurring with DMT. In severalcases the 5-MeO-DMT seems to be present in substantiallevels.

Only in a few species was the banding dark and broad. Insome samples the other components were present atsubstantial and higher levels.

Our determination of the identity of 5-MeO-DMT wasbased on its co-tlc with a known reference standard of pure5-MeO-DMT and on its color reaction with Xanthydrol.

(All alkaloid identifications by us should be regarded astentative but strong indications of their presence ratherthan proof of their presence. Identification relied solely onco-tlc with known reference standards and color reactions.Neither isolation nor characterization was performed. Thin-lyaer chromatography was graciously performed by J.Appleseed.)

We currently have neither the resources nor facilities forsuch further work and offer this paper in hopes someonemight find this an avenue worthy of their exploration efforts.

The genus Mesembryanthemum has undergone a revisionwhich transferred some of the South African members tothe genus Sceletium. Sceletium species now number around22 and Mesembryanthemum species around 74. Both thespecies expansum and tortuosum are now considered to beSceletiums. S. tortuosum is the type.

Roots and leaves of these two species are still chewed andsmoked by Hottentots in Karroo, South Africa, forstimulating and narcotic but not for hallucinogenic purposes.[Smoking is often in combination with Cannabis]

This drug is currently called ‘channa’. HERRE mentionsthe current use helps the “chewer to bear thirst and hungerand, according to the Hottentots, makes him tough.”

From HERRE 1971, in reference to the current drug ‘channa’:“After fermentation, leaves are dried again and chewed.”(page 276) and “Long before the White man came to SouthAfrica, the Hottentots used to collect these plants; they waddedthem into a vessel so that fermentation was caused. At theright moment, the process was interrupted and the darkand wet material was dried and chewed.” (page 37)

Time of year for harvest is said to be crucial as earlyharvests apparently contain less alkaloid. SMITH et al. 1996

October is given as the preferred harvest time in FESTI &SAMORINI 1995.

SMITH et al. 1998 similarly commented that October mightbe considered a good time to evaluate Sceletium for suchfluctuations as WATERHOUSE 1932 mentioned an early reportcommenting on the plant being gathered at this time (alsothe time of fruit production)

[While JEFFS et al. 1971 had reported that alkaloidconcentrations in Sceletium were highest in the woodystems and lower in the roots, much lower in the green stemand still lower in the leaf; SMITH et al. 1998 commented thatJEFFS did not note the time of harvest so this should beconsidered.]

Preparation according to SMITH et al. 1996:After crushing the harvested material between rocks, it is

placed into a closed container to ferment. Bags of canvas orskins are traditional but plastic bags are used today. The bagis placed in the sun so it can heat up during the day and after2 or 3 days it is opened, the ‘koegoed’ is “mixed around”and then tightly resealed again. The 8th day after the materialwas crushed, the ‘kougoed’ is taken out of the bag and spreadto dry in the sun. The resulting material is “stringy, lightbrown and unattractive in appearance”.

It was claimed that failure to follow the steps in the aboverecipe would produce an inactive product but SMITH furthernoted another preparation where a fire was built and, after ithad died down, the ashes were removed and a hollow dugout of the hot sand. A whole plant of freshly picked Sceletiumwas placed into the hole and covered with hot sand. Afterbaking for one hour it is ready to chew and claimed to besimilar to conventionally prepared material.

Fermentation and pounding were suggested by SMITH et al.1996 to serve to reduce the presence of oxalic acid. Adequateheating would accomplish the same thing.

When SMITH et al. 1998 was examining prepared kougoed,made from crushed and prepared Sceletium tortuosum, theyfound that material produced by fermentation had the peakfor 4’-O-demethylmesembrenol “almost completelydiminished”, the peak for mesembrine cut by half and thepeak for mesembrenone doubled. The material that was insteaddried at 80oC was very similar overall but still showed thepresence of some 4’-O-demethylmesembrenol.

Fermentation before drying also occurred during our assayswith Delospermas. During the evaluations it was found thatbatches of Delosperma being dried in quantity, at 110oF,began to ferment within several days and dried only afterthis had occurred. Unless only small amounts were processed,the plant material always partially liquefied and fermentedbefore drying.

Yeasts and other fermentation organisms are known to beassociated with the roots of a number of species.

[See additional comments farther below.]

SchulTES & HOFMANN mention that Mesembryanthemumspecies have been found to contain alkaloids (citing POPELAK

& LETTENBAUER 1967), one of which, mesembrine (present at0.7%) produces sedative and cocaine-like effects and torpor.This sounds very unlike the effects described above and, on

Sceletium tortuosumflowering

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

4

the surface, seems unlikely to be a drug used forhallucinogenic purposes.

This may be misleading, however, as one correspondentreported a mild LSD-like effect when ingesting the drugchanna. Many people have reported a biphasic action and agrowing number are describing the experience aspsychoactive. Much more work is needed.

Plant material, extracted material and purified alkaloid aresaid to be available in the European marketplace. Mostpeople we know who have tried the drug have been quiteimpressed in a favorable way. None have described it asovertly hallucinogenic except for one person who reportedthe purified alkaloid to be mildly LSD-like.

Some of the use we have encountered was as a quid butpeople are also snuffing 50-100 mg of the finely groundpowder (we saw one appearance of it mixed in combinationwith pure arecoline) or smoking it. Smoking of Sceletium isknown among indigenous users as well.

Our bioassays with prepared Sceletium tortuosum (oral orinsufflated) have left us something less than impressed anduninterested in further evaluations. This probably reflectsnothing more than personal tastes.

Humorously, the forms chosen for the commercialmarketing of Sceletium have thusfar included purified alkaloidplaced on blotter paper ala LSD and also the herbal materialcompounded into lollypops accompanied by literatureclearly oriented towards the rave scene and purporting themto possess an MDMA-like action!

Since some sort of selective serotonin reuptake inhibition(SSRI) activity has been noted for Sceletium this ispotentially a dangerous venue for release if they are thencombined with MDMA or other substances capable ofcontributing towards excessive serotonin levels.

EMBODEN believed that two alkaloids, mesembrine andmesembrenine (the latter is more preferably referred to asmesembrenone) are responsible for the stimulant effects.He offered no reference to support this.

He suggests their unpleasant side effects might beresponsible for Sceletium’s limited popularity. Side effectsare said to include mydriasis (dilation of pupils), headache,listlessness, loss of appetite and depression followingstimulation.

Based on his review of the literature, SMITH et al. 1996concluded that it was not a hallucinogen but rather a narcotic-anxiolytic agent. FESTI & SAMORINI 1996 commented thatvisual hallucinations occur at high dosage levels but it wasnot clear whether this was something published, an

interpretation of something published or if it reflected anunpublished human bioassay.

HERRE 1971 mentions that “Its smell and appearance arenot attractive to Europeans.” SMITH et al. 1998 describes thefermenting material as “foul smelling” with visible fungalgrowth.

HERRE also says that the current ‘channa’ also apparentlycauses drunkenness “if taken in certain quantities”. He statesthat the active principle mesembrine is found in all speciesof Sceletium and that other members of theMESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE [Note 3] contain mesembrine but insmaller amounts.

According to WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962: Mesembrinehas possibly been found in Carpobrotus acinaciforme L.BOL.and Carpobrotus edulis L.BOL. (in leaf- noting that they canfind no chemical work to support the assertion). They alsomention Cryophytum (Mesembryanthemum) crystallinum,Drosanthemum floribundum SCHW. and Trichodiademastellatum SCHW. were thought to contain mesembrine byZWICKY.

SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM 1989: page 578, on the other hand,list the occurrence of Mesembrine only in Sceletiumnamaquense (along with mesembrane) and Sceletiumtortuosum. See notes on Aizoceous chemistry farther belowfor more info.

An intriguing comment made by both Herr and Jacobsen isthat mesembrine is not formed in Europe and northerncountries (such as Germany) but it is in North Carolina.

A more detailed summation of the published analysis canbe found farther below

An interesting point made by SMITH et al. 1996 is that theactive agents may prove to be something other thanMesembrine.

Herre dismisses the related Mesembryanthemumcrystallinum and other species of Mesembryanthemum ascontaining “[mixed] salt[s] in large quantities which is verytroublesome to those who take it.” (page 276). See also WATT

& BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962 and additional commentselsewhere here.

As mentioned earlier, EMBODEN suggested that the apparentconflict between the formerly observed hallucinogenic useof ‘channa’ and the seemingly nonhallucinogenic nature ofthe current drug ‘channa’ (we must stress that this is a poorlystudied area with regards to actual human activity), as wellas the lack of hallucinogenicity in laboratory studies involvingpure alkaloids, may be a result of confusion of Sceletiumspecies with another related Aizoceous member, Nananthusalbinotus (discussed below).

Lewin doubted that Aizoceous plants were responsible,suggesting instead Cannabis or other intoxicating plants,sometimes called channa, used in South Africa, such asSclerocarya caffra and S. schweinfurthiana (ANACARDIACEA).

I am curious just how many of the Mesembryanthemumsactually were or are referred to by the same common namesof “channa” or “kanna”. The genus Mesembryanthemum isbut one of many genera of Aizoceous plants known moregenerally as Mesembryanthemums (the plural is moreproperly Mesembryanthema but this is rarely used) or‘mesembs’. Many still refer to these members of theAIZOACEAE as the MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE.

Sceletium tortuosum

Chapter 5; other succulents

5

EMBODEN 1972, page 31, shows the two species, Sceletiumexpansum and Sceletium tortuosum, as depicted in two 18thcentury wood-cuts.

Comparison of the woodcuts included by Emboden withphotographs or watercolors of the Sceletiums showconsiderable differences. The plants depicted by Embodenboth more closely resemble a number of Delospermas suchas D. acuminatum, D. tradescantioides and other sprawlingspecies of Delospermas, more than they resemble any speciesof Nananthus.

EMBODEN describes the practice of pulverizing whole plantsof Nananthus albinotus (“S’ Keng-Keng”) to use as ahallucinogenic additive to smoking tobacco or snuff.

This name and practice is or was evidently present among“a number of South African tribesmen, especially among theOld Griquas” (a people widely renown for their extensiveand effective knowledge of medicinal plants, unfortunatelynow largely lost).

Nananthus albinotus, now known as Rabeia albinota,also resembles many of the Delospermas, i.e. the lower growingclump forming species (as well as many other Aizoceousmembers), which also tested positive for 5-MeO-DMT and/or DMT. In some cases, such as 5-MeO-DMT observed inDelosperma britteniae, they assayed positive quite strongly.

Almost all Nananthus and Rabeia species that have beentested to date, including Rabeia albinota, have shown notargeted tryptamines present at levels we could detect. Thelone exception to this was the observance of trace amountsof DMT during a November 1995 assay of Nananthusaloides.

It is curious that many of the active Delospermas resembleboth the Sceletiums and Nananthus albinotus.

The identity of the original channa may or may not beknown but perhaps it might be worth considering the speciesof Delospermas, or other Aizoceous and as yet unanalyzedplants, that contain DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, and/or possiblyother active compounds as candidates for this intriguing drug.

Chemical analysis of a far broader spectrum of the AIZOACEAE

is in order [Note 4].

Certainly smoking and snuffing are not uncommon forms ofingestion of DMT (or 5-MeO-DMT), although smoking isnot presently the predominate means of administration exceptin Western societies.

It has been occasionally observed in native cultures withthe smoking of Virola sebifera resin or bark and also with theseeds of Anadenanthera peregrina and the seeds/pods ofAnadenanthera colubrina var. cebil. Interestingly this lastinstance appears to predate snuff usage and apparently waslargely replaced by it.

Smoking is a frequent form of ingestion of the free base ofboth alkaloids in modern cultures worldwide. While thesmoking of B. caapi bark and/or leaf, Virola sebifera bark andalso Anadenanthera seeds/pods have all been reported byanthropologists, this has not been the predominate route ofingestion among most of the people who use them.

Snuffing of DMT and/or 5-MeO-DMT plants has beenwidespread and is more common in native cultures of theCaribbean and throughout parts of South America. It hasseemingly been this way since fairly ancient times.Interestingly the smoking of tryptamine containing

Anadenanthera seeds predated snuffs in N. Chile/Argentinaand is still practiced by a few groups.

The oral mode of channa ingestion, on the surface, castsdoubts concerning DMT being an active component. WhetherDMT is active via a retained quid remains to be seen.

It is unknown whether there was additional additives whichwere not mentioned, such as other plants or a strongly basicash to facilitate the liberation of the free base and absorptionby the mucous membranes when snuffed or retained in themouth. Activity or interactions of other co-occurring plantalkaloids is also not known.

While DMT is not normally orally active without thepresence of an MAO inhibitor, such as is found in ayahuasca,there are at least two notable exceptions. One is the use ofVirola resin as “orally ingested” pellets (thought by Dr.McKenna and associates to be orally active due to thepresence of MAO inhibiting methylenedioxy substitutedlignins but later determined by Ott to be intended for buccalabsorption and held in the mouth rather than swallowed) theother is the ancient drink, vinho da jurema, prepared as aninfusion of the roots of Mimosa hostilis [Note 5].

We do not have a shred of hard evidence but, as Embodendid, must wonder if perhaps “Channa” or “ S’ Keng Keng”were only similar to those depicted.and were instead someother member of the voluminous AIZOACEAE (JACOBSEN includeddescriptions for 122 genera and ~2500 species). SMITH et al.1996 estimated that, of the described species of Mesembs,less than 0.04% of them have ever seen analysis of any sort.Clearly the field is ripe for development.

We know DMT (or perhaps 5-MeO-DMT) containingDelospermas exist, there may also be additional potentiallyactive Aizoceous plants (or alkaloids) capable of inducing ahallucinogenic state.

I think, Lewin’s description of kanna as a pleasant, mirthfuland colorful intoxication followed by unconsciousness anddelirium when taken to excess, certainly approximatelyparallels native usage of other tryptamines, such as snuffusage in South America [Note 6] and on the surface suggestsDMT containing members of the AIZOACEAE as, at least,plausible candidates for consideration as native intoxicants.This assumption could of course simply reflect some sort ofcultural bias or biases on the part of the author and thepeople employing them are using and experiencing theseplants from within an entirely different ontology.

It appears just as likely that the Delospermas may havenever been used entheogenically by native people and thefinding of DMT in plants physically similar to channa merelyfortuitous.

The dried material and purified isolates of channa do in factappear to be strongly active.

SMITH et al. 1998 evaluated the claims that drying at 80oC orfermentation was essential for activity. He found that it didnot simply serve to reduce the oxalic acid content as hadbeen previously conjectured but also produced a substantialshift in the actual alkaloid profile. (As detailed above, thetraditional prep produced the best results.)

More work is clearly in order to better understand thepharmacology of channa.

We have come across only one solid reference toDelospermas being used in folk medicine. WATT & BREYER-

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

6

BRANDWIJK 1962 include Delosperma herbeum N.E.Br. asbeing given by the Tswana in the form of a root decoctionand the powdered plant then being rubbed into scarifications,made over the vertebral joints, to make the “climacteric”strong and resistant to witchcraft. One other possiblereference to a Delosperma species (D. mahonii) can be foundin our discussion on other Aizoceous plants below.

[According to HARGREAVES 1998, COLE 1995 believes thatlemelanthufe is possibly a local name used for Delospermain Botswana.]

Delosperma cooperi also enters into preparation of thealcoholic drink khadi [also spelled kadi or kgadi] [Note 7:see also HARGREAVES 1998 & 1999] While it appears to beused as a source of fermentation organisms, its potential forpharmacological contribution cannot be dismissed withoutstudy. Interestingly despite the roots being a good source offermentation organisms it is said to be the leaves which areused in making khadi. According to HARGREAVES this specieswas said, by DIETERLAN, to be used for beer making amongthe Bantu and by Europeans for a yeast source [Note 8]. [Itshould be added that this fermentation may actually be dueto (1 or 2) fungus species known to convert sugar to oxalicacid; hence the dangerous reputation of this practice]

To further complicate the picture is the evidence suggestingthere may be a seasonal fluctuation in alkaloid content. Thishas been noted to have been reported in other Mesembsaccording to SMITH et al. 1996 and was also suggested by thevariable results we obtained during Johnny’s tlc studies.

Unfortunately, much of the traditions and herbal knowledgeof local African peoples has been lost or destroyed duringacculturation [Note 9]. We may never know for certain thecomplete identities of the tantalizing entheogens known asChanna and S’ Keng Keng.

We have attempted to assay as many of the Delospermas aswe could locate and obtain assayable biomass from (140species are included in JACOBSEN and many more are said toexist). We also set out to sample a number of Rabeia (7described species - Rabeia albinota being the type) andNananthus (9 are described) species for assay.

We have not yet exhausted the commercially availablespecies. In the case of Delosperma we have made a littleheadway. Considering we have neither outside funding orsupport, all individuals involved freely contributing theirtime, materials and energy, nor have we received anycompensation (beyond personal satisfaction) from theseassays, we are pleased and satisfied with our preliminaryresults. Our exploration has been for the joy of doing it.

What was accomplished was as a small group of ordinaryindividuals with no established acceptance or funding. If aprofessional lab had even a small degree of resources orinterest they could have expanded what we have done manytimes over and done so in a way that was actually meaningful.

Descriptions of Delospermas mentioned inpositive assays

Delosperma descriptions were adapted from JACOBSEN 1960but also contain observations of plants grown for assaypurposes

Delosperma = Ectotropsis = Schoenlandia

Delosperma comes from the Greek; Delos meaning “visible”and Sperma “Seed”. [This is in reference to the seeds whichlie visibly exposed in the seedpods (when they are wet).]

Delosperma acuminatum L.BOL.Originally collected from Cape Province: Albany Division,

near Grahamstown.It forms a 20 cm. tall erect glabrous shrub with stiff

branches which tend to be prostrate in cultivated specimens.Roots are tuberous and can reach 20 cm. The pale glaucousgreen leaves are acuminate and sharply keeled. The uppersurface is flat and the sides rounded. They are borne erectand can reach 35 mm. in length; being 5 mm wide and long.Flowers are coppery-red and 2 cm. in diameter. Smaller inheat stressed plants.

Our specimens were described as Delospermaacuminatum Alicedale and have done very well as hangingbaskets.

Delosperma brittenae (L.BOL.)Originally collected in the Cape Province: Albany

Division, “rocks between Hamilton Reservoir and BayRoad, near Grahamstown.”

This is a low growing succulent forming a glabrous shrubwith stem 3 cm. thick at the base. The branches andbranchlets are crowded and elongated. Internodes are notvisible and rarely elongated.

Leaves are erect, keeled and dull glaucous with a firmtexture. Some of ours have a distinctly bluish color. Leavesare acute and mucronate with the sides convex and theupper surface flattened. They reach 3 cm. in length and 7mm. wide and thick, with a 4 mm long sheath. Pedicels are15 mm long.

The solitary white flowers can reach 38 mm in diameter.Ours show a distinct tendency to form shallow splits

and line like scars on the leaves when exposed to too muchsun.

Our specimens were labeled Delosperma britteniae?Coegakop

Delosperma britteniae? Coegakop

Chapter 5; other succulents

7

Delosperma cooperi (HOOK. f.) L.BOL.Originally collected in the Orange Free State.This is a sprawling, freely branching subshrub with bright

green glacous leaves. Internodes on the branches are shorterthan the leaves. The leaves are spreading, bent or recurvedinwards, linear and cylindrical with a slightly flattened top.They narrow somewhat towards the tip and appear stripedwith grey-green due to irregular papillae arranged inlongitudinal lines. The leaves are up to 55 mm. long and are6 mm. wide and 5 thick. Pedicels are 2 cm. long. Flowers areborne terminally; occasionally single but usually in groupsof 3 to 7. They are silken purple and 4.5 to 5 cm. in diameter.Most we have seen are more pink than purple. This plant issaid to be hardy to 10 degrees F. We have seen them die inthe mid 20’s.

This species is incredibly hardy if the bulk of its mass canbe prevented from contacting soil via the use of rocks, gravel,bark mulch or other approaches.

It is one of the few plants in our area that deer will notdevour. Slugs will annihilate it if kept overly damp.

They can easily spread to cover a meter wide circle withinseveral years. This one loves lots of sun.

A number of seed companies offer this species. Seeds andplants are readily available through many nurseries andhardware stores with a garden department. (We have foundmislabeled plants sold as Delosperma cooperi.)

Our samples for assay have come from several commercialsuppliers. The discrepancies in alkaloid production we haveobserved, occurred within given plants when assayed over aperiod of time and have generally seemed to reflect theirsource of origin.

Delosperma ecklonis (SALM.) SCHWANT.Originally described from the Cape Province: on the

Zwartkops River.This small plant is very free growing with slender

prostrate branches which are covered with fine white hairswhen young. The branches root readily if they contactsoil.

The leaves are close together, growing either erect orspreading horizontally and recurved. They are flat-compressed and connate at the base. They grow threeangled, tapering and end in a short point. The upper side iswider and grooved towards the base. The leaves can reach2.5 to 3.5 cm long. They are covered with fine papillae andsoft hairs and are light green unless kept in a sunny positionin which they turn reddish purple.

They produce small white flowers (16 mm in diameter)with short stalks.

Delosperma esterhuyseniaeWe still need to locate a description of this enchanting

dwarf. Our’s flowered white.Our specimens were provided as Delosperma

esterhuyseniae Adamskraal

Delosperma halliWe still need to locate a description.Our specimens were sold as Delosperma hallii

Namusberge They were said to have striking pink flowers.Ours have flowered only briefly and occasionally. Theywere very nice.

Delosperma harazianumWe still need to locate a description.

We have assayed two forms to date. They were sold as:Delosperma harazianum Audhali Plateau, Yemen Tiny

grey leavesDelosperma harazianum Shibam Shorter leaves, better

flowersBoth are beautiful little clump formers with small flowers.

Delosperma hirtum (N.E.BR.) SCHWANT.Originally collected in the Eastern Cape Province.We still need to locate a description of this one. Our

supplier describes it as resembling a slender sutherlandii,with fine summer blooms and deciduous leaves.

Delosperma litorale (KENSIT) L.BOL.Collected from Cape Province: Mossel Bay, on the shore

near the town and extending eastwards from the CapeDivision along the coast as far as Port Elizabeth.

This grows as a prostrate loosely branched herb. Whilecreeping in habit it does not send out roots unless buried insoil. The stems are elongated, dainty and pale, reaching 35cm in length. The internodes are from 24 to 50 mm long.

Its leaves are somewhat connate and inclined. Youngleaves are three-angled, subfalcate and laterally compressed.

Delosperma cooperi

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

8

The edges are bordered with white (the edges of ours weretinged in pink), elongated, narrowed toward the base andacute at the end. The upper surface is almost flat. Theyare blue and mucronate; reaching 25-30 mm in length and5-6 mm thick.

Pedicels are 5-17 mm long and have two bracts.White flowers, usually in groups of three.Our specimens were described as aff. litorale St. Francis

Bay.

Delosperma nubigenum (SCHLTR.) L.BOL.From the South-East Cape Province in the Orange Free

State, in the cleft of rocks on the top of “Mont aux Sources”at 3200 m.

This low decumbent sub-shrub has ascendant, roundishand papillose stems. The leaves are “standing off or erectstanding off” and are elongate or elongate-elliptical, acuteand narrowed towards the ends or else the leaves are linearand papillose.

They bear orange red flowers at the end of the stems.They are two cm in diameter and have short stalks.

Our plants used for assay were purchased at a localhardware store. They conformed to both publisheddescriptions and photographs.

Delosperma lydenburgense L.BOL.Originally found in the Transvaal: Lydenberg.This plant is glabrous, loosely ramose and herbaceous in

habit. Older branches are 20 cm. long and 4 mm. in diameter,internodes are 3-3.5 cm long. The herbaceous parts of theplant are minutely papillate.

The leaves are soft and linear when viewed from above.They are flat to grooved, narrowed, acute and have anobscure keel on the back when young. They grow 3.5-5.5cm. long, 2-5 mm wide and 2-3 mm in diameter.

It bears flowers as groups of 2 to 3 in loose inflorescencewhich are 3 cm. tall and 10 cm. wide. Pedicels are 1-2 cm.long. The flowers themselves are 2-2.5 cm in diameter andpurplish in color.

Our plants were said to have large pink purple flowersand hardy to the mid teens. We have found them hardyonly into the low 20’s in Central Texas.

Delosperma pageanum (L.BOL.) L.BOL.Originally found in the Cape Province: southwest region,

Montagu Division, near Montagu Baths.This grows erect as a 26 cm. shrub, with a stem that can

be over 3 mm. thick at the base. The stem is glabrous andbranching and has pale skin becoming papery with aslightly hairy appearance on older branches. Internodesare 1 cm. long.

Leaves are spreading and cylindrical, and gradually taperto a blunt end. They are finely papillose with the papillaebeing ciliate with fine white hairs and a little connate at thebase. They are 10-15 mm. long and 2 or 3 mm. thick. Theyare soft and a bright light green. Pedicels are 17 mm.. long.It has purple flowers; 16 mm. in diameter.

Delosperma pergamentaceum L.BOL.From the Cape Province: L. Namaqualand, Richersveld,

hill 1 mile west of Arris Drift, Aneesfontein, Sendlingsdrift,Pokkiespram.

A glabrous shrub growing to 30 cm. tall with an elongatedstem in young plants, 5 mm. thick at the tip. The branchesare crowded densely and leafed with 4-6 leaves in a group.It forms floral branches up to 5 cm. long.

The leaves are spreading to ascending, obtusely keeledwith the top surface flat and the sides flat or slightly convex.There are other (older?) leaves which are flat or convex,laterally compressed, narrowed towards the tip in profile,the tip itself being rounded to oblique or somewhat truncateand connate at the base. Sheath is 6 mm. long, pale blueand tinged with purple. Older leaves are vellum like, 7 cm.long and 16 mm. wide. Younger leaves are 4 cm. long, 8mm. wide at the base, 2 mm. wide below the apex, 7 to 8mm. thick at the base and 13-14 mm. thick at the tip. Thepedicels are 18 mm. long. They flower as solitary whiteflowers 44 mm. in diameter.

Our specimens were furnished as Delospermapergamentaceum Numees [said to need a genus, later said= Hartmanthus (we have been unable to locate this name)]and Delosperma pergamentaceum Rooilepel white or pinkflowers

Delosperma tradescantioides Said to be great forhanging baskets. White flowers and, for a Delosperma,unusual leaves.. Freely rooting and fast growing.

Chapter 5; other succulents

9

Delosperma tradescantioidesXbosseranum

Delosperma tradescantioides

Cultivation of the Delosperma species

Delospermas require barely damp soil with slightly dampbut drying surface conditions on a regular basis. While rotprone if overly wet, they enjoy being misted every daywhen hot. Delospermas should be well watered only whenthey show visible signs of wilting. They love frequent lightmistings and while not liking soggy conditions, do not liketo be in totally dry soil.

Their main period of growth and flowering, in the US, isduring the summer. They should not ever be allowed tobecome excessively dry during their growth period. Duringthe winter they should not be watered except for anoccasional misting. Most do not need winter protectionunless rain is abundant. We have seen multiple species freezesolid with ice forcing otherwise prostrate branches intoupright rigid poses then recovering with no problems. Itshould be added that there are some freeze sensitive species.

Some are suited for coastal plantings while others preferan arid but cool mountain environment. Most grow in veryrocky areas with frequent mist or dew.

An excellent method of maintaining soil moisture whiledecreasing the risk of overwatering was presented byJACOBSEN.

He suggests the use of a staging with provisions for drainage(a raised plant table with walls for creating a permanentbed) upon which is placed a thick layer of gravel, coke, lavarock or cinders. The plants, each in individual clay pots, areplaced on this layer and the level of gravel is then brought tothe top of the pots.

A top layer of various small rocks or gravel is then addedto the individual pots themselves to accentuate the naturalmimicry of these succulents, enhance the visual presentationand decrease surface evaporation of moisture.

This approach protects the pots from direct sun exposure.The rocks help retain heat and moisture, prevent drying outof the soil and help to avoid overwatering by establishingexcellent drainage.

The plants, especially the shrubby Delospermas will sendroots out of the bottoms of their pots seeking moisture inthe gravel bed. When repotting such plants, the clay potsshould be broken free of the plant to avoid damage to theroots. If growth is too extensive it may be preferable tomake and root cuttings rather than transplant overgrownplants and disturb their neighbors.

Dead roots should be removed when replanting to avoidrotting problems. Dead branches on actively growing plantsshould also be removed.

They need a very mineral rich soil with perfect drainage.Jacobsen recommends adding coke or brick rubble to thesoil. We have not had good results with this. They havedone best for us when placed in a normal, fairly rich, cactussoil. Some of the smaller clumping forms do better if morerock is added. We have had success using a mixture oflimestone and igneous gravel.

All Delospermas are sensitive to soil compaction in culture.Potted plants should be checked at least once a year and theold soil removed or replaced if it has compacted into a hard

mass. (This is almost certain death for most Delospermas.)Soil must remain loose, friable and readily accept water.For all of these reasons we would discourage the use ofpeat moss, fine sand, loam or clays except as minor soiladditives due to their bad setting and/or packing tendencies.Peat has a further undesirable tendency to not accept wateronce it has dried.

Jacobsen considers “old weathered loam” to be anessential soil additive. He suggests:

3 parts old compost or leaf mould.1 part well rotted manure1 part old weathered loam1 part crushed brick and brick dust (we suggest

limestone gravel, mixed with powdered gypsum anddolomite)

6 parts clean, sharp sand (all fine sand removed)Delospermas usually have fairly small flowers that

sometimes look as if they were made from pieces of strawwith an almost metallic luster in vivid shades of red orviolet. Others have small white flowers. Many speciesflower abundantly and freely.

There are two main types. One is bushy, occasionallysprawling, and the other growing along the ground in amore compact form. Some of the latter form compact clumpswith thickened leaves and resemble other, more famousand widely cultivated Mesembryanthemums.

The bushy ones root well from cuttings being taken andsimply stuck directly into soil. They do not require callusingprior to planting but it may be advantageous if a moresucculent species is being rooted. As with all succulents,water sparingly and cautiously until well rooted.Delospermas wilt severely when rooting or when shippedthrough the mail. Normally, with misting and bright light(no direct sun) they recover rapidly.

While they can handle full sun in most cases and somesuch as D. cooperi and D. lydenbergense, are said to beable to take freezing temperatures, into the low teens, theyfare better for us when given full sun for only part of theday. It is generally recommended that watering be taperedoff before winter arrives and that they be allowed to gothrough winter with only ambient moisture (unlessexcessive). Indoor maintained plants seemed to suffer fromdry heated air and required misting to maintain health.Enclosure in a humidity tent was tolerated only withadequate ventilation.

Excessive heat stresses them and better results might beobserved in a summer cooled greenhouse.

Some, such as D. cooperi, did best when their smallerpots were clustered inside the top of other larger pottedplants. These larger pots were 10 to 20 gallons in size andheld such plants as Acacia maidenii, Acacia auriculiformis,Adenanthera pavonia, Albizia procera, Chili pequins(Capsicum annuum var. aviculare), Zizyphus jujube orother light filtering plants. They seemed very happy togrow at their base and spilled over the edges of the largerpots in attractive dripping masses. (D. cooperi has awonderful texture to the skin which makes them look verymuch like aggregates of bright green lizard tails.)

Delosperma cooperi also thrives in rock gardens or onslopes where the body of the plant can grow out onto orover a large rock. Many Delospermas do well this way and

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

10

it is becoming a common practice in xeriscapes to plantDelospermas in areas where the body can sprawl acrossrock covered areas. Some are said to do very well in Aspen,Co.

Thin stalked, thin leafed types such as D. acuminatumdid best for us when grown in baskets as hanging plants.These develop tuberous roots and need some room.

In some Delospermas, even in some of the lower growingminiatures, there is formation of a substantial tuber ortubers. These need adequate room for the tuber to growand spread in order for the plants to be happy. They willneed either periodic ‘bumping-up’ or division, deep narrowpots or else planting in a raised sloped deep bed.

Natural propagation is primarily from seeds beingwashed from their capsules by rain. The seed capsulesopen to release seeds only when wet, and the rain abundantenough to wash the seeds out, and close again when dry.This ingenious mechanism ensures that the release of seedswill accompany moisture and good germinating conditions.

Delosperma britteniae? CoogekopSeed pod closed when dry (Above)

Seed pods opens when wet enough (Below)

It is not uncommon to find many small seedlings in thepots with mature adults.

They grow quickly and easily from seed. Treat them andtheir small seeds like finely seeded cactus with slightlyhigher moisture requirements.Delospermas are more prone to indoor problems such asblack-flies and other insects with plant parasite larvae thanmost cacti. Unless these are kept controlled they willdevastate Delosperma seedlings.We have also lost some plants to a yellow soil fungus ormold. We plan to address this problem in the future by useof a systemic fungicide. Most of our plants were unaffected.The plants which were hit the worst were the commerciallyobtained Delospermas (mainly D. cooperi) which had beensold potted in a high bark mulch soil mix. Any of thesewhich were allowed to dry out completely during winterdied. Those which remained with the rest of our plants(trees and shrubs) and which consequently stayed slightlydamp were fine without exception.Slugs and grasshoppers can also be problems. Slugs andsnail can be controlled with snail bait or beer traps (seeunder cultivation of cacti: pests). Grasshoppers can beminimized by yearly applications of beneficial nematodesto the surrounding areas. These nematodes are distributedby spraying in solution onto moist soil. They destroy theyoung of the grasshoppers while still in the ground. Theyare commercially available in springtime.A few species have been repeatedly & aggresively targetedby mealy bugs. After ineffectivenss of other products Ifinally resorted to solving the problem by applying thesystemic insecticide Merit.Jacobsen suggests that wire netting be used in outdoorplantings to protect the plants from birds. We have neverhad a problem with birds. On the other hand we HAVE hada problem with thick plantings of D. cooperi becoming afavorite resting spot of cats on hot days, apparently dueto their cool cushioning. They do not usually survive beingcrushed this way.Rotting and wet wilting indicate watering needs to be cutback. Discontinue watering entirely but continue with lightdaily misting until health returns.Occasionally a dry rot will attack the roots of these plants.Its cause is not known but presumed to be bacterial inorigin. We have no idea how to cure it but have only lost afew plants to this. Any suspicious and less than healthyroots encountered when transplanting should be removedalong with the soil surrounding them. Our standard approachto any indeterminate problem like this is to try freshlymixed Chinosol.

Several molds and a yeast were found in association withroots of (probable) Delosperma mahonii, which, for thisreason, is sometimes used as a fermenting agent for brewingor bread making. [See earlier comments conerning D.cooperi] It is said by Watt and Breyer Brandwijk to bedangerous due to the high oxalic acid content. It containsthe equivalent of 3% oxalic acid. One of the molds producedlarge amounts of oxalic acid when cultured in a sugarsolution. Other Aizoceous members are used similarly. [Thepresence of oxalic acid in any decent quantity could presentproblems during alkaloid extraction depending on the routechosen.]

Chapter 5; other succulents

11

There was a definite fermentation with bubbling observedin any decent sized (several grams or larger) Delospermasample being dried at RT or 110o F. We have performed noelucidation of the organisms involved. Whether they areinvolved with either the presence of the alkaloids discussedor with our difficulty in obtaining a good isolation forcharacterization remains to be seen. The high salt content issaid by some to be an obstacle in good isolations. It shouldbe possible to deal with the high salt content using columnchromatography similar to the approach used byCHARALAMPOUS et al. for isolating mescaline from urine or bythe use of Porapak Q.

See “Useful Manipulations of Mescaline and other PeyoteAlkaloids.” in Sacred Cacti or the appropriate section inTN# FS-X7 Some Simple Tryptamines concerning DMTisolation procedures, by Trout and Friends. Substituteammoniacal methanol for ammoniacal ethanol if usingCharalampous’ procedure.

See also the physical data section of FS-X7 (SomeSimple Tryptamines) for more approaches and solvents.

Delosperma species in which we havedetected the tentative presence of DMT

and/or 5-MeO-DMT(Based on co-tlc with known reference standards and color

reactions with Ehrlich’s reagent and/or 0.1% xanthydrol.)Nearly all samples testing positive also had additional Ehrlich

reactive compounds present. In some samples, at least 3 or 4.Identities of most are unknown at present. As is the potentialpresence of other bioactive alkaloids. We have tentativelyidentified one as the inactive N-Methyltryptamine (MMT)based on co-tlc with plants known to contain MMT and DMT.

All TLC was kindly performed by J.APPLESEED. All Delospermaspecies were commercially obtained and reference samples ofthe positive testing material and living plants (wheneverpossible) are being maintained.

Unless noted, all Delosperma samples were of leaves andbranches. All samples assayed after plates #88 and 89 weredried before sending off for assay. Most were 2 to 2-1/2 gramsamples (dry wt.) unless plant growth did not allow this muchharvest. Some were much smaller. All of the samples used forplates 88 and 89 (Spring 1994 Assay) were far smaller and usedfresh wet material from dormant plants.

In the 1994 Spring samplings we had used Ehrlich’s reagentand commercially obtained Psychotria viridis leaf isolate as areference standard. The reference standard showed a very niceDMT band with one additional weaker band present at a lowerRf. In this assay, all Delosperma spp. showed no banding;indicating no alkaloid to be present at levels our assay wascapable of detecting. Our small sample size may have contributedto this but it could also be that alkaloids were lacking in thematerial.

A sample of D. cooperi harvested around the same time ofyear showed NO DMT or 5-MeO-DMT in GC performed bySasha SHULGIN. He did detect the presence of an unidentifiedalkaloid or alkaloids. Whether this suggests that there is seasonalfluctuations, different chemical ‘races’ of D. cooperi orsomething else is presently unknown to us. Work is slowlyongoing.[Rf is the relative ratio of the distance the alkaloid migrated ascompared to the distance that the solvent front traveled.]

Delosperma acuminatum Alicedale No alkaloids wereobserved in our early spring 1994 assays. 7 separate assaysof samples taken during September, November andDecember of 1994 and 1995, showed a band to be presentat DMT Rf. Usually the DMT bands were quite large and/or dark with the exception of a faint band seen in our 2Sept. sample. In our 2 November 1995 assay we observeda large and dark band corresponding to both DMT and 5-MeO-DMT. We had previously observed smaller amountsof 5-MeO-DMT in May and summer samplings during1995 (DMT was apparently absent).

Delosperma britteniae? Coogakop A very nice dark blue5-MeO band was seen in our 2 November 1995 tlc. Noalkaloids had been observed in our early spring 1994 assay.

Delosperma cooperi Our initial early spring 1994 assayshowed no alkaloid. May and summer 1995 both showeda nice 5-MeO-DMT band (we ran the May sample twice).Plants purchased via mail order had a much darker 5-MeO-DMT band, in the May assay, than those locally obtainedat a hardware store. Both showed the presence of 5-MeO-DMT. Assays from September and December 1994 hadshown the presence of DMT. Our early November 1995tlc of these plants showed both DMT and 5-MeO-DMTpresent. Assays were done using both commercial plantsand plants we grew from seed. Commercial plant materialtested by Sasha showed no DMT in GC-MS.

Delosperma ecklonis A purple DMT band was seen inour 2 Nov. 1995 assays.

Delosperma esterhuyseniae Faint purple DMT band wasseen in our 2 Nov. 1995 assays.

Delosperma hallii A dark blue 5-MeO-DMT band wasseen in our 2 Nov. 1995 assays.

Delosperma harazianum A dark blue and purple bandcorresponding to DMT and 5-MeO-DMT was visible inour 2 November 1995 tlc.

Delosperma harazianum Shibam A faint purple DMTband was seen in our 2 November assay 1995.

Delosperma hirtum A weak DMT band was seen inNovember and December assays and none in spring.

Delosperma aff. litorale St. Francis Bay A nice blue 5-MeO-DMT band was seen in our 2 Nov. 1995 assay. Noalkaloid was observed in early spring 1994 testing.

Delosperma lydenbergense 26 Nov. 94 A good DMTband was seen in our 26 Nov. 1994 testing and no alkaloidsobserved in spring 1994 assay.

Delosperma nubigenum A weak 5-MeO-DMT band wasseen in May 1995 testing.

Delosperma pageanum DMT was suspected in 5 Dec.1994 but utilized only Ehrlichs reagent. Traces of 5-MeO-DMT were observed the following November. A good 5-MeO-DMT band was present in May 1995.

Delosperma pergamentaceum Numees Traces of DMTobserved in November but not in May.

Delosperma tradescantioides DMT has been observedin small amounts in November assays.

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

12

Summary of our Preliminary ResultsOur (Appleseed & Trout) first year of assays did not usexanthydrol so we were unable to distinguish DMT from 5-MeO-DMT. The two alkaloids chromatograph at the same Rfin the tlc system used for the assays. There may have beenadditional positives for 5-MeO-DMT co-occurring with DMTthat were not noticed. As sequential assays were performed onnearly all positive testing material, it is unlikely we confusedDMT as 5-MeO-DMT. (with the exception of listing DMT inD. pageanum using Ehrlich’s. This probably was 5-MeO-DMT.)

5-MeO-DMT(Using Xanthydrol)Delosperma acuminatum May assay. Faint in Nov. assay

Dark blue and purple band corresponding to DMT and 5-MeO-DMT

Delosperma brittenae Nov. assay. Very nice dark bandDelosperma cooperi May assay (two sources) also in Nov.

assay. 3 positives totalDelosperma hallii Nov. assay. Dark bandDelosperma harazianum Audhali Plateau, Yemen Nov.

assay. Dark bandDelosperma litorale Nov. assay. Dark bandDelosperma nubigenum 9 May 1995 Weak bandDelosperma pageanum (Same plant tested Christmas 1994)

May and Nov. assay. Faint in Nov. Good in May

DMTDelosperma acuminatum Sept., Nov. and Dec. 5 positive

assays over a 15 month period. (Xanthydrol-1 andEhrlich’s-4) Not observed in May assay

Delosperma cooperi Sept., Nov. and Dec. assays. 3 positives(Xanthydrol-1 and Ehrlich’s-2)

Delosperma ecklonis Nov. assays (2, one year apart)(Ehrlich’s and Xanthydrol) The first time it was erroneouslythought to be lydenbergense

Delosperma esterhuyseniae Nov. assay. Faint (Xanthydrol).Delosperma harazianum Audhali Plateau, Yemen Nov.

assay (Xanthydrol)Delosperma harazianum Shibam Nov. assay. Faint band

(Xanthydrol)Delosperma hirtum Nov. and Dec. assays. Weak band

(Xanthydrol and Ehrlich’s)Delosperma pageanum Dec. assay Good DMT (or 5-MeO-

DMT?) band (Ehrlich’s)Delosperma pergamentaceum Numees Nov. assay faint band

(not present in May assay) (Xanthydrol)Delosperma tradescantioides Nov. assay Faint band

(Ehrlich’s)

MMT(All instances of suspected MMT occurrence lacked a goodreference standard and relied on the presence of a band whichwas supposed to be MMT. The supposition was based on itspresence in other assayed samples of plants known to at leastsometimes contain MMT. (such as Acacia maidenii stem-bark,Desmanthus illinoensis root bark and Psychotria viridis leaf.)Delosperma acuminatum Faint. Sept. and Nov. assays.

(Ehrlich’s)Delosperma brittenae Nov. assay (Xanthydrol)Delosperma cooperi Sept. and Nov. assays. (Ehrlich’s and

Xanthydrol)

Delosperma esterhuyseniae Nov. assay (Xanthydrol)Delosperma hallii Nov. assay (Xanthydrol)Delosperma harazianum Audhali Plateau, Yemen Nov.

assay showed traces (Xanthydrol)Delosperma hirtum Nov. assay showed traces (Xanthydrol)Delosperma klinghardtianum Nov. and Dec. assays.

(Xanthydrol and Ehrlich’s)Delosperma litorale Nov. assay. (Xanthydrol)Delosperma pageanum (Same plant tested Christmas 1994)

2 Nov. 1995. Dark band (Xanthydrol)Delosperma pageanum Dec. assay (Ehrlich’s)Delosperma tradescantioides Nov. assay. (Ehrlich’s)

Delospermas are mostly water. Water content wasdetermined to be 95% by weight in young D. cooperi. Thismeans that a kilogram of fresh plants will yield 50 grams ofdry material. Intact leaves and pieces of leaves retain waterso well that even if they are heated at 110o for several daysthey will not dry appreciably. Only if chopped finely orcrushed will they dry readily.

Only a few of the Delosperma species that we haveassayed showed DMT or 5-MeO-DMT to be present inany substantial amount. Since there often are otherunidentified alkaloids present as well as the well-knownpotential for dangerous substances including substantialamounts of oxalic acid we would discourage random bioassay.

Our assay is targeted specifically at tryptamines so manyother substances could also be present which we did notdetect.

Since we have not yet performed isolation andcharacterization of the suspected alkaloids we must stressthat our observations should be considered strong indicationsof their probable presence rather than proof of their presence.

Appleseed’s General Assay Procedure

Samples extracted by simmering 2 hours in hot aqueoushydrochloric acid (pH 3) and allowing to cool for 12 hoursbefore basifying with concentrated ammonia and extractingwith methylene chloride.

TLC was run on Whatman silica gel 60 plates dividedinto lanes.

Developing solvent was Methylene chloride-Methanol-Concentrated Ammonia (80:15:1).

Detection was with either Ehrlich’s reagent or 0.1%Xanthydrol reagent (0.1 g Xanthydrol in 95 ml EtOH and 5ml concentrated HCl.

(Tryptamines turn purple and methoxylated tryptaminesturn blue with Xanthydrol.)

Reference standards initially used Psychotria viridis leafisolate for DMT.

Pure and relatively pure DMT and 5-MeO-DMT werealso used as additional reference standards as they wereavailable.

Screening for potential β-carbolines was done usingextracts of Banisteriopsis caapi and/or a mixture of harmineand harmaline isolated from Peganum harmala (viaHasenfratz’s method) as reference standards (using UV tovisualize.) We found none.

Chapter 5; other succulents

13

Other members of the Aizoaceae

Nananthus species and Rabeia speciesMany former Nananthus species have been transferred

to the Genus Rabeia.Treat like Delosperma. Many have thick tuberous roots

which must be allowed room in order for the plant to thrive.Most are said to be frost tolerant but we have not shared thisexperience. They do not like being water logged or being infull sun. They do like some sun and bright light the rest ofthe time. They do not fare well in either Central Texas’summer heat or winter extremes. In spite of their reputationas lovers of sun and heat, these might be better approachedas summer cooled greenhouse plants.

In spite of Emboden’s mention of Nananthus albinotusas being psychoactively employed we must wonder if thiswas an accurate identification of the actual species used.

With the one minor exception of observing faint traces ofDMT in a November 1995 assay of Nananthus aloides, thetarget alkaloids were not observed in any of the Nananthusor Rabeia spp. assayed.

Apparently at least Nananthus wilmaniae may beemployed as a fermentation organism source as HARGREAVES

1998 notes that it has been listed as a moervygie (“yeastmesemb”) by SMITH 1966.

Presence of an occasionally dark non-migrating Ehrlichreactive smear at the origin was frequently observed. Ouronly assays of Nananthus albinotus ie Rabeia albinota,showed no target alkaloids present. Our summers are muchtoo hot and our winters too wet and consequently mostNananthus and Rabeia species did not survive for summerand fall assays, or else their growth did not produce enoughmaterial for later assays.

Summary of other Aizoaceous TLC alkaloidscreening

Plate #88 Spring 1994:Nananthus transvaalensis [Note 10] No alkaloids

observedNananthus aff. broomii No alkaloid observed.Nananthus aloides No alkaloids observedPsychotria viridis standard Nice DMT band; weaker one of

lower Rf present.

Plate #89 Spring 1994:Rabeia albipunctata (Skinny leafed form) (Non-migrating

dark smears at origin) No bands observed in tlc field.Rabeia albipunctata (Fat leafed form) (same dark smears)

No bands observed in tlc field.Rabeia albipuncta (same dark smears) No bands observed

in tlc field.Rabeia albinota ? Naudesberg Pass (same dark smears)

No bands observed in tlc field.Psychotria viridis standard Nice DMT band and one

lighter of lower Rf.Plate #91:Aizoaceae (Mestoklema sp.) No alkaloids observed.Psychotria viridis standard Nice dark DMT band and dark

one with long horns near originPlate #107 Assay 29 July 1994:All samples in this set except for DMT standard had non-migrating smears at the origin. In the case of many of theDesmanthus samples they were very dark and broad.Samples dried at 105oF.Rabeia albipunctata (whole plant-not in good health) 4

July 94 (Non-migrating faint smears at origin) Noalkaloids observed in tlc field.

Psychotria viridis standard. Nice DMT band somewhat darkerone of low Rf. Very dark smear at origin.

Plate #124 December 1995 Assays:Rabeia albinota Fall 1994 (Sample kept frozen after

drying.) No alkaloid observed.Nananthus aloides 2 Nov. 1995 Faint DMT band and

faint ones of higher and lower Rf.Used pure reference standards and also P. viridis isolate.

commercial tablets of Sceletium tortuosumMarketed as an OTC SSRI

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

14

Nananthus albinotus now Rabeia albinotashowing seedpod

lower left

Some Other Succulents Held to be Sacred,Medicinal or Useful

Monadenium lugardae N.E.BR.This plant is known as ‘Mahumula’ or ‘Tshulu’ among

the Chopi, and ‘Mhlebe’ by both the Swati and Zulu.[WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962]

While not members of the AIZOACEAE, we decided toinclude plants such as the Euphorbiaceous Monadeniumsimply because they are succulents and there seemed nobetter place for them.

EMBODEN 1972 and WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962mention that a piece of the root of this plant is chewed andswallowed (“before a big ‘indaba’ ”) to produce visionsused for divining and prophetic purposes by thesangomas, ritual diviners and oracles of the Piet Retiefregion of the Eastern Transvaal. WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK

1962 says that in sufficient quantities the roots are believedto produce hallucinations and delirium. They and WATT

1967 state that the plant is widely used as medicine in thePiet Retief area.

Monadenium lugardae is incorporated into a gonorrhearemedy in Portuguese East Africa and said to be poisonousand emetic if taken alone.

It is believed by the Zulu and the Swati that to touch theplant or to lie in its shadow will bring certain and violentdeath. WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK comment that theirinformant found this belief so strong that local people refusedto believe the plant [that he had collected] was genuinesimply because he was able to handle it without harm.

They further mention that the latex from young growth isbelieved to be anesthetic and used in the ceremony ofthrowing the bones. Plant ash is rubbed into scarificationsto relieve pain and is used for rheumatism by the Nyanja.

The eating of the root is said to cause a burning inthe mouth & esophagus and to produce rapid death.

There are no alkaloids reported from this species whichhave been proven or even indicated to be capable of inducinghallucinations. Bioactive components are known; SMITH etal. 1996 cited GUNDIDZA 1985, 1990 & 1991. Insecticidalactivity has been reported; SMITH et al. 1996 cited GUNDIDZA

1986. Further work is needed.WATT 1967 suggests Monadenium guentheri PAX.*

(Tanganyika), Monadenium heteropodium N.E.BR.(Tanganyika), Monadenium invenustum N.E.BR. (SouthAfrica), and Monadenium schubei PAX.* (South Africa andTanganyika) be investigated for similar properties. (All butM. invenustum are readily available as ornamental plants.)

Monadenium invenustum is used internally as a leafdecoction, by the Kamba, for “febrile and chest affections”;WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962

Monadenium schubei latex, mixed with food, is used bythe Pare in Tanganyika as a mild purgative; WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962

Monadenium lugardae is a very attractive plant withsmooth diamond shaped bumps on a green stem. Manytimes, similar species of Monadenium are sold; misrepresentedas M. lugardae. Most specialist suppliers are aware of theproblem and offer the true species. M. lugardae is perhapsthe most readily available species but a number are incultivation among collectors.

One 1995 mail-order catalog listed 9 species ofMonadenium and one additional variety as retail stock.

At least 4 more species are also readily available.

Monadenium lugardae (above)

Chapter 5; other succulents

15

Deloserma sp. Kalkkraal (right)

Some examples: When actively growing and flowering Monadenium growsleaves (and small odd flowers) at the top.

Full sun is tolerated but they will do far better with partialsun. They will survive even in low light conditions as houseplants but will not grow very much.

Water should be withheld from them when the leaves areabsent but during hot weather or whenever leaves are present,they should be watered heavily and as frequently as the soildries out.

They can often handle light freezes but should be protectedfrom temperatures below 28o F. Most succulent referencessay protect them below 45o F.

It is best to use a cactus-type soil with excellent drainagebut it should be richer than that for most cacti.

Easily grown and propagated. Both clusters of stems andmasses of tuberous roots are rapidly formed. Usually growthis fast and they also rapidly form many tuberous roots.Clumps can be root divided; they also root well from cuttings.

Prevent them from becoming root-bound in order tomaintain good health. Either place them in a larger pot orbreak the plant into smaller ones, dividing the roots as youdo so. All Euphorbiaceous species with freely bleeding whitesap should have the cut ends first rinsed in clean water toremove excess sap and then be allowed to dry long enoughfor the milk to coagulate before being replanted.

I do not know if the juice is toxic to contact or not. Whilenever having experienced any problems, I would prefer toerr on the side of caution and urge you to prevent skin contactwith any milky white succulent juice and to promptly washany that does occur with soap and warm water. Euphorbiaspp. in particular can be quite toxic and sometimes are alsointensely caustic.

As Monadeniums resemble other Euphorbias and alsohave freely bleeding white milky sap, I have never judgedthem safe enough to sample.

I first bought this plant on an urge, unlabeled and unrooted,several years before reading Emboden. Unless finding reliableverified reports of ritual use and a nonlethal dose in humans,I have no plans to bioassay this one.

Monadeniums are very nice plants to have around. Weirdand beautiful; they are easily grown. Many commercialsuppliers exist. We recommend them highly as an additionto any plant collection.

Euphorbiaceous plants are known or reputed to be, atleast occasionally, incorporated as additives, or else used assupplemental additions or even substitutes, to traditionalhallucinogenic sacraments.

Plant said to be so used include Alchornea castaneifoliaand Hura crepitans which are sometimes admixture plantsincorporated into ayahuasca.

Pedilanthus tithymaloides finds use as an ingredient inthe purported San Pedro brew known as cimora. AssortedPedilanthus species are employed in ethnomedicine, addedto ayahuasca or else incorporated into the San Pedro brew.

Alchornea floribunda and Elaeophorbia drupifera [Note11] are associated with Iboga. Some, such as the latter two,are apparently active and used on their own or with eachother.

Monadeniumheteropodum

Tanganyika 67.0084

Monadenium ritchei

Monadenium schubei

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

16

Alchornea latifolia SW. was shown by DURAND et al.1962 to contain the neurotransmitter GABA.

Sebastiania pavonia is rumored to be hallucinogenic. SeeSCHULTES & HOFMANN 1980 & 1992 and OTT 1993 & 1994 &1995.

Chemical and pharmacological work are needed. All areprobably toxic

Mildbraedia fallax HUTCH. is said to be irritant, emetic,purgative, and narcotic by WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK, itsactive principle is said to be the highly volatile methylamine.Methylamine has also been reported from Mercurialisannua L.

Euphorbias in general should be considered highly toxic.The milky sap of those such as Euphorbia officinarum, E.orabensis and E. resinifera cause serious harm if contactingthe eyes or wounds, yet many are used medicinally. SeeWATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962 for a nice discussion of theAfrican EUPHORBIACEAE. The Moroccan Euphorbia resiniferais used to produce a resinous gummy exudate when thecorners of the stems are notched and the milky sap allowedto bleed and dry. This “euphorbium” is a drug known fromancient times as a healing substance and is still employed inveterinary medicine. ‘Euphorbium’ is similarly obtained fromE. canariensis and E. antiquorum. See JACOBSEN 1960

Euphorbia decussata is said by HARGREAVES 1998 to beused in making honey-beer. The Korana name for it is bi:bib[it is also known as kirrimoer sikkirie]. It appears to beused as a fermentation organism source as it is believed to bea “kareemoer” plant [karee: honey-beer (Khoikhoi) andmoer: yeast (South African Dutch)] HARGREAVES citedENGLBRECHT 1936 & WHITE et al. 1941. The use of Euphorbiadavyi in khadi making is said to produce a very strong brew.It is known as tschoo-takhadu in Botswana. HARGREAVES

1998 cited HARGREAVES 1993“Narcotic effects” have been reported (in Ghana and South

Africa) from Euphorbia convolvuloides HOCHST., Euphorbiahelioscopia L., Euphorbia pubescens VAHL. and Euphorbiatiruealli L.; WATT 1967 refers to: AINSLIE 1937, BURTT-DAVY

1913, STEYN 1929, STEYN 1933 and VAN DER WALT & STEYN

1940.Not all Euphorbias are poisonous. Euphorbia esculenta

(from Willowmore, South Africa) is used for cattle fodder.Euphorbia hamata (from Little Namaqualand) is knownby the Afrikaaners as ‘Beeskraag’ (Oxen’s Strength). It isclaimed that when these plants are fed to fatigued oxen theyare enabled to work as strongly as ever. See JACOBSEN 1960.

Numerous Euphorbiaceous plants are used inethnomedicine.

Euphorbia pennicillata Millsp. finds its roots used as apurgative in Peru. YACOVLEFF & HERRERA 1935

A couple of the Mexican species:Euphorbia maculata Linn. has its juice applied for

ringworm and other skin diseases. It’s common name is“Yerba de la Golodrina.” HOLMES 1921

Phyllanthus lathyroides H.B.&K. Leaf decoction is usedto wash eye infection. A poultice made from moistened leavesis applied to boils. Leaf tea is used as an emetic. Commonname: “shka-nin-du” (Mazatec in Mexico). SCHULTES 1969:page 142.

A variety of medicinal applications are known involvingother succulents.

Aloe africana, Aloe ferox, Aloe perryi, Aloe succotrinaand Aloe vera are perhaps the best known sources for theirbitter principle aloin which finds use as a powerful laxativedrug. Aloe arborescens (Barbados Aloe) and Aloe vera arewell known and widely used as a topical burn treatment.

Aloe vera juice, taken internally, is also widely used infolk medicine for treating ulcers and gastroenteritis. Its activeprinciple acemannan has been approved by the FDA forveterinary use (injected) to help localize and nodulatetumors to make them easier to remove surgically. There isalso the interesting veterinary study by SHEETS and coworkersin the March 1991 issue of Molecular Biotherapy, in whichthey reported a successful treatment of a significant fractionof cats afflicted with feline leukemia using intravenousacemannan.

For related articles on medicinal uses of Aloe vera, see:GRIBEL & PASHINSKI 1986MCANALLEY et al. 1988PERRY et al. 1991PULSE & UHLIG 1990SOEDA 1969And, for a list of references on studies involving Aloe

juice or extracts for treating burns, cancers, inflammation,diabetes, ulcers, infections and hepatic lesions, seeHEDENDAL

Many different succulents from several families are usedworld wide as sources of sugar and other carbohydrates forbrewing alcoholic beverages. Probably the most famous isAgave atrovirens, the source of, what is generally held asthe Mexican national drink, ‘pulque’.

A number of the Mesembryanthemums find their leavesconsumed for thirst by both people and animals due totheir high water content.

Numerous succulents are eaten as food.Several of the Mesembryanthemums are used as local

foods in South Africa. Some, such as Carpobrotusacinaciformis L.BOL. and Carpobrotus edulis L.BOL. arecultivated for their sweet fruits (‘Hottentot Figs’). C.deliciosus L.BOL., C. fourcadei L.BOL. and C. muirii L.BOL.are also used for their fruit.

Lithops hookeri SCHW. and Mesembryanthemumcrystallinum L. are both eaten as food.

Nananthus aloides SCHW. roots are also eaten by humans.An herbarium note presented by VON REIS ALTSCHUL 1973

[entry number 932] indicates that Trianthemaportulacastrum is used as a vegetable in Siam.

Tetragonia expansa and Tetragonia tetragonioides arewidely cultivated for food and usually are known as NewZealand spinach, Malabar spinach or sea spinach. Others,such as Tetragonia schenkii ENGL., have proven livestocktoxicity. (Fatal to sheep in experimental dosages of 250 and500 grams.)

Many Aizoaceous members have a substantial oxalic acidcontent. Many are a good source of ascorbic acid. Besidesvarious alkaloids in varying amounts, they often contain avariety of mineral and organic salts and sometimes smallorganic acids which can cause problems in grazing animals[Note 12]

Chapter 5; other succulents

17

In spite of this, they are highly prized as essential grazingmaterial in many parts of southern Africa.

Stock are known to safely eat: Dactylopsis digitataN.E.BR., Drosanthemum floribundum SCHW.,Drosanthemum lique SCHW., Eberlandzia spinosa SCHW.,Galenia africana L., Lithops hookeri SCHW., Mestoklematuberosum N.E.BR. and var. macrorhizum N.E.BR. Goatsare said to eat Pleiospilos bolusii N.E.Br. and Pleiospilossimulans N.E.Br.

The Portulacaceous Anacampseros rhodesica N.E.BR. hasbeen used (in Rhodesia) as an ingredient in beer makingWATT 1967 refers to WILD 1953. It is also thought to havenarcotic effects of its own. WATT refers to DORNAN 1927-1930. Anacampseros papyraceae, A. rhodesica & A. ustulataare said by HARGREAVES 1998 to have been listed under thename moerhoutjie by SMITH 1966 implying their use was asa yeast source. Similarly A. alstoni is also said to be usedfor yeast. The use of Anacampseros rhodesica has beenoutlawed in Zimbabwe.

Clearly both the Mesembryanthemums and a broad rangeof succulents bear much closer scrutiny and evaluation.

Miscellaneous Notes on other members ofthe AIZOACEAE

A number of Aizoceous plants are used medicinally orelse thought or known to be poisonous. A mention of speciesthought to contain mesembrine was presented earlier.

A brief list of some of the AIZOACEAE follows; moreinformation can be found by consulting WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962, our source for most of the followinginformation or see pages 233 & 234-235.

Conophytum spp. were mentioned earlier as suspectednarcotic plants.

Corbichonia decumbens EXCELL. is used by the Zulu as aroot decoction for biliousness and in larger amounts as anemetic.

A Drosanthemum species (“prob. Drosanthemumhispidum Schw.”) proved toxic to rabbits in experiments. Itwas found to have a moisture content of 62% and an oxalicacid content of 26.6%. Drosanthemum floribundum isproven to be an excellent feed for stock, ewes, lambs andostriches in spite of the possible identification of mesembrineby ZWICKY.

Galenia africana L. is chewed by the Hottentots fortoothaches; said to cause blisters if too much is used.

Hymenocylus smithii L.BOL.: a 720 gram dosage wasproven to produce death in sheep within 8 hours.

Khadia acutipetala N.E.BR. roots are used in theTransvaal for making ‘kaffir beer’ and the leaves for a hotwater extract, used by the southern Rhodesian Manyika forapplication to sore eyes.

Mesembryanthemum aitonis JACQ. is suspected of causingpoisoning in cattle. Experimental administration producedpharmacological effects but not death in a dosage of 4kilograms.

Mesembryanthemum mahoni N.E.BR. (“which is noweither Delosperma mahoni N.E.BR. or Glottiphyllumlinguiforme N.E.BR.”) roots are used by the Bantu formaking an intoxicating beer. It is sometimes used byEuropeans for breadmaking but this is considered a dangerous

practice.) [JACOBSEN 1960 considers M. mahoni to beDelosperma mahonii.]

Mestoklema tuberosum N.E.BR. is similarly used forbrewing intoxicating beverages and occasionally for breadmaking, by Europeans. It apparently is a better source ofyeast than M. mahonii. HARGREAVES 1998 comments that ittested positive for an alkaloid (apparently unidentified) butappears to lack reports of intoxicating effects.

Interestingly, a Pleiospilos species was determined tohave a pharmacological activity similar to Sceletium (whenprepared similarly and chewed). Anonymous 2004

Psilocaulon absimile N.E.BR. was noticed to beresponsible for livestock poisoning and found to containseveral principles capable of killing animals. Dry plantcontains 8.66% oxalic acid and also 4.5% piperidine [Note13]. Moisture content was found to be 67.75%.

Ruschia saxicola L.BOL. is suspected in livestock deathsbut oral evaluations in rabbits were negative.

Sceletium anatomicum L.BOL. This was prepared “Inthe early days” by the Hottentots by beating the whole planttogether, twisting this and allowing the mass to ferment. Itwas chewed to quench thirst and is said to be intoxicating ifchewed immediately after fermentation. Hottentots prizedit for increasing strength. It is said to be narcotic and is usedas a sedative by native people in the Willowmore district.STEYN was unable to observe these effects in animal studies.The plant is chewed by the Bushman as an intoxicant.Bushman mothers also use it to quiet infants. One drop ofthe fresh juice is claimed to produce as much as 5 hours ofsleep in a baby. The intoxicating effect observed in Bushmanusers is said to be “marked and persistent.”

Sceletium tortuosum N.E.BR. is also chewed by theHottentots for toothache. It was also used as mentionedabove for S. anatomicum It is said to be narcotic only afterfermentation. It is used as a narcotic in the Queenstowndistrict. The aerial portions of the plant is combined withthose of S. expansum and used under the name ‘kougoed’by the Bushman in Namaqualand. HERRE 1971 commentedthat there was still a commercial market locally for this plant.

Trichodiadema stellatum is used for brewing beer and forbread making. HARGREAVES 1998 notes that it is believed tocontain an intoxicating alkaloid (“probably mesembrine”)

Positive general alkaloid tests in the AIZOACEAE,(by ZWICKY):Aptenia cordifolia SCHW.Aridaria splendens SCHW.Aridaria umbelliflora SCHW.Delosperma cooperi L.BOL.Delosperma ecklonis SCHW.Delosperma lehmannii SCHW.Delosperma subincanum SCHW.Drosanthemum floribundum SCHW.Drosanthemum hispidum SCHW.Lampranthus scaber N.E.BR.Mesembryanthemum crystallinum N.E.BR.Mestoklema tuberosum N.E.BR.Oscularia caulescens SCHW.Prenia relaxata N.E.BR.Ruschia congesta L.BOL.Ruschia multiflorum SCHW.Ruschia rubricaulis L.BOL.

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

18

Ruschia tumidula SCHW.Sceletium expansum L.BOL.Sceletium tortuosum N.E.BR.Trichodiadema intonsum SCHW.Trichodiadema stellatum SCHW.From WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962: page 4.

All of the above and also Lampranthus glomeratumN.E.Br. and Glottiphyllum lingueforme N.E.BR. areconsidered by HERRE 1971 to contain at least someMesembrine. He offers no references to support this.

A point to remember is that mesembrine (mesembrin) aswas isolated and named by HARTWICH & ZWICKY in 1914was an amorphous base that most likely was actually amixture of alkaloids.

Mesembs reported to contain mesembrine alkaloids:Carpobrotus acinaciformis (L.) L.Bol.Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L.Bol. (unconfirmed)Drosanthemum floribundum SCHW.Drosanthemum hispidum SCHW. (unconfirmed)Sceletium anatomicum (HAW.) L.BOL. (unconfirmed)Sceletium expansum (L.) L.BOL.Sceletium namaquense L.BOL.Trichodiadema barbatum SCHWANTES (unconfirmed)Trichodiadema bulbosum (MILLER) SCHWANTES

(unconfirmed)Trichodiadema intonsum (HAW.) SCHWANTES

(unconfirmed)FESTI & SAMORINI 1995

Mesembryanthemum Reviews:FESTI & SAMORINI 1995SMITH et al. 1996

Miscellaneous Notes on some additional AizoaceousChemistry

Note that the alkaloids mentioned by SMITH et al. 1998were all at trace levels except for Sceletium tortuosum andAptenia cordifolia, Delosperma pruinosum & D. minimumwhich had much lower concentrations than did the Sceletium.Unidentified alkaloids were present at low to moderate levelsin D. cooperi, D. pottsii & Lampracanthus aureus

Aptenia cordifolia (L.f.) SCHWANT.4’-O-demethylmesembrenol,

mesembrine & 3 unidentified alkaloidsSMITH et al. 1998

Bergeranthus scapiger (HAW.) N.E.BR

4’-O-demethylmesembrenol & mesembrenoneSMITH et al. 1998

Channa (the prepared drug) was determined to containmesembrine, mesembrenone and channanine byBODENDORF & KRIEGER 1957 [from JEFFS et al. 1969]

Alkaloid content said to range from 1-1.5% withmesembrine at 0.7% and mesembrenine at 0.2%POPELAK & LETTENBAAUER 1967

See comments earlier from SMITH et al. 1998

Conophytum spp.Said to contain dopaxanthin. [citing WYLER 1979 which

simply mentions it.]vulgaxanthin I i.e. (4-[[(4-Amino-1-carboxy-4-

oxobutyl)imino]ethylidene]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid)

SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited PIATELLI et al. 1965 and SINGER

et al. 1980. (But meaning SINGER & ELBE 1980).All of these isolated this compound from beets rather thanConophytum!

Aptenia cordifoliabottom right

Conophytum lekkersingense

Chapter 5; other succulents

19

Delosperma cooperi (HOOK.f.) L.BOL. forma cooperi4’-O-demethylmesembrenol , mesembrenone & 1

unidentified alkaloidDelosperma lebombense (L.BOL.) LAVIS

Mesembrenone & 2 unidentified alkaloidsDelosperma minimum LAVIS

4’-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrenone & 2unidentified alkaloids

Delosperma obtusum L.BOL.4’-O-demethylmesembrenolDelosperma pruinosum (THUNB.) J.INGRAM

4’-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrine,mesembrenone & 2 unidentified alkaloids

Delosperma pottsii (L.BOL.) L.BOL.4’-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrine,

mesembrenone & 4 unidentified alkaloidsDelosperma rogersii (SCHOENL. & BERGER) L.BOL. var.

rogersii4’-O-demethylmesembrenol & 2 unidentified

alkaloidsSMITH et al. 1998

Drosanthemum floribundum (HAW.) SCHWANT.1 kg. of the flowers were found to contain the pigments:

caffeyl-feruloyl-betanin (12 mg.), caffeyl-feruloyl-isobetanin (5 mg.), caffeyl-betanin (7 mg.) andcaffeyl-isobetanin (4 mg.) (all are acylatedbetacyanins)

IMPELLIZZERI et al. 1973

Drosanthemum hispidum (L.) SCHWANT. var. hispidum4’-O-demethylmesembrenol & mesembrenoneDrosanthemum bicolor L.BOL.4’-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrenone & 1

unidentified alkaloidSMITH et al. 1998

Glottiphyllum longum (HAW.) N.E.BR.10 grams of flower petals yielded 3 mg. of the orange

betaxanthin pigment, dopaxanthin. IMPELLIZZERI et al. 1973

Glottiphyllum longum (HAW.) N.E.BR var. longum1 unidentified alkaloid SMITH et al. 1998

Glottiphyllum longum

Lampranthus aureus (L.) N.E.BR.4’-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrenone & 2

unidentified alkaloidsLampranthus blandusMesembrenone & 2 unidentified alkaloidsLampranthus coccineus (HAW.) N.E.BR

Mesembrenone & 1 unidentified alkaloidLampranthus deltoides (L.) WIJNANDS

1 unidentified alkaloidLampranthus roseus (WILLD.) SCHWANT.Mesembrenone & 1 unidentified alkaloidLampranthus spectabilis (HAW.) N.E.BR. subsp.

spectabilis4’-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrenone & 2

unidentified alkaloids SMITH et al. 1998

Lampranthus aureus

Mesembryanthemum conspicuumMesembryanthemum eduleMesembryanthemum floribundumMesembryanthemins (Structures unknown. Glycosides

of betanidin or isobetanidin. Pigments. I-III are recognized. SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited PIATELLI et al. 1964

Oscularia deltoides1 unidentified alkaloid SMITH et al. 1998

Ruschia lineolata (HAW.) SCHWANT.1 unidentified alkaloid SMITH et al. 1998

Sceletium expansum (as Mesembryanthemumexpansum)

Mesembrine MERCK 9th cited HARTWICK & ZWICKY 1914and RIMINGTON et al. 1938

Sceletium joubertii L.BOL. 0.1% total crude alkaloid (dry weight?)Hordenine (from aerial parts)(S)-Joubertiamine (from aerial parts) (4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-

cyclohexen-1-one)

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

20

Sceletium joubertiiPhoto by Kamm

2,3-Dihydrojoubertiamine (from aerial parts) (4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-

cyclohexanone)Dehydrojoubertiamine (trace alkaloid from aerial parts) (4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,5-

c y c l o h e x a d i e n - 1 - o n e )ARNDT & KRUGER 1970

Joubertinamine (0.009% by fresh weight) i.e. (4-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-

2-cyclohexen-1-ol or 4-(N-methyl-amnoethyl)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-2-en-1-ol)

PSOTTA et al. 1979

Sceletium namaquense L.BOL.4 - [ 3 , 4 - d i m e t h o x y p h e n y l ) - 4 - [ 2 -

(acetylmethylamino)ethyl] cyclohexanone [i.e. 4-[2-(Ace ty lmethy lamino)e thy l ] -4 - (4 -hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2,4-cyclohexadien-1-one according toSOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM]

4 - ( 3 - M e t h o x y - 4 - h y d r o x y p h e n y l ) - 4 - [ 2 -(acetylmethylamino)ethyl] cyclohexadienone [i.e. 4-[3-(Acetylmethylamino)ethyl]-4-(4-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-cyclohexadien-1-one according toSOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM]

JEFFS et al. 1982N-Acetyl-N-methyl-N,7a-secomesembrine (minor

component)N-Methyl-4'-O-demethyl-N,7a-

secomesembradienone (minor component) SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited JEFFS 1981Sceletium Alkaloid A4

i.e. (3a-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)2,3,3a,4,5,9b-hexahydro-1-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline) (small amounts)

CAPPS et al. 1977, JEFFS et al. 1971c, 1974a & 1982

Sceletium Dihydropyridone base (not named inreference)

SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited JEFFS et al. 1982Mesembrenone (AKA Mesembrenine or Mesembrinine) CAPPS et al. 1977 & JEFFS et al. 1982 SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited POPELAK et al. 1960 [4’-O-Demethylmesembrenone SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited JEFFS et al. 1974 but the

only reference to this compound included in theirexperimental section was that isolated from S.strictum.]

ΔΔΔΔΔ7-Mesembrenone(-)-Mesembrine(-)-Mesembrane (minor alkaloid)(-)-3’-Methoxy-4’-O-methyljoubertiamine (minor

alkaloid) CAPPS et al. 1977 & JEFFS et al. 1982 (-)-3’-Methoxy-4’-O-methyljoubertiaminol JEFFS et al. 1982Sceletenone (minor alkaloid) JEFFS et al. 1974aTortuosamine CAPPS et al. 1977 & JEFFS et al. 1982N-Formyltortuosamine

JEFFS et al. 1974a & JEFFS et al. 1982(not observed by CAPPS et al. 1977; used only toprepare a reference sample of tortuosamine)

N-AcetyltortuosamineDihydropyridone base related to Sceletium alkaloid

A4JEFFS et al. 1982

Unidentified alkaloidsCAPPS et al. 1977 & JEFFS et al. 1974a & 1982

Sceletium strictum L.BOL.Channaine (Thought to probably be an artifact derived

from dimerization of normesembrenone followingracemization)

ABOU-DONIA et al. 1978 (See also JEFFS 1981; review)Mesembrenol JEFFS et al. 1970, JEFFS et al. 1974b & JEFFS et al. 1978 JEFFS et al. 1971a (70-90% of total alkaloid: used whole

plants; 1-2 years old from seed)O-Acetylmesembrenol4’-O-Demethylmesembranol4’-O-Demethylmesembrenol JEFFS et al. 19704’-O-Demethylmesembrenone JEFFS et al. 1974a & JEFFS et al. 1978Mesembrine (N-Methyl-3a-(3’,4’-

dimethoxyphenyl)6-oxo-cis-octahydroindole) JEFFS et al. 1971a [1% of total alkaloid (used whole plants;

1-2 years old from seed)] JEFFS et al. 1970 (used 3 year old plants) JEFFS et al. 1974b & JEFFS et al. 1978

(also observed in JEFFS et al. 1971b)N-Demethylmesembrenol SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited KRUGER et al. 1971Mesembrenone (AKA Mesembrenine or Mesembrinine) JEFFS et al. 1970 & JEFFS et al. 1974b (Also observed in JEFFS et al. 1971b)

Chapter 5; other succulents

21

Sceletium tortuosum

N-Demethyl-formylmesembrenone KARLE 1977 (investigated structure) cited KARLE 1976 as

isolating it.N-Demethylmesembranol SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited CAPPS et al. 1977 but this

citation is apparently in error (-)-Mesembranol (AKA Mesembrinol) JEFFS et al. 1970 & JEFFS et al. 1978 Also observed in JEFFS et al. 1971b and by SHAMMA & RODRIGUEZ 1965 (from JEFFS et al. 1969) SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited SMITH et al. 1961Sceletenone JEFFS et al. 1978

Sceletium subvelutinum L.BOL.N,N-Dimethyltyramine (Hordenine)O-Methyljoubertiamine [i.e. (4-[2-

(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one)] [also by NIEWENHUIS et al. 1981]

O-MethyldehydrojoubertiamineO-Methyldihydrojoubertiamine [NIEWENHUIS et al. 1981]DehydrojoubertiamineJoubertiamineDihydrojoubertiamine HERBERT & KATTAH 1990

Sceletium tortuosum N.E.BR.4’-O-demethylmesembrenol , mesembrine ,

mesembrenone & 2 unidentified alkaloids [4’-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrine, mesembrenone werepresent in a ratio of 8.1:100:69.4]

SMITH et al. 1998Sceletium Alkaloid A4 [i.e. (3a-(3,4-

Dimethoxyphenyl)2,3,3a,4,5,9b-hexahydro-1-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline.)]

SNYCKERS et al. 1971 citing unpublished results of F.O.Snyckers, H.W. Pretorius & A. Weichers.

Channaine (Thought to probably be an artifact derivedfrom dimerization of normesembrenone followingracemization)

ABOU-DONIA et al. 1978 See also JEFFS 1981; review.Mesembrine [MERCK 9th cited HARTWICK & ZWICKY 1914 and RIMINGTON

et al. 1938. See comments earlier.Mesembrinone SNYCKERS et al. 1971 citing unpublished results of F.O.

Snyckers, H.W. Pretorius & A. Weichers.Mesembranol (AKA Mesembrinol) SNYCKERS et al. 1971 citing unpublished results of F.O.

Snyckers, H.W. Pretorius & A. Weichers. SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited SMITH et al. 1961.Tortuosamine SNYCKERS et al. 1971 citing unpublished results of F.O.

Snyckers, H.W. Pretorius & A. Weichers.

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

22

Sceletium subvelutinumPhoto by Kamm

Sceletium tortuosumPhoto by Kamm

Endnotes for Some other Succulents

Note 1: The name Mesembryanthemum is used for thegenus which includes the common ‘Ice Plants’ (usuallyMesembryanthemum crystallinum) now found as road sideplantings and well established along the western coast of theUnited States. More frequently it is used to describe amultigeneric group, known as ‘ice plants” or ‘living stones’,which are known collectively as the mesembryanthemums.Some, such as Lithops spp. are very popular among cactusand succulent collectors. Many suppliers specialize in thesefascinating succulents.

Note 2: Observations being mentioned are ours. Thepublished literature has reported DMT’s presence in allexcept D. leptolobus which is lacking any in-depth or formalanalysis despite its ongoing use as a sacramental hallucinogenin humans.

Note 3: Most members of the MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE havebeen transferred to the AIZOACEAE, the rest have been scatteredthroughout other families.

Note 4: Another South African genus ofMesembryanthemums, Conophytum spp., have been“reported to have narcotic properties.” by WATT 1967. Hisreference, WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962 mentioned thatthe genus was considered to have narcotic properties by thelate Dr. Louis Leipoldt. Apparently this was otherwiseunpublished.

I can locate no chemical or pharmacological evaluations ofthese beautiful little clump formers. There is little chancethat these little ‘living pebbles’ would ever be confused withany of the other mesembs discussed here.

Conophytum species are readily and widely available.(There are 290 described species.) They are somewhat trickyas they require a period of dormancy, similar to that of Lithops,when they appear to be dry and shriveled dead plantremnants. Removal of this apparently dead growth at anypoint will usually kill these plants. They must not be wateredduring the rest period but may require occasional light mistingsto keep them alive.

They grow readily from seed; many suppliers exist.Be certain to study their growth requirements well before

attempting to grow these amazing ‘living stones’.Note 5: Both OTT and AARDVARK reported full activity

from 25 grams of pounded (or finely ground) root bark thatwas soaked in two changes of cold neutral water; each forless than an hour.

When questioned, at a Botanical Preservation Corpsseminar on Maui during January of 1994, Dr. Dennis McKennasaid Mimosa hostilis was thought to be active due to thepresence of similar lignins but we have been unable to findany published work which proves (or supports) this exceptfor Virola.

The oral activity of Mimosa hostilis roots was anunexamined area pharmacologically until amazingly recently.See the 1999 Entheogen Review 8 (1): 22-24, for successfulbioassays of cold water infusions reported by Jonathan Ottand David Aardvark.

(Mimosa ophthalmocentra & M. verrucosa are also knownto be used traditionally for jurema preparation.)

Note 6: The first stage is often characterized by aggressionin some reports but even in early reports, mentioned in SAFFORD

1916b, on page 553, it has also been noted that the tendencytowards aggression in the first stage was present primarily intribes of a militant and warlike nature and was absent intraditionally less violent societies. The second stage, whenlarge amounts are used, of the lighter intoxication beingfollowed by a fitful sleep and delirium is encountered moreuniformly in the anthropological and ethnopharmacologicalliterature.

Note 7: Khadi appears to involve multiple plants includingthe fruits of Grewia species. Grewia species have beenreported to contain many alkaloids including traces of β-carbolines. See ROSLER et al 1978. The production of thebrew khadi is known to have arisen after the introduction ofsugar by the Europeans but there is a distinct possibility thatthe plants involved reflects a prior ethnomedicinal familiarityto indigenous people. While the primary intoxicant in khadiappears to be alcohol, the complex of plants involved and thepotential pharmacological interactions is an area in seriousneed of in-depth study.

Note 8: On a specimen [DIETERLAN 142b] in the herbariumof the Agricultural Research Station in Maseru, Lesotho.

It was given a local common name of Khadi.Note 9: “Acculturation”; Such a polite word for what is

quite literally a deliberate if not systematic culturalextermination.

A very few of the many intriguing but poorly investigatedAfrican medicinals:

Boophane distacha (L.f.) HERB. [AMARYLLIDACEAE] Bulbsare used in initiation ceremonies by the South African Basuto.It is known to contain alkaloids but more work is needed todefine their activity in humans. Ingestion of a bulb decoctionhas been proven to cause hallucinations; DESMET 1996 citedLAING 1979. NYAZEMA 1984 & GELFAND et al. 1985 list it ashaving traditional use in Zimbabwe to arouse animal spirits;DESMET 1996.

young Boophane distacha

Chapter 5; other succulents

23

Ferraria glutinosa (Bak.) Rendle [IRIDACEAE] roots aresaid to have been used by the !Kung of the Kalahari tohelp enter an altered state of consciousness in trance dances.It is believed to help activate ‘num’ (the energy whichoriginates from the gods) when used in conjunction witha complex proces of purification, diet & ritual. This maystill be used by some but at least one group has apparentlylost the knowledge of preparation and dosages in recentyears when such information failed to be passed on bytheir elders. See Richard KATZ 1982. See also DOBKIN DE

RIOS 1986 and WINKELMAN & DOBKIN DE RIOS 1989. “gwa” is a root I do not know an identity for. It is

used by the !Kung of the Kalahari to help induce ‘kia’;an altered state of consciousness considered to be aprerequisite for healing practices. KATZ 1982

Hartogia capensis L. f. (CELASTRACEAE), (from SouthAfrica), the leaves of which are chewed for thirst,fatigue prevention and appetite suppression. WATT

1967 cites WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962.Lichtensteinia interrupta E. MEY. (from the Cape

Province), the roots of which are used to make anarcotic drink. WATT 1967 cites DRAGENDORFF 1898.

Mitragyna africana (RUBIACEAE) was once used as aleaf infusion by the Dyidé, a Bambara spirit mediumcult, with applications as an initiatory catalyst andsacrament similar to those of the well known Africansacrament Iboga (Tabernanthe iboga). Both its use andthe Dyidé themselves were “suppressed” by thegovernment in the 1940’s and driven to exist amidstgreat secrecy in remote areas of Mali. See IMPERATO

1977 who cited G. CHEVON 1931. A hallucinatoryprinciple has not been identified.

Mostuea gabonica BAILLON & Mostuea stimulansA.CHEV. HERB. [LOGIANACEAE] (from Fernan-Vaz regionof Gabon) Roots are chewed as an aphrodisiac and toprevent sleep during drumming and dancing [DESMET

1996 cited CHEVALLIER 1946 & 1947] Alkaloids similarto gelsemine and sempervirine have been reported fromthe root bark of M. stimulans (0.33% total alkaloidcontent in rootbark) but neither was actually positivelyidentified. DESMET 1996 cited PARIS & MOYSE-MIGNON

1949].Gelsemine & sempervirine both occur in thecommon landscape plant Gelsemium sempervirens (L.)AIT which is suspected of causing visual hallucinationsand has formerly been used as a stimulant but fell intodisfavor due to a “dangerous” reputation. [Gelsemiumis believed similar to but weaker than strychnine in itsaction. Strychnine is reputed to be hallucinogenic atsub-convulsive dosage levels] See MERCK Index.

Pancratium trianthum HERB. [AMARYLLIDACEAE]Bulbs are claimed to be rubbed into cuts made on thehead to induce visual hallucinations (by the !Kung inBotswana) SCHULTES & HOFMANN 1980.

Schumanniophyton klaineanum (PIERRE) A. CHEV.bark is chewed in small amounts to prevent sleep. (InGabon) Large dosages are said to produce “anexceptional degree of aphrodisiac action” and to beharmful to the health. WATT 1967 cites WALKER 1953.

Voacanga bracteata [APOCYNACEAE] (from Gabon)has an herbarium voucher with an annotation that the

bark is used to get “high”. DESMET 1996 cited BISSET

1985.Interesting overviews for many of these and other

African medicinal plants can be found in WATT 1967 andin WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962. See also DESMET

1999.There is also the poorly understood complex of

stimulants cooked with food and eaten in huge amountsby Masai warriors to attain courage, bravery andendurance; often leading to a frenzied state of CNSoverload and eventual exhaustion. This has been variouslysaid to include: Acacia spp. (Acacia nilotica, A. seyal bark& A. abyssinica roots), Albizia anthelmintica bark, Cissusquandangularis, Embelia kilimandschrika ENGL. (bark),Maesea lanceolata FORSK. (fruit and/or roots), Myricaspp., Pappea capensis (bark) & others. LEHMANN &MIHALYI 1982

Note 10: HARGREAVES lists ntsakoro and motsoko ascommon names in Botswana and notes that it does notappear to be used as a fermentation organism source.

Note 11: This plant was also a seldom used ordealpoison in the Ivory Coast region. Common namesincluded baga, do, dohe, douo, faman, gbo, klatou, andtene. In some tribes, the accused had the latex spread ontheir eyes and guilt was pronounced if there was damageto the cornea. ROBB 1957

Note 12: Due also to their high salt and mineral contentmany generate a highly basic ash which finds many usesin local medicines and soap making. Mesembryanthemumcrystallinum is widely prized both as ash and as plantsfor soap making. The use of the fresh plant for cleaning isthought by some researchers to be due to their saponincontent but as WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK point out thisis no doubt substantially enhanced by the alkali nature ofthe plant itself. Sodium and potassium salts have beenisolated from the leaves with yields of 43% by dryweight.

Note 13: T.A. Henry p. 1, citing: 1935 Ber. 36: 2218;1927 Helv. Chim. Acta 10: 593; 1934 S. Afr. J. Sc. 31: 184.

Piperidine is also found in: Petrosimonia monandraAuthor? 1939 J. Gen. Chem. URSS 9: 1687

(N-Methylpiperidine is found in Girgensohnia.)

Sceletium sp. novaAn unnamed Sceletium collection determined by human

bioassay to be at least as active as S. tortuosum

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

24

References for Some other Succulents

Aardvark, David (Ed.) (1999) Entheogen Review (TheJournal of Unauthorized Research on Visionary Plantsand Drugs.) 8 (1): 22-24 [Ott & Aardvark’s MAOI-lessjurema bioassays]

Abou-Donia, A. et al. (1978) Journal of the ChemicalSociety D. Chemical Communications 1078-1079.“X-Ray Crystal and Molecular Structure ofChannaine, an Unusual Alkaloid, Probably anArtefact from Sceletium strictum.” (Amina Abou-Donia, Peter W. Jeffs, Andrew T. McPhail &Richard W. Miller)

Ainslie, J.R. (1937) A List of Plants Used in Native Medicinein Nigeria. Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford. InstitutePaper No. 7. 109 pages. (From WATT 1967)

Bisset, N.G. (1985) Agricultural University WageningenPapers 85 Number 3: 115-122. “Uses of Voacangaspecies.” [From DESMET 1996]

Bodendorf, K. & P. Kloss (1961) Archiv der Pharmazie 66:654-661. “Über Abbau und Biogenese der AlkaloideMesembrin und Mesembrenin.” [From DESMET 1996]

Bodendorf, K. & W. Krieger (1957) Archiv der Pharmazie62: 441-448. “Über die Alkaloide vonMesembryanthemum tortuosum L.” [From DESMET 1996]

Burt-Davy, J. (1913) Agricultural Journal of the Union ofSouth Africa 6: 66. (From WATT 1967)

Capps, T.M. et al. (1977) Journal of the Chemical Society.Perkins Transactions II 8: 1098-1104. “SceletiumAlkaloids. Part 7. Structure and Absolute Stereochemistryof (-)-Mesembrane and 3’-Methoxy-4’-O-methyljoubertiamine, Two Minor Bases from S.Namaquense L. Bolus: X-Ray Analysis of (-)-MesembraneHydrochloride Monohydrate.” (Thomas M. Capps, KarlD. Hargrave, Peter W. Jeffs & Andrew T. McPhail)

Charalampous et al. (1964) Journal of Pharmacology andExperimental Therapeutics 145 (2): 242-246. “MetabolicFate of β-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-ethylamine(Mescaline) in Humans: Isolation and Identification of3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylacetic Acid.” [K.D.Charalampous, Antonio Orengo, K.E. Walker and JohnKinross-Wright]

Charalampous et al. (1966) Psychopharmacologia 9: 48-63. “Metabolic Fate of Mescaline in Man.” (K.D.Charalampous, K.E. Walker and John Kinross-Wright)

Chevalier, A. (1946) Comptes Rendus de l”Academie desSciences 223: 767-769. “Le Sata mbwanda racinestimulante et aphrodisiaque employée par les Noirs duGabon et son identification botanique.”

Chevalier, A. (1947) Revue de Botanique Appliquée 27: 104-109. “Les Mostuea africains et leurs propriétésstimulantes.” [From DESMET 1996]

Chevon, G. (1931) Journal de la Sociétè des Africanistes 1:285-289. “Le Dyidé.”

Cole, D.T. (1995) Setswana – Animals and Plants. BotswanaSociety: Gaborone. [From HARGREAVES 1998]

DeSmet, Peter A.G.M. (1996) Journal ofEthnopharmacology 50: 141-146. “Someethnopharmacological notes on African hallucinogens.”

DeSmet, A.G.M. Peter (1999) Herbs, Health, Healers.Africa as Ethnopharmacological Treasury. AfrikaMuseum; Berg en Dal, Netherlands. ISBN 90-71611-09-4. 180 pages

Deulofeu, Venancio (1973) Ciência e Cultura 25 (7): 649-659 “Distribution of indolethylamines and β-carbolinesin plants.”

Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1986) Journal ofEthnopharmacology 15 (3): 297-304. “Enigma of Drug-Induced Altered States of Consciousness Among the!Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert.”

Dornan, S.S. (1927-1930) Bantu Studies 3: 185 (From WATT

1967)Dragendorff, George (1898) Die Heilpflanzen der

Verschiedenen Völker und Zeiten. Ferdinand Enke,Stuttgart. [Reprinted in 1967 by Werner Fritsch: München(Munich).]

Durand, E. et al. (1962) Journal of Pharmacy &Pharmacology 14: 562-566. “Simple hypotensive andhypertensive principles from some West Indian medicinalplants.” [E. Durand, E.V. Ellington, P.C. Feng, L.J.Haynes, K.E. Magnus & N. Philip]

Eleusis: Piante e Composti Psicoattivi/ Journal ofPsychedelic Plants and Compounds. New Series 1998onward (Giorgio Samorini; editor) A bargain at $50/ yearfor 2 issues: c/o Museo Civico di Roverto, Largo S.Catarna, 43, 38068 Roverto (TN), Italyeleusis@telestrion.it [Payments to Telestrion, via DeAmicis, 32, 40050 Dozza (BO), Italy)

Emboden, William (1972) Narcotic Plants. The MacmillanCompany, New York.

Engelbrecht, J.A. (1936) The Korana. Cape Town. [FromHARGREAVES 1998]

Entheogen Review (The Journal of UnauthorizedResearch on Visionary Plants and Drugs.) [Volumes 1-6 (1992-1997), edited by Jim DeKorne. Beginning withVolume 7 (1998) onward: edited by David Aardvark]ISSN 1066-1913. $25 per year (4 issues) EntheogenReview, POB 19820, Sacramento, CA 95819-0820.

FERNANDEZ DISTEL, A. (1980) Estudios Arqueologicos.(Universidad de Chile, Antofagasta) 5: 55-79. “Hallazgode pipas en complejos preceramicos del borde de la PunaJujena (Republica Argentina) y el empleo de alucinógenospor parte de las mismas culturas.”

Festi, Francesco & Giorgio Samorini (1995) Eleusis 2: 28-34. “Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.BROWN in PHILLIPS (Ficodegli Ottentotto / Hottentots Fig).”

Gelfand, M. et al. (1985) The Traditional medicalpractitioner in Zimbabwe. His principles of practice andpharmacopoeia. (page 108) Mambo Press: Gweru. [M.Gelfand, S. Mavi, R.B. Drummond & B. Ndemera] [FromDESMET 1996]

Gundidza, M. (1985) Central African Journal of Medicine31: 238-239. “Phytochemical screening of someZimbabwean medicinal plants.” [From DESMET 1996]

Gundidza, M. (1986) Planta Medica 558. “Insecticidalactivity of Monadenium lugardae.” [From DESMET 1996]

Gundidza, M. (1990) Fitoterapia 61: 442-444. “Action ofMonadenium lugardiae latex on guinea-pig ileum.” [FromDESMET 1996]

Chapter 5; other succulents

25

Gundidza, M. (1991) Central African Journal of Medicine37: 141-144. “Effect of methanol extract fromMonadenium lugardiae on contractile activity of guinea-pig ileum.” [From DESMET 1996]

Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1991) The Ingens Bull. 4: 27-28.“Psychoactive Mesembs.” [From HARGREAVES 1998]

Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1993) The Euphorbiaceae StudyGroup Bull. 6 (1): 14-18. “Euphorbia davyi and otherkhadi sources.” [From HARGREAVES 1998]

Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1998) Plants Used to Make Khadi.[Paper presented at the Huntington’s Annual SucculentSymposium 1998. Copy kindly furnished by author.]

Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1999) Eleusis 3: 100-104. “Pianteimpiegate nella preparazione del Khadi (Sud Africa).Plants used to make Khadi (South Africa)”

Hartwich, C. & E. Zwicky (1914) Apotheker-Zeitung 29:925-926, 937-939, 949-950 & 961-962. “Über Channa,ein Genussmittel der Hottentotten.” [From DESMET 1996]

Hedendal, B.E. in Health Consciousness Vol 13 (1): 14-17.Henry, Thomas Anderson (1949) The Plant Alkaloids.

Fourth Edition (Second Edition was 1924)Herbert, Richard B. & Abdullah E. Kattah (1990)

Tetrahedron 46 (20): 7105-7118. “The Biosynthesis ofSceletium Alkaloids in Sceletium Subvelutinum L. Bolus.”

Herre, H. (1971) The Genera of theMesembryanthemaceae.”Tafelberg-Uitgewers BeperkCape Town. ISBN 0 624 00002 8

Holmes, E.M. (1921) Journal of the American MedicalAssociation 10 (2): 103-105, “Mexican Herbs and Drugs.”

Impellizzeri, G. et al. (1973) Phytochemistry 12 (9): 2293-2294. “A New Betaxanthin from Glottiphyllum longum.”[Guiseppe Impellizzeri, Mario Piatelli & SebastianoSciuto]

Impellizzeri, G. et al. (1973) Phytochemistry 12 (9): 2295-2296. “Acylated Betacyanins from Drosanthemumfloribundum.” [Guiseppe Impellizzeri, Mario Piatelli &Sebastiano Sciuto]

Imperato, Pascal James (1977) African Folk Medicine. YorkPress: Baltimore. 251 pages. ISBN 0-912752-08-4

Jacobsen, Hermann (1960) A Handbook of Succulent Plants:Descriptions, Synonyms and Cultural Details ForSucculents Other Than Cactaceae. Volume 3.Mesembryanthemums (Ficoidaceae). Blandford Press,London.

Jeffs, P.W. (1981) Alkaloids (N.Y.) 19: 26. [From SOUTHON

& BUCKINGHAM]Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1969) Journal of the American Chemical

Society 91 (14): 3831-3839. “Structure of theMesembranols and the Absolute Configuration ofMesembrine and Related Alkaloids.” (P.W. Jeffs, RichardL. Hawks & D.S. Farrier)

Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1970) Journal of Organic Chemistry 35(10): 3512-3518. “Alkaloids of Sceletium Species. III.The Structures of Four New Alkaloids from S. strictum.”(P.W. Jeffs, G. Ahmann, H.F. Campbell, D.S. Farrier, G.Ganguli & Richard L. Hawks)

Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1971)a Journal of the American ChemiscalSociety 93 (15): 3752-3758. “Biosynthesis ofMesembrine and Related Alkaloids. The Amino Acid

Precursors.” (Peter W. Jeffs, W.C. Archie, Richard L.Hawks & D.S. Farrier)

Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1971)b Journal of the Chemical SocietyD. Chemical Communications 228-230. “Biosynthesisof Mesembrine and Related Alkaloids, Mode ofIncorporation of Phenylalanine, and Examination ofNorbelladines as Precursors.” (Peter W. Jeffs, H.F.Campbell, D.S. Farrier & G. Molina)

Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1971)c Journal of the Chemical SocietyD. Chemical Communications 1466-1467. “The Structureof Sceletium Alkaloid A4, a Pyridine Alkaloid fromSceletium namaquense: Direct Method X-RayDetermination.” (Peter W. Jeffs, P.A. Luhan, Andrew T.McPhail & N.H. Martin)

Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1974)a Journal of Organic Chemistry 39(18): 2703-2710. “Sceletium Alkaloids. VI. MinorAlkaloids of S. namaquense and S. strictum.” (Peter W.Jeffs, T. Capps, D.B. Johnson, J.M. Karle, N.H. Martin& B. Rauckman)

Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1974)b Phytochemistry 13: 933-945.“Incorporation of Phenylalanine and Examination ofNorbelladines as Precursors of the MesembrineAlkaloids.” (Peter W. Jeffs, Henry F. Campbell, David S.Farrier, Gouranga Ganguli, Ned H. Martin & GeradoMolina)

Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1978) Phytochemistry 17: 719-728.“Cinnamic Acid Intermediates as Precursors toMesembrine and Some Observations on the Late Stagesin the Biosynthesis of the Mesembrine Alkaloids.” (PeterW. Jeffs, Jean M. Karle & Ned H. Martin)

Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1982) Journal of Organic Chemistry 47:3611-3617. “Sceletium Alkaloids. Structures of Five NewBases from Sceletium namaquense.” (Peter W. Jeffs,Thomas M. Capps & Richard Redfearn)

Katz, Richard (1982) Boiling Energy: Community Healingamong the Kalahari !Kung. Harvard University Press

Laing, R.O. (1979) Central African Journal of Medicine 25:265-266. “Three cases of poisoning by Boophanedisticha.” [From DESMET 1996]

Lehmann, Arthur C. & Louis J. Mihalyi (1982) Ethnology21 (4): 335-347. “Aggression, Bravery, Endurance, andDrugs: A Radical Re-evaluation and Analysis of the MasaiWarrior Complex.”

Lewin, Louis (1931) Phantastica. Dutton, New York. [Firstpublished (in German) in 1924. Reprinted (in English) in1964 by E.P. Dutton, New York.]

McAnalley, B.W. et al. (1988) Paper presented at the IVInternational Conference on AIDS (Stockholm, Sweden,June, 1988). “Demonstration of in-vitro antiviral actionof Acemannan against multiple viruses including the HIVvirus.”

Merck (1976) The Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs.9th Edition. Martha Windholz (Ed.), Merck & Co.;Rahway, NJ. ISBN 911910-26-3.

Nieuwenhuis, J.J. et al. (1981) Journal of the ChemicalSociety. Perkins Transactions 284-286. “(4R)-(-)-O-Methyljoubertiamine and O-Methyldihydrojoubertiamine, Two Minor Alkaloids fromSceletium subvelutinum L. Bolus.” (Jacobus J.Nieuwenhuis, Franz Strelow, Heinrich F. Strauss &Adriaan Wiechers)

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

26

Nyazema, N.Z. (1984) Central African Journal of Medicine30: 80-83. “Poisoning due to traditional remedies.” [FromDESMET 1996]

Ott, Jonathan (1993) Pharmacotheon. Entheogenic Drugs,their Plant Sources and History. Natural Products Co.,Kennewick, Wa. 639 pp. ISBN 0-9614234-2-0(Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-3-9 (paperback) See also OTT

1996. [Pages 81-115; Chapter One: “Mescaline, Péyotl,San Pedro, Artificial Phenethylamines” Same pages inOTT 1996]

Ott, Jonathan (1994) Ayahuasca Analogues. PangaeanEntheogens. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 127pp. ISBN 0-9614234-4-7 (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-5-5(paperback)

Ott, Jonathan (1995) The Age of Entheogens & The Angels’Dictionary. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 159pp. ISBN 0-9614234-6-3 (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-7-1(paperback)

Ott, Jonathan (1996) Pharmacotheon. Entheogenic Drugs,their Plant Sources and History. Second Edition Densified.Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 639 pp. ISBN 0-9614234-8-X (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-9-8 (paperback)[Same page #s as in 1993.]

Paris, R. & H. Moyse-Mignon (1949) Comptes Rendus del’Academie des Sciences 229: 86-88. “Étude chimique etpharmacodynamique préliminaire d’une Loganiacée duGabon: Mostuea stimulans A.Chev.” [From DESMET 1996]

Perry, S.Y. et al. (1991) Molecular Biotherapy 3: 79-87.“Decreased mortality of normal murine sarcoma in micetreated with the immunomodulator, Acemannan.”

Piattelli, M. et al. (1964)a Rend. Accad. Sci. Fis. Mat. (Soc.Naz. Sci., Napoli) 31: 39-41. “Isolation and Structure ofIndicaxanthine, a β-Xanthine from Opuntia ficus-indica.”(Mario Piattelli, Luigi Minale & Giuseppe Prota) [From1966 CA 64: 5037a]

Piattelli, M. et al. (1964)b Tetrahedron 20: 2325-2329.“Isolation, Structure and Absolute Configuration ofIndicaxanthin.” (Mario Piattelli, Luigi Minale & GiuseppeProta)

Piattelli, M. et al. (1965) Phytochemistry 4: 121-125.“Pigments of Centrospermae – II. Betaxanthins from Betavulgaris L..” (Mario Piattelli, Luigi Minale & GiuseppeProta) [Mentions isolation from Opuntia ficus-indica]

Popelak, A. & G. Lettenbauer (1967) “The mesembrinealkaloids.” pp. 467-482 in Manske & Holmes (eds.) TheAlkaloids. Vol. 9.

Popelak, A. et al. (1960)a Naturwissenschaften 47: 156.“Zur Konstitution des Mesembrins.” [A. Popelak, E.Haack, G. Lettenbauer & H. Spingler] [From DESMET

1996]Popelak, A. et al. (1960)b Naturwissenschaften 47: 231-

232. “Die Strukture des Mesembrins und Mesembrenins.”[A. Popelak, G. Lettenbauer, E. Haack & H. Spingler][From DESMET 1996]

Popelak et al. (1960)c Naturwissenschaften 47: 241Psotta, K. et al. (1979) Journal of the Chemical Society.

Perkins Transactions I. 1063-1065. “Joubertinamine: ANovel seco-Mesembrane Alkaloid.” [Klaus Psotta, FranzStrelow & Adrian Wiechers]

Pulse, T.L. & Elizabeth Uhlig (1990) Journal ofAdvancement in Medicine 3: 4. “A significantimprovement in a clinical pilot study utilizing nutritionalsupplements, essential fatty acids and stabilized Aloevera juice in 29 HIV seropositive, ARC and AIDSpatients.”

Raffauf, Robert F. (1970) The Handbook of Alkaloids andAlkaloid Bearing Plants. Wiley Inter-Science.

Rimington et al. (1938) J. Vet. Sci. Animal Ind. 9: 187. [CA(1938) 32: 42799 ]. [From Merck 9th]

Rimington, C. & G.C.S. Roets (1937) OnderstepoortJournal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry 9: 187-191. “Notes upon the isolation of the alkaloidalconstituent of the drug ‘channa’ or ‘kougoed’(Mesembryanthemum anatomicum andMesembryanthemum tortuosum).” [From SMITH 1996]

Rivier, Laurent & Paul-Émile Pilet (1971) L’AnneéeBiologique 10 (3-4): 129-149. “Composés HallucinogènesIndoliques Naturels.”

Robb, George L. (1957) Botanical Museum Leaflets.Harvard University. 17 (10): 265-316 “The OrdealPoisons of Madagascar and Africa.”

Rosler, H. et al. (1978) Lloydia 41 (4): 383-384. “TheIsolation of 6-Methoxyharmane From Grewia mollis.”[Heinz Rosler, Helene Framm & Ralph N. Blomster]

Schultes, Richard Evans (1969) Science 163: 245-254.“Hallucinogens of Plant Origin.”

Schultes, Richard Evans & Albert Hofmann (1980) Botanyand Chemistry of the Hallucinogens. Second Edition.Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. ISBN # 0-398-03863-5.[ Paperback ISBN 0-398-06416-4] 462pages.[See also as Schultes & Hofmann (1983) Botanicae chimica degli allucinogeni. Roma (Cesco Ciapanna)]

Schultes, Richard Evans & Albert Hofmann (1992) Plantsof the Gods. Origins of Hallucinogenic Use. Healing ArtsPress. [Also (1979) Plants of the Gods. Origins ofHallucinogenic Use. Alfred Van Der Marck Editions 1979.Originally published by McGraw-Hill: New York 1979[See also as (1993) Les Plantes des Dieux. Les Éditionsdu Lézard. 232 pp. ISBN 2-910718-02-6 & ISBN 2-9507264-2-9 or as (1993) Plantas de los Dioses. Fondode Cultura Económica. 192 pp. ISBN 968-16-1023-7; oras (1995) Pflanzen der Götter. AT Verlag. 191 pp. ISBN3-85502-543-6.]

Shamma, M. & H.R. Rodriguez (1965) Tetrahedron Letters4347 (FROM JEFFS et al. 1969)

Sheets, Mark et al. (1991) Molecular Biotherapy 3: 79-87.“Studies on the effects of Acemannan on retrovirusinfections: clinical stabilization of feline leukemia virus-infected cats.”

SINGER et al. 1980 in the literature meant SINGER & ELBE

1980Singer & Elbe (1980) J. Food Sci. 45: 489Smith, E. et al. (1961) Chemistry & Industry 402-403.

“Mesembrine Enol Ether and the Absolute Configurationof Mesembrine.” [E. Smith, N. Hosansky, M. Shamma &J.B. Moss]

Smith, M.T. et al. (1996) Journal of Ethnopharmacology50: 119-130. “Psychoactive constituents of the genusSceletium N.E.Br and other Mesembryanthemaceae: a

Chapter 5; other succulents

27

review.” [Michael T. Smith, Neil R. Crouch, Nigel Gericke& Manton Hirst]

Smith, M.T. et al. (1998) Pharmaceutical Biology 36 (3):173-179. The Distribution of Mesembrine Alkaloids inSelected Taxa of the Mesembryanthemaceae and theirModification in the Sceletium Derived ‘Kougoed’.”(Michael Smith, Courtney Field, Neil Crouch, & MantonHirst)

Smith, Terence A. (1977)b Phytochemistry 16: 171-175.“Review: Tryptamines and Related Compounds inPlants.”

Snyckers, F.O. et al. (1971) Journal of the Chemical SocietyD. Chemical Communications 1467-1469. “TheStructures of Partially Racemic Sceletium Alkaloid A4and Tortuosamine, Pyridine Alkaloids from Sceletiumtortuosum.” (F.O. Snyckers, F. Strelow & A. Wiechers)

Soeda, M. (1969) Journal of the Medical Society of TohoUniversity 16: 365-369. “Studies on the anti-tumoractivity of Cape Aloe.”

Southon, Ian W. & John Buckingham (1989) Dictionary ofAlkaloids. Chapman and Hall, London and New York.Two volumes. ISBN # 0-412-24910-3. (G.A. Cordell,J.E. Saxton, M. Shamma and G.F. Smith, ed. board)

Steyn, D.G. (1929) 15th Annual Report Division ofVeterinary Services 15: 777-803. “Recent InvestigationsInto the Toxicity of Known and Unknown Plants of theUnion of South Africa.” (From WATT 1967)

Steyn, D.G. (1933) Onderstepoorte Journal of VeterinarySciences and Animal Industry 1: 173-182. “RecentInvestigations Into the Toxicity of Known and UnknownPlants of the Union of South Africa.” (From WATT 1967)

Van der Walt, S.J. and Steyn, D.G. (1940) OnderstepoorteJournal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Industry 15:261-277. “Recent Investigations Into the Toxicity ofKnown and Unknown Plants of the Union of SouthAfrica.” (From WATT 1967)

Von Reis Altschul, Siri (1973) Drugs and Foods from Little-Known Plants. Notes in Harvard University Herbaria.”Harvard University Press. (Second printing in 1975.)ISBN 0-674-21676-8.

Walker, A.R. (1953) Bull. Inst. Étud. Centrafr. (N.S.) 5:1940 / 6: 275-329. “Usages Pharmaceutiques des PlantesSpontanées du Gabon.” (From WATT 1967)

Waterhouse, G. (1932) Simon van der Stel’s Journal of hisExpedition to Namaquoland 1685-6. Longmans, Green& Co.: London.

Watt, John Mitchell (1967) Lloydia 30 (1): 1-22. “AfricanPlants Potentially Useful in Mental Health.”

Watt, John Mitchell & Maria Gerdina Breyer-Brandwijk(1962) The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southernand Eastern Africa. Second Edition. E. & S. Livingstone,Ltd. 1457 pp.

White, A. et al. (1941) The Succulent Euphorbiae (SouthernAfrica) Abbey Garden Press: Pasadena, CA. [A. White,R.A. Dyer & B.L. Sloan] [From HARGREAVES 1998]

Wild, H. (1953) A Southern Rhodesian Botanical Dictionaryof Native and English Plant Names. Salisbury, Rhodesia.(From WATT 1967)

Winkelman, Michael & Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1989)Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 21 (1): 51-59.

“Psychoactive Properties of !Kung Bushmen MedicinePlants.”

Wyler (1979) Helv. Chim. Acta. 62 (140) : 1330Yácovleff, Eugenio & Fortunato L. Herrera (1935) Revista

del Museo Nacional. Lima 4 (1): 31-102. “El MundoVegetal de Los Antigous Peruanos.”

Zwicky, E. (1914) “Über Channa, ein Genussmittel derHottentotten (Mesembrianthemum expansum L. undtortuosum L.)” Ph.D. Dissertation, Zurich. [Wurder einsDoktors der Naturwissenschaften. EidgenossichenTechnischen Hochschule in Zurich] [also variously citedas “Thesis Conf. Tech., High School, Zurich.” or “Ph.D.Dissertation, Zurich”]

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

28

Delosperma britteniae ? Coegakopshowing empty fruit

A Delosperma fruit showing its seeds

IndexSymbols2,3-dihydrojoubertiamine 213’-methoxy-4’-O-

methyljoubertiamine 243’-methoxy-4’-O-

methyljoubertiaminol 244-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-

[2-(acetylmethylam 244-[2-(acetylmethylamino)ethyl]-4-

(4-hydroxy-3-meth 244-[3-(acetylmethylamino)ethyl]-4-

(4-hydroxy-3,4-di 244-[3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[2-

(acetylmethylamino)et 244’-O-demethylmesembranol 214’-O-demethylmesembrenol

19, 20, 21, 22fermentation removes 4

4’-O-demethylmesembrenone21, 24

5-MeO-DMT 3, 13

AAcacia spp 24acemannan 17acylated betacyanins 20Agave atrovirens 17Aizoaceae 5Aizoceous chemistry 19Albizia anthelmintica 24Alchornea castaneifolia 16Alchornea floribunda 16Alchornea latifolia 17Aloe spp 17Aloe vera 17Anacampseros papyraceae 18Anacampseros rhodesica 18Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil

6Anadenanthera peregrina 6anesthetic 15aphrodisiac 24appetite suppression 24Appleseed's assay 13Aptenia cordifolia 18, 19

analysis 19Aridaria splendens 18Aridaria umbelliflora 18ascorbic acid 17assay procedure 13assays 7ayahuasca 16

Bbaga 24Banisteriopsis caapi 13beer 7, 18Beeskraag 17Bergeranthus scapiger

analysis 19betacyanins 20betaxanthin 20bi:bib 17birds 11black-flies 11Boophane distacha 23bread making 11, 18brew 17brewing 17, 18burns 17

Ccaffeyl-betanin 20caffeyl-feruloyl-betanin 20caffeyl-feruloyl-isobetanin 20caffeyl-isobetanin 20cancers 17Cannabis 5Carpobrotus acinaciformis

5, 17, 19Carpobrotus edulis 5, 17, 19cats 11cattle 18channa 3, 5, 19channaine 21, 22channanine 19chew 4Cissus quandangularis 24cocaine-like 4Conophytum lekkersingense 19Conophytum spp 23

analysis 19Corbichonia decumbens 18crushing between rocks 4cultivation 10

DDactylopsis digitata 18death 15dehydrojoubertiamine 21, 22delirium 15Delosperma

5-MeO-DMT 12, 13cultivation 10descriptions 7DMT 12, 13etymology 7

MMT 13seeds 28soil 10water content 13

Delosperma acuminatum 7Delosperma aff. litorale

tlc 12Delosperma bosseranum 34Delosperma brittenae 7Delosperma britteniae? Coegakop

1, 7, 11, 28tlc 12

Delosperma cooperi 8, 18analysis 20description 8for khadi brewing 7tlc 12

Delosperma crassumGrootfraatwater 33

Delosperma ecklonis 1, 18, 34description 8tlc 12

Delosperma esterhuyseniae 8tlc 12

Delosperma hallii 8tlc 12

Delosperma harazianum 8tlc 12

Delosperma herbeum 7Delosperma hirtum 8

tlc 12Delosperma lebombense

analysis 20Delosperma lehmannii 18Delosperma litorale 8Delosperma lydenburgense 9

tlc 12Delosperma macei 33Delosperma mahonii 11, 18Delosperma minimum

analysis 20Delosperma nubigenum 9

tlc 12Delosperma obtusum

analysis 20Delosperma pageanum 9

tlc 12Delosperma pergamentaceum 9

tlc 12Delosperma pottsii

analysis 20Delosperma pruinosum

analysis 20Delosperma rogersii

analysis 20Delosperma sp

Chapter 5; other succulents

29

Hanburg 24095 1, 33Delosperma sp. Hanburg 24095

1, 33Delosperma steytlerae 33Delosperma subincanum 18Delosperma tradescantioides 9, 34

HBG 34tlc 12

depression 5Desmanthus leptolobus 23Deulofeu 1973 3developing solvent 13dihydrojoubertiamine 22divining 15DMT 13do 24dohe 24dopaxanthin 19, 20douo 24Drosanthemum bicolor

analysis 20Drosanthemum floribundum

5, 18, 19analysis 20

Drosanthemum hispidum 18, 19analysis 20

Drosanthemum lique 18drunkenness 5dry rot 11Dyidé 24

EEberlandzia spinosa 18Ectotropsis 7Elaeophorbia drupifera 16Embelia kilimandschrika 24emetic 15, 17Euphorbia 17Euphorbia antiquorum 17Euphorbia canariensis 17Euphorbia convolvuloides 17Euphorbia davyi 17Euphorbia decussata 17Euphorbia esculenta 17Euphorbia hamata 17Euphorbia helioscopia 17Euphorbia maculata 17Euphorbia officinarum 17Euphorbia orabensis 17Euphorbia pennicillata 17Euphorbia pubescens 17Euphorbia resinifera 17Euphorbia sp 17Euphorbia tiruealli 17Euphorbium 17

eye infection 17eyes 18

Ffaman 24fatigue prevention 24feline leukemia 17fermentation 4, 7, 12, 17

impact on alkaloids 4Ferraria glutinosa 23folk medicine 6food 17fruit 17fungus 7, 11

GGABA 17Galenia africana 18gastroenteritis 17gbo 24gelsemine 24Gelsemium sempervirens 24Girgensohnia 24Glottiphyllum lingueforme 19Glottiphyllum linguiforme 18Glottiphyllum longum 20gonorrhea 15grasshoppers 11grazing 17Grewia sp 23gwa 24

Hhallucinations 15, 24hallucinogenic 17Hanburg 24095 1, 33Hartogia capensis 24harvest time 4headache 5heat

impact on alkaloids 4hepatic lesions 17honey-beer 17hordenine 20, 22Hottentot Figs 17Hura crepitans 16Hymenocylus smithii 18

IIboga 16Illustration

Aptenia cordifolia 19Boophane disticha 23Conophytum lekkersingense 19

Delospermaseeds 28

Delosperma bosseranum 34Delosperma britteniae?

Coegakop 1, 7, 28Delosperma britteniae?

Coogekop 11Delosperma cooperi 8Delosperma crassum

Grootfraatwater 33Delosperma ecklonis 1, 34Delosperma macei 33Delosperma sp Hanburg 24095

33Delosperma steytlerae 33Delosperma tradescantioides 9

HBG 34Glottiphyllum longum 20Lampracanthus aureus 20Monadenium heteropodum 16Monadenium lugardae 1, 15Monadenium ritchei 16Monadenium schubei 16Nananthus albinotus 3, 14Rabeia albinota 3, 14Sceletium joubertii 21Sceletium sp. nova 24Sceletium subvelutinum 22Sceletium tortuosum 5, 22

flowering 4tablets 14

indaba 15infections 17insecticidal 15insufflated 5irritant 17

Jjoubertiamine 20, 22joubertinamine 21, 24jurema 23

Kkadi 7kaffir beer 18kanna 3karee 17kareemoer 17kgadi 7khadi 7, 17, 23Khadia acutipetala 18kia 24kirrimoer sikkirie 17klatou 24kougoed 4, 18

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

30

LLampranthus aureus 20Lampranthus blandus

analysis 20Lampranthus coccineus

analysis 20Lampranthus deltoides

analysis 20Lampranthus glomeratum 19Lampranthus roseus

analysis 20Lampranthus scaber 18Lampranthus spectabilis

analysis 20Lichtensteinia interrupta 24lignins 23listlessness 5Lithops hookeri 17, 18livestock toxicity 17lollypops 5loss of appetite 5LSD 5

MMaesea lanceolata 24Mahumula 15Malabar spinach 17Masai 24mealy bugs 11Mercurialis annua 17mesembrane 5, 24mesembranol 22mesembrenine 19, 21, 24mesembrenol 21mesembrenone 19, 20, 21, 22, 24

heat increases 4mesembrine

5, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24heat decreases 4maybe not the active 5not formed in Europe 5

mesembrinine 21, 24mesembrinol 22mesembrinone 22Mesembryanthemaceae 5mesembryanthemins 20Mesembryanthemum 3, 4Mesembryanthemum aitonis 18Mesembryanthemum conspicuum

20Mesembryanthemum crystallinum

5, 17, 18, 24Mesembryanthemum edule 20Mesembryanthemum expansum 20

Mesembryanthemum floribundum20

Mesembryanthemum mahoni 18Mestoklema tuberosum 18methylamine 17methylenedioxy substituted lignins

6Mhlebe 15Mildbraedia fallax 17Mimosa 23Mimosa hostilis 6Mitragyna africana 24MMT 13moerhoutjie 18mold 11Monadenium

cultivation 16Monadenium guentheri 15Monadenium heteropodium 15Monadenium heteropodum 16Monadenium invenustum 15Monadenium lugardae 1, 15

entry 15Monadenium ritchei 16Monadenium schubei 15, 16Mostuea gabonica 24Mostuea stimulans 24motsoko 24mydriasis 5Myrica spp 24

NN-acetyl-N-methyl-N,7a-

secomesembrine 24N-acetyltortuosamine 21N-demethyl-formylmesembrenone

21N-demethylmesembranol 22N-demethylmesembrenol 21N-formyltortuosamine 24N-methyl-4'-O-demethyl-N,7a-

secomesembradienone 24N-methylpiperidine 24N-Methyltryptamine 13N-methyltryptamine 3Nananthus aff. broomii 14Nananthus albinotus 3, 5, 6, 14Nananthus aloides 14, 17Nananthus transvaalensis 14narcotic 4, 17, 18, 23, 24narcotic-anxiolytic agent 5nematodes 11New Zealand spinach 17N,N-dimethyltryptamine 3N,N-dimethyltyramine 22

ntsakoro 24num 24

OO-acetylmesembrenol 21O-methyldehydrojoubertiamine 22O-methyldihydrojoubertiamine 22O-methyljoubertiamine 22oracles 15orally ingested pellets 6Oscularia caulescens 18Oscularia deltoides

analysis 20oxalic acid 7, 11, 17, 18Oxen’s Strength 17

PPancratium trianthum 24Pappea capensis 24Pedilanthus tithymaloides 16Peganum harmala 13pests 11Petrosimonia monandra 24Phyllanthus lathyroides 17pigments 20piperidine 18, 24Pleiospilos 18poisonous 15Porapak Q 12Prenia relaxata 18prophetic purposes 15Psychotria viridis 13pulque 17purgative 15, 17

RRabeia albinota 3, 6, 14Rabeia albipuncta 14Rabeia albipunctata 14Rabiea 14rapid death 15reference standards 13References 25ringworm 17ritual diviners 15Rivier & Pilet 1971 3Ruschia congesta 18Ruschia lineolata

analysis 20Ruschia multiflorum 18Ruschia rubricaulis 18Ruschia saxicola 18Ruschia tumidula 19

Chapter 5; other succulents

31

SS’ Keng-Keng 3, 6salts 24sangomas 15saponin 24sceletenone 22, 24Sceletium

alkaloid distribution 4harvest time 4

Sceletium Alkaloid A4 22, 24Sceletium anatomicum 18, 19Sceletium expansum 6, 19

analysis 20Sceletium joubertii 21

analysis 20Sceletium namaquense 5, 19Sceletium sp. nova 1, 24Sceletium species 4Sceletium strictum

analysis 21Sceletium subvelutinum 22

analysis 22Sceletium tortuosum

4, 5, 6, 18, 19, 22analysis 22flowering 4insufflated 5tablets 14

Schoenlandia 7Schumanniophyton klaineanum 24Sclerocarya caffra 5Sclerocarya schweinfurthiana 5sea spinach 17Sebastiania pavonia 17sedative 4, 18seed capsules opening 11sempervirine 24sheep death 18shka-nin-du 17skin disease 17sleep prevention 24slugs 11Smith, Kline & French Laboratories

3smoking 6snail 11snuffing 6soap making 24soil 10SSRI 5, 14stimulant 4, 5, 24strychnine 24Succulents

other 15

TTabernanthe iboga 24tablets 14tene 24Tetragonia expansa 17Tetragonia schenkii 17Tetragonia tetragonioides 17thirst 17throwing the bones 15TLC 12

procedure 13tobacco additive 6toothache 18torpor 4tortuosamine 22, 24Trianthema

portulacastrum 17Trichodiadema

barbatum 19Trichodiadema

bulbosum 19Trichodiadema

intonsum 19Trichodiadema

stellatum5, 18, 19

tschoo-takhadu 17Tshulu 15tumors 17

Uulcers 17unidentified alkaloid

19, 20, 21, 22

Vveterinary 17violent death 15Virola sebifera 6visions 15Voacanga bracteata 24vulgaxanthin I 19

Wwater content 13woodcuts 6

Xxanthydrol reagent 13

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

32

Sceletium tortuosumWith food

Photo by Kamm

Sceletium tortuosumWithout food

Photo by Kamm

Yyeast 7, 11, 18yerba de la golodrina 17

ZZwicky 18

Delosperma sp. Hanburg 24095

Some Delosperma species still in need of analysis

Delosperma crassum Grootfraatwater

Delosperma steytlerae

Delosperma macei

Chapter 5; other succulents

33

Delosperma bosseranumupper left

Delosperma ecklonis

Delosperma tradescantioides

lower right photo Huntington BotanicalGardens

lower left photo by Mary

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

34

Delosperma bosseranum has been reported to beactive in human bioassays; similar to Sceltium by t s tantra (web post)

References for Sacred Cacti Third Edition:Used or cited by our references. Incomplete citations or

[From…] indicate a second-hand reference.Aardvark, David (Ed.) (1998) Entheogen Review (The

Journal of Unauthorized Research on Visionary Plantsand Drugs.) 7 (3): 70-71 & 7 (4): 99-100.

Aardvark, David (Ed.) (1999) Entheogen Review (TheJournal of Unauthorized Research on Visionary Plantsand Drugs.) 8 (1): 22-24 [Ott & Aardvark’s MAOI-less jurema bioassays]

Abdel-Rahman, M.O et al. (1968) J. Chem. UAR 11:401-?. “An improved method for the synthesis ofmescaline.”

Aberle, David F. (1966) Peyote Religion among theNavaho. University of Chicago Press. 454 pages. ISBN0-226-00082-6 (hardcover.)/ 0-226-00083-4(paperback)

Aberle, David F. (1982) Peyote Religion among theNavaho. Second Edition. University of OklahomaPress. 503 pages. ISBN 0-8061-2382-6.

Abou-Donia, A. et al. (1978) Journal of the ChemicalSociety D. Chemical Communications 1078-1079. “X-Ray Crystal and Molecular Structure of Channaine, anUnusual Alkaloid, Probably an Artefact from Sceletiumstrictum.” (Amina Abou-Donia, Peter W. Jeffs,Andrew T. McPhail & Richard W. Miller)

Aboul-Einen, Hassan Y. (1973) American Journal ofPharmacology 145 (4): 125-128. “Mescaline: APharmacological Profile.”

Aboul-Enein, N. Nabil & Attait I. Eid (1979) ActaPharmaceutica Suecica 16: 267-270. “A novel route forthe synthesis of mescaline.”

Abramson, H.A. (ed.) (1956) Neuropharmacology. JosiahMacy, Jr. Foundation [According to OTT 1993 this is aphony research foundation front for the CIA]

Abramson, H.A. et al. (1960) Journal of Psychology 49:151-154. “Production of cross-tolerance to psychosis-producing doses of lysergic acid diethylamide andpsilocybin.” [H.A. Abramson, A. Rolo, B. Sklarofsky &J. Stache]

Abramson, H.A and Rollo, A. (1967) “Comparison ofLSD with methysergide and psilocybin on testsubjects.” pp. 53-73 in : Abramson (Ed.) “The Use ofLSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism.” BobbsMerrill, New York.

Abramson, Harold A. (1960) Journal of Psychology 49:57-65, “Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25): XXX.The Questionaire Technique with Notes on its Use.”

Acosta, P. José de (1590) Historia Natural y Moral de lasIndias. J. de León: Seville. 535 pages [from YACOVLEFF &HERRERA 1935 & GUERRA 1967]

Adavasio, J.M. & G.F. Fry (1976) Economic Botany 30:94-96 “Prehistoric psychotropic drug use innortheastern Mexico and Trans-Pecos Texas.”

Adler, A. & O. Poetzl (1936) Jahrbuch für Psychiatrieund Neurologie 53: 13-34. “Ueber eine eigenartigeReaktion auf Meskalin bei einer Kranken mitdoppelseitigen Herden in der Sehsphäre.” (coworkers inBoston Psychopathic Hospital Report)

Adrian, E.D. & Matthews, B.H.C. (1934) Brain 57:355-384. “The Berger Rhythm; potential changesfrom the occipital lobes in man.”

Aghajanian, George K. (1970) “LSD and mescaline:Comparison of effects on single units in the mid-brainraphe.” pp. 165-176 in D.H. Efron (ed.)Psychotomimetic Drugs. Raven Press.

Aghajanian, George K. (1980) Brain Research. 186:492-498, “Mescaline and LSD facilitate the activationof locus coeruleus neurons by peripheral stimuli.”

Aghajanian, George K. (1994) Psychiatric Annals 24 (3):137-141. “Serotonin and the Action of LSD in theBrain.”

Aghajanian & Marek 1999 Neuropsych 21 (2S): 16S-23SAghajanian, George K. et al. (1968) Science 161: 706-

708. “Lysergic acid diethylamide: sensitive neuronalunits in the midbrain raphe.” [G.K. Aghajanian, W.E.Foote and M.H. Sheard]

Aghajanian, George K. et al. (1970) Journal ofPharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 171 (2):178-187. “Action of Psychotogenic Drugs on SingleMidbrain Raphe Neurons.” [G.K. Aghajanian, W.E. Footeand M.H. Sheard] [Found that while LSD inhibits allraphe units, mescaline only inhibits raphe units locatedin the ventral portion of the dorsal raphe.]

Ågren, H. (1983) p. 297, in: Angst, J. (Ed.) The Originsof Depression: Current Concepts and Approaches.Springer, Berlin.

Aguas de Silva, M.T. et al. (1968) (in the literature) Seeas SILVA 1968

AGUERRE, A.M. et al. (1973) Relaciones. SociedadArgentina de Antropologia (Buenos Aires) (newseries) 8: 197-231. “Hallazgo de un sitio aceramico enla Quebrada de Inca Cueva (Provincia de Jujuy).”(A.M. Aguerre, A. Fernandez Distel & C.A. Aschero)

AGUERRE, A.M. et al. (1975) Relaciones. SociedadArgentina de Antropologia (Buenos Aires) (newseries) 9: 211-214. “Comentarios sobre nuevas fechasen la cronologia aqueologica preceramica de laProvincia de Jujuy.” (A.M. Aguerre, A. FernandezDistel & C.A. Aschero)

Agurell, Stig (1969)a Lloydia 32 (1): 40-45.“Identification of Alkaloid Intermediates by GasChromatography-Mass Spectrometry. I. PotentialMescaline Precursors in Trichocereus Species.”

Agurell, Stig (1969)b Lloydia 32 (2): 206-216“Cactaceae Alkaloids I.”

Agurell, Stig & Jan Lundström (1968) Journal of theChemical Society. D. Chemical Communications 1968:1638-1639 “Apparent intermediates in thebiosynthesis of mescaline and relatedtetrahydroisoquinolines.”

Agurell, S. et al. (1967) Tetrahedron Letters (26): 2433-2435. “Biosynthesis of Mescaline in Peyote.”

Agurell, S. et al. (1971)a Abh. Deut. Akad. Wiss. Berlin(in press) [From LUNDSTROM 1983]

Agurell, S. et al. (1971)b Lloydia 34 (2): 183- 187“Cactaceae Alkaloids. X. Alkaloids of Trichocereusspecies and some other cacti.”

Trout’s Notes SC3

Ainslie, J.R. (1937) A List of Plants Used in NativeMedicine in Nigeria. Imperial Forestry Institute,Oxford. Institute Paper No. 7. 109 pages. (FromWATT 1967)

Aizawa, Y., & K. Yamada (1969) Jap. J. Pharm. 19:474.

Albers, Patricia & Seymour Parker (1971)Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 27 (3): 203-233. “The Plains Vision Experience: a Study ofPower and Privelege.”

Albaugh, Bernard J. & Philip O. Anderson (1974)American Journal of Psychiatry 131: 1247-1250.“Peyote in the Treatment of Alcoholism AmongAmerican Indians.”

Aldunate, Carlos et al. (1981) Boletín del MuseoNacional de Historia Natural de Chile 38: 183-223.“Estudio etnobotanico en una communidadprecordillerana de Antofagasta: Toconce”

Aldunate, Carlos et al. (1983) Economic Botany 37(1): 120-135. “Ethnobotany of Pre-AltiplanicCommnity in the Andes of Northern Chile”

Aleksandrovskii, A.B. et al. (1936) ArkhivBiologischeskikh Nauk 42: 147-173. [“Localparabiotic changes in the brain produced bymescaline poisoning.”] [A.B. Aleksandrovskii, E.B.Babskii and V. Kryazhev]

Alles, Gordon A. & Erik V. Heegard (1943) Journal ofBiological Chemistry 147: 487-503. “SubstrateSpecificity of Amine Oxidase.”

Alles, Gordon A. (1957) “Some Relations betweenChemical Structure and Physiological Action ofMescaline and Related Compounds.” pp. 181-267 inAbramson, Harold Alexander, Ed.Neuropharmacology, New York: Macy Foundation1957.

Altamirano, Fernando (1900) Gaceta Médica de México.36: 59-64. “Anhalonium Lewinii: Cacteas.”

Altamirano, Fernando (1905) Anales. Instituto MedicoNacional México. 7: 389-423. “Memoria acerca de unaexcursion botánica al Estado de Querétaro.”

Ammassari et al. (1986) Pharmacological ResearchCommunications 18 (12): 1169-1178

Ammassari et al. (1988) Physiology and Behavior 42(3): 281-285.

Ammon, Gunter & Gotte, Jurgen (1971) DynamischePsychiatrie 23-45. “Ergebnisse früher Meskalin-Forschung.”

Ammon, Gunter & Gotte, Jurgen (1974)a PsichiatriaDinamica 1: 17-32. “I risultati dei primi studi sullamescalina.”

Ammon, Gunter & Gotte, Jurgen (1974)b PsichiatriaDinamica 1: 33-48. “Peyote: due diverse esperienzedell’Io.”

Amos, D. (1964) The Australasian Journal ofPharmacy* 45 (529) Suppl. 13: S8-S10. “Thepreparation of mescaline from eucalypt lignin.”(*Listed in the On-Line catalog as The AustralianJournal of Pharmacy)

Anderson, Edward F. (1961) PhD Dissertation;Claremont College. “A taxonomic revision of

Ariocarpus, Lophophora, Pelecyphora, and Obregonia.”Anderson, Edward F. (1962) American Journal of

Botany 49 (6): 615-622. “A revision of Ariocarpus(Cactaceae). II. The status of the proposed genusNeogomesia”

Anderson, Edward F. (1966) Brittonia 21: 299-310 :“The biography, ecology and taxonomy ofLophophora (Cactaceae).”

Anderson, Edward F. (1967) American Journal ofBotany 54 (7): 897-903. “A Study of the Proposedgenus Obregonia (Cactaceae).”

Anderson, Edward F. (1980) Peyote. The Divine Cactus.The University of Arizona Press: Tucson. ISBN 0-8165-0680-9 / 0-8165-0613-2 (pbk.) 248 pages.Second edition in 1997. University of Arizona Press.ISBN 0-8165-1653-7 (hardcover)/ 0-8165-1654-5(paperback).

Anderson, Edward F. (1995) Cactus and SucculentJournal 67: 67-73. “The “Peyote Gardens” of SouthTexas: A Conservation Crisis.”

Anderson, Edward F. (1996) Jahrbuch fürTranskulturelle Medizin und Psychotherapie 6 (1995):369-379. “Peyote and its derivatives as Medicine.”

Anderson, Edward F. & Margaret S. Stone (1969)Cactus and Succulent Journal (US) 43 (2): 77-82. “APollen Analysis of Lophophora (Cactaceae).”

Anderson, Miles (1998) The Ultimate Book of Cacti &Succulents. Lorenz Books/ Anness Publishing,London. 256 pages. ISBN 1 859667 460 7. Loads ofcolor photos & cultivation tips but sparse details onthe plants theselves.

Andritzky, Walter (1989) Schamanismus und rituellesHeilen im Alten Peru. Band 2: Viracocha, Heiland derAnden.

Angeloni, A.S. et al. (1977) Gazz. Chim. Ital. 107: 421.Anggard, E. & Sedvall, G. (1969) Anal. Chem. 41: 1250-

1256.Anjaneyule, B. et al. (1965) Indian J. Chem. 3 (5):

2378. (B. Anjaneyule, V. Babu Rao, A.K. Ganguly,T.R. Govindachari, B.S. Joshi, V.W. Kamal, A.H.Manmade, P.A. Mohamed, A.D. Rohimmia, A.K.Saxsena, D.S. Verde & N. Viswanathan) [fromCHATTERJEE et al. 1976]

Anonymous (1959) Bulletin on Narcotics 11 (2): 16-20.“Peyotl.”

Anonymous (1999) The Economist (April 3): 27. “Afield full of buttons.”Anonymous (Any other than 1959 or 1999) Personal

communications with psychonauts or othercorrespondents requesting anonymity.

Anton. & Sayre (1968) Eur. J. Pharm. 4: 435-440.Appel, J.B. & D.X. Freedman (1968)

Psychopharmacologia 13: 267-274. “Tolerance andCross-Tolerance among Psychotomimetic Drugs.”

Appelt, G.D. et al. (1968) Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences 57 (3): 527-528. “Effect of Mescaline onNicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Synthesis in theCentral Nervous System.” [Glenn D. Appelt, NormanO. Walker and Robert G. Brown]

Apter, J.T. (1957)a American Journal ofOphthalmology 46: 238-246, “Changes in

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

spontaneous and evoked potentials in the eyes of catsinduced by drugs.”

Apter, J.T. (1957)b Annals of the New York Academy ofScience 66: 508-516, “The effect of the hallucinogenicdrugs LSD-25 and mescaline on theelectroretinogram.”

Arcoleo, A. (1966) Atti. Accad.Sci., Lettere Arti PalermoPt. 1. (1964-1965) 25: 323-332. “β-Sitosterol fromflowers of Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae).”(Antonino Arcoleo, Michele Ruccia & Maria ConcettaNatol) [From 1966 CA 65: 14092]

Ardi, J.A. & P. McKellar (1956) Journal of Mental Science102: 22-29. “Hypnogogic Imagery and Mescaline.”

Arendt, Paul (1891-1892) Monatsschrift fürKakteenkunde 1: 92-94. “Anhalonium Lewinii,Hennings”

Arizona Republic (1956) Feb. 20. “24 Nabbed SniffingCactus-Button Drug.”

Armstrong, M.D. et al. (1956) J. Biol. Chem. 218: 293.Arndt, R.R. & P.E.J. Kruger (1970) Tetrahedron Letters

37: 3257-3240. “Alkaloids from Sceletium Joubertii L.Bol. The Structure of Joubertiamine,Dihydrojoubertiamine, and Dehydrojoubertiamine.”

Artaud, Antonin (1966) Al Paese dei Tarahumara ealtri scritti. Adelphi: Milano.

Artaud, Antonin (1975) Die Tarahumaras. Rogner &Bernhard: Hamburg

Artaud, Antonin (1976) The Peyote Dance (tr. HelenWeaver) Farrar, Strauss & Giroux: New York

Asberg & Träskman (1981) Adv. Exp. med. Biol. 133:739

Aschero & Yacobaccio (1994)Askar, A. et al. (1972) Chem. Mikrobiol. Technol.

Lebens. 1: 187.Åström, A. and U. Samelius (1957) British Journal of

Pharmacology and Chemotherapy 12: 410-414. “TheAction of 5-Hydroxytryptamine and Some of itsAntagonists on the Umbilical Vessels of the HumanPlacenta.”

Aures, D. et al. (1968)a J. Chrom. 33:480-493.Aures, D. et al. (1968)b Zeit. Anal. Chem. 243: 483. [D.

Aures, R. Hakanson and L. Spolter]Author? (1977) Pacific Information Service on Street

Drugs 5 [We are unable to obtain a copy. From Sax1984]

Axelrod et al. (1958) J. Biol. Chem. 233: 697.Axelrod, Julius (1961) Science 134 (3475): 343.

“Enzymatic Formation of Psychotomimetics fromNormally Occurring Compounds.”

Axelrod, Julius (1962) Journal of Pharmacology andExperimental Therapeutics 138: 28-33. “TheEnzymatic N-Methylation of Serotonin and OtherAmines.”

Axelrod, Julius & Thomas Tomchick (1958) Journal ofBiological Chemistry 233 (3): 702-705. “Enzymatic O-Methylation of Epinephrine and other Catechols.”

Axelrod, Julius & Herbert Weissbach (1961) The Journalof Biological Chemistry 236 (1): 211-213. “Purificationand Properties of Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase.”

Azevedo, L. Warren (1995) Lo spirito del peyote.Racconti dei Washoe. in Roberto Fedelli (ed.)Psichedelica. Stampa Alternativa: Rome.

Bach, Dan (1981) Desert Plants 3 (1): 3-8. “The Double-Cut Technique For Grafting Cacti to Trichocereuspachanoi Rootstock.”

Bächtold, H. & A. Pletscher (1957) Experientia 13 (4):163-165. “Einfluss von Isonikotinsäurehydrazidenaufden Verlauf der Körpertemperatur nach Reserpin,Monoaminen und Chlorpromazin.”

Backeberg, Curt (1935) Blätter für Kakteenforschung.(Turbinicarpus pseudomacrochele)Backeberg (1966) Kakteenlexikon. First edition.Backeberg, Curt (1958-1962) Die Cactaceae. Handbuch

der Kakteenkunde.Backeberg (1958) Band I. (Vol. I.) “Einleitung und

Beschreibung der Peireskioideae und Opuntioideae.”Vol. I. is page 1-638, plates 1-35.

Backeberg (1959) Band II. (Vol. II.) “Cereoideae(Hylocereeae-Cereeae [Austrocereinae])” Vol. II. ispages 639-1360, plates 36-107.

Backeberg (1959) Band III. (Vol. III.) “Cereoideae(Austrocactinae)” Vol. III. is pages 1361-1926, plates108-160.

Backeberg (1960) Band IV. (Vol. IV.) Cereoideae(Boreocereeae)” Vol. IV. is pages 1927-2629, plates161-211.

Backeberg (1961) Band V. (Vol. V.) Cereoideae(Boreocactinae)” Vol. V.. is pages 2631-3543, plates212-255.

Backeberg (1962) Band VI. (Vol. VI.) “Nachträge undIndex.” pages 3545-4041.

Backeberg (1970) Kakteenlexikon. Second edition.Backeberg (1976) Kakteenlexikon. Third edition with

Appendix by W. Haage.Backeberg (1977) Cactus Lexicon. Enumeratio

diagnostica Cactacearum Fourth edition. (translatedfrom German by Lois Glass) Blandford Press; DorsetISBN 0 7137 0840 9

Badger, G.M. et al. (1963) Australian Journal ofChemistry 16: 734.

Bahnholzer, K. et al. (1952) Helvetica Chimica Acta 35:1577-1581: “Notiz über eine neue Synthese vonMezcalin, N-Methyl und N-Dimethylmezcalin.” [K.Bahnholzer, Tod W. Campbell and H. Schmid]

Bailey et al. (1975) Can. J. Pharm. Sci. 10: 31.Bailey, Liberty Hyde (1963) How Plants Get TheirNames. Dover: New York (First published byMacmillan Co 1933) 181 pages.Bailey, Liberty Hyde & Ethel Zoe Bailey (1976) Hortus

Third. A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in theUnited States and Canada. Revised and expanded bythe staff of the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, CornellUniversity. Macmillan Publishing Co, 1976. 1290pages.

Bain (1955) is unpublished laboratory results; cited inBAIN 1957.

Bain, James A. (1957) Annals of the New York Academyof Science 66 (3): 459-467. “A Review of the

SC3: References

Biochemical Effects In Vitro of CertainPsychotomimetic Agents.”

Balabanova, S. et al. (1992) Naturwissenschaften 79:358. “First Identification of Drugs in EgyptianMummies.” (S. Balabanova, F. Parsche & W. Pirsig)Balestrieri, Antonio (1957) p. 581, in: GARATTINI &

GHETTI

Balestrieri, A. (1960) Psychopharmacologia 1: 257-259,

Balestrieri, Antonio & Diego Fontanari (1959)aArchives of General Psychiatry 1: 279-282.“Acquired and Crossed Tolerance to Mescaline, LSD-25 and BOL-148.”

Balestrieri, Antonio & Diego Fontanari (1959)b“Acquired and Crossed Tolerance to Mescaline, LSD-25 and BOL-148. “ page 438, in: Bradley, P.B. et al.(eds.) Neuropsychopharmacology. Proceedings of theFirst International Congress of Neuro-psychopharmacology. (Rome, September 1958).

Bamford, F. 1951 Poisons, Their Isolation andIdentification. 3rd. Edition. Churchill: London.

Ban, T.A. et al. (1961) Journal of the CanadianPsychiatric Association 6: 150-157. “Observations onthe action of Sernyl- a new psychotropic drug.” [T.A.Ban, J.J. Lohrenz and H.E. Lehmann]

Banholzer, K. et al. (1952) Helvetica Chimica Acta 35:1577-1581. “Notiz über eine neue synthese vonmezcalin, N-Methyl- und N-Dimethyl mezcalin”

Barchas, J.D. & Daniel X. Freedman (1963)Biochemical Pharmacology 12: 1225-1235. “BrainAmines: response to physiological stress.”

Bard, l.L. (1941) Revista Médica Latino-America (B.A.)26: 471-487. “ “El peyote,” algunas observacionesclinicas sobre sus efectos.”

Barnes, C.D. & L.G. Eltherington (1965) DrugDosages in Laboratory Animals—A Handbook.Berkeley: University of California Press.

Barrett (1947) Anesth. and Analg. 26: 74 and 105Barron et al. (1964) Scientific American 210: 29-37.

“The Hallucinogenic Drugs.” [Barron, Jarvik &Bunnell]

Baruk, H. et al. (1956) Revue Neurologique 95: 62.Basmadjian, Garabed P. & A.G. Paul (1971) Lloydia 34

(1): 91-93. “The Isolation of an O-MethyltransferaseFrom Peyote and its Role in the Biosynthesis ofMescaline.”

Bastos, Milton Lesso (1956) Boletim. Instituto deQuimica Agricola (Rio de Janeiro) 45: 7-16 (EnglishSummary). “Applications of a modified chromic acidreagent in toxicological chemistry.” [also see CA(1958) 52: 156b ]

Batov, Sergei [1999 e-mail forwarded by M.S. Smith].Battersby, A.R. et al. (1967) Tetrahedron Letters 6:

563-565. “Biosynthesis of Cactus Alkaloids.” (A.R.Battersby, R. Binks and R. Huxtable.)

Battersby, A.R. et al. (1968) Tetrahedron Letters 58:6111-6115. “Biosynthesis of Pellotine.” (A.R.Battersby, R. Binks and R. Huxtable.)

Bauer (1907) Monatsschr. Kakteenk 17: 55 [Cereushempelianus.] [From BRITTON & ROSE]

Baxter, Claire & Michael Slaytor (1972) Phytochemistry11:2763-2766. “Partial Purification and SomeProperties of Tryptophan Decarboxylase fromPhalaris tuberosa.”

Bazanté, Gabrielle (1968) Revue de Mycologie 33 (1):94-95. “Toiles d’araignées et champignonshallucinogènes.”

Bazanté, Gabrielle (1969) Revue de Mycologie 34 (2-3):243-248. “Toiles d’araignées et champignonshallucinogènes. (Suite)”

Bazanté, Gabrielle (1971) Revue de Mycologie 36 (1):25-46. “Action de la Psilocybine, substancehallucinogène extraite de champignons du Mexique, surl’édification des toiles d’araignées.”

Beccari, E. (1936)a Archivio di farmacológiasperimentale e scienze affini 61, 96. “Farmacognosiadel Peyotl. Farmacognosia botanica. Parte I.”

Beccari, E. (1936)b Archivio di farmacológiasperimentale e scienze affini 161. “Parte II.Farmacognosia Microscopica Chimica.”

Beifuss, Will (1996) Psychedelic Sourcebook. Rosetta.Bell, C.E. & A.R. Somerville (1966) Biochemical Journal

98: 1C-3C. “A New Fluorescence Method forDetection and Possible Quantitative Assay of someCatecholamine and Tryptamine Derivatives on Paper.”

Bellman, Sander W. (1968) Journal of the Association ofOfficial Analytical Chemists 51 (1): 164-175. “MassSpectral Identification of Some Hallucinogenic Drugs.”

Bellman, S.W. et al. (1970) Journal of Forensic Sciences.15 (2): 261-286. “Spectrometric Forensic Chemistryof Hallucinogenic Drugs.” [Sander W. Bellman, JohnW. Turczan and Theodore C. Kram] [See also (1970)CA 73:75110b]

Below, L.E. et al. (1968) Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences. 57 (3): 515-516. “Macromerine fromCoryphantha runyonii” (L.E. Below, A.Y. Leung, J.L.McLaughlin and A.G. Paul)

Beltrami, L. (1941) Archivo Farmaceutico SperimentaleScienze Affini 71: 1. “La lignificazione dei peli diPeyotl studiata dal punto di vista farmacognistico,chimico e botanico.”

Bender, L. & D.V.S. Sankar (1968) Science 159 (letter)“Chromospome damage not found in leukocytes ofchildren treated with LSD-25.” Does not cause damage:Benington, Fred & Richard D. Morin (1951) Journal of

the American Chemical Society 73: 1353. “Animproved synthesis of mescaline.”

Benington, Fred et al. (1954) Journal of the AmericanChemical Society 76: 5555-5556. “Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy- and 4-Ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxy-β-phenethylamines.”

Benington, F. et al. (1959) Journal of OrganicChemistry 24 (7): 917-919. “Synthesis of 5,6,7-Trimethoxy-2,3-dihydroindole and 6,7-Dimethoxyindole.” [Fred Benington, R.D. Morin andL.C. Clark]

Benitez, Fernando (1961) La Tierra Magica del Peyote.Biblioteca Era: Altos, Mexico

Benitez, Fernando (1972) Peyoteros. Viaggio nella terramagica della droga. Il Saggiatore: Milano.

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Benitez, Fernando (1975) In the Magic Land of Peyote.238 pp. & 32 photographs. University Of TexasPress ISBN # 0-446-89306-4

Bennett, Wendell C. & Robert M. Zingg (1935) TheTarahumara, an Indian Tribe of Northern Mexico.”University of Chicago Press

Bennington (in the literature) See as BeningtonBenson, Elizabeth P. (1972) The Mochica. A culture of

Peru. Prager Publishers; New York. WashingtonBenson, Lyman (1982) Cacti of the United States and

Canada. Stanford University Press 1982. Peyote pp.680-683, ISBN 0-8047-0863-0. 1044 pages

BENVENTO, Fr. Toribo de (date?) “Ritos Antiquos” inKingsborough’s Antiquities of Mexico 9: 153 [FromLABARRE 1975]

Benzi, M. (1969) Hygiene Mentale 3: 61-97. “Visionsdes Huicholes sous l’effet du peyiotl.”

Benzi, Mario (1972) Les derniers Adorateurs duPeyotl. Gallimard: Paris

Benzi, Mario (1998) Wirárika. Gli sciamani dellaSierra Madre. Celleno (VT), La Piccola Editrice.

Bergman, Robert (1971) American Journal ofPsychiatry. 128: 695-699. “Navajo Peyote Use: ItsApparent Safety.”

Beringer, Kurt (1920) Zeitschrifte für die GesamteNeurologie und Psychiatrie Volume 24.“Experimentelle Psychosen durch Meskalin.” [Also1922 Vortrag auf der südwestdeutshen Psychiater-Versammlung in Erlangen]

Beringer, Kurt (1927) Der Mezcalinrausch, seineGeschichte und Erscheinungsweise. Springer, Berlin.(Reti (1950) notes that Beringer has a goodbibliography of early works on the subject.)[ANDERSON & LABARRE give as “Der Mezcalinrausch,seine Geschichte und Erscheinungsweise.”Monographien aus dem Gesamtegebiete derNeurologie und Psychiatrie (1927) 49: 35-89, 119-315.] [BERINGER 1927 was reprinted in 1969 bySpringer-Verlag, New York.]

Beringer, Kurt (1928) Archivo Argentino de Neurologia2: 145-154. “Intoxication due to alkaloids frommescaline: Resulting mental and physicalphenomena.”

Berlin, Louis et al. (1955) Journal of Nervous andMental Disease 122 (5): 487-491. “Studies in HumanCerebral Function: The Effects of Mescaline andLysergic Acid on Cerebral Processes Pertinent toCreative Activity.” [Louis Berlin, Thomas Guthrie,Arthur Weider, Helen Goodell and Harold G. Wolff]

Bernabai, A. (1966) Annales della Sanitá Pubblica 27(Nov-Dec.) : 1265-1296. “Plante magiche Americana(Psilocybe-Stropharia-Anhalonium).”

Bernheim, Frederick & Mary L.C. Bernheim (1938)Journal of Biological Chemistry 123: 317-326. “TheOxidation of Mescaline and Certain Other Amines.”

Bernstein, Dennis & Howard Levin (1994) The TexasObserver. (June 17): 14-15. “Ollie Takes a Powder: ATexas DEA Agent Once Tracked Oliver North’sContra Drug Deals.” [A darkly amusing article aboutthe problems a DEA agent ran into while trying tounravel a cocaine ring he uncovered]

Berrin, Kathleen (1978) Art of the Huichol Indians. TheFine Arts Museum: San Francisco.

Bertani et al. (1970) Clin. Chim. Acta 30: [L.M.Bertani, S.W. Dziedzic, D.D. Clarke and S.E. Gitlow]

Bertler, A., et al.(1958) Acta Physiol. Scand. 44: 273-292. [A. Bertler, A. Carlsson and E. Rosengren]

Betanzos, Juan de (1880) Suma y narración de losIncas que los indios llaman Capaccuna, que fueronseñores de la ciudad del Cuzco y de todo lo a ellosubjecto. Madrid [from YACOVLEFF & HERRRERA 1935]

Beyer, Karl & Albert R. Latven (1944) Journal ofPharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 81:203. “An evaluation of the influence of succinate andmalonate on barbiturate hypnosis.”

Bianchi, Antonio (1991) Annali dei Musei Civici-Rovereto 6: 147-152. “Psicofisiologia dei ritualiallucinatori dello sciamanesimo nord-peruviano.”Discusses the role of the ritual context in producing areligious experience.

Bianchi, Antonio & Mario Polia (1991) Integration:Zeitschrift fur Geistbewegende Pflanzen und Kultur 1:65-70. “Ethnological evidence and cultural patterns ofuse of Trichocereus pachanoi BRITTON & ROSE amongPeruvian curanderos.” Published in Italian (1990)Annali dei Musei Civici-Roverto 6: 139-146. “Datietnofarmacologici e modelli culturali dell’uso delTrichocereus pachanoi Britton & Rose tra Icuranderos peruviani.”

Bianchi, Antonio & Giorgio Samorini (1993) “Plants inAssociation with Ayahuasca.” pp. 21-42 in ChristianRätsch and John R. Baker (Eds.) Jahrbuch fürEthnomedicine and the Study of Consciousness. Issue2.

Bisset, N.G. (1985) Agricultural UniversityWageningen Papers 85 Number 3: 115-122. “Uses ofVoacanga species.” [From DESMET 1996]

Blair, Thomas S. (1921) Journal of the AmericanMedical Association 76: 1033-1034. “Habitindulgence in certain cactaceous plants’

Blanco Labra, Victor (1992) Wirikuta: La tierrasagrada de los huicholes. Daimon: Mexico.

Bland, D.E. et al. (1950) Australian Journal of ScientificResearch 3A: 642-?. Extraction of syringaldehydefrom E. diversicolor, E. obliqua or Eucalyptusregnans sawdust

Blaschko, H. (1944-1945) Journal of Physiology 103:Proc. 13-14 P. “Enzymatic oxidation of mescalin inthe rabbit’s liver.”

Blatt, A.H. (ed.) (1943) Organic Synthesis. CollectiveVolume 2. John Wiley and Sons, NY. 1943.

Block, Wolfram (1953) Z. Physiol. Chem. 294: 1-10.Should read (1954)

Block, Wolfram (1953)a Hoppe-Seyler’s Zeitschrift fürphysiologische Chemie 294: 1-12. “In-vitro-Versuchezum Einbau von 14C-Mescalin und 14C-β-phenyl-äthylamin in Proteine. I. Mitteilung. Derenzymatische Vorgang.”

Block, Wolfram (1953)b Hoppe-Seyler’s Zeitschrift fürphysiologische Chemie 294: 49-56. “In-vitro-Versuche zum Einbau von 14C-Mescalin und 14C-β-

SC3: References

phenyl-äthylamin in Proteine. II. Mitteilung. Einflüssder Aminooxydase.”

Block, Wolfram (1953)c Zeitschrift für Naturforschung8b: 8 : 440-444. Zur Physiologie des 14C-radioactivenMescalins in Tierversuch, IV. VergleichendeUntersuchungen mit 14C-Mescaline und 14C-β-Phenyl-äthylamine.”

Block, Wolfram (1954)a Hoppe-Seyler’s Zeitschrift fürphysiologische Chemie 296: 1-10. “In-vitro-Versuchezum Einbau von 14C-Mescalin und 14C-β-phenyl-äthylamin in Proteine. III. Mitteilung.”

Block, Wolfram (1954)b Hoppe-Seyler’s Zeitschrift fürphysiologische Chemie 296: 108-121. “In-vitro-Versuche zum Einbau von 14C-Mescalin und 14C-β-phenyl-äthylamin in Proteine. IV. Mitteilung. Einbauversuche in Zellkerne, Mitochondrien, Mikrosomenund Cytoplasma.”

Block, Wolfram (1958) “Pharmacological aspects ofmescaline.” pp. 108-119 in M. Rinkel & H.C.B.Denber (eds.) Chemical Aspects of PsychosisNewYork: McDowell.

Block, Wolfram & Katharina Block (1952)a AngewandteChemie 64 (6): 166-167. “Tierversuche mit 14C-radioaktivem Mescaline und sein Einbau in das Eiweißder Leber.” [Synthesis of radiolabeled mescaline.]

Block, Wolfram & Katharina Block (1952)b Berichte derDeutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 85: 1009-1012.“Synthese von 14C-radioaktivem Mescalin.”

Block, Wolfram & Katharina Block (1952)c CongrèsInternational de Biochimie, Résumés deCommunications, 2nd, Paris, July 21-27 1952. p. 429.“La distribution de la méscaline marquée (14C-radioactif) dans l’organisme animal et son associationavec les protéines du foie.” [CA (1954) 48: 8966d-e.][“The distribution of mescaline (labeled withradioactive carbon14

) in the animal organism and itsassociation with the proteins of the liver.”] [Should bewritten 14C]

Block, Wolfram et al. (1952)a Hoppe-Seyler’s Zeitschriftfür physiologische Chemie 290: 160-168. “Zurphysiologie des 14C-radioaktiven Mescalins imTierversuche. I. Mitteilung. Fermentsuche undAusscheidungsproduckte.” (Wolfram Block, KatarinaBlock and Bernh. Patzig)

Block, Wolfram et al. (1952)b Hoppe-Seyler’s Zeitschriftfür physiologische Chemie 290: 230-236 “Zurphysiologie des 14C-radioaktiven Mescalins imTierversuche. II. Mitteilung. Verteilung derRadioaktivität in den Organen in Abhangigkeit von derZeit.” (Wolfram Block, Katarina Block and Bernh.Patzig)

Block, Wolfram et al. (1952)c Hoppe-Seyler’s Zeitschriftfür physiologische Chemie 291: 119-128. “Zurphysiologie des 14C-radioaktiven Mescalins imTierversuche. III. Mitteilung. Mescaline in bau inLeberprotein.” (Wolfram Block, Katarina Block andBernh. Patzig)

Blofeld, John (1966) Psychedelic Review 7: 27-32. “AHigh Yogic Experience Achieved with Mescalin.”

Bloom et al. (1970) Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences 66 (3): 920-927. “ChromosomeAberrations among the Yanamama Indians.” [ArthurD. Bloom, James V. Neel, Kyoo W. Choi, Shozo Iidaand Napoleon Chagnon.]

Bloom et al. (1973) Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 12:175-186

Böchtold (in the literature) See as BächtoldBodendorf, K. & P. Kloss (1961) Archiv der Pharmazie

66: 654-661. “Über Abbau und Biogenese derAlkaloide Mesembrin und Mesembrenin.” [FromDESMET 1996]

Bodendorf, K. & W. Krieger (1957) Archiv derPharmazie 62: 441-448. “Über die Alkaloide vonMesembryanthemum tortuosum L.” [From DESMET

1996]Bödecker (1928) Zeitscrift für Sukkulentenkunde

3(11):229-230. [as Echinocactus schmiedickeanus]Boire, Richard Glen (ed.) The Entheogen Law Reporter.Boit, Hans G. (1961) Ergebnisse der Chemie bis 1960.

Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1961Boke, Norman H. & Edward F. Anderson (1970)

American Journal of Botany 57 (5): 569-578;“Structure, Development and Taxonomy in the GenusLophophora.”

Bolland, A. (1911) Monatshefte fuer Chemie 32: 117-131. “Mikrochemische Studien.”

Bollhart, Thomas Benno (1985) “Nearika: Visionen derHuichol” pp. 9-75 in Umgarnte Mythen.Völkerkundemuseum Freiburg.

Borg, John (1937) “Cacti. A Gardener’s Handbook forTheir Identification and Cultivation.” First Edition.MacMillan and Co.: London.

Borg, John (1976) “Cacti. A Gardener’s Handbook forTheir Identification and Cultivation.” Fourth Edition.Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-0132-3. [3rd ed.(enlarged) was in 1959.]

Borsy, J. et al. (1961) Acta Physiol. 19: 27.Borsy, J. et al. (1964) Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 2: 273Borud, O. & L.R. Gjessing (1970) Clin. Chim. Acta 27:

552.Bost, J. et al. (1965) Comptes Rendus des séances de la

Société de Biologie et de ses filiales. (Société deBiologie Lyon. Séances des 21 Décembre 1964 et 18Janvier 1965.] 159 (2): 403-406. “Influence de laréserpine sur l’action centrale de la mescaline:Potentialisation de l’excitation motrice chez la Souris.”[J. Bost, Y. Ruckebusch and M. Roche]

Bouerget, S. (1990) Boletín del Instituto Françés deEstudios Andinos. 19 (2): 45-58. “Caracoles sagradosen la iconografía Moche.”. (from Ott (1993)

Boyd, C.E. & J.P Dering (1996) Texas Archaic Antiquit.70: 256-275. (Ungnadia)

Boyer, L.B. et al. (1968) Shamanism and Peyote UseAmong the Apaches of the Mescalero IndianReservation. Paper presented at the Hallucinogens andShamanism symposium at the annual meeting of theAmerican Anthropological Association. [L. BryceBoyer, Ruth M. Boyer and Harry W. Basehart.]Published as pages 53-66, in Michael J. Harner (ed.)

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

(1973) Hallucinogens and Shamanism. ISBN 0-19-501649-1.

Bradley, C.A. et al. (1961) Journal of Neuropsychiatry2: 175.

Bradley, Richard (1989) Current Anthropology 30 (1):pp?? “Deaths and Entrances: A Contexual Analysisof Megalithic art.”

Braga, D.L. & J.L. McLaughlin (1969) Planta Medica17 (1): 87-94. “Cactus alcaloids.[sic] V. Isolation ofhordenine and N-methyltyramine from Ariocarpusretusus”

Brako, Lois & J. Zarrucchi (1993) Catalogue of theFlowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru

Brant, Charles S. (1950) Southwestern Journal ofAnthropology Vol. 6. “Peyotism among Kiowa,Apache and Neighboring Tribes.”

Bravo, H. (1967) Cactaceas y Succulentas Mexicanas12: 8-17. “Una revision del genero Lophophora.”

Bravo, Helia & Don K. Cox (1958) Cactaceas ySucculentas Mexicanas 3: 3-12. “EstudiosCactalógicos. Heliabravoa chende (Goss.) Backeberg”

Bravo H., Helia (1931) Anales del Instituto de Biologiade la Universidad Nacional de México. 2 (2): 117-126. “Cactaceas del Valle de Oaxaca.”

Bravo H., Helia (1931) Anales del Instituto de Biologia.“Nota acerca de la Histolgía del Peyote, Lophophorawilliamsii, Lemaire.” [From LABARRE]

Bravo H., Helia (1932) Anales del Instituto de Biologiade la Universidad Nacional de México. 3 (1): 15-18.“Contribucion al Conocimiento de las Cactaceas deMexico. Myrtillocactus grandiareolatus, sp. nov.”

Bravo-Hollis, Helia & Hernando Sánchez-Mejorada R.(1991) Las Cactáceas de México. Volume 2

Bravo-Hollis, Helia & Hernando Sánchez-Mejorada R.(1991) Las Cactáceas de México. Volume 3

Bravo-Hollis, Helia (1937) Las Cactáceas de México.Volume 1. (in collaboration with Hernando Sánchez-Mejorada R.) [First edition] [Lophophora 376-384]

Bravo, H. (1967) Cactaceas y Succulentas Mexicanas12: 8-17. “Una revision del genero Lophophora.”

Bravo-Hollis, Helia (1978) Las Cactáceas de México.Volume 1. (in collaboration with Hernando Sánchez-Mejorada R.) [Second edition]

Bravo, Helia & Don K. Cox (1958) Cactaceas ySucculentas Mexicanas 3: 3-12. “EstudiosCactalógicos. Heliabravoa chende (Goss.) Backeberg”

Brenneisen, Rudolf & Hans-Jörg Helmlin 1993“Lophophora” in Hagers Handbuch derpharmazeutischen Praxis (5. Aufl.), Bd. 5: 707-712.Springer: Berlin. [From RÄTSCH 1998]

Brickell, Christopher & Judith D. Zuk (Eds.) (1996)The American Horticultural Society A-ZEncyclopedia of Garden Plants DK Publishing, Inc.ISBN 0-7894-1943-2.

Bridger, W.H. & I.J. Mandel, I.J. (1967) Life Science 6:775-781. “The effect of dimethoxyphenylethylamineand mescaline on classical conditioning in rats asmeasured by the potentiated startle response”

Bridger, Wagner H. & W. Horsley Gantt (1956)American Journal of Psychiatry 113 (4): 352-360.

“The effect of mescaline on differentiated conditionalreflexes.”

Briggs, J.R. (1887) Medical Register 1: 276-277.“Muscale buttons – Physiological action – Personalexperiences.”

Brimblecombe, Roger W. & Roger M. Pinder (1975)Hallucinogenic Agents. Bristol: Wright Scientific.

Brito, Silverster J. (1989) The Way of a PeyoteRoadman. Peter Lang: New York.

Britton & Robinson (1932) “The Hydrogen Ion.”Chapman and Hall, London.

Britton, Nathaniel Lord and Joseph Nelson Rose(1919-1923) The Cactaceae. Descriptions andIllustrations of Plants of the Cactus Family. [TheCarnegie Institute of Washington, Publication No.248, Washington.] Reprinted many times. Ourinformation came from the 1937 reprint by Scott E.Haselton, Abbey San Encino Press, Pasadena,California. Also reprinted in 1977, with the fourvolumes bound as two volumes, by Dover, NewYork.

Britton & Rose (1919) Volume One.Britton & Rose (1920) Volume Two.Britton & Rose (1922) Volume Three.Britton & Rose (1923) Volume Four.Bromberg, W. & C.L. Tranter (1943) Journal of

Nervous and Mental Disease 97: 518-527. “Peyoteintoxication: some psychological aspects of peyoterite.”

Brooke, F.K. (1914) Report of the Thirty-SecondAnnual Lake Mohonk Conference on the Indian andOther Dependent Peoples 72-75. “Cooperation ofState and Federal Authorities.”

Brossi, A. et al. (1966) Helvetica Chimica Acta 49 (44):403-411. “Synthesen in der Isochinolinreihe. ZurDarstellung 6,7,8,-Hydroxy-dimethoxy-substituierter1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisochinoline aus 3-Benzyloxy-4,5-dimethoxy-phenäthylamin und Bericht über dieResultate der pharmakologischen prüfung vonAnhalamin, Anhalidin, rac. Anhalonidin und rac.Pellotin” (A. Brossi, F. Schenker, R. Schmidt, R.Banziger and W. Leimgruber)

Brown, Joel H. (1996-1997) MAPS 7(1): 28-34. “Drugeducation and democracy [in]action.”

Brown, John Kennedy & Marvin H. Malone (1978)Clinical Toxicology 12 (1): 1-31. “ “Legal Highs”-Constituents, Activity, Toxicology and Folklore.”

Brown, J.K. et al. (1972) Journal of Chromatography64: 129-133 “A Rapid Screening Procedure for someStreet Drugs by TLC.” [J.K. Brown, L. Shapazian &G.D. Griffin]

Brown, Robert E. (1968) (1975-4th edition) Guide toPreparation of the Eucharist. In a few of its manyguises. (Linga Sharira Incense Company)

Brown, S.D. et al. (1968) Phytochemistry 7 (11): 2031-2036. “Cactus Alkaloids.” (Stanley D. Brown, JohnL. Massingill, Jr. and Joe E. Hodgkins)

BRUH & also BRUHH in the literature both refer to JGBRUHN

SC3: References

Bruhn, Jan G. (1971)a Cactáceas y Suculentas Mexicana16 (3): 51-58, English summary 68-70. “Alcaloides enlas Cactáceas.”

Bruhn, Jan G. (1973)a Cactáceas y SuculentasMexicanas 18 (1): 8-11, English summary 11-13.“Búsqueda Etnobotánica de Cactáceas Alucinógenas”

Bruhn, Jan G. (1973)b Planta Medica 24 (4): 315-319.“Ethnobotanical Search for Hallucinogenic Cacti”

Bruhn, Jan G. (1975)a Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 3-38. [Abstracts of Uppsala Dissertations from theFaculty of Pharmacy 6; 38 pages] “Pharmacognisticstudies of peyote and related psychoactive cacti.”

Bruhn, Jan G. (1976) Cactus and Succulent SocietyJournal 48: 115-118: “Early Records of Lophophoradiffusa.”

Bruhn, Jan G. (1978) Cactaceas y SucculentasMexicanas 23 (2): 27-35. “Tres Hombres y UnaDroga: Investigaciones sobre el peyote en los Años90.”

Bruhn, Jan G. & Stig Agurell (1975) Phytochemistry 14:1442-1443. “O-Methylpellotine, a new peyotealkaloid from Lophophora diffusa.”

Bruhn, Jan G. & Bo Holmstedt (1974) Economic Botany28 (4): 353-390. “Early Peyote Research. AnInterdisciplinary Study.”

BRUHN & BRUHN 1971, given in the literature, refers toBRUHN 1971a

Bruhn, Jan G. & Catarina Bruhn (1973) EconomicBotany 27 (2): 241-251 “Alkaloids and Ethnobotanyof Mexican Peyote Cacti and Related Species.” (Niceanthropological review of other sacred cacti. Theirchemical analysis did not include any quaternary orneutral compounds.)

Bruhn, Jan G. & Jan Lundström (1976)a AmericanJournal of Pharmaceutical Education 40: 159-160. “AStudent Experiment in Pharmacognosy: Biosynthesisof Mescaline in the Cactus Trichocereus pachanoi.”

Bruhn, Jan G. et al. (1978) Science 199: 1437-1438.“Peyote alkaloids: Identification in a PrehistoricSpecimen of Lophophora from Coahuila, Mexico.”

Buchanan, Douglas N. (1929) British Journal ofMedical Psychology 9: 67-88, with discussion pp. 89-92. “Meskalinrausch.”

Buchanan, Douglas N. (1931) Medical Annual 1931: 12.Bullis, Ronald K. (1990) Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

22 (3): 325-332. Swallowing the Scroll: LegalImplications of the Recent Supreme Court PeyoteCases”

Burke, J.C. & A.R. McIntyre (1938) Journal ofPharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 64:465.

Burt-Davy, J. (1913) Agricultural Journal of the Unionof South Africa 6: 66. (From WATT 1967)

Buscaino, V. (1949) Gazzetta Sanitaria 20: 417. [FromTURNER & HEYMAN]

Byarlay, Patricia (ed.) The Peyote Awareness Journallater as “Peyote: A Medicine Journal.”

Bye, Robert A., Jr. (1979) Journal ofEthnopharmacology 1: 28-48. “Hallucinogenic Plantsof the Tarahumara”

Calderón, Eduardo & Douglas Sharon (1978) Terapia dela Curanderia. Edigraf-Trujillo. (Discusses modernuse in healing and philosophy. Discussion of otherherbs pp. 59-67.)

Calderón, Eduardo et al. (1982) Eduardo el Curandero:The words of a Peruvian Healer. North AtlanticBooks and Society for the Study of Native Arts andSciences, Richmond, CA.

Callaway, Jace C. (1995) Eleusis 1: 4-10. “Ayahuasca,Now and Then.”

Camilla, Giberto (1998) “Cactus Mescalinici.” pages83-91 in Altrove #5. Very general overview ofmescaline containg and other psychoactive cacti.

Camino, Alejandro (1992) Takiwasi 1 (1): 99-109. “ElPeyote: Derecho histórico de los pueblos indios.”

Camisaca, L. (1949) Oto-rino-laringologia italiana 18:90-107. “L’azione della mescalina sull’-apparatovestibolare.”

Campbell, C.J. et al. (1946) Federation Proceedings. 5:15. “Sodium succinates as an analeptic in man.”[Paper presenteed to the American PhysiologicalSociety, 55th annual meeting Atlantic City, NJ, Mar.11-15, 1946.] [C.J. Campbell, J.P. Males and R.H.Bennet]

Campbell, Thomas N. (1947) The Texas Journal ofScience 9: 7-25. “The Fields shelter: an archeologicalsite in Edwards County, Texas.”

Campbell, Thomas N. (1958) American Anthropologist60 (1): 156-160. “Origin of the Mescal Bean Cult.”

Camus (1906)a Arch. Int. Pharmacodynam. Thérap. 16:43. “Étude physiologique du sulfate d’hordénine”(from KAPADIA & FAYEZ 1970)

Camus (1906)b C.R. hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 142: 110-113. “L’hordénine, son degré de toxicité, symptômesde l’intoxication”

Camus (1906)c C. R. hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 142: 237-239. “Action du sulfate d’hordénine sur la circulation”

Camus (1906)d C. R. hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 142:350-352. “Action du sulfate d’hordénine sur lesferments solubles et sur les microbes.”

Cané, Ralph E. (1983) Boletín de Lima 5 (26): 13-28.“El Obelisco Tello de Chavin.”

Cané, Ralph E. (1985) Boletín de Lima 7 (37): 38-44.“Problemas Arqueológicos e Iconográficos-EnfoquesNuevos.”

Cané, Ralph E. (1988) Boletín de Lima 10 (56): 35-40.“Alucinógenos utilizados en la región andinaprehispánica.”

Canestrini, D. (1993) Airone 144: 66-77. “Un peyote, epoi perdeersi fra mille colori.”

Cannell, Richard J.P. (ed.) (1998) Natural ProductsIsolation (Mothods in Biotechnology 4) HumanaPress: Totowa, NJ 473 pages ISBN 0-89603-362-7

Capps, T.M. et al. (1977) Journal of the ChemicalSociety. Perkins Transactions II 8: 1098-1104.“Sceletium Alkaloids. Part 7. Structure and AbsoluteStereochemistry of (-)-Mesembrane and 3’-Methoxy-4’-O-methyljoubertiamine, Two Minor Bases from S.Namaquense L. Bolus: X-Ray Analysis of (-)-Mesembrane Hydrochloride Monohydrate.” (Thomas

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

M. Capps, Karl D. Hargrave, Peter W. Jeffs &Andrew T. McPhail)

Cardinale, G.J. (1987) Life Sciences 40: 301-306.“Morphine and Codeine are Endogenous Componentsof Human Cerebrospinal Fluid.” (George J. Cardinale,Josef Donnerer, A. Donald Finck, Joel D. Kantrowitz,Kazuhiro Oka & Sydney Spector)

Carlini, E.A. et al. (1965) Experientia 21 (2): 72-73.“Potentiation of Histamine and Inhibition of DiamineOxidase by Mescaline.” [E.A. Carlini, M. Santos andM.R.P. Sampaio]

Carlini, E.A. et al. (1967) Med. Pharmacol. Exp. 17:534-542. “Effects of chronic administration of β-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethylamine and β-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-ethylamine on the climbing ropeperformance of rats.” [E.A. Carlini, M.T.A. Silva,L.C. Cesare and R.M. Endo]

Carlsson, A. & M. Lindquist (1962) Acta Physiol.Scand. 54: 83.

Casillas Romo, Armando (1990) Nosologia mítica de unpueblo: Medicina tradicional huichola. EditorialUniversidad de Guadalajara: Guadalajara.

Castrillón, José A. (1950) Thesis, Buenos AiresUniversity. [from RETI 1954]

Castrillón, José A (1952) Journal of the AmericanChemical Society 74: 558-559. “Cactus Alkaloids. I.Condensation of Mescaline with Formaldehyde bythe Eschweiler-Clarke Reaction.” [An interestingreaction in a failed attempt to produce trichocereine.]

Cattell, James P. (1954) Journal of Nervous and MentalDisease 119 (3): 233-244. “Influence of Mescaline onPsychodynamic Material.”

Ceroni, Luigi (1932) Rivista Sperimentale Freniatria 56:42-104. “L’intossicazione mescalinica(Autoesperienze).”

Chang Po-tuan (translated by Thomas Cleary)(1987)Understanding Reality. A Taoist AlchemicalClassic by Chang Po-tuan. With a ConciseCommentary by Liu I-Ming [A translation of theChinese 12th century classic; Wu Chen P’ien]University of Hawaii Press: Honolulu. ISBN 0-8248-1139-7.

Charalampous et al. (1964) Journal of Pharmacologyand Experimental Therapeutics 145 (2): 242-246.“Metabolic Fate of β-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-ethylamine (Mescaline) in Humans: Isolation andIdentification of 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylacetic Acid.”[K.D. Charalampous, Antonio Orengo, K.E. Walkerand John Kinross-Wright]

Charalampous et al. (1966) Psychopharmacologia 9:48-63. “Metabolic Fate of Mescaline in Man.” (K.D.Charalampous, K.E. Walker and John Kinross-Wright)

Charalampous, K.D. & L.W. Tansey (1967) J.Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 155: 318.

Chaumerliac & Roche (1948) Bulletin de la sociétéd’ophtalmologie de Paris. 800-802. “Un vasodilateurinattendu, la mescaline.” [CA (1952) 46: 2191a ] [“Anunexpected vasodilator, mescaline.”]

Chevalier, A. (1946) Comptes Rendus de l”Academiedes Sciences 223: 767-769. “Le Sata mbwanda racine

stimulante et aphrodisiaque employée par les Noirsdu Gabon et son identification botanique.”

Chevalier, A. (1947) Revue de Botanique Appliquée 27:104-109. “Les Mostuea africains et leurs propriétésstimulantes.” [From DESMET 1996]

Chevon, G. (1931) Journal de la Sociétè desAfricanistes 1: 285-289. “Le Dyidé.”

Chin, K.C. et al. (1962) Sheng Li Hsueh Pao 25 (3):182-190. [CA (1963) 59: 13249g-h.] [“Pharmacologicactions of tetrahydroberberine on the central nervoussystem.”] [Kuo-Chang Chin, Hsin-Ying Chu, Hsi-Ts’an T’ang and Pin Hsu.]

Cholden, L. (ed.) (1956) Lysergic acid diethylamideand Mescaline in Experimental Psychiatry. NewYork& London: Grune & Stratton, 1956.

Chopra, I.C. et al. (1960) “With Particular Referenceto the Botanical Aspects” in: Medicinal Plants of theArid Zones. Arid Zone Research Publication No. 13.Paris: UNESCO 1960. (p. 42) [I.C. Chopra, B.K.Abrol & K.L. Handa] [From ANDERSON 1980]

Choulis, N.H. (1967) Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences. 56 (2): 196-199. “Separation andQuantitative Determination of Adrenaline usingThin-Layer Chromatography”

Christenson, James G. et al. (1972) Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica 69 (2): 343-347. “On the Identity ofDOPA Decarboxylase and 5-HydroxytryptophanDecarboxylase.” [With Wallace Dairman and SidneyUdenfriend]

Christiansen, A. et al. (1962) Journal of Pharmacologyand Experimental Therapeutics 136: 31-37.“Changes in spider webs brought about bymescaline, psilocybin and an increase in bodyweight.” [Arnold Christiansen, Ricarda Baum andPeter N. Witt]

Chweitzer, A. & E. Geblewicz (1938) Comptes Rendusdes séances de la Société de Biologie et de ses filiales128: 867-868. “L’action de la mescaline sur lacoloration du Cyprin bronzé.”

Chweitzer, A. et al. (1936) L’Année psychologique(Paris) 37: 94-119. “Étude del’Électroencéphalogramme Humain dans un casD’Intoxication Mescalinique.” [A. Chweitzer, E.Geblewicz and W. Liberson]

Chweitzer, A. et al. (1937) Comptes Rendus desséances de la Société de Biologie et de ses filiales124:1296-1299. “Action de la mescaline sur lesondes α (rythme de Berger) chez l’homme.” [A.Chweitzer, E. Geblewicz and W. Liberson]

Clark, L.C. et al. (1954) Federation Proceedings.Federation of American Societies for ExperimentalBiology. 13 (1): 27, entry # 87. “Effect of mescaline,lysergic acid diethylamide, and related compoundson respiratory enzyme activity of brainhomogenates.” [Abstract of a paper presented to theAmerican Physiological Society: 72nd meeting;Atlantic City, New Jersey, April 12-16, 1954.] (L.C.Clark, Jr., R.P. Fox, F. Benington and R. Morin.]

SC3: References

Clark, L.C. et al. (1964) Alabama Journal of MedicalSciences. 1: 417

Clark, L.C. et al. (1965) Journal of Medicinal andPharmaceutical Chemistry 8 (3): 353-355. “TheEffects of Ring-Methoxyl Groups on BiologicalDeamination of Phenethylamines.” [Leland C. ClarkJr., Frederick Benington and Richard D. Morin]

Clarke, E.C.G. & M. Williams (1955) Journal ofPharmacy and Pharmacology 7: 255-262.“Microchemical Tests for the Identification ofAlkaloids.”

Clarke, E.G.C. (1957) Journal of Pharmacy andPharmacology 9 (3): 187-192. “Microchemicalidentification of some less common alkaloids.”

Clarke, E.G.C. (Ed.) (1969) Isolation and Identificationof Drugs in Pharmaceuticals, Body Fluids and Post-Mortem Materials. London: The PharmaceuticalPress.

Clarke’s Isolation and Identification of Drugs inPharmaceuticals, Body Fluids and Post-MortemMaterials. Second Edition. London: ThePharmaceutical Press (1986) [Posthumous revision ofClarke’s classic.]

Claude, Henri & Henri Ey (1934) Comptes Rendus desséances de la Société de Biologie et de ses filiales 115:838-841. “La Mescaline, substance hallucinogène.”

Clement, B.A. et al. (1997) Phytochemistry 46 (2): 249-254. “Toxic Amines and Alkaloids From Acaciaberlandieri” (Beverly A. Clement, Christina M. Goff& Davids A. Forbes]

Clement, B.A. et al. (1998) Phytochemistry 49 (5):1377-1380. “Toxic Amines and Alkaloids from Acaciarigidula.” (Beverly A. Clement, Christina M. Goff &David A. Forbes)

Clemente, Emmett and Vincent de Paul Lynch (1968)Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 57 (1): 72-78. “InVitro Action of Mescaline. Possible Mode of Action.”

Clerc et al. (1935) Comptes Rendus Hebdomaires desSéances et Mémoires de la Sociéte de Biologie et deses Filiales et Associées 119: 828-830

Clerc et al. (1936) Comptes Rendus Hebdomaires desSéances et Mémoires de la Sociéte de Biologie et deses Filiales et Associées 121: 1300-1302.“Contribution à l’étude experimentale du sulfate demescaline.” [Clerc, Paris & Janot]

Cobo, Fr. Bernabe (1891-1893) Historia del NuevoMundo. Seville [from YACOVLEFF & HERRRERA 1935]

Cobo, Father Bernabe (1956) “ ‘Historia del NuevoMundo.’ Obras del. P. Bernabe Cobo”, Vols. 1 and 2,Edited by P. Francisco Mateo. Biblioteca de AutoresEspañoles, Vol. 91 and 92. [Vol. 91, Page 205] [Alsoin 1964 Madrid: Ediciones Atlas.] [From SHARON

1978 & POLIA] Also 4 volumes published 1890-1893Seville; [from LABARRE] Written in 1653.

Coch Frugoni, Juan A. (1956? 1958?) Anales. Facultadde Química. [y farmacia (?)], Universidad de laRepublica Oriental del Uruguay, in press] [“Theinfluence of pH on the electrophoretic separation ofalkaloids on paper.”] [From CA (1959) 53: 1633cwhich gives as Anales fac. quím. y farm, Univ. rep.oriental Uruguay. ] Given by Marini-Bettòlo and

Coch-Frugoni (1956) as (1956) Anal. Fac. Chim. yFarm. (Montevideo) 5: (in press). [Also in CA (1958)52: 653c as “in press” ] Unable to locate the specificsof when this was published. J.A. Coch Frugonipublished a handful of papers during the next fewyears (several in the Journal of Chromatography) butthis one has not been found anywhere (so far).[CITES lists him as J.A.C. Frugoni.]

Cochin, J. et al. (1951) Journal of Pharmacology andExperimental Therapeutics 101 (2): 205-209. “Theabsorption, distribution and urinary excretion ofmescaline in the dog.” [J. Cochin, L.A. Woods andM.H. Seevers]

Coe, Michael D. & Gordon Whittaker (1982) AztecSorcerers in Seventeenth Century Mexico. TheTreatise on Superstitions by Hernando Ruiz deAlarcón. “First Tract. Chapter 6. “Of theSuperstition of the Ololiuqui.”

Cohen, I. and Vogel, W.H. (1970) Experientia 26/11:1231-1232. “An assay Procedure for Mescaline andits Determination in Rat Brain, Liver and Plasma.”

Cohen, M.M. et al. (1967) New England Journal ofMedicine 227: 1043. “In vivo and in vitrochromosomal damage induced by LSD-25.” (M.M.Cohen, K. Horshhorn & W.A. Frosch)

Cohen, M.M. et al. (1968) Science 155: 1417.“Chromosomal damage in human leukocytes inducedby lysergic acid diethylamide.” (M.M. Cohen, M.Marinello & N. Bach)

Cohen, S. et al. (eds.) (1985) Journal of PsychoactiveDrugs 17 (4): [Whole issue] “LSD in retrospect.” (S.Cohen, S. Krippner, E.L. Zerkin & J.H. Novey)Social and clinical review:

Cole, D.T. (1995) Setswana – Animals and Plants.Botswana Society: Gaborone. [From HARGREAVES

1998]Collier, Donald (1929) (US Congress) Senate Committe

on Indian Affairs 34: 18234-18255. “Peyote, AGeneral Study of the Plant, the Cult and the Drug.”

Colomb, D. (1939) Contribution à l’étudepharmacologique de la mescaline. Lyon. 80 pp.

Cordy-Collins, Alana (1977) “Chavín art: Its shamanic/hallucinogenic origins.” In Alana Cordy-Collins &Jean Stern (Eds.) Pre-Columbian Art History:Selected Readings. Peek Publications, Pala Alto, CA.(from CORDY-COLLINS 1980)

Cordy-Collins, Alana (1977) “Chavín art: Its shamanic/hallucinogenic origins.” In A. Cordy-Collins & J.Stearn (Eds.) Pre-Columbian Art History: SelectedWritings.” Peek Publications, San Diego, CA. pp.353-362. (from OTT 1993)

Cordy-Collins, Alana (1980) The Masterkey 54: 84-93.“An artistic record of the Chavín hallucinatoryexperience.”

Cordy-Collins, Alana (1982) The Journal ofEthnobiology 2 (2): 144-153. “Psychoactive paintedPeruvian plants. The shamanism textile.”

Correll, Donovan Stewart & Marshall Conring Johnson(1970) Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas. TexasResearch Foundation; Renner, Texas

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Cortes, M. et al. (1972) Phytochemistry 11: 849-850.“Cactaceae. Isolation of Candicine From Trichocereuschilensis”

Costa, Erminio (1956)a Proceedings of the Society forExperimental Biology and Medicine. 91 (1): 39-41.[Abstract; entry 22163] “Effects of Hallucinogenicand Tranquilizing Drugs on Serotonin Evoked UterineContractions.”

Costa, Erminio (1956)b Psychiatric Research Reports[Amer. Psychiatr. Ass.] 4: 11-13. [CA (1956) 50:14120c-d.] “The effect of hallucinogenic andtranquilizing drugs on the serotonin-evoked uterinecontractions.”

Coulter, John M. (1891) Contributions from the USNational Herbarium 2 (1): 1-152. “Manual of thePlants of Western Texas.” [Peyote: page 129]

Coulter, John M. (1894) Contributions from the USNational Herbarium 3 (3): 91-132. “Preliminaryrevision of the North American species of Cactus,Anhalonium, and Lophophora.” [Peyote: page 31]

Cowdry, R.W. & F.K. Goodwin (1978) p. 281, in: R.L.Spitzer & D.F. Klein (eds.) Clinical Issues inPsychiatric Diagnosis. Raven Press, New York 1978.

Crawford, T.B.B. & C.M. Yates (1970) Brit. J.Pharmac. 38: 56.

CRC (1980-1981) CRC Handbook of Chemistry andPhysics. 61st Edition. Weast (ed.) CRC Press, BocaRaton, Fl. ISBN 0-8493-0461-X.

Crema, A. (1953) Bolletino della società italiana dibiologia sperimentale 29: 1520-1522. “Valutazionequantitativa dell’azzione dei farmaci sulla funzionalitàvestibolare, III. Neurotosicita della mescalina.”

Creveling, C.R. et al. (1962) Biochimica et BiophysicaActa 64 (1): 125-134. “Substrates and Inhibitors ofDopamine-β-oxidase.” [Cyrus R. Creveling, John W.Daly, Bernhard Witkop and Sidney Udenfriend.]

Crichtly, M. (1931) British Journal of Inebriety 28 (3):99-108. “Some Forms of Drug Addiction:Mescalism.”

Croizat, L. (1943-1945) Desert Plant Life 15: 116-120,138-140, 152-154; 16: 7-10, 37-38, 43-44, 53-55, 90-93, 103-108, 118-122, 139-143, 150-156; 17: 11-16,28-29. “A study of the genus Lophophora. “

Crosby, D.M. & J.L. McLaughlin (1973) Lloydia 36(4): 416-418. “Cactus Alkaloids. XIX. Crystallizationof Mescaline HCl and 3-Methoxytyramine fromTrichocereus pachanoi.”

Cruz Sánchez, Guillermo (1948) PhD Thesis. Insituto deFarmacologia y Terapeutica Universidad Nacional Mayorde San Marcos; “Farmacología de ‘Opuntia cylindrica’.”Cruz Sánchez, Guillermo (1948)a Revista de la

Farmacologia y Medicina Experimental (Lima) 1 (2):253-258. “Informe sobre las aplicaciones de la Cimoraen el norte del Perú.” [also given as 253ff]

Cruz Sánchez, Guillermo (1948)b Revista de laFarmacologia y Medicina Experimental. (Lima) 1:143-? . “Farmacología de ‘Opuntia cylindrica’.” (FromGUTIÉRREZ-NORIEGA) [also given as 143ff]

Cruz Sánchez, Guillermo (1951) Revista de MedicinaExperimentale 8 (1): 159-166 “Estudio Folklórico de

Algunas plantas Medicamentosas y Tóxicas de laRegión Norte del Perú.” (From SHARON 1978)

Cucchi, A. (1939) Rivista sperimentale di Freniatria 63:393-404. “Azione della mescalina sul profilopsicologico.”

Cybulski, T. (1935) Med. Dosw. Spoleczna 20: 126 [CA(1936) 30: 30927.].)

Cymerman Craig, J. et al. (1977) Journal of theAmerican Chemical Society 99 (24): 7996-8002.“Chiroptical Properties of 1-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines. A Semi-empirical QuadrantRule Based on One-Electron Theory.” (J. CymermanCraig, S.-Y. Catharine Lee, Rosalind P.K. Chan andIrene Y.-F. Wang)

d’Azevedo, Warren (1978) Straight With the Medicine:Narratives of Washoe Followers of the Tipi Way.Heyday Books (Quick). ISBN 0-930588-19-3. 61pages.

D’Harcourt, Raoul (1939) “La Médicine dans l’AncienPérou.” Librairie Maloine, Paris. (D’Harcourt alsoincludes a very clear example of fellatio.)

Daiker, F.H. (1914) Report of the Thirty-Second AnnualLake Mohonk Conference on the Indian and OtherDependent Peoples 62-68. “Liquor and peyote amenace to the Indian”

Daly, John et al. (1962) Annals of the New YorkAcademy of Science. 96 (1): 37-43. “Methylation andDemethylation in Relation to the IN VITROMetabolism of Mescaline.” [John Daly, JuliusAxelrod and Bernhard Witkop]

Dammert Bellido, José (1974) Allpanchis Phuturinqa(Cusco) 9: 179-200. “Procesos por Supersticiones enla Provincia de Cajamarca en la Segunda Mitad delSiglo XVIII.” [From SHARON (1978).]

Dandiya, P.C. & M.K. Menon (1965) Life Sciences. 4(17): 1635-1641. “Interaction of Asarone withMescaline, Amphetamine and Tremorine.” [Asaroneappeared to antagonize all aspects of mescalineintoxication.]

Daniel, James (Jim) E. (1999) (Personal communicationwith J.Hanna during June)

Darth, Chewbacca (1977) The Whole DrugManufacturers Catalog (Prophet Press) [Primarily acomplation of Irv Penkethman’s literature andanything else they could find]

Datta, R.K. & J.J. Ghosh (1970)a Biochemical Journal117: 961-968. “Mescaline-Induced Changes of Brain-Cortex Ribosomes. Effect of Mescaline on theStability of Brain-Cortex Ribosomes.” [similar effectshave also been noted with stimulant drugs,antidepressants and convulsants.]

Datta, R.K. & J.J. Ghosh (1970)b Biochemical Journal117: 969-980. “Mescaline-Induced Changes of Brain-Cortex Ribosomes. Effect of Mescaline on theHydrogen-Bonded Structure of Ribonucleic Acid ofBrain-Cortex Ribosomes.”

Davis, Bruce (1989) Journal of Chromatography 466:89-218. “Review. Biogenic amines and TheirMetabolites in Body Fluids of Normal, Psychiatricand Neurological Subjects”

SC3: References

Davis, E. et al. (1970) Federation Proceedings of theAmerican Society for Experimental Biology(Abstracts) p. 454. “Alteration of Flash-InducedResponses by Intra-carotid Administration ofHarmine.”

Davis, E. Wade (1983) Botanical Museum Leaflets.Harvard University. 29 (4): 367-386. “Sacred Plantsof the San Pedro Cult.”

Davis, E. Wade (1997) One River. Explorations andDiscoveries in the Amazon Rain Forest. (First editionin 1996) Touchstone: New York. 537 pages ISBN 0-684-80886-2 (hard)/ 0-684-83496-0 (pbk.)

Davis, E. Wade (1999) Shaman’s Drum 52: 50-60. “SanPedro, Cactus of the Four Winds”

Davis, Leslie B. (1961) Studies in Plains Anthropologyand History 1: 1-5. “Peyotism and the BlackfeetIndians of Montana: An Historical Assessment.”

Davis, W.M. et al. (1978) Toxicology and AppliedPharmacology 45 (1): 49-62. “Acute Toxicity andGross Behavioral Effects of Amphetamine, FourMethoxyamphetamines, and Mescaline in Rodents,Dogs and Monkeys.” (W.M. Davis, J.A. Bedford, J.L.Buelke, M.M. Guinn, H.T. Hatoum, I.W. Waters,M.C. Wilson and M.C. Braude)

Dawider, A.A. & M.B.E. Fayez (1961) J. Chem. UnitedArab Rep. 4: 145-147. “Identification of β-Sitosterolin Opuntia ficus-indica.” [from 1961 CA 56: 9121g]

de Alarcón, Hernando Ruiz (1892) “Tratado de lassupersticíones y costumbres gentílicas…de estaNueva España. Año 1629” Museo Nacional:Mexico.124 pages.

de Alarcón, Hernando Ruiz (1898, 1900) Anales delMuseo Nacional de Mexico. Volume 6: 123-223.“Tratado de las supersticíones y costumbresgentilicas, 1629” See also the translation into Englishby COE & WHITTAKER 1982

Dean, W. et al. (1998) GHB: The Natural MoodEnhancer. The authoritative guide to its responsibleuse. Smart Publications [www.smart-pulications.com][Ward Dean, MD, John Morgenthaler & Steven Wm.Fowkes] Appropriately billed as “The book the FDA& DEA don’t want you to read!” Buy extra copies andsend them to your state and federal representatives.

Deegan, John F. & Leonard Cook (1958) Journal ofPharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . 122:17A. “A study of the anti-mescaline property of aseries of CNS active agents in mice.” (Abstract ofpaper from American Society for Pharmacology andExperimental Therapeutics. Abel Centennial Meeting,Baltimore, Maryland, Sept. 4-7, 1957.)

Deimel, Calus (1980) Tarahumara. Syndikat: Frankfurt.Deimel, Calus (1985) Schreibheft 25: 155-163. “Die

Peyoteheilung der Tarahumara.”Deimel, Calus (1986) “Der Heilsame Rausch.” pp. 86-

87 in Geo Special #2 “Mexico”Deimel, Calus (1996) hikuri ba – Peyoteriten der

Tarahumara. Niedersächsisches Landesmuseum(Ansichten der Ethnologie 1): Hannover.

De Jongh, H.H. (1945) Experimental Catatonia.Baltimore: Williams & Wilkin’s Co.

DeKorne, Jim (1994) Psychedelic ShamanismLoompanics.

DeKorne, Jim (1996) Ayahuasca Analgos and Plant-based Tryptamines (The Best of the Etheogen Review,1992-1996) 58 pages. The Entheogen Review, El Rito,N M

Delay, Jean & H.P. Gerard (1948) L’Encéphale etl’Hygiène Mentale, Paris 37 (7): 196-235,“L’intoxication mescalinique expérimentale.”[Abstract: Excerpta Medica, Section VIII. (1949) Vol.2, No. 8; entry #2491.]

Delay, Jean & H.P. Gerard (1950) Clin. des MaladiesMentales et de l’Encéphale à ‘Hóp. Sainte-Anne,Paris. 39 (1): 55-63, with 1 illustration; “Les Illusionsde la mescaline.” [Abstract: Excerpta Medica, SectionVIII (1951) Vol. 4, No. 2: Entry #732.]

Delay, Jean & Jean Thuillier (1956) Comptes RendusHebdomaires des Séances de L’Académie desSciences 242 (26): 3138-3140. “Potentialisation de la5-hydroxytryptamine (sérotonine) par des moléculespsychotoniques dérivées de la phényléthylamine.”

Delay, J. et al. (1949) Annales médico-psychologiques2: 427-429. “Les nouvelles chimothérapies del’alcoolisme.” [J. Delay, P. Pichot and J. Thuillier]

Delay, J. et al. (1949) Presse Médicale 57: 1210-1211.“Illusions et hallucinations de la mescaline.” [J. Delay,H.P. Gerard and D. Hallaix] [DELAY et al. 1950 listsDelay & Gerard (1949) Presse Médicale 81: 1-210.]

Delay, J. et al. (1950) Comptes Rendus des séances dela Société de Biologie et de ses filiales. 144 (3-4): 163.“Toxicité aiguë du sulfate de mescaline et antidotismedu succinate de sodium.” [Jean Delay, H.P. Gerardand Jean Thuillier]

Delay, J. et al. (1951) Clin. des Maladies Mentales et del’Encéphale à ‘Hóp. Sainte-Anne, Paris. 40 (1): 1-10,“Les synthesthésies dans l’intoxication mescalinique.”[Abstract: Excerpta Medica, Section VIII. (1951) Vol.4, No. 10; entry # 3852.]

Delay, J. et al. (1951) Encéphale 40: 1-10. “Lessynesthésies dans l’intoxication mescalinique.” [J.Delay, H.P. Gerard, and P.C. Racamier]

Delay, J. et al. (1956) Comptes Rendus des séances dela Société de Biologie et de ses filiales 150: 512-513.“Antagonisme de la mescaline et de lachloropromazine.” [J. Delay, P. Deniker, M. Ropertand J. Thuillier]

Delgado Pang, Hildegard (1992) Pre-Columbian Art.Delphant, J. & M. Lanza (1960) Journal de Physiologie

(Paris) 52 (1): 70-71. “Action comparative de lamescaline, du L.S.D. 25 et de la yagéine sur latempérature centrale du Rat.”

De Melo, A.C. et al. (1973) Ciência e Cultura 25 (7):644-647. “Cross-tolerance studies among nutmegcompounds, (-) Δ9— Trans-tetrahydrocannabinol andmescaline.” [A. Cesário De Melo, E.A. Carlini andJack Peter Green]

Denber, Herman C.B. (1955) Psychiatric Quarterly 29:433-438. “Studies on mescaline III Action inepileptics: Clinical observations and effects on brainwave patterns.”

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Denber, Herman C.B. (1956) Journal of Nervous andMental Disease 124: 74-77. “Studies on mescaline,VII. The role of anxiety in the mescaline-induced stateand its influence on the therapeutic result.”

Denber, Herman C.B. (1957) “Drug-Induced Statesresembling Naturally Occurring Psychoses.” pp. 26-35 in GARATTINI & GHETTI

Denber, Herman C.B. (1958) p. 120 in Max Rinkel &H.C.B. Denber (eds.) Chemical Concepts ofPsychoses. McDowell-Obolonsky, NY

Denber, Herman C.B. (1959) “Studies on Mescaline IX:Comparative action of various drugs on the mescaline-induced state.” in J. Masserman (ed.) “BiologicalPsychiatry.” Grune and Stratton [from Denber et al.(1962)]

Denber, Herman C.B. (1961) Psychiatric Quarterly 35:18-48. “Studies on mescaline, XI. Biochemicalfindings during the mescaline-induced state, withobservations on the blocking action of differentpsychotropic drugs.”

Denber, Herman C.B. (1964) Rivista Neurobiologica 10:1157-1168. [Suppl.] “Studies with mescaline.”

Denber, Herman C.B. & Sidney Merlis (1954)Psychiatric Quarterly 28: 635-640. “A note on sometherapeutic implications of the mescaline inducedstate.”

Denber, Herman C.B. & Sidney Merlis (1955)a Journalof Nervous and Mental Disease 122 (5): 463-469.“Studies on Mescaline, VI. Therapeutic Aspects ofthe Mescaline-Chlorpromazine Combination.”

Denber, Herman C.B. & Sidney Merlis (1955)b [or1956a] Psychiatric Quarterly 29: 421-429. “Studieson mescaline I: Action in schizophrenic patients[before and after electroconvulsive treatment].”

Denber, Herman C.B. & Sidney Merlis (1956)b“Studies on mescaline IV: Antagonism betweenmescaline and chlorpromazine.” in Nathan S. Kline(ed.) Psychopharmacology. American Association forthe Advancement of Science, Publ. No. 42.Washington, DC.

Denber, Herman C.B. & Max Rinkel (eds.) (1957)Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 125 (3): 423-451. “Psychodynamic and Therapeutic Aspects ofMescaline and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide. RoundTable.”

Denber, Herman C.B. & David N. Teller (1968)Agressologie (England) 9 (1): 127-136. “Mescaline.XVIII. Effect of Phenothiazines, amphetamine, andamobarbital sodium on uptake into brain and viscera.”[from (1968) CA 68: 113189r]

Denber, Herman C.B. & David N. Teller (1969)Pharmacologist 11: 291.

Denber, Herman C.B. et al. (1954) Journal of Nervousand Mental Disease 120 (1): p. 87. “Studies onmescaline: its action on the clinical and brainwavepatterns of schizophrenics.” [Abstract of paperpresented to the NewYork Neurological Society andNewYork Academy of Medicine, Section onNeurology and Psychiatry. Dec. 8, 1953.] [HermanC.B. Denber, Sidney Merlis and Wallace Hunter]

Denber, Herman C.B. et al. (1962) Annals of the NewYork Academy of Science 96 (1): 14-36. “Studies onmescaline. XIII. The effect of prior administration ofvarious psychotropic drugs on different biochemicalparameters: a preliminary report.” [Herman C.B.Denber, David N. Teller, Paul Rajotte and DorothyKaufman]

Deniker, Pierre (1957) Journal of Nervous and MentalDisease. 125 (3): 427-431. “Biological changes inman following intravenous administration ofmescaline.”

De Nito, G. (1934) Rassegna di Terapia e PatologiaClinica 6 (10): 577-594. “Richerche tossicologiche efarmacologiche sulla mescalina.” [See also in CA(1937) 31: 39944]

De Nito, G. (1935) Berichte über die gesamtePhysiologie und experimentelle Pharmacologie. 84: p.511. [“Toxicology and Pharmacology of Mescaline.”][Abstract of DE NITO 1934]

Densmore, Frances (nd) Winnebago Songs. (US Bureauof American Ethnology, Manuscript no. 1971)

Densmore, Frances (1932) Winnebago Songs of thePeyote Ceremony. (US Bureau of AmericanEthnology, Manuscript 3261).

Densmore, Frances (1936) Southwest Museum Papers(Los Angeles) 10: 15-23, 82-93. “Cheyenne andArapahoe Music.”

Densmore, Frances (1938) American Anthropologist 40:175-177. “The influence of hymns on the form ofIndian songs.”

Densmore, Frances (1941) American Anthropologist 43:77-82. “Native songs of two hybrid ceremoniesamong the American Indians.”

Densmore, Frances (nd) Winnebago Songs. (Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology, Manuscript 1971. nd).

Der Marderosian, Ara (1966) American Journal ofPharmacy 138: 204-212. “Current Status ofHallucinogens in the Cactaceae.”

De Salva, S. & R. Evans (1960) Arch. int.Pharmacodyn. 125: 348. [From PATEL 1968]

De Silva; See under SILVA.DeSmet, Peter A.G.M. (1996) Journal of

Ethnopharmacology 50: 141-146. “Someethnopharmacological notes on Africanhallucinogens.”

DeSmet, A.G.M. Peter (1999) Herbs, Health, Healers.Africa as Ethnopharmacological Treasury. AfrikaMuseum; Berg en Dal, Netherlands. ISBN 90-71611-09-4. 180 pages

Desoille, H. (1938) Revue d’oto-neuro ophtalmogie 16:136-138. “Remarque sur le mode de formation deshallucinations provoquées par le peyotl (expériencespersonelles).”

Dessi, Pietro (1950) Farmaco Scienze e Technica 5: 32-38. “Sul dossagio fotometrico della mescalina esimpanina col reattivo di Richter.”

Dessi, Pietro & C. Rizzoli (1948) Bolletino. SocieteItaliano di Biologia Sperimentale 24: 1250-1254. “Suldosaggio della 3:4:5:trimetossifenilethamina insoluzioni acquose nell’urina e nel sangue.” [“Testing

SC3: References

of 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine in aqueoussolutions, urine and blood.”]

Dessi, Pietro & Tullio Franco (1949) Bolletino. SocieteItaliano di Biologia Sperimentale 25: 1368-1370.Applicazione della reazione di Beyer e Skinner aldosaggio fotometrico della mescalina e dell’istamina.– 1) Curve d’assorbimento nel visible.”[“Application of the Beyer and Skinner reaction tophotometric determination of mescaline andhistamine.”]

Dessi, Pietro & Giuseppe Labó (1950) La RicercaScientifica 20 (12): 1831-1842. “Contributo allostudio farmacologico delle interazioni dell’aneurinacon alcuni farmaci del sistema neurovegetativo.”

Deulofeu, Venancio (1973) Ciência e Cultura 25 (7):649-659 “Distribution of indolethylamines and β-carbolines in plants.”

Devereux, Paul (1997) “The Long Trip: A Prehistory ofPsychedelia.” Penguin/ Arkana ISBN 0-14-019540-8.298 pages.

DeVries, J.X. et al. (1971) Revista Latinoamericana deQuimica 2 (1): 21-23 “Alcaloides de cactos delUruguay” [Juan X. DeVries, Patrick Moyna, VictorDiaz, Stig Agurell and Jan G. Bruhn] [Have not seen.First three issues missing from our copy.] [FromSHULGIN & also 1971 CA 75: 31357z]

Díaz, José Luis (1977) Annual Review ofPharmacology and Toxicology 17: 647-675.“Ethnopharmacology of Sacred Hallucinogenic PlantsUsed by the Indians of Mexican.”

Díaz, José Luis (1979) Journal of Psychoactive Drugs.11 (1-2): 71-101. “Ethnopharmacology andTaxonomy of Mexican Psychodysleptic Plants.”

Diaz, P.M. et al. (1968) “Factors modulating brainserotonin turnover.” p. 6 in: Advances inPharmacology. Part B. Academic Press. [P.M. Diaz,S.H. Ngai and E. Costa.]

Dickson, Darylene (1978) Head 59-61 “High Profile:The San Pedro Mescaline Cactus” (Mistook T.bridgesii for T. pachanoi)

Diguet, Leon (1907) Journal de la Société desAmericanistes de Paris 4 (1): 21-29. “Le peyote etson usage rituel chez les Indiens du Nayarit.”

Dishotsky, N.I. et al. (1971) Science 172: 431. “LSDand genetic damage.” (N.I. Dishotsky, W.D.Loughman, R.E. Mogar & W.R. Lipscomb) Does notcause damage:

Dittman, Allen T. & Harvey C. Moore (1957)American Anthropologist 59: 642-649. “Disturbancein Dreams as Related to Peyotism among theNavajo.”

Divry, P. & H. Evard (1935) Psychiatr. Bl. 39: 58-64[CA (1937) 31: 80252.] also (1935) Ber. ges. Physiol.exptl. Pharmakol. 88: 156. [“Antagonists tobulbocarpine.”]

Dixon, W.E. & Edmund White (1898) British MedicalJournal 2: 1060-1061. “A Preliminary Note on thePharmacology of the Alkaloids Derived from theMescal Plant.”

Dixon, W.E. (1899-1900) Journal of Physiology 25: 69-86. “The Physiological Action of the AlkaloidsDerived from Anhalonium Lewinii.”

Djerassi, C. et al. (1954)c Journal of the AmericanChemical Society 76 (12): 3215-3217. “Alkaloidstudies. III. Isolation of Pilocereine and Anhalonidinefrom four cactus species.” (Carl Djerassi, C.R. Smith,S.P. Marfey, R.N. McDonald. A.J. Lemin, S.K. Figdorand H. Estrada)

Djerassi, C. et al. (1955)b Journal of the AmericanChemical Society 77 (5): 1200-1203. “Terpenoids. XI.Investigation of Nine Cactus Species. Isolation of TwoNew Triterpenes, Stellatogenin and Machaeric Acid”(Carl Djerassi, L.H. Liu, E. Farkas, A.E. Lippman, A.J.Lemin, L.E. Geller, R.N. McDonald and B.J. Taylor)

Djerassi, C. et al. (1956)a Journal of the AmericanChemical Society 78 (10): 2312-2315. “Terpenoids.XXII. Triterpenoids from Some Mexican and SouthAmerican Plants.” (Carl Djerassi, S. Burnstein, H.Estrada, J. Grossman, J. Herrán, A. Manjarrez andS.C. Pakrashi)

Dobkin, Marlene (1968)a International Journal of SocialPsychiatry 15: 23-32. “Folk Curing with a PsychedelicCactus in Northern Peru.”

Dobkin, Marlene (1968)b Economic Botany 22 (2): 194-199. “Trichocereus pachanoi-A Mescaline CactusUsed in Folk Healing in Peru.”

Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1969) Mesa Redonda deCiencias Prehistoricas y Anthropologias. Lima 1: 139-149. “Curandismo psicodélico en el Perú: continuidady cambio.”

Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1973) Psychiatry:Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress of Psychiatry.Vol. 2. (Ramon de la Fuente & Maxwell N. Weisman(eds.) (Mexico City) pp. 1187-1198. “PeruvianHallucinogenic Folk Healing: An Overview.”

Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1977) Economic Botany 31(2): 189-203. “Plant Hallucinogens and the Religion ofthe Mochica - An Ancient Peruvian People.”

Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1982) Journal of PsychoactiveDrugs 14 (1-2): 81-90. “Plant Hallucinogens, Sexualityand Shamanism in the Ceramic Art of Ancient Peru.”

DOBKIN DE RIOS 1984 was the first edition of DOBKIN DE

RIOS 1990Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1986) Journal of

Ethnopharmacology 15 (3): 297-304. “Enigma ofDrug-Induced Altered States of Consciousness Amongthe !Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert.”

Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1990) Hallucinogens: CrossCultural Perspectives. Prism Press. ISBN 1-85327-061-X. First published in 1984 by University of NewMexico Press

Dobkin de Rios, Marlene & Mercedes Cárdenas (1980)Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2 (3): 233-246. “Planthallucinogens, shamanism and Nazca ceramics.”

Doetsch, P.W. et al. (1980) Journal of Chromatography189: 79-85. “Cactus Alkaloids XL. Identification ofMescaline and Other β-Phenethylamines in Pereskia,Pereskiopsis and Islaya by Use of FluorescamineConjugates.” (Paul W. Doetsch, John M. Cassady andJerry L. McLaughlin)

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Dogin (1976) Federal Register 41: 4015 “Peyote”Doig, Federico Kauffmann (1979) Sexual Behavior in

Ancient Peru. [Kompaktos S.C.R.L. Lima] (from Cané1988)

Don, N.S. et al. (1998) Phytomedicine 5 (2): 87-96.“Effects of Ayahuasca on the human EEG.” [Norm S.Don, B.E. McDonough, G. Moura, C.A. Warren, K.Kawanishi, H. Tomita, Y. Tachibana, M. Böhlke &N.R. Farnsworth]

Donnan, Christopher B. (1976) Moche Art andIconography. UCLA Latin American Center. 146 pp.

Donnan, Christopher B. & Carol J. Mackey (1978)Ancient Burial Patterns of the Moche Valley, Peru.University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70329-5.

Dornan, S.S. (1927-1930) Bantu Studies 3: 185 (FromWATT 1967)

Dornow, Alfred & Günther Petsch (1951) Archiv derPharmazie und Berichte der DeutschenPharmazeutischen Gesellschaft 284 (56) 4: 160-163.“Notiz Darstellung des β-oxy β-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-äthylamins (“Oxymescalin”), de Bis-[β-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-äthylamins (“Dimezcalin”)und des β-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-äthylamins(“Mezcalin”).”

Dornow, Alfred & Günther Petsch (1952) Archiv derPharmazie und Berichte der DeutschenPharmazeutischen Gesellschaft 285: 323-326. “Überdie Darstellung des Oxymezcalins und Mezcalins. 2.Mitteilung.”

Dorrance et al. (1975) Journal of the American MedicalAssociation 234: 299-302. “Effect of peyote onhuman chromosomes.” [David L. Dorrance, OscarJaniger and Raymond L. Teplitz ]

Dowson, Thomas A. (1992) Rock Engravings ofSouthern Africa. Witwaterstrand University Press:Johannesburg.

DPFT News Drug Policy Forum of Rtexas, 888 W. SamHouston Pkwy. S., Suite 2248, Houston, TX 77042-1909 (Monthly newsletter) Membership $25,students $7 & newsletter subscription only is $5.

Dragendorff, George (1898) Die Heilpflanzen derVerschiedenen Völker und Zeiten. Ferdinand Enke,Stuttgart. [Reprinted in 1967 by Werner Fritsch:München (Munich).]

Dreiding, André S. (1961) “The Betacyanins, A Class ofRed Pigments in the Centrospermae.” p. 194[-?] inW.D. Ollis (ed) Recent Developments in the Chemistryof Natural Phenolic Compounds. [From MILLER et al.1968 & WOHLPART & MABRY 1968]

Drill, V.A. (1954) Pharmacology in Medicine. Chapter19; page 14. McGraw-Hill Book Co. [Said to quoteunpublished observations of WOODS et al. [FromFISCHER 1958 and KAPADIA & FAYEZ 1970]

Dronfield, Jeremy (1995)a Oxford Journal ofArchaeology 14 (3): 261-275.pp? “Migraine, Lightand Hallucinogens: The Neurocognitive Basis of IrishMegalithic Art.”

Dronfield, Jeremy (1995)a Oxford Journal ofArchaeology 14 (3): 261-275. “Migraine, Light andHallucinogens: The Neurocognitive Basis of IrishMegalithic Art.”

Drujan, B.D. et al. (1959) Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37:1153.

Duc, C. (1936) Bolletino di oculistica 15: 745-760.“Sintomi visivi nell’ intossicazione mescalina.”

Duke, James A. (1985) CRC Handbook of MedicinalHerbs. ISBN 0-8493-3630-9. [For folk uses of SanPedros: citing J. A. Duke & K.K. Wain (1981)Medicinal Plants of the World (Computer Index withover 85,000 entries. 3 volumes; 1,654 pages)]

Durand, E. et al. (1962) Journal of Pharmacy &Pharmacology 14: 562-566. “Simple hypotensive andhypertensive principles from some West Indianmedicinal plants.” [E. Durand, E.V. Ellington, P.C.Feng, L.J. Haynes, K.E. Magnus & N. Philip]

Durrum, L. (1950) Journal of the American ChemicalSociety 72: 2943

Dustin, C. Burton (1962) Peyotism and New Mexico.Eigenverlag: Albuquerque.

Dyumaev, K.M. & I.S. Belostotskaya (1962) ZhurnalObschei Khimii 32 (3): 2661-2663. [Also in (1962)Journal of General Chemistry of USSR (Englishtranslation) 32 (3): 2620-2622.] “Synthesis oftrisubstituted phenethylamines by catalytic reductionof ω-nitrostyrenes.”

Earle, W. Hubert (1980) Cacti of the Southwest. Revised.Easterlin, Malcolm (1941) Scribner’s Commentator 11:

77-82. “Peyote – Indian Problem #1.”Eger, Susan (with Peter R. Collings) (1978) “Huichol

Women’s Art.” in Kathleen Berrin (ed.) Art of theHuichol Indians. Harry N. Abrams: New York.

Eggli, Urs (1985) Bradleya 3 “A Bibliography ofSucculent Plant Periodicals.” Also; supplementarymaterial is at EGGLI et al. 1987 Bradleya 5: & 1989Bradleya 7: [from http://www.cactus-mall.com/bcss/period.html]

Eleusis: Piante e Composti Psicoattivi/ Journal ofPsychedelic Plants and Compounds. New Series 1998onward (Giorgio Samorini; editor) A bargain at $50/year for 2 issues: c/o Museo Civico di Roverto, LargoS. Catarna, 43, 38068 Roverto (TN), Italyeleusis@telestrion.it [Payments to Telestrion, via DeAmicis, 32, 40050 Dozza (BO), Italy)

Elgar, Frank (1963) The Rock Paintings of Tassili.World Publishing: Cleveland.

Ellis, C.H. (1965) Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 154:26.

Ellis, Havelock (1897) The Lancet 75 (1): 1540-1542.“A Note on the Phenomeon of Mescal Intoxication.”

Ellis, Havelock (1898) Annual Report of theSmithsonian Institution 1898: 537-548. “Mescal aNew Artificial Paradise.”

Ellis, Havelock (1902) Popular Science Monthly 61: 52-71. “Mescal: A Study of a Divine Plant.”

Ellis, Havelock (1971) Dynamische Psychiatrie 17-22.“Zum Phänomen der Meskalin-Intoxikation.”

El-Moghazy et al. (1982) Egypt. J. Pharm. Sci. 23: 247[A.M. El-Moghazy, S.M El-Sayyad, A.M, Abdel-Baky, and E.Y. Bechait] (From SHULGIN 1996 andSHULGIN & SHULGIN 1997)

Emboden, William (1972) Narcotic Plants. TheMacmillan Company, New York.

SC3: References

Encyclopedia Brittanica; pp. 228-232: “Pharmacologicalcults.”

Endo, K. (1952) Folio psychiatrica neurotica japonica6: 104-113. “Experimental Study of mescalineintoxication on relation between clinical picture andEEG in man.”

Engelbrecht, J.A. (1936) The Korana. Cape Town.[From HARGREAVES 1998]

Engelmann, George (1859) Report of the United Statesand Mexican Boundary Survey 2: 1-78 “Cactaceae ofthe Boundary.”

Engelmann, George (1852-1857) Proceedings of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences 3: 259-314,345-346. “Synopsis of the Cactaceae of the Territoryof the United States and Adjacent Regions.”

Entheogen Review (The Journal of UnauthorizedResearch on Visionary Plants and Drugs.) [Volumes1-6 (1992-1997), edited by Jim DeKorne. Beginningwith Volume 7 (1998) onward: edited by DavidAardvark] ISSN 1066-1913. $25 per year (4 issues)Entheogen Review, POB 19820, Sacramento, CA95819-0820.

Erdoes, Richard (1971) Crow Dog’s Paradise. Songs ofthe Sioux. [Album EKS-74091; includes album notesand photos] Elektra: New York.

Erne, M. and Ramirez, F. (1950) Helvetica Chimica Acta33: 912. “Über die Reduktion von β-Nitrostyrolenmit Lithiumaluminumhydrid.”

Erowid website [www.erowid.com] Excellentinformation resource

Erspamer, V. et al. (1965) Experientia 21: 504. “5-Methoxy- and 5-Hydroxy-Indolealkylamines in theSkin of Bufo alvarius.” [V. Erspamer, T. Vitali, M.Roseghini and J.M. Cei]

Erspamer, V. et al. (1967) Biochemical Pharmacology 16(7): 1149-1164. “5-Methoxy- and 5-Hydroxyindolesin the Skin of Bufo alvarius.” [V. Erspamer, T. Vitali,M. Roseghini and J.M. Cei]

Evans, A. Don (1989) “The Purpose and Meaning ofPeyote as a Sacred Material for Native Americans.”pp. 20-35 in George P. Horse Capture (ed.) TheConcept of Sacred Materials and Their Place in theWorld. The Plains Indians Museum: Cody, Wyoming

Evans, C.S. et al.(1977) Phytochemistry 16: 565-570.“Free Amino Acids in the Seeds of Acacia Species.”[Christine S. Evans, M. Yasin Qureshi and E. ArthurBell.]

Evans, Philip (1979) National Cactus & SucculentJournal 34 (1): 14-16. “Hallucinogenic Cacti.”

Excerpta Medica, VIII, Subsection 58, New York:Excerpta Medica Foundation [Unable to locate; fromUSDIN & EFRON]

Ey, H. & M. Rancoulle (1938) Encéphale 33 ( pt. II): 1-25. “Hallucinations mescaliniques et troublespsychosensoriels de l’encéphalite épidémiquechronique.”

Fabing, Howard D. (1955) Science 121 (3137): 208-210.“New Blocking Agent against the Development ofLSD-25 Psychosis.”

Falco, Federico & Sebastian Hilburg (1946/1947)Revista. Facultad de Química Industrial y Agricola.Universidad Nacional del Litoral (Santa Fé,Argentina) 15/16 (26): 71-73 “Investigation ofalkaloids in Opuntia cacti.” [CA (1949) 43: 1530i-1531a.]

Farmilo, Charles G. & Klaus Genest (1961) “Alkaloidsand Related Bases: Identification.” pp. 209-595 ,(Chapter 7) in: C.P. Stewart & A. Stolman (eds.)“Toxicology. Mechanisms and Analytical Methods.”Volume II.

Favilli, M. & H. Heymann (1937) Rassegna di studipsichiatrici 26: 191-212. “Sull’alcune modificazionipsichiche da intossicazione mescalinica.”

Feigen, George A. & Gordon A. Alles (1955) Journal ofClinical and Experimental Psychopathology andQuarterly Review of Psychiatry and Neurology. 16 (3):167-178. “Physiological Concomitants of mescalineintoxication. A study of the effects upon normalsubjects tested with submaximal doses.” “

FERNANDEZ DISTEL, A. (1980) Estudios Arqueologicos.(Universidad de Chile, Antofagasta) 5: 55-79.“Hallazgo de pipas en complejos preceramicos delborde de la Puna Jujena (Republica Argentina) y elempleo de alucinógenos por parte de las mismasculturas.”

Fernandez Distel, Alicia (1984) Proceedings 44International Congress of Americanists, BARInternational Series 194. “Contemporary andArchaeological Evidence of Llipta Elaboration fromthe cactus Trichocereus pasacana in NorthwestArgentina.”

Fernandez, V. (1890) Monografías mexicanas dematéria médica 173-190. “Análysis qualitiva ycuantitativa del mezcal.”

Fernberger, Samuel W. (1923) American Journal ofPsychology 34: 267-270, 616. “Observations onTaking Peyote. (Anhalonium Lewinii)”

Fernberger, Samuel W. (1932) Journal of Abnormal andSocial Psychology 26 (4): 367-378. “FurtherObservations on Peyote Intoxication.”

Ferrigni & McLaughlin 1981; Unpublished results citedin MATA & MCLAUGHLIN 1982. See FERRIGNI et al. 1982

Ferrigni et al. (1982) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 5:359-364. “Cactus Alkaloids XLVIII. Nα,Nα-Dimethylhistamine, A Hypotensive Component ofEchinocereus triglochidiatus” (N.R. Ferrigni, D.E.Nichols, J.L. McLaughlin and R.A. Bye)

Fester, Uncle (1991) Secrets of MethamphetamineManufacture Second edition (3rd edition is said to beout but we have not seen it) Loompanics; PortTownsend, WA. ISBN #1-55950-070-0.

Fester, Uncle (1997) Practical LSD ManufactureRevised and Expanded Second Edition. Loompanics;Port Townsend, WA. ISBN #1-55950-161-8.

Fester, Uncle (1998) Advanced Techniques ofClandestine Psychedelic & AmphetamineMaanufacture. Loompanics; Port Townsend, WA.ISBN #1-55950-174-X.

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Festi, Francesco & Giorgio Samorini (1995) Eleusis 2:28-34. “Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.BROWN inPHILLIPS (Fico degli Ottentotto / Hottentots Fig).”

Festi, Francesco and Giorgio Samorini (1994) (1996)Actas. II Congreso Internacional para el Estudio delos Estados Modificados de la Consciencia: celebradoen Lleida (España), el mes de octubre de 1994.(Etnobotanica, farmacologia y Quimica). [Lectures. IIInternational Congress for the Study of the ModifiedStates of Consciousness held in Lleida (Spain), october1994. (Ethnobotany, pharmacology and chemistry].”pp. 62-71. “Ayahuasca-like” effects obtained withItalian Plants.” Also available as reprint throughRosetta with an additional 1 page chartedrepresentation of Fabio Calligris’ HPLC analysis ofsome European Phalaris species.

Fikes, Jay Courtney (1993) Carlos Castaneda,Academic Opportunism, and the Psychedelic Sixties.Millenia Press (Bookworld Series.) ISBN 0-9696960-0-0. 313 pages.

Fischer, Roland (1946) Schweitzerische Zeitschrift fürPsychologie 5: 308-313. “Selbst-beobachtungen imMezkalinrausch.”

Fischer, Roland (1953) Mschr. Psychiatr. Neurol. 126:315. [from FISCHER 1958]

Fischer, Roland (1954) Journal of Mental Science 100(420): 623-631. “Factors Involved in Drug-ProducedModel Psychoses.” [for pKb: citing privatecommunication from E. Rothlin]

Fischer, Roland (1955) Experientia 11(4): 162-163.“Possible Biosynthesis of D-lysergic AcidDiethylamide-like Compounds from Mescaline.” ]

Fischer, Roland (1958) Revue Canadienne de Biologie17 (3): 389-409. “Pharmacology and Metabolism ofMescaline.”

Fischer, Roland & Neil Agnew (1954)Naturwissenschaften 41 (18): 431-432. “On Drug-produced Experimental Psychoses.”

Fischer, Roland et al. (1951) Schweitzerischemedizinische Wochenschrift 81: 817-819, 837-840.“Psychophysische Korrelationen, VIII.Modellversuchen zum Schizophrenieproblem,Lysergsäurediäthylamid und Mezcalin.” [RolandFischer, F. Georgi and R. Weber]

Fischer, R. et al. (1958) (in the literature) meantPELLERIN et al. 1958

Flath, Robert A. & Juan M. Takahashi (1978) Journal ofAgricultural and Food Chemistry 26 (4): 835-837.“Volatile Constituents of Prickly Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill. de Castilla Variety).”

Flattery, D. & J. Pierce (1965) (1992) PeyoteFoerster, E. (1930) Zeitschrift für die gesamte

Neurologie und Psychiatrie 127 (1-2): 1-14. “Selbst-experiment im Mescalinrausch.” [elsewhere given as“Selbstversuch mit Meskalin”]

Förster, C.F. (1846) Handbuch der Cacteenkunde 285:519. [Second edition was in 1885]

Förster (1861) Hamb. Gartenz 17: 164 [Cereuslagenaeformis.] [From BRITTON & ROSE]

Forster, E. (1919) Zeitschrifte für die gesamteNeurologie und Psychiatrie 46 “Selbstversuch mitMeskalin.”

Forte, Robert (1997) Entheogens and the Future ofReligion. Council on Spiritual Practices. ISBN 1-889725-01-3

Frank, Gerhardt (1960) Kakteen und andereSukkulenten 11(11): 168-170. [as Toumeyakrainzianus]

Frank & Lau (1979) Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten30(1):6-7.

Franke, G. (1934) Zeitschrift für die gesamteNeurologie und Psychiatrie 150: 427-433. “VariierteSerienversuche mit Meskalin.”

Frederking, Walter (1953) Psyche (Stuttgart) 7: 342-364. “Ueber die Verwendung von Rauschdrogen(Mescaline and Lysergsäurediäthylamid) in derPsychotherapie.”

Frederking, Walter (1954) Monatsspiegel 3: 5-57.“Meskalin in der Psychotherapie.”

Frederking, Walter (1955) Journal of Nervous andMental Disease 121 (3): 262-266. “Intoxicant Drugs(Mescaline and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) inPsychotherapy.”

Freedman, Daniel X. & George K. Aghajanian (1959)Federation Proceedings. Federation of AmericanSocieties for Experimental Biology 18: 390.

Freedman, Daniel X. et al. (1958) Science 127: 1173-1174. “Patterns of Tolerance to Lysergic AcidDiethylamide and Mescaline in Rats.” [Daniel X.Freedman, George K. Aghajanian, Edward M. Ornitzand B.S. Rosner ]

Freedman, Daniel X. et al. (1970) BiochemicalPharmacology 19: 1181-1188. “PsychotomimeticDrugs and Brain 5-Hydroxytryptamine Metabolism.”[Daniel X. Freedman, Richard Gottlieb abd RichardA. Lovell]

Freise, F.W. (1935) Pharmazeutische ZentralhalleDeutschlands 76: 704. “Vorkommen von Koffein inbrasilianischen Heilpflanzen.”

Friè, A.V. (1925) Kaktusová pøíloha, Život v pøírodì 8:25-28. “Rod Anhalonium Lem.” [GRYM gives as pp23-28]

Friedberg, Claudine (1959) Journal d’AgricultureTropicale et de Botanique Appliquées 6 (8-9): 439-450. “Rapport sommaire sur une mission au Pérou.”some list as 6 (8-9):1 From numerous sources.

Friedberg, Claudine (1960) Sixth InternationalCongress of Anthropology and Ethnological Sciences2 (2): 21-26. “Utilisation d’un cactus à mescaline aunord du Pérou.” From numerous sources. [also givenas (1964) Proceedings of the Sixth InternationalCongress of Anthropological and EthnologicalSciences. II, part 2: 21-26.] From many sources.

Friedberg, Claudine (1965) Travaux de l’InstitutFrançais d’Etudes Andines 7: 65-94. “Rapport surune mission au Perou: description du materiel recuelli,Exposé sommaire des recherches entreprises.” (fromDobkin de Rios (1990)

Friedberg, Claudine (1980) Med. Trav. 3 (9): 29-44.“Lo imaginario en las terapias populares.” From

SC3: References

Davis (1983) [We are thusfar unable to locate a journaltitle with the abbreviation Med. Trav.] [Trav. Lab.Mat. Med. Phar. Galen.?]

Friedhoff, Arnold J. & Menek Goldstein (1962) Annalsof the New York Academy of Science. 96 (1): 5-13.“New Developments in metabolism of mescaline andrelated amines.”

Friedhoff, Arnold J. & Leo H. Hollister (1966)Biochemical Pharmacology 15 (3): 269-273.“Comparison of the Metabolism of 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine and Mescaline inHumans.”

Friedhoff, A.J. and E. Van Winkle (1962) Nature 194:897. “Isolation and characterization of a compoundfrom the urine of schizophrenics”

Friedman, Milton & Thomas Szasz (1992) On Libertyand Drugs.

Friedrich, Heimo (1974) IOS Bulletin 3(3): 79-93. “ZurTaxonomie und Phylogenie der Echinopsidinae(Trichocereinae)”

Friedrich, H. (1974)b Kakteen und andere Sukk. 25: 50,80

Friedrich, H. & W. Glaetzle (1983) Bradleya 1: 91-104“Seed morphology as an aid to classifying the genusEchinopsis Zucc.”

Friedrich, H. & G.D. Rowley (1974) I.O.S. Bull. 3: 96.[From MADSEN 1989] This is a simple nameassignment and nothing more.

Friedrich, H. & G.D. Rowley (1974) I.O.S. Bull. 3: 97.[From MADSEN 1989] This is a simple nameassignment and nothing more.

Frigerio, Bianca Maria (1974-1975) Tesi Laurea inLettere Moderne, Università degli Studi di Bologna.“Il peyote: sua importanza nel mondo indigenoprecolombiano e postcolombiano.”

Frisch, Hans & Edmund Waldman (1930), GermanPatent. 545,853 July 3, 1930; [CA (1932) 26: 3521.][Patent for “α-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-β-aminoethane”.]

Frisch, Hans & Edmund Waldman (1931) AustrianPatent 125,694, July 15, 1931. [CA (1932) 26: 1302][Patent for “mescaline”]

Frisch, Hans & Edmund Waldman (1932) ChemischesZentralblatt 1-2: 2867. “Darstellung von β-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-β-aminoethan.”

Fujita, M. et al. (1972) Yakugaku Zasshi [J. Pharm. Soc.Japan ] 92 (4): 482-489. “On the Cactus-Alkaloids ofLophophora williamsii var. caespitosa (Kobuki-ubadama).” [Mitiiti Fujita, Hideji Itokawa, JunkoInouse (née Oka), Yoshimasa Nozu, Natsue Goto andKazuko Hasegawa]

Fung Pineda, Rose (1969) Dédalo 5 (9-10): 5-207. “LasAldas: su ibicación dentro del proceso historico delPerú antiguo.”

Furst, Peter T. (1965) Antropológica 15: 29-80. “WestMexican Tomb Art as Evidence for Shamanism inPrehispanic Mesoamerica.”Furst, Peter T. (1972)“Symbolism and psychopharmacology: The toad asearth mother in Indian America.” pp. 61-68 in: XII

Mesa Redonda “Religión en Mesoamérica” SociedadMexicana de Antropología: Mexico

Furst, Peter T. (1969) Verhandlungen des XXXVIII.Internationalen Amerikanistenkongresses. 2: 385-399.“A Possible Symbolic Manifestation of FuneraryEndo-Cannibalism in Mexico.”

Furst, Peter T. (1981) “Peyote und die Huichol-Indianer in Mexico” pp. 468-475 in G. Völger (Ed.)Rausch und Realität Volume 2. Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum: Köln.

Furst, Peter T. (1994) “Introduction: An Overview ofShamanism” in Gary Seaman & Jane S. Day (eds.)Ancient Traditions: Shamanism in Central Asia andthe Americas. University of Colorado Press: Niwot,Colorado.

Furst, Peter T. (Ed.) (1972) Flesh of the Gods. TheRitual Use of Hallucinogens Praeger, New York.[Revised 1990 Waveland Press. ISBN 0-88133-477-4.]

Furst, Peter T. & M. Anguino (1977) “To Fly as Birds:Myth and Ritual as Agents of Enculturation AmongHuichol Indians of Mexico.” pp 95-181 in Wilbert(ed.) Enculturation in Latin America: An Anthology.UCLA Latin American Center Publications: LosAngeles.

Furst, Peter T. & Salomón Nahmed (1972) Mitos y artehuicholes. SepSetentas: Mexico.

Gairaud, Catherine B. & Gerald R. Lappin (1953)Journal of Organic Chemistry 18: 1-3. “TheSynthesis of ω-Nitrostyrenes.”

Ganders, Fred R. (1975) Cactus & Succulent Journal(US) 47: 155-156. “The Identity of Echinocactusrapa.”

Garattini, S. & V. Ghetti (eds.) (1957) PsychotropicDrugs. Proceedings of the International Symposiumon Psychotropic Drugs, Milan

García, Jorge (1760) Manual para administrar lossantos: Sacramentos, etc. Mexico City.

García, Jorge Meyrán (1973) Guia Botanica deCactaceas y otras Suculentas del Valle de Tehuacán.(Sociedad Mexicana de Cactología.) An amazing bookwith a wealth of color photos. Excellent seed andpropagation tips.

Gardenerville Record-Courier (Nevada) (1938) 21October. “Washoe Indians Are Still Using a DrugKnown as Peodi.”

Gartz, Jochen (1995) Integration 6: 45. “Ein früherVersuch der Kommerzialisierung von Peyotl inDeutschland.”

Gasparic, Jiri & Jaroslav Churacek (1978) “LaboratoryHandbook of Paper and Thin-LayerChromatography”

Geber, William F. (1967) Science 158: 265-266.“Congenital Malformations Induced by Mescaline,Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, and Bromolysergic Acidin the Hamster.”

Geber, William F. (1969) Proceedings of the Society forExperimental Biology and Medicine 130 (4): 1168-1170. “Comparative Teratogenicity of Isoproteronoland Trypan Blue in the Fetal Hamster.”

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Geesink, A. & W.A. den Hartog Jager (1939) Archivesnéerlandaises de physiologie 24: 79-82. “Influence dela mescaline (triméthoxy-β-phényl-éthylamine) et de adiméthoxy-β-phényl-éthylamine sur la tensionartérielle.” [CA (1939) 33: 79012.]

Gelfand, M. et al. (1985) The Traditional medicalpractitioner in Zimbabwe. His principles of practiceand pharmacopoeia. (page 108) Mambo Press:Gweru. [M. Gelfand, S. Mavi, R.B. Drummond & B.Ndemera] [From DESMET 1996]

Gellhorn, E. (1953) Physiological Foundations ofNeurology and Psychiatry. University of MinnesotaPress 1953

Genest, Klaus & D.W. Hughes (1968) Analyst 93(1109): 485-489. “Chromatographic Methods for theIdentification of the New Hallucinogen, 4-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxy-α-methylphenethylamine, and RelatedDrugs.”

Gennaro, M.C. et al. (1996) Analytical Letters 29(13):2399-2409. “Determination of Mescaline inHallucinogenic Cactaceae by Ion-Interaction HPLC.”(M.C. Gennaro, E. Gioannini, D. Giacosa & D.Siccardi)

Georgi, F. et al. (1949)a Schweitzerische medizinischeWochenschrift 79: 121-123. “PsychophysischeKorrelationen, 6. Modellversuche zumSchizophrenieproblem, Mescalinintoxikose undLeberfunktion.” [F. Georgi, R. Fischer and R. Weber][see also (1949)b Excerpta Medica, sect. 8, 2: 951.]

Gerber, Peter (1980) Die Peyote-Religion.Völkerkundemuseum der Universität: Zurich.

Geyer, M.A. et al. (1978) Journal of Pharmacologyand Experimental Therapeutics 207: 837-847. “Theeffects of lysergic acid diethylamide and mescalinederived hallucinogens on sensory-integrative function:tactile startle.” [M.A. Geyer, L.R. Peterson, G.L.Rose, D.D. Horwitt, R.K. Light, L.M. Adams, J.A.Zook, R.L. Hawkins and A.J. Mandell]

Ghosal, S. & R.S. Srivastava (1973)a Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences 62 (9): 1555-1558.“Chemical Investigation of Alhagi pseudalhagi (Bieb.)Desv.: β-Phenethylamines andTetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids”

Ghosal et al. (1974) Planta Medica 26 (4): 318-326.“The active principles of Alhagi pseudalhagi: β-phenethylamine and tetrahydroisoquinoline bases” (S.Ghosal, R.S. Srivastava, S.K. Bhattacharya and P.K.Debnath)

Giarman, Nicholas J. & Daniel X. Freedman (1965)Pharmacological Reviews 17 (1): 1-25. “BiochemicalAspects of the actions of psychotomimetic drugs.”

Gibson, Arthur C. & Park S. Nobel (1986) The CactusPrimer. Harvard University Press. 286 pages. ISBN#0-674-08990-1.

Giese, Claudius Cristobal (1989)a Curare 12 (2): 81-87.“Die Diagnosemethode eines nordperuanischenHeilers” [From RÄTSCH 1998]

Giese, Claudius Cristobal (1989)b ‘Curanderos’:Traditionelle Heiler in Nord-Peru (Küste undHochland) Hohenschäftlarn: Klaus Renner Verlag

(Münchner Beiträge zur Amerikanistik, Bd. 20)[From RÄTSCH 1998]

Gillespie, Allesia M. (1969) Analytical Letters 2 (11):609-622. “A Spectrofluorometric Study of SelectedHallucinogens.”

Gillin, John (1945) Moche: A Peruvian CoastalCommunity.

Glass, Charles & Robert Foster (1977) Cactus &Succulent Journal (US) 49 (4): 161-176. “ARevision of the Genus Turbinicarpus (Backbg.)Buxb. & Backbg.”

Glass-Coffin, Bonnie (1998) The Gift of Life. FemaleSpirituality and Healing in Northern Peru.Univeristy of New Mexico: Albuquerque. 246 page.ISBN 0-8263-1892-4 (hard.); 0-8263-1893-2(paper) [From the 1999 Eleusis 2: 98]

Goldbaum, Leo R. & Leo Kazyak (1956) AnalyticalChemistry 28 (8): 1289-1290. “Identification ofalkaloids and other basic drugs by paper partitionchromatography.”

Goldstein, M. & J.F. Contrera (1962) Journal ofBiological Chemistry 237 (6): 1898-1902. “TheSubstrate Specificity of Phenylamine-β-hydroxylase.”

Goldstein, M. et al. (1961) Journal of Neurochemistry6: 253-254. “Formation of 3:4:5-trimethoxyphenylethanol from mescaline.” [M.Goldstein, A.J. Friedhoff, S. Pomerantz, C.Simmons and J.F. Contrera]

Gordon, M. (1960) , page 397 in A. Burger (ed.)Medicinal Chemistry. Interscience Publishers, Inc.NY.

Gorman, Peter (1995) The Best of High Times. (Bestof #17) The Psychedelics Issue. 74-78. “DivineSmoke and God’s Flesh. Psychedelics and religion.”(Originally ran in the January 1990 issue of HighTimes)

Gottlieb, Adam (1997) Peyote and Other PsychoactiveCacti Twentieth Century Alchemist. 85 pages. ISBN0-914171095-X.

Gottlieb, A. (1998) Peyotlevye KaktusyGrace, G.S. (1934) Journal of Pharmacology and

Experimental Therapeutics 50: 359-372. “TheAction of Mescaline and Some RelatedCompounds.”

Gracie & Zarkov (1984; rev. 1985) Notes from theunderground. A series of groundbreaking paperswhich can be found many places including: http://www.hyperreal.org/psychedelics/gracie.n.zarkov.html & http://www.deoxy.org/gz.html

Grant, Campbell (1965) “The Rock Paintings of theChumash. A Study of a California Indian Culture.”University of California Press: Berkeley and LosAngeles.

Grant, Mary Lee (2000) Ft. Worth Star Telegram 23January “Peyote thrives in South Texas”

Greenblatt, E.N. and Osterberg, A.C. (1961) Journalof Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics131: 115-130. “Correlations of Activating and

SC3: References

Lethal Effects of Excitatory Drugs in Grouped andIsolated Mice.”

Greig, Margaret E. & Anna J. Gibbons (1959) AmericanJournal of Physiology. 196: 803-806. “Effect ofvarious psychotomimetic drugs on rate of appearanceof carbon-14 in the brains of mice after administrationof C14 glucose.” [should be written 14C.]

Gribel, N.V. & V.G. Pashinski (1986) Vopr Onkol 32(12): 38-40. (Russia) “Antimetastatic properties ofAloe juice.”

Grinspoon, Lester & James Bakalar (eds.) (1997)Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered. [First published in1979] Lindesmith Center. ISBN 0-9641568-5-7.

Grym, Rudolph (1997) “Rod/ Die GattungLophophora” Vydavatelstvo Roman Stanik,Bratislava. In German & Czech. [125 pages; packedwith B&W and color photos] ISBN 80-900033-9-6.[Features a chemical summary by Roman Starha pp.85-90.]

Guerra, Francisco (1967) British Journal of Addictions62: 171-187. “Mexican Phantastica – A Study of theEarly Ethnobotanical Sources on HallucinogenicDrugs.”

Guillarmot, J. (1897) Thèse Doct. Méd., Lausanne. “LaPellotine chez les aliénes.”

Gundidza, M. (1985) Central African Journal ofMedicine 31: 238-239. “Phytochemical screening ofsome Zimbabwean medicinal plants.” [From DESMET

1996]Gundidza, M. (1986) Planta Medica 558. “Insecticidal

activity of Monadenium lugardae.” [From DESMET

1996]Gundidza, M. (1990) Fitoterapia 61: 442-444. “Action

of Monadenium lugardiae latex on guinea-pig ileum.”[From DESMET 1996]

Gundidza, M. (1991) Central African Journal ofMedicine 37: 141-144. “Effect of methanol extractfrom Monadenium lugardiae on contractile activity ofguinea-pig ileum.” [From DESMET 1996]

Gusinde, Martin (1939) Der Peyote-Kult: Entsehungund Verbreitung.

Gutiérrez-Noriega, Carlos (1950) América Indígena 10(3): 215-220. “Área de mescalinismo en el Peru.”

Gutiérrez-Noriega, Carlos & Guillermo Cruz Sánchez(1947) Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría 10 (4): 422-468 .“Alteraciones mentales producidas por la ‘Opuntiacylindrica’.”

Gutiérrez-Noriega, Carlos & Guillermo Cruz Sánchez(1948)a Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría 11 (2): 155-170.“Psicosis experimental producida por ‘Opuntiacylindrica’.”

Gutiérrez-Noriega, Carlos & Guillermo Cruz Sánchez(1948)b Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría 11 (3): 390-401. “El test de Rorschach en la intoxicaciónproducida por ‘Opuntia cylindrica’.”

Gutiérrez-Noriega, C. et al. (1951) Revista de Neuro-psiquiatria 14(3): 427-441. “Estudio psicopatológicoy experimental de un caso en que se ha aplicado elalcaloide de la Opuntia Cylindrica.” (C. Gutiérrez-Noriega, G. Cruz Sánchez & L.A. Guerro)

Guttman, E. & W.S. Maclay (1936) Journal ofNeurology and Psychopathology 16: 193-212.“Mescaline and depersonalization: therapeuticexperiments.”

Guttman, Erich (1921) Journal of Mental Science 82: 1-19 “Artificial psychoses produced by mescaline.”

Guttman, E. (1921) Berliner klinische Wochenschrift 68:235, 816. “Experimentelle Halluzination durchAnhalonium lewinii.” [see also (1921) Deutschemedizinische Wochenschrift 47: 145.]

Haagen-Smit, A.J. & M. Olivier, private communicationwith L. Reti.

Habermann, Vlastimil (1974)a Kaktusy 10: 1, 2, 3, 4,12-14, 28-33, 65-67, 81-83. “Alkaloidy kaktusu1.”From Starha’s cactus alkaloid summary.

Habermann, Vlastimil (1974)b Kaktusy 10: 123-127.[“Lophophora fricii Habermann species nova.”] FromANDERSON 1980

Habermann, Vlastimil (1975)a Cactus & SucculentJournal (US) 47: 157-160; “Two Red FloweringSpecies of Lophophora.”

Habermann, Vlastimil (1975)b Kaktusy 11: 3-6, 24.“Lophophora jourdaniana Habermann species nova.”

Habermann, Vlastimil (1975)c Kaktusy 54-57, 80-82“Rod Lophophora Coulter.” [From GRYM]

Habermann, Vlastimil (1977) Plzeòský LékaøskýSborník 44: 17-21. “Pøispìvek ke studiuhalucinogenního úèinku peyotlu.” From StarhaÌ ,)5– s cactus alkaloid summary

Habermann, Vlastimil (1977) Plzeòský LékaøskýSborník 44: 17-22, 144. [“A Contribution to theStudy of the Hallucinogenic Effect of Peyote(Lophophora Coulter).”] From ANDERSON 1980

Habermann, Vlastimil (1978)a Biochimia (SSSR) 43:246-251. “Stanoveni meskalinu pellotinu v r. roduLophophora.” From Starha’s cactus alkaloid summary

Habermann, Vlastimil (1978)b Plzeòský LékaøskýSborník 46: 95-102. “Oscilografická polarografiemeskalinu, pellotinu a n Ì ,)5– kterýchstrukturn Ì ,)5– blízkých alkaloidù rostlin roduLophophora.” From STARHA’s cactus alkaloidsummary [GRYM 1997 gives as p. 94]

Habermann, Vlastimil (1978)b Plzenský LékarskýSborník 46: 95-102. “Oscilografická polarografiemeskalinu, pellotinu a nekterých strukturne blízkýchalkaloidu rostlin rodu Lophophora.”2 From Starha’scactus alkaloid summary [GRYM 1997 gives as p. 94]

Habermann, Vlastimil (1979) Plzeòský LékaøskýSborník 47: 61-63. “Oscilografická polarografien kterých tetrahydroisochinolinových alk. rostlinrodu Lophophora.” From Starha’s cactus alkaloidsummary

Hadáèek, J. et al. (1955) Chemicke Listy. 49: 271-272.“Pøispìvek k syntéze meskalinu.” [“Synthesis ofmescaline.”]

Hahn, George (1934) Berichte der DeutschenChemischen Gesellschaft 67: 1210-1211. “Synthesedes Mescalins. (Entgegnung auf die “Berichtigung”von K.H. Slotta u. G. Szyszka).”

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Hahn, George & Fritz Rumpf (1938) Berichte derDeutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. B 71 (10): 2141-2153. “Über β-(Oxy-phenyl)-äthylamine und ihreUmwandlungen. V. Mitteil.: Kondensation vonOxyphenyl-äthylaminen mit α-Ketosäuren.”[includes synthetic procedure for mescaline.]

Hahn, G. & H. Wassmuth (1934) Berichte derDeutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 67: 696-708.“Über β-(Oxyphenyl)-äthylamine und ihreUmwandlungen. I. Synthese des Mezcalins.”

Haigler, H.J. & George K. Aghajanian (1973) EuropeanJournal of Pharmacology 21: 53-60, “Mescaline andLSD: direct and indirect effects on serotonin-containing neurons in brain.”

Halda (1997) Acta Mus. Richnov. Sect. Nat. 4(2): 71.[From 1998 Repertorium Plantarum SucculentarumXLIX] Lophophora viridescens (HALDA) HALDA

Haley, T.J. (1957) Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica13: 107.

Halstead, W.C. et al. (1942)a Journal ofNeurophysiology 5: 349-356. “Modification ofcortical activity by means of intermittent photicstimulation in the monkey.” [W.C. Halstead, G.W.Knox and A.E. Walker]

Halstead, W.C. et al. (1942)b Journal ofNeurophysiology 5: 483-486. “Effects of intensityand wave length on driving cortical activity inmonkeys.” .” [W.C. Halstead, G.W. Knox, J.I. Woolfand A.E. Walker]

Hammerschlag, Carl (1988) The Dancing Healers: ADoctor’s Journey of Healing with Native Americans.Harper Collins ISBN 0-06-250395-2. 170 pages.

Hanna, Jon (1996) (1998) Psychedelic Resource ListHansen, P. (1996) Kakteen und andere Sukulenten. 47:

263-271. “Erscheinungsformen der GattungLophophora.” [L. fricii var. decipiens HANSEN & L.williamsii f. jourdaniana HANSEN] [from GRYM 1997]

Hardman, H.F. et al. (1973) Toxicology and AppliedPharmacology 25: 299-300. “Relationship of theStructure of Mescaline and Seven Analogs to Toxicityand Behavior in Five Species of LaboratoryAnimals.”(Harold F. Hardman, Coryce O. Haavik andMaurice H. Seevers) [This study was performed onbehalf of the US Army in the 1950’s and declassifiedin 1969.]

Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1991) The Ingens Bull. 4: 27-28.“Psychoactive Mesembs.” [From HARGREAVES 1998]

Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1993) The Euphorbiaceae StudyGroup Bull. 6 (1): 14-18. “Euphorbia davyi and otherkhadi sources.” [From HARGREAVES 1998]

Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1998) Plants Used to MakeKhadi. [Paper presented at the Huntington’s AnnualSucculent Symposium 1998. Copy kindly furnishedby author.]

Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1999) Eleusis 3: 100-104. “Pianteimpiegate nella preparazione del Khadi (Sud Africa).Plants used to make Khadi (South Africa)”

Harner, Michael (1980) Way of the Shaman: A guide topower and healing. Harper & Row; NY

Harley, K.L.S. & A.J. Thorsteinson (1967) Can. J. Zoo.45: 305.

Harley-Mason, J. et al. (1958) Confina Neurologica 18:152-155. “I. The Metabolism of mescalin in thehuman. II. Delayed reactions to mescalin.” [J. Harley-Mason, A.H. Laird & J.R. Smythies.]

Harmon, James E. (1957) Journal of the Cactus andSucculent Society of America 29: 167-170. “ThePersecuted Peyote.”

Harner, Michael J. (Ed) (1973) Hallucinogens andShamanism. New York/ Oxford University Press1973. ISBN 0-19-501649-1.

Harrison, C.M.H., et al. (1976) Nature 260: 138-139“Mescaline as a mitotic spindle inhibitor.” [C.M.H.Harrison, B.M. Page and H.M. Keir]

Hartwich, C. & E. Zwicky (1914) Apotheker-Zeitung29: 925-926, 937-939, 949-950 & 961-962. “ÜberChanna, ein Genussmittel der Hottentotten.” [FromDESMET 1996]

Hatfield, G.M. et al. (1977) Lloydia 40 (4): 374-383.“An investigation of Sophora secundiflora seeds(Mescal Beans.)”

Hayes, Alden (1940) New Mexico Anthropologist 4 (2):34-36. “Peyote Cult on the Goshiute Reservation atDeep Creek.”

Hazum, E. et al. (1981) Science 213 (28) 1010- 1012.“Morphine in Cow and Human Milk: Could DietaryMorphine Constitute a Ligand for Specific Morphine(µ) Receptors?” (Eli Hazum, Julie J. Sabatka, Kwen-Jen Chang, David A. Brent, John W.A. Findlay &Pedro Cuatrecasas)

Heacock, R.A. & Janet E. Forrest (1973) Journal ofChromatography 78: 241-250. “The use of electron-acceptor reagents for the detection of somehallucinogens.”

Hebbard, Frederick W. & Roland Fischer (1966)Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 9 (2): 145-156.“Effects of Psilocybin, LSD and Mescaline on smallinvoluntary eye movements.” [Experienced usersmight find their graphic presentations intriguing.]

Hedendal, B.E. in Health Consciousness Vol 13 (1): 14-17.

Heffter, Arthur (1894)a Naunyn-Schmeidebergs Archivfür Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. 34:65-86. “Ueber Pellote. Ein Beitrag zurpharmakologischen Kenntnis der Cacteen.”

Heffter, Arthur (1894)b Berichte der DeutschenChemischen Gesellschaft. 27: 2975-2979. “Ueberzwei Cacteenalkaloïde.” [Pellotin from A. williamsii(0.89%); Hordenine sfrom A. fissuratum (0.2 gm from1 kg)]

Heffter, Arthur (1896) Ber. 29: 221-227; See in HEFFTER

1896a.Heffter, Arthur (1896)a Berichte der Deutschen

Chemischen Gesellschaft 29: 216-227. “UeberCacteenalkaloïde II. Mitteilung” [Pellotine andMescaline.]

Heffter, Arthur (1896)b Therapeutische Monatshefte 10:327-328. “Ueber Pellotin”

Heffter, Arthur (1896)c Apotheker Zeitung11: 746.“Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntnis der Cactaceen.”

SC3: References

Heffter, Arthur (1898)a Naunyn-Schmeidebergs Archivfur experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie 40:385-429. “Ueber Pellote. Beitrage zur chemischen undpharmakologischen Kenntnis der Cacteen. II.Mittheilung.”

Heffter, Arthur (1898)b Berichte der DeutschenChemischen Gesellschaft 29: 216-227. “UeberCacteenalkaloïde III. Mitteilung.”

Heffter, Arthur (1898)c Berichte der DeutschenChemischen Gesellschaft 31: 1193-1199. “UeberCacteenalkaloïde. (III. Mittheilung.)” [Pellotine,Mescaline, Anhalonidine, Lophophorine, Anhalonine.]

Heffter, Arthur (1901) Berichte der DeutschenChemischen Gesellschaft. 34: 3004-3015 “UeberCacteenalkaloïde. (IV. Mittheilung.)” [Anhalamine,Mescaline, Anhalonidine.]

Heffter, Arthur (ed.) (1924) Handbuch derExperimentellen Pharmakologie. Volume TwoSpringer-Verlag, Berlin.

Heffter, Arthur & R. Capellman (1905) Ber. 38 (3):3634-3640. “Versuch zur synthese des mezcalins.”

Hegnauer, R. (1964) “40. Cactaceae”, pp. 324-336: inChemotaxonomie der Pflanzen [Vol. 3: Dicotyledonae:Acanthaceae–Cyrillaceae] Birkhauser Verlag: Basel &Stuttgart.

Heinrich, C. et al. (1999) Eleusis 3: 27-68. “Giasone,L’Uomo-Droga/ Jason, The Drug Man” (ClarkHeinrich, Carl A.P. Ruck & Daniel B. Staples)

Hell, Christina (1988) Hirsch, Mais, Peyote in derKonzeption der Huichol. Klaus Renner Verlag:Hohenschläftlarn.

Helmlin, Hans-Jörg & Rudolf Brenneisen (1992)Journal of Chromatography 593: 87-94.“Determination of psychotropic phenylalkylaminederivatives in biological matrices by high-performanceliquid chromatography with photodiode-arraydetection.”

Hennings, Paul (1888) Gartenflora 37: 410, [Ill.?] 92-93. [From GRYM 1997]

Hennings, Paul (1888) Gartenflora 37: 410-412. “Einegiftige Kaktee, Anhalonium lewinii n. sp.” [FromRÄTSCH]

Henry, Thomas Anderson (1949) The Plant Alkaloids.Fourth Edition (Second Edition was 1924)

Herbert, Richard B. & Abdullah E. Kattah (1990)Tetrahedron 46 (20): 7105-7118. “The Biosynthesisof Sceletium Alkaloids in Sceletium Subvelutinum L.Bolus.”

Hernandez, Francisco [died 1578]Hernandez, Francisco (1790) De Hist. plant. Nov. Hisp.

3:70. [Cited by SAFFORD] 3 volumes. Ibarra: MadridHernandez, Francisco (1900) Historia, 1577.

Abridgement: Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniaethesaurus, seu(nova) plantarum, animalium,mineralium Mexicananorum historia. Mascardi: Rome[from STEWART]

Hernandez, Francisco (1900) Anales del Instituto MédicoNacional 4 (11): 204. “De Historia Plantarum NovaeHispaniae.” Reprint of 1790 [from LABARRE]

Herre, H. (1971) The Genera of theMesembryanthemaceae.”Tafelberg-Uitgewers BeperkCape Town. ISBN 0 624 00002 8

Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1930)a Revista de laFacultad de Ciencias Quimicas Universidad Nacionalde La Plata. 6 (II): 43-49. “Datos quimicos sobre elEchinopsis eyriesii (TURPIN) ZUCC” [1930 CA 24:4077]

Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1930)b Revista de laFacultad de Ciencias Quimicas Universidad Nacionalde La Plata 6: 75-85. “Datos quimicos sobre elGymnocalycium gibbosum (Haw.) Pfeiff.” [1930 CA24: 4077]

Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1931) Revista Farmaceutica(Buenos Aires) 74: 87-99. “Nota sobre algunasreacciónes microquímicas de la mezcalina.”

Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1932)a RevistaFarmaceutica (Buenos Aires) 74: 251-261. “Datosquimicos sobre el Gymnocalycium multiflorum(Hook.) Britton and Rose.”

Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1932)b RevistaFarmaceutica (Buenos Aires) 74: 375-381. “Datosquimicos sobre Trichocereus sp. aff. T. Terschecki.”

Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1943) Microchemical Noteson ‘Doping’. Separate (Buenos Aires) 58 pages plus100 pages of microphotographs. Preparation ofreagents and microchemical reactions for a variety ofcompounds including mescaline. In Spanish. [From(1944) CA 38: 16077.] LaBarre lists a publication(undated) by this author titled; “NotasMicroquimicas sobre “Doping”, Buenos Aires, 267pp.”

Hewitt, Terry (1993)(1997) The Complete Book ofCactus & Succulents. 176 pages. Dorling KindersleyLtd., London. ISBN 0-7894-1657-3. Beautifullyillustrated book but hardly “complete” in any senseof the word.

Heym et al. (1984) European Journal of Pharmacology.101: 57-68, “Some behavioral effects of hallucinogensare mediated by a postsynaptic serotonergic action:evidence from single unit studies in freely movingcats.” [James Heym, Kurt Rasmussen and Barry l.Jacobs]

Hiller, K. et al. (1973) Die Pharmazie 28: 409-410.“Erynginol A – Ein neues Triterpensapogenin.” [K.Hiller, M. Keipert, S. Pfeiffer, L. Tökés & J. Nelson]

Himwich, Harold E. (1956) in Cholden (ed.)Proceedings of the Round Table on lysergic aciddiethylamide and mescaline in experimentalpsychiatry, held at the annual meetings of theAmerican Psychiatric Association, Atlantic City, NewJersey, May 12, 1955. NewYork: Grune & Stratton.

Himwich, Harold E. (1958) Science 127 (3289): 59-72.“Psychopharmacologic drugs.”

Hirao, Hiroshi (1979) Color Encylopaedia of Cacti.Seibundo Shinkosha Publ. Co. Ltd. An awesomeassemblage of color photos on almost every page,many with flowers, numerous crested specimens andodd Astrophytums we have seen nowhere else.Despite the text being entirely in Japanese this

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

incredible book belongs in the library of anycactophile.

Hirsch, K.S. & H. Ira Fritz (1974) Teratology. A Journalof Abnormal Development 9 (3): A-19– A-20. “Acomparison of mescaline with epinephrine and nor-epinephrine in the hamster.”

Ho et al. (1970) Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 13 (1):26-30. “Analogs of α-Methylphenethylamine(Amphetamine). I. Synthesis and PharmacologicalActivity of Some Methoxy and/or Methyl Analogs.”[Beng T. Ho, William M. McIsaac, Rong An, L.Wayne Tansy, K.E. Walker, Leo F. Englert, Jr. andMichael B. Noel.]

Hobschette, A. (1929) Les Cactacées Médicinales.Gaston Doin & Cie., Paris.

Hoch, P.H. (1951) American Journal of Psychiatry 107:607-611. “Experimentally produced psychoses.”[Ibidem 108 (1952) 579.]

Hoch, P.H. (1955) American Journal of Psychiatry. 111(10): 787-790. “Experimental psychiatry.”

Hoch, P.H. et al. (1952)a American Journal ofPsychiatry 108: 579-584. “Effects of mescaline andlysergic acid (d-LSD-25)” [P.H. Hoch, J.P. Cattell, andH.H. Pennes]

Hoch, P.H. et al. (1952)b American Journal ofPsychiatry 108: 585-589. “Effects of drugs: theoreticalconsiderations from a psychological viewpoint.” [P.H.Hoch, J.P. Cattell, and H.H. Pennes]

Hoebel, E. Adamson (1950) Western Humanities Review3: 126-130. “The Wonderful Herb: An Indian CultVision Experience.”

Hoffer, Abram & Humphrey Osmond (1967) TheHallucinogens. New York: Academic Press

Hoffer, Abram et al. (1954) Journal of Mental Science100 (418): 29-45. “Schizophrenia: A new approach,II. Result of a year’s research.” [Abram Hoffer,Humphrey Osmond and John Smythies]

Hoffmann, Inge (1984) Cactus & Succulent Journal(US) 56 (2): 57-59. “Argentina: Cactus Hunter’sParadise, Part II.”

Hofmann, Albert (1961) Journal of ExperimentalMedical Science 5: 31.

Holden, W.C. (1937) Bulletin of the Texas Archeologicaland Paleontological Society 9: 48-73. “Excavation ofMurrah Cave.”

Holdstock, T.M. & H.M. Stevens (1975) Forensic Sci.6: 187 [SVENDSEN & VERPOORTE 1983]

Holguín, D. Gonzalez (1989) Vocabulario de la lenguageneral de todo el Peru llamada lengua quichua o delInca [first edition 1608] Universidad Nacional Mayorde San Marcos: Lima

Hollister, Leo E. (1962) Annals of the New YorkAcademy of the Sciences 96: 80-88. “Drug-inducedpsychoses and schizophrenic reactions: a criticalcomparison.”

Hollister, Leo E. (1969) Journal of ClinicalPharmacology (Jan.-Feb.): 24-29. “Steroids andMoods: Correlations in Schizophrenics and SubjectsTreated With Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD),Mescaline, Tetrahydrocannabinol, and Synhexyl.”

Hollister, Leo E. & Alan M. Hartman (1962)Comprehensive Psychiatry 3 (4): 235-241.“Mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin: comparison ofclinical syndromes, effects on color perception andbiochemical measures.”

Hollister, Leo E. & Arnold J. Friedhoff (1966) Nature210: 1377-1378. “Effects of 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine in man” [Observed noeffects. Used both mescaline and placebo forcontrols.]

Holmes, E.M. (1921) Journal of the American MedicalAssociation 10 (2): 103-105, “Mexican Herbs andDrugs.”

Hooker, William J. (1847) Curtis’s Botanial Magazine73: Tab. 4296. “Tab. 4296. Echinocactus Williamsii.”[From ANDERSON 1980]

Hopf, A. and Eckert, H. (1969) Psychopharmacologia16: 201-222. “Autoradiographic Studies on theDistribution of Psychoactive Drugs in the Rat Brain.III. 14C-Psilocin.”

Hori, K. (1937) Psychiatria et neurologia japonica 41:13. “Ueber experimentelle Mescalinvergiftung:Versuch am Menschen.”

Hori, K. (1938) Psychiatria et neurologia japonica 42:4. “Versuch an Tieren.”

Horning, E.C. (ed.) (1955) Organic Synthesis.Collective Volume III. John Wiley & Sons.

Hortus Third, See as BAILEY & BAILEY

Hoshikawa (1964) Chemical Abstracts of HOSHIKAWA

1962.Hoshikawa, Hideo (1962) Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi

58: 241-260 [“Pharmacological studies ofhallucinogens. I. Influences of mescaline on thecentral nervous system with special references to thepsychic factors.”]; 58: 261-274 [“II. Generalpharmacological properties of mescaline.”]; 58: 275-288 [“III. Bibliographic considerations ofmescaline.”] [Chemical Abstracts (1964) 60: 7338e-j]

Hosko, Michael J. Jr. & Richard Tislow (1956)Federation Proceedings. Federation of AmericanSocieties for Experimental Biology 15: 440. [Abstract;entry 1432] “Acute Tolerance to Mescaline in theDog.”

Howard, James H. (1956) Southwestern Journal ofAnthropology 12: 432-436. “An Oto-Omaha PeyoteRitual.”

Howard, James H. (1957) American Anthropologist 59:75-87. “The mescal bean cult of the Central andSouthern Plains: an ancestor of the pweyote cult?”

Howard, James H. (1962) Journal of AmericanFolklore 75 (296): 10-14. “Peyote jokes.”

Huerta, Ines Gonzalez (1960) Revista del ViernesMédico [Lima] 11 (1): 133-137. “Identificación de laMescalina Contenida en el Trichocereus pachanoi(San Pedro)” (from LABARRE)

Humphreys, Ray M. (1916) Denver Times 2 December.“Peyote Replaces Whiskey on Reservation: IndiansGet ‘Jags’ With the Mescal Bean” [An interview withChief Special Officer Henry A. Larson of the BIA]

Hunt, D. (1992) CITES Cactaceae Checklist.

SC3: References

Hunt, David (2000) CITES Cactaceae Checklist. SecondEdition. RBG Kew & the IOS. ISBN 1 900347 45 8

Hunt, Linda (1991) Secret Agenda: The United StatesGovernment Nazi Scientists and Operation Paperclip.(St. Martin’s Press)

Hutchings, R.H (1897) State Hospital Bulletin, Utica 2:45-48. “Report on the use of pellotine as a sedativeand hypnotic”

Huxley, Aldous (1954) The Doors of Perception. Chattoand Windus, London, England [also Harper, NewYork]

Huxley, Aldous (1956) Heaven and Hell. Chatto andWindus, London.

Hyde, J. et al. (1949) J. Neurophysiol. 12: 17 [fromPATEL]

Hyde, Robert (1960) “Psychological and SocialDeterminants of Drug Action.” pp. 297-312 in G.J.Sarwer-Foner (ed.) “The Dynamics of PsychiatricDrugs

Iliff, Flora Gregg (date?) People of the Blue Water. Myadventures among the Walapai and HavasupaiIndians. Harper & Brothers: New York

Impellizzeri, G. & M. Piattelli (1972) Phytochemistry11: 2499-2502. “Biosynthesis of Indicaxanthin inOpuntia ficus-indica fruits.”

Impellizzeri, G. et al. (1973) Phytochemistry 12 (9):2293-2294. “A New Betaxanthin from Glottiphyllumlongum.” [Guiseppe Impellizzeri, Mario Piatelli &Sebastiano Sciuto]

Impellizzeri, G. et al. (1973) Phytochemistry 12 (9):2295-2296. “Acylated Betacyanins fromDrosanthemum floribundum.” [GuiseppeImpellizzeri, Mario Piatelli & Sebastiano Sciuto]

Imperato, Pascal James (1977) African Folk Medicine.York Press: Baltimore. 251 pages. ISBN 0-912752-08-4

Innes, Clive (1981) The Complete Handbook of Cactiand Succulents. Ward Lock Ltd., London. ISBN 0-442-24122-4

Innes, Clives & Charles Glass (1991) Cacti. 1991Portland House; New York. ISBN 0-517-05650-X.L.w.var. williamsii (in flower) & L. w. var. diffusa &L.w. var caespitosa (all color) p. 150

Inubushi, Y. & K. Fujitani (1958) J. Pharm. Soc. Japan(Yakugaku Zasshi) 78: 486-?. “An unexpectedreaction in a Pomeranz-Fritsch isoquinolinesynthesis.”

Isbell, Harris (1959) Psychopharmacologia 1(1): 29-38,“Comparison of the Reactions Induced by Psilocybinand LSD-25 in Man.”

Isbell, Harris et al. (1962) Psychopharmacologia 2:147-159. “Cross tolerance between LSD andpsilocybin.”

Isibasi, T. (1937) Psychiatria et neurologia japonica 41:38-?. “Beitraege zur Kentniss der experimentellenMeskalinvergiftung an Normalen.”

Ito, Y. (1952) Cacti 96 [Lophophora williamsii var.caespitosa Y.ITO] from ANDERSON 1980 & GRYM 1997]

Iwamoto, H.K.; Thesis, Graduate School of theUniversity of Maryland, 1942-1944, 43 [Abstract]

“The synthesis of analogs of mescaline.” [FromLaBarre (1975)]

Izumi, Seiichi and Toshiko Sono (1960) Andes 2.Excavations at Kotosh, Peru 1960.

Jacob (1966) Proceedings of the European Society for theStudy of Drug Toxicity 8: 30-58

Jacob, J. & C. Lafille (1963) Archives Internationales dePharmacodynamie et de Thérapie 145: 528-?.

Jacob, J. et al. (1962) Medicina Experimentalis 7: 296-?.Jacob, J. et al. (1964) Archives Internationales de

Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie 148: 14-?.Jacobsen, Erik (1963) Clinical Pharmacology and

Therapeutics 4: 480-503. “The Clinical Pharmacologyof the Hallucinogens.”

Jacobsen, Hermann (1960) A Handbook of SucculentPlants: Descriptions, Synonyms and Cultural DetailsFor Succulents Other Than Cactaceae. Volume 3.Mesembryanthemums (Ficoidaceae). Blandford Press,London.

Jaensch, W. (1920) Zentralblatt für die gesamteNeurologie und Psychiatrie 23: 119-120.“Pharmakologische Versuche über die Beziehungenoptischer Konstitutionsstigmen zu denHalluzinationen”

James, Jennifer (1996) Peyote and Mescaline. Do It Now.0-89230-210-0.

Janiger, Oscar & Marlene Dobkin de Rios (1975)Economic Botany 30: 149-151. “Nicotiana anHallucinogen?”

Janniger, Otto & Gertrude Paltin (1971) A Bibliographyof LSD, Mescaline, from the Earliest Researches to theBeginnings of Suppression. Fitz Hugh MemorialLibrary: San Francisco

Janot, M.M. & M. Bernier (1933) Bulletin des sciencespharmacologiques 40: 145-153. “Essai de localisationdes alcaloïdes dans le peyotl.”

Jantz, H. (1940)a Klinische Wochenscrift 19: 774. “Zurpathophysiologie des Meskalinrausches.” [also(1940)b Medizinische Klinik (Berlin) 36: 790.]

Jantz, H. (1941) Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologieund Psychiatrie 171: 28-56. “Veränderung desStoffwechsels im Meskalinrausch beim Menschen undim Tierversuch.”

Jeffs, P.W. (1981) Alkaloids (N.Y.) 19: 26. [FromSOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM]

Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1969) Journal of the AmericanChemical Society 91 (14): 3831-3839. “Structure of theMesembranols and the Absolute Configuration ofMesembrine and Related Alkaloids.” (P.W. Jeffs,Richard L. Hawks & D.S. Farrier)

Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1970) Journal of Organic Chemistry 35(10): 3512-3518. “Alkaloids of Sceletium Species. III.The Structures of Four New Alkaloids from S.strictum.” (P.W. Jeffs, G. Ahmann, H.F. Campbell, D.S.Farrier, G. Ganguli & Richard L. Hawks)

Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1971)a Journal of the AmericanChemiscal Society 93 (15): 3752-3758. “Biosynthesisof Mesembrine and Related Alkaloids. The Amino AcidPrecursors.” (Peter W. Jeffs, W.C. Archie, Richard L.Hawks & D.S. Farrier)

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1971)b Journal of the ChemicalSociety D. Chemical Communications 228-230.“Biosynthesis of Mesembrine and Related Alkaloids,Mode of Incorporation of Phenylalanine, andExamination of Norbelladines as Precursors.” (PeterW. Jeffs, H.F. Campbell, D.S. Farrier & G. Molina)

Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1971)c Journal of the ChemicalSociety D. Chemical Communications 1466-1467.“The Structure of Sceletium Alkaloid A4, a PyridineAlkaloid from Sceletium namaquense: Direct MethodX-Ray Determination.” (Peter W. Jeffs, P.A. Luhan,Andrew T. McPhail & N.H. Martin)

Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1974)a Journal of Organic Chemistry39 (18): 2703-2710. “Sceletium Alkaloids. VI. MinorAlkaloids of S. namaquense and S. strictum.” (PeterW. Jeffs, T. Capps, D.B. Johnson, J.M. Karle, N.H.Martin & B. Rauckman)

Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1974)b Phytochemistry 13: 933-945.“Incorporation of Phenylalanine and Examination ofNorbelladines as Precursors of the MesembrineAlkaloids.” (Peter W. Jeffs, Henry F. Campbell,David S. Farrier, Gouranga Ganguli, Ned H. Martin& Gerado Molina)

Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1978) Phytochemistry 17: 719-728.“Cinnamic Acid Intermediates as Precursors toMesembrine and Some Observations on the LateStages in the Biosynthesis of the MesembrineAlkaloids.” (Peter W. Jeffs, Jean M. Karle & Ned H.Martin)

Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1982) Journal of Organic Chemistry47: 3611-3617. “Sceletium Alkaloids. Structures ofFive New Bases from Sceletium namaquense.” (PeterW. Jeffs, Thomas M. Capps & Richard Redfearn)

Jensch, H. (1929) (1931) German Patent 526,172,April 7, 1929; CA (1931) 25: 4284.

Jensch, H. (1936) Medizin und Chemie 3: 408-411.“Zur Synthese der Mezcalins.”

Jensen, H. (1935) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57: 1765. [FromDEULOFEU & RUVEDA 1971]

Jensen, H. & K.K. Chen (1929) J. Biol. Chem. 82: 397.[From DEULOFEU & RUVEDA 1971]

Jilek, Kugler, Hofer & Lawder (1963) ConfiniaNeurologica 23: 201-220 in the literature meantKNOLL et al. 1963.

Joachimoglu, G. &and E. Keeser (1924)“Kakteenalkaloide” pp. 1104-1113, in A. Heffter’sHandbuch der Experimentellen Pharmakologie, Bd.II. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1924. 0

Johnson, William E. “Pussyfoot” (1912) Indian SchoolJournal 12 (7): 239-242; (8): 289-293. “History, Useand Effects of Peyote.”

Jolly, F. (1896)a Therapeut. Monatsh. 10: 328-329.“Ueber die schlafmachende Wirkung des Pellotinummuriaticum”

Jolly, F. (1896)b Deut. Med. Wochenschrift 22: 375-376. “Ueber Pellotin als Schlafmittel”

Jones, A.M. (1954) Africa 24: 26-47. “AfricanRhythm.”

Kaláb, D. (1956) Die Pharmazie 11 (4): 268-269.“Oscillopolarographisches Verhalten von Mezkalin.”

Kalischer, S. (1895) Monatsschrift für Kakteenkunde 5:59-60. “Über giftige Kakteen.”

Kametani, T. et al. (1966) Yakugaku Zasshi 86 (10):913-918. “Studies on the Syntheses of HeterocyclicCompounds. CLI. Selective Demethylation of 3,4-Dihydro-6,7,8-trimethoxyisoquinoline and ModifiedTotal Synthesis of Anhalamine.” (Tetsuji Kametani,Nagatoshi Wagatsuma & Fujinori Sasaki)

Kametani, Tetsuji (1969) The Chemistry of theIsoquinoline Alkaloids. Hirokawa Publ. / ElsevierPubl.

Kan, M. et al. (1989) Sculpture of Ancient West Mexico.County Museum of Art: Los Angeles. [Michael Kan,Clement Meighan & H.B. Nicholson]

Kang, Sungzong & Jack Peter Green (1973)Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 67:62-67. “Steric and Electronic Relationships amongSome Hallucinogenic Compounds”

Kant, F. (1931) Archive für Psychiatrie 91: 694. “UberReaktionsformen in Giftrausch.”

Kapadia, Govind J. & Henry M. Fales (1968)a TheChemical Society, London. Chemical Communications[Journal of the Chemical Society. D.] . 24: 1688-1689.“Krebs cycle conjugates of mescaline. Identificationof fourteen new peyote alkaloid amides.” Kapadia,Govind J. & Henry M. Fales (1968)b Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences. 57 (11): 2017-2018.“Peyophorine, a tetrahydroisoquinoline cactusalkaloid containing an ethyl group.”

Kapadia, Govind J. & Henry M. Fales (1970) Lloydia33 (4): 492. (Proceedings.) “Peyote and RelatedAlkaloids. Structure and Synthesis of Some NewKrebs Cycle Conjugates of Mescaline.”

Kapadia, Govind J. & M.B.E. Fayez (1970)a Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences. 59 (12): 1699-1727 “Peyoteconstituents. Chemistry, biogenesis and biologicaleffects.”

Kapadia, Govind J. & M.B.E. Fayez (1970)b Lloydia.33 (4): 494.

Kapadia, Govind J. & M.B.E. Fayez (1973) Lloydia 36(1): 9-35 “The chemistry of the peyote alkaloids.”

Kapadia, Govind J. & R.J. Highet (1967) Lloydia 30:287-288 (Proceedings.) “Peyote Alkaloids IV.Structure of Peyonine, a novel β-Phenethylpyrrolefrom Lophophora williamsii.”

Kapadia, Govind J. & R.J. Highet (1968) Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences. 57:191-192. “Structure ofpeyonine, novel phenethylpyrrole from Lophophorawilliamsii.”

Kapadia, Govind J. & Mehdi H. Hussein (1972)Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 61 (7): 1172-1173. “Peyote and Related Alkaloids XIV:Mescaloxylic acid and mescaloruvic acid, the novelamino acid analogs of mescaline.” (Mescaloruvic acidand mescaloxylic acid as trace constituents.)

Kapadia, Govind J. & G.S. Rao (1965) Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences. 54 (12): 1817-1819 “Gas-liquid chromatography and structure retention timerelationship of Anhalonium alkaloids and relatedbases”

SC3: References

Kapadia, Govind J. & N.J. Shah (1968) 115th AnnualMeeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association(Miami Beach, Fla.): Abstract no. 16, p. 104-?.“Peyote alkaloids V. Preparation of mescaline andselective ether cleavage of pyrogallol trimethyl etherswith lithium aluminum hydride.”

Kapadia, Govind J. & Narenda J. Shah (1967) Lloydia30: 287. (Proceedings.) “Peyote Alkaloids III.Isolation and Synthesis of Peyonine, a novel β-Phenethylpyrrole from Lophophora williamsii.”

Kapadia, G. Rao, Leete, Fayez, Vaishnav and Fales, tobe published. (in the literature) See as Kapadia, G. etal. (1970) Journal of the American Chemical Society92 (23): 6943-6951

Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1968) Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences. 57 (2): 254-262. “Anhalotine, lophotine andpeyotine, quaternary alkaloids of Lophophorawilliamsii.” (Kapadia, N.J. Shah and T.B. Zalucky)

Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1969) Paper presented at the 116thMeeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association,Montreal, Canada. May 18-22. “Identification andsynthesis of 3-demethylmescaline, a plausibleintermediate in the biosynthesis of the cactusalkaloids.” (from Kapadia and Fayez)

Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1969)a Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences. 58 (9): 1157-1159 “Peyote alkaloids. IX.Identification and synthesis of 3-demethylmescaline, aplausible intermediate in the biosynthesis of the cactusalkaloids.” (G.J. Kapadia, Y.N. Vaishnav and M.B.E.Fayez)

Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1969)b Lloydia 32: 525. (1-Methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-8-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carboxylic acid in L.williamsii proposed as immediate precursor toanhalonidine.) (G.J. Kapadia, M.B.E. Fayez, Y. N.Vaishnav, H.M. Fales, and G. Subba Rao)

Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1970)a Lloydia 33 (4): 492.(Proceedings.) “Peyote and Related Alkaloids. XII.Structure and Synthesis of Peyoglunal, a New Cactusβ-Phenethylpyrrole.” (G.J. Kapadia, B.K. Chowdury,M.B.E. Fayez and H.M. Fales)

Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1970)b Journal of the AmericanChemical Society 92 (23): 6943-6951. “On the originof carbon 1 in tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids.” (G.J.Kapadia, G.S. Rao, E. Leete, M.B.E. Fayez, Y.N.Vaishnav and H.M. Fales)

Kapadia et al. (1970) paper presented at the “11thAnnual Meeting of the American Society ofPharmacognosy (Vienna, Austria) July 1970, To bepublished.” ie Kapadia et al. (1970)a Lloydia 33 (4):492. (Proceedings).

Kapadia et al.”11th Annual Meeting of the AmericanSociety of Pharmacognosy (Vienna, Austria) July 1970,To be published” (in the literature) See as KAPADIA etal. (1970)a Lloydia 33 (4): 492.

Kapadia, G. et al. (1971) Paper presented at the 118thMeeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association,San Francisco, California, March 27-April 2. “Somenewer synthetic cactus alkaloid analogs.” (fromKapadia & Fayez)

Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1972), given in the literature, refersto Kapadia & Hussein (1972)

Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1973) Journal of HeterocyclicChemistry 10 (1): 135-136 “Peyote and relatedalkaloids. XV. O-Methylpeyoxylic acid and O-Methylpeyoruvic acid, the new cyclic amino acidanalogs of mescaline.” (Govind J. Kapadia, G.S. Rao,M.H. Hussein, & B.K. Chowdury)

Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1977), given in the literature, refersto Kapadia & Hussein (1972).

Karle, Jean M. (1977) Acta Crystallographia B33: 185-188. “(±)-N-Demethyl-N-formylmesembrenone.”

Karle, Jean M. (1976) Ph.D. Dissertation. [From Karle1977]

Karsten, G.K. (1895) Flora Deutschland Second Edition457

Katz, Richard (1982) Boiling Energy: CommunityHealing among the Kalahari !Kung. HarvardUniversity Press

Kauder, E. (1899)a Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichteder Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft 237:190-198 “Uber alkaloide aus Anhalonium lewinii.”

Kauder, E. (1899)b Chemische Central-Blatt 1: 1244“Uber alkaloide aus Mescal-buttons.”

KAWAI & CHOSABURO 1968 in literature meant KAWAI &YAMAMOTO 1968

Kawai, Nobufumi & Chosaburo Yamamoto (1968) BrainResearch 7: 323-325. “Antagonism between serotoninand LSD studied in vitro in thin sections from thesuperior colliculus of guinea pig.”

Kellog, R. et al. (1965) Nature (London) 208: 1129-1130. “Form Similarity Between Phosphenes ofAdults and Pre-School Children’s Scribbling.” [R.Kellog, M. Knoll and J. Kügler]

Kelsey, F.E. (1959) The South Dakota Journal ofMedicine and Pharmacy 12: 231-233. “ThePharmacology of Peyote.” From ANDERSON

Kennedy, Alison Bailey (1982) Current Anthropology23 (3): 273-290. “Ecce Bufo: The Toad in Nature andin Olmec Iconography.”

Kerr, S.J. (1972) Journal of Biological Chemistry 247:4248-4252. “Competing methyltransferase systems.”

Keup, W. (1959) “The possible role of a LSD-proteincomplex in LSD model psychosis.” page 338, in:Bradley, P.B. et al. (eds.) Neuropsychopharmacology.Proceedings of the First International Congress ofNeuro-psychopharmacology. (Rome, September1958).

Khanna, K.L. et al. (1969) The Chemical Society,London. Chemical Communications. [Journal of theChemical Society. D] 6: 315. “Biosynthesis ofMescaline.” (K.L. Khanna, H. Rosenberg and A.G.Paul.)

Khanna, K.L. et al. (1970) Phytochemistry 9: 1811-1815.“Biosynthesis of Phenolic TetrahydroisoquinolineAlkaloids of Peyote.” (K.L. Khanna, M. Takido, H.Rosenberg & A.G. Paul)

Kindler, K. (1927) Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichteder Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft 265:

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

389-415. “Über neue und verbesserte Wege zumAufbau von pharmakologisch wichtigen Aminen. I. “

Kindler, Karl & Wilhem Peschke (1932)a Archiv derPharmazie und Berichte der DeutschenPharmazeutischen Gesellschaft 270: 340-353. “Überneue und über verbesserte wege zum Aufbau vonpharmakologisch wichtigen Aminen IV. Übersynthesen von Tyramin und Epinen.

Kindler, Karl & Wilhem Peschke (1932)b Archiv derPharmazie und Berichte der DeutschenPharmazeutischen Gesellschaft 270: 410-413. “Überneue und über verbesserte wege zum Aufbau vonpharmakologisch wichtigen Aminen. VI. überSynthesen des Meskalins”

Kindler, Karl (1927) Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichteder Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft 265:389-415. “Über neue und verbesserte Wege zumAufbau von pharmakologisch wichtigen Aminen. I. .”

King, R. Merrill (1957) Cactus and Succulent Journal ofthe Cactus and Succulent Society of America. 29 (4):102-104. “Studies in the Tissue Culture of Cacti.”

Kinoshita, K. et al. (1992) Journal of Natural Products55 (7): 953-955. “New Triterpenes from Trichocereusbridgesii.” [Kaoru Kinoshita, Kiyotaka Koyama,Kunio Takahashi, Norio Kondo and Hiroshi Yuasa]

Kircher, Henry W. (1982) “Chemical Composition ofCacti and Its Relationship to Sonoran DesertDrosophilia.” pp. 143-158, in J.S.F. Barker & W.T.Starmer (eds.) Ecological Genetics and Evolution. TheCactus-Yeast-Drosophila Model System. AcademicPress. ISBN 0 12 078820 9.

Kloesel, Lawson (1958) American Journal of Pharmacy”130: 307-316. “Some Notes On Peyote” [FromANDERSON 1980]

Klüver, Heinrich (1926) American Journal of Psychology37 (4): 502-515. “Mescal Visions and Eidetic Visions.”

Klüver, Heinrich (1928)a Mescal, and Mechanisms ofHallucinations. [reprinted in 1966 by the Universityof Chicago Press.]

Klüver, Heinrich (1928)b Mescal, The “Divine” Plantand its Psychological Effects. London.

Klüver, Heinrich (1942) “Mechanisms ofHallucinations.” pp. 175-207 in Studies in Personality:Essays in Honor of Lewis M. Terman. NewYork:McGraw-Hill.

Klüver, Heinrich (1966) Mescal and Mechanisms ofHallucination. Phoenix Books: University of ChicagoPress 108 pages.

Knize, Karel (nd) Index to Field #s of CollectedSpecimens 1967-1977

Knoll, Max (1958) Zeitschrift für Psychologie 17: 110-126. “Anregung geometrischer Figuren und anderensubjektiver Lichtmuster in elektrischen Feldern.”

Knoll, Max (1967) Eranos Jahrbuch 1965. 34: 361-397+ 27 pages of illustrations. “Die Welt der InnerenLichterscheinungen.” [“The World of Inner LightSensations.”] [Eranos-Jahrbuch 1965. Form alsAufgabe des Geistes ©1967. Publ. Rhein-Verlag Zürich1966] [See also his contained references.]

Knoll, Max & Kügler, J. (1959) Nature (London) 184:1823-1824. “Subjective Light Pattern Spectroscopyin the Electroencephalic Range.”

Knoll, Max et al. (1962) Elektromedizin 7 (4): 235-242.“Reproductionbarkeit von elektrisch angeregtenLichterscheinungen (Phosphene) bei zweiVersuchspersonen innerhalb von 6 Monaten.” [MaxKnoll, O. Hofer, D. Lawder and J.M. Lawder]

Knoll, Max et al. (1962) Journal of Analytic Psychology7: 55-69. “Note on the Spectroscopy of SubjectiveLight Patterns.” [Max Knoll, J. Kügler, J. Echmierand O. Hofer]

Knoll, Max et al. (1963) Confina Neurologica 23 (3):201-226. “Effects of Chemical Stimulation ofElectrically-Induced Phosphenes on TheirBandwidth, Shape, Number and Intensity.” [M.Knoll, J. Kugler, O. Höfer and S.D. Lawder]

Knorr et al. (1969) (in the literature) meant KORR et al.1969

Knox, MJ et al. (1983) Journal of Chromatography265: 357-362. “Quantitative analysis of β-phenethylamines in two Mammillaria species(Cactaceae)” [M.J. Knox, W.D. Clark and S.O. Link]

Korr, H. et al. (1969) Psychopharmacologia 16: 183-200. “Autoradiographische Untersuchungen zurVerteilung von Mescalin und dessen Einfluß auf diezentrale Erregung bei Mäusen.” [H. Korr, E. Lehr, N.Seiler and G. Werner.]

Krainz, H. (1964) Die Kakteen. Gattung Lophophora 1,III. [From Habermann 1975]

Kramer, S.Z. et al. (1965) Federation Proceedings.Federation of American Societies for ExperimentalBiology. 24: 390. [Abstract; entry 1450] “CatatonicBehavior and Brain Electrical Activity in Chicks asInfluenced by some Catecholamines and theirMetabolites.” [Stanley Z. Kramer, Eli Seifter andJoseph Seifter.]

Krapf, E.E. (1951) Neurobiologia (Recifa, Brazil) 14:99-108. “Experimentos com venènos embriagadores:seu valor para a patopsicologia y a clinicapsiquiatrica.”

Kratzel, K. & H. Silbernagel (1955) Mitteilungen derOesterreichischen Gesellschaft fuer Holzforschung 7:71-78. [1956 CA 50: 6040f-g] [“Concerning the effectof thermal treatment of beechwood and beechlignin.”]

Kreuzinger, H. (1935) Verzeichnis 9[Lophophorajourdaniana KREUZINGER syn. violaciflora] [fromGRYM 1997]

Krieger 1956 Ph.D. Dissertation, Karlsruhe.Kringstad, Randi & Arnold Nordal (1975)

Phytochemistry 14: 1868-1870. “Lactone-FormingAcids in Succulent Plants.”

Kruger, T.L. et al. (1977) Journal of Organic Chemistry42: 4161-4162. “Identification of alkaloids in crudeextracts by mass-analyzed ion kinetic energyspectrometry.” (T.L. Kruger, R.G. Cooks, J.L.McLaughlin, and R.L. Ranieri)

Kubota, Seiju et al. (1966) Journal of OrganicChemistry 31: 516-520. “The structure and totalsynthesis of takatonine.”

SC3: References

Kurath, Gertrude (1953) American Anthropologist 55:113 Review of: Cantos indigenas de Mexico, byConcha Michel (Mexico, D.F.; 1951)

Kurland et al. (1966) “Psychedelic Psychotherapy(LSD) in the Treatment of Alcoholism.” pp. 435-440.in: Brill et al. (eds.) Neuro-psycho-pharmacology.Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of theCollegium Internationale Neuro-Psycho-Pharmacologicum. [A.A. Kurland, J.W. Shaffer and S.Unger]

LaBarre, Weston (1938) The Peyote Cult Yale UniversityPress, New Haven, Conn. [The 2nd edition waspublished in 1964 by Shoe String Press; 260 pp. Theenlarged 3rd edition was published in 1969. Therevised “Fourth edition, enlarged”, was published in1975 by Archon Books, Hamden, CT; 296 pp.. Therevised 5th edition, enlarged yet again, was publishedin 1989 by the University of Oklahoma Press ISBN0-8061-2214-5; 352 pp.]

LaBarre, Weston (1957)a American Anthropologist 59:359. Book Review of The Peyote Religion by J.S.Slotkin.

LaBarre, Weston (1957)b American Anthropologist 59:708-711. “Mescalism and Peyotism.”

LaBarre, Weston (1960) Current Anthropology 1: 45-60.“Twenty Years of Peyote Studies.”

LaBarre, Weston (1964) The Peyote Cult Second Edition.See LABARRE 1938.

LaBarre, Weston (1969) The Peyote Cult Third Edition.See LABARRE 1938.

LaBarre, Weston (1990) The Ghost Dance. Origins ofreligion. Waveland Press ISBN 0-88133-561-4 (Firstpublished in 1970) 677 pages. Also printed in 1972

LaBarre, Weston (1975) The Peyote Cult Fourth Edition.See LABARRE 1938.

LaBarre, Weston (1979)a Journal of Psychedelic Drugs11 (1-2): 7-11. “Shamanic Origins of Religion andMedicine”

LaBarre, Weston (1979)b Journal of Psychedelic Drugs11 (1-2): 33-39, “Peyotl and Mescaline.”

LaBarre, Weston (1981) “Peyotegebrauch beinoramerikanischen Indianern” in G. Völger (Ed.)Rausch und Realität Volume 2. Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum: Köln.

LaBarre, Weston (1989) The Peyote Cult Fifth Edition.See LABARRE 1938.

Labouret (1855) Rev. Hort. IV. 4: 25 [Cereustetracanthus LABOURET] [From BRITTON & ROSE]

Laing, R.O. (1979) Central African Journal of Medicine25: 265-266. “Three cases of poisoning by Boophanedisticha.” [From DESMET 1996]

LaManna et al. (1960) Farmaco Ed. Sci. 15: 9Lamb, Edgar & Brian Lamb (1969) Pocket Encyclopedia

of Cacti in Colour. Including other succulents.Blandford Press: Dorset ISBN 0 7137 0506X

Lamb, Edgar & Brian Lamb (1971) The IllustratedReference on Cacti and Other Succulents. Volume 3.[First edition in 1963] Blandford Press: Poole/DorsetISBN 07137 0009 2.

Lamb, Edgar & Brian Lamb (1973)a The IllustratedReference on Cacti and other Succulents. Volume 1.

[First edition 1955] Blandford Press: London. NoISBN.

Lamb, Edgar & Brian Lamb (1973)b The IllustratedReference on Cacti and other Succulents. Volume 2.[First edition 1959] Blandford Press: London.

Lamb, Edgar & Brian Lamb (1974) Colorful Cacti of theAmerican Deserts. Macmillan Publ. Co: New York[Also 1974 by Blandford] ISBN 0-02-567670-9

Lamb, Edgar & Brian Lamb (1978) The IllustratedReference on Cacti and Other Succulents. Volume 5.Blandford Press: Dorset. ISBN 0 7137 0852 2

Lame Deer & Richard Erdoes (1979) Tahca Ishte –Medizinmann der Sioux. List: Munich.

Landes (1963) Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 593-596.Landis, C. and Clausen, J. (1954) Journal of Psychology

38: 211-221. “Certain effects of mescaline andlysergic acid on psychological functions.”

Lanternari, Vittoria (1974) (1960) “Il Peyotismo” pp.67-111 in V. Lanternari Movimenti religiosi di libertà edi salvezza dei popoli oppressi. Feltrinelli: Milano.

Las Casas (1909) Apol. Hist. de las Indias, Chap. 166,pp. 445-446, ed. Serrano y Saenz, Madrid. 1909(from SAFFORD 1916a & 1916b)

Lastres, Juan B. (1951) História de la MedicinaPeruana. Vol. 1. La Medicina Incáica. (Lima) (Fromseveral Dobkin de Rios articles including 1968Economic Botany)

Lebeau, P. & M.M. Janot (1955) Traité de pharmaciechimique. Paris 1955. Vol 4, p. 3135.

Lee, Martin A. & Bruce Shlain (1985) Acid Dreams:The CIA, LSD, and the Sixties Rebellion. Grove Press.

Leete, Edward (1959) Chemistry and Industry (London)1959: 604. “Biogenesis of Mescaline.”

Leete, Edward (1966) Journal of the American ChemicalSociety 88 (18): 4218-4221. “Biosynthesis of thePeyote Alkaloids. The Incorporation of Tyrosine 2-C14 into Mescaline and Anhalonidine.” [Note: thisshould be written 14C.]

Leete, Edward & J.D. Braunstein (1969) TetrahedronLetters 6: 451-452. “Biosynthesis of Anhalonidine:Origin of the Two Carbon Unit.”

Lehmann, Arthur C. & Louis J. Mihalyi (1982)Ethnology 21 (4): 335-347. “Aggression, Bravery,Endurance, and Drugs: A Radical Re-evaluation andAnalysis of the Masai Warrior Complex.”

Lemaire, Charles A. (1838) Cactearum aliquot novarumac insuetarum in horto monvilliano cultarum accuratadescritio, Fasc. I.. Lutetiae Parisiorum [FromLABARRE]

Lemaire, Charles (1839) Cactearum Genera Nova ettSpecies Nova en Horto Monville. Paris [FromANDERSON 1980]

Lemmo (1977) High Times (June, No. 22): 76“Psychedelic Cacti.”

Leninger, Albert L. (1975) Biochemistry Second Edition.Worth Publ., New York. ISBN 0-87901-047-9.

Leon et al. (1969) J. Clin. Pharm. 9: 399. [A.S. Leon,W.B. Abrams, M. Markowitz and E.C. Meisner]

Leonard, B.E. & Sally R. Tonge (1969) Life Sciences. 8,pt. 1 (15): 815-825. “The Effects of Some

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Hallucinogenic Drugs Upon the Metabolism ofNoradrenaline.”

Leonard, Irving A. (1942) American Anthropologist 44:324-326. “Peyote and the Mexican Inquisition.”[STEWART gives the original as “AGN, Inquisición:333.35: 1620. Edicto impresso del Santo Oficio contrael uso del peyote, p. 1. Mexico City. (In AguirreBeltrán, 1963: 371.)]

Leuba, James H. (1960) La psicologia del misticismoreligioso. Feltrinelli: Milano.

Levine, Michael (1994) The Big White Lie: The deepcover operation that exposed the CIA sabotage of thedrug war.

Levis, D.J. & Caldwell, D.F. (1971) Biol Psychiatr. 3:251-257. “The effects of a low dosage of mescalineand 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine under two levelsof aversive stimulation”

Lewin, Louis (1888)a Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archiv furExperimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie 24:401-411. “XXVII. Ueber Anhalonium lewinii.” [seealso LEWIN 1894a and LEWIN 1894b]

Lewin, Louis (1888)b Therapeutic Gazette. 3rd. Ser., 4:231-237. “Anhalonium lewinii”

Lewin, Louis (1894)a Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archiv furExperimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie 34:374-391. “Ueber Anhalonium Lewinii”

Lewin, Louis (1894)b Berichte der DeutschenBotanischen Gesellschaft 12: 283-290 “UeberAnhalonium Lewinii und andere giftige Cacteen.”[Anhalonium jourdanianum p. 289]

Lewin, Louis (1931) Phantastica. Dutton, New York.[First published (in German) in 1924. Reprinted (inEnglish) in 1964 by E.P. Dutton, New York.]

Lewin, Louis (1937) Kakteenkund 5: 190 [Lophophorajourdaniana LEWIN] [from GRYM 1997]

Lewin, Roger (1991) New Scientist 130 (1772): 30-34.“Stone Age Psychedelia.”

Lewis, Joyce L. & H. McIlwain (1954) BiochemicalJournal 57 (4): 680-684. “Action of some ergotderivatives, mescaline and dibenamine on themetabolism of separated mammalian cerebral tissues.”

Lewis-Williams, J. David (1981) Believing and Seeing:Symbolic meanings in southern San rock paintings.Academic Press: London. ISBN 0-12-447060-2.

Lewis-Williams, J.D. & T.A. Dowson (1988) CurrentAnthropology 29 (2): 201-245 “The Signs of AllTimes. Entoptic Phenomena in Upper PaleolithicArt.”

Lewis-Williams, J.D. & T.A. Dowson (1989) Images ofPower. Southern Book Publishers: Johannesburg.

Lewis-Williams, J.D. & T.A. Dowson (1992) RockPaintings of the Natal Drakensberg. South AfricaUniversity of Natal Press: Pietermaritzburg.

Lewis-Williams, J.D. & Dowson, T.A. (1993) CurrentAnthropology 34 (1): 55-65 “On Vision and Power inthe Neolithic: Evidence from the DecoratedMonuments.”

Life Enhancement (1997) 34:18-23. A sane discussion ofGHB and the maliciously deceptive insanity theFDA/DEA is currently directing towards it for self-serving purposes. [See also the book by DEAN]

Lindgren, J.-E. et al. (1971) FEBS Letters 13 (1): 21-27.“Detection of Biochemical Intermediates by MassFragmentography: Mescaline andTetrahydroisoquinoline Precursors.” (J.E. Lindgren,S. Agurell, J. Lundström, and U. Svensson)

Little, M.D. et al. (1968) Anat. Rec. 160: 385-386.“Limb tremors produced in rats by intrastriatalinjection of mescaline or 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine”

Livanov, M.N. & Poliakiv, K.L. (1945) Bulletin of theAcademy of Sciences of the USSR 3: 286-307.“Electrical processes in the rabbit’s cortex during thedevelopment of conditioned response to rhythmicstimulation.”

Lloyd, John Uri (1895) Etidorpha, or the End of Earth.(Republished in 1976 by Sunn: Albuquerque, NMand, again, in 1978 by Pocket Books: NewYork.)[From MCKENNA 1991]

Luduena, F.-P. (1936) Comptes Rendus Hebdomairesdes Séances et Mémoires de la Sociéte de Biologie etde ses Filiales et Associées (Sociéte de Biologie deRosario 1935) 121: 368-369. “Pharmacologie de laTrichocéréine. Alcaloïde du Trichocereus terschecki(Parm.) Britton et Rose.”

Ludwig, Arnold M. & Jerome Levine (1966) ClinicalMedicine 73: 21-24. “The clinical effects ofpsychedelic agents.”

Lumholtz, Carl (1902) Unknown Mexico. (2 Volumes)Charles Scribner & Sons: New York

Lumholtz, Carl (1989) A Nation of Shamans: TheHuichols of the Sierra Madre. Bruce I. Finson:Oakland. [The Shamanic Library No. 1: Reprint ofSymbolism of the Huichols.]

Luna, Luis Eduardo (1984)b Journal ofEthnopharmacology 11 (2): 135-156. “The Conceptof Plants as Teachers Among Four Mestizo Shamansof Iquitos, Northeastern Peru.”

Luna, Luis Eduardo (1992) “Icaros. Magic MelodiesAmong the Mestizo Shamans of the PeruvianAmazon.” pp. 231-253 (Chapter 10) in: E. JeanMatteson Langdon and Gerhard Baer (Eds.) (1992)Portals of Power. Shamanism in South America.University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1992

Luna, Luis Eduardo (ed.) (199?) “Music the PlantsTaught Us.” (Audio tape of ayahuasca icaros; offeredthrough many sources including the BasementShaman.)

Lundström, Jan G. (1970) Acta Pharmaceutica Suecica7 (6): 651-666. “Biosynthesis of mescaline and 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine in Trichocereus pachanoiBr. and R.”

Lundström, Jan G. (1971)a Acta Chemica Scandinavica25 (9): 3489-3499. “Biosynthesis of Mescaline andTetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids in Lophophorawilliamsii (Lem.) Coult. Occurrence and biosynthesisof catecholamines and other intermediates.”

Lundström, Jan G. (1971)b Acta Pharmaceutica Suecica8 (3): 275-302. “Biosynthetic studies on mescalineand related cactus alkaloids.”

Lundström, Jan G. (1971)c Acta Pharmaceutica Suecica8 (5): 485-496 “Biosynthesis of

SC3: References

tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids in Lophophorawilliamsii (Lem.) Coult.”

Lundström, Jan G. (1972) Acta Chemica Scandinavica26 (3): 1295-1297. “Identification of New PeyoteAlkaloids; Isomers of the Main PhenolicTetrahydroisoquinolines.” (Isolation of isoanhalamine,isoanhalidine, isoanhalonidine, iso pellotine.) (notbiosynthetic study per se but does offer somesupportive evidence.)

Lundström, Jan G. (1983) “Simple IsoquinolineAlkaloids.” pp. 255-327 (Chapter 6) in: ArnoldBrossi (Ed.) The Alkaloids. Chemistry andPharmacology. Volume 21. Academic Press.

Lundström & Agurell 1967 J. Chrom. 30 (1): 269-270.Lundström, Jan G. & Stig Agurell (1967) Journal of

Chromatography. 30: 271. “Thin-layerchromatography of the peyote alkaloids”

Lundström, Jan G. & Stig Agurell (1968)a Journal ofChromatography 36 (1): 105-108. “Gaschromatography of peyote alkaloids. A new peyotealkaloid” [First report of DMPEA as a trace alkaloidin peyote]

Lundström, Jan G. & Stig Agurell (1968)b TetrahedronLetters 42: 4437-4440. “Biosynthesis of Mescalineand Anhalamine in Peyote. II.”

Lundström, Jan G. & Stig Agurell (1969) TetrahedronLetters 39: 3371-3374. “A Complete BiosyntheticSequence From Tyrosine To Mescaline in Two CactusSpecies.”

Lundström, Jan G. & Stig Agurell (1971) ActaPharmaceutica Suecica 8 (3): 261-274. “Biosynthesisof Mescaline and Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids inLophophora williamsii (Lem.) Coult.”

Lundström, Jan G. & Stig Agurell (1972) “Biosynthesisof Mescaline and other Peyote Alkaloids.” pp. 89-94.in: Mothes et al. (eds.) 4. Internationales Symposium.Biochemie und Physiologie der Alkaloide. Halle(Saale), 25. bis 28. Juni 1969 Akademie-Verlag; Berlin1972 (Kurt Mothes, Klaus Schreiber and HorstRobert Schütter (eds.)

Lycaeum website [www.lycaeum.org]Lyttle, Thomas (1997) Psychedelic Monographs &

Essays. Volume 2. Summer 1997.Lyttle, Thomas & Elmer Smith (1990)

“Neurostructuralism and Hallucination.” inPsychedelic Monographs and Essays Volume 5, page43-61.

Ma, W.W, Jiang, X.Y, Cooks, R.G, McLaughlin, J.L,Zeylemaker, F. and Ostolaza, C.N. (1986) Abstract27th Annual Meeting American Society ofPharmacognosy July 27-30 Ann Arbor MI: Abstr.-52.[Same data as above?]

Ma, W.W. et al. (1986) Journal of Natural Products 49(4): 735-737. “Cactus Alkaloids LXI. Identification ofmescaline and related compounds in eight additionalspecies using tlc and mass-spectrometry/massspectrometry.” (W.W. Ma, X.Y. Jiang, R.G. Cooks,J.L. McLaughlin, A.C. Gibson, F. Zeylemaker andC.N. Ostolaza)

Maass, C.A. (1905) Montaschrifte für Kakteenkunde 15:119 [Cereus bridgesii longispinus] [From BRITTON &ROSE]

Maass, C.A. (1905) Montaschrifte für Kakteenkunde 15:122 [Echinocactus jourdanianus (REBUT) REBUT exMAASS] [from GRYM 1997 & SCHULTES 1940]

MacDougall, T. & H. Bravo (1956) Cactaceas ySucculentas Mexicanas 1 (4): 64-67. “Pachycereustehuantepecanus T. MacDougall et H. Bravo H., sp.nov.”

Mack, J.P.G. and Michael Slaytor (1979)Phytochemistry 18:1921-1925. “Indolethylamine N-Methyltransferases of Phalaris tuberosa, Purificationand Properties.”

Maclay, W.S. & E. Guttman (1941) Archives ofNeurology and Psychiatry 45: 130-137. “Mescalinehallucinations in artists.”

Madsen, Jens (1989) “5. Echinopsis Zucc.”, pages 27-30 of “45. Cactaceae.”; in Gunnar Harling & LennartAndersson (Eds.) Flora of Ecuador No. 35.

Maffii, G. & E. Soncin (1958) Journal of Pharmacy andPharmacology 10: 541-552. “ Stereotyped ResponseInduced by Mescaline In Mice as a Means ofInvestigating the Properties of Drugs Acting on theCNS.”

Maggendorfer, F. (1928) Handbuch der Geistekranken.Vol. 7: 159, 162, 355-356. “Intoxikationspsychosen”

Malitz, S. et al. (1960) Comprehensive Psychiatry 1 (1):8-17. “Some observations on Psilocybin, a NewHallucinogen in Volunteer Subjects.” [Sidney Malitz,Harold Esecover, Bernard Wilkens & Paul H. Hoch]

MAPS [Multidisciplinary Association for PsychedelicStudies] 2105 Robinson Avenue / Sarasota, Florida34232 (http://www.maps.org).

Marinesco, G. (1931) Presse Médicale 40: 743-744. “Apropos de l’audition colorée.”

Marinesco, G. (1933)a Presse Médicale 41: 1433-1437.“Recherches sur l’action de la mescaline.”

Marinesco, G. (1933)b Presse Médicale 92: 1864-1866.“Visions colorées produites par la mescaline.”

Marini-Bettòlo, G.B. & Juan A. Coch Frugoni (1956)Gazzeta Chimica Italiana 86: 1324-1331. “Influenzadel pH nella separazione elettroforetica su carta deglialcaloidi.” [“The influence of pH on theelectrophoretic separation of alkaloids on paper.”][CA (1958) 52: 653c ] [From paper presented to theXV Congresso di Chimica Pura e Applicata - Lisbona,8-16 settembre, 1956]

Marini-Bettòlo, G.B. & Juan A. Coch Frugoni (1958)aRendiconti. Istituto Superiore di Sanità 21: 319-327[cf. CA 49, 1280e] “Influenza del pH nellaseparazione elettroforetica su carta degli alcaloidi.”[“The influence of pH on the electrophoreticseparation of alkaloids on paper.”] [CA (1959) 53:1633] [From paper presented to the XV Congresso diChimica Pura e Applicata - Lisbona, 8-16 settembre,1956]

Marini-Bettòlo, G.B. & Juan A. Coch Frugoni (1958)bJournal of Chromatography 1: 182-185. “PortableApparatus for Paper Electrophoresis. Its application

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

to preliminary analysis of curarizing alkaloids in plantsand curares.”

Marnell, Tim (ed) (1997) Drug Identification Bible Thirdedition. DIB: Denver. ISBN 0-9635626-2-2

Marrazzi, Amadeo S. and E. Ross Hart (1953) Progressin Neurology & Psychology 8: 69-88. “Mescaline-Pharmacology of the nervous system.”

Marrazzi, Amadeo S. and E. Ross Hart (1955)a Journalof Nervous and Mental Disease 122 (5): 453-457. “ThePossible Role of Inhibition at Adrenergic Synapses inthe Mechanism of Hallucinogenic and Related DrugActions.”

Marrazzi, Amadeo S. and E. Ross Hart (1955)b Science121 (3141): 365-367. “Relationship of hallucinogens toadrenergic cerebral neurohumors.”

Marriott, Alice & Rachlin, Carol K. (1972) Peyote.Mentor Books: New York & Scarborough, Ontario.

Marriott, Alice & Rachlin, Carol K. (1988) Peyote. LaSalamandra: Milano.

Marshall, C.R. (1935) British Journal of Ophthamology19: 177-201. “Entopic Phenomena Associated with theRetina.”

Marshall, C.R. (1936-1937) Journal of Neurology andPsychopathology (London) 17: 289-304. “An inquiryinto the causes of mescal visions.”

Marshall, W. Taylor and Thor Methron Bock (1977)Cactaceae.

Martin, George C. (1933) Witte Memorial MuseumBulletin 3. “Archeological explorations of the Shumlacaves.”

Martin, Robert J. & Thomas G. Alexander (1968)Journal of the Association of Official AnalyticalChemists 51 (1): 159-163. “Analytical ProceduresUsed in FDA Laboratories for the Analysis ofHallucinogenic Drugs.”

Martinez, Maximino (1928) Las Plantas Medicinales deMexico. Mexico. [from SCHULTES 1937b]

Martinez, Maximino (1959) Plantas Utiles de la FloraMexicana (Peyote: 468-477) Ediciones Botas

Mascher, E. et al. (1966) “Psycholytic Therapy:Statistics and Indications.” pp. 441-444. in: Brill et al.(eds.) Neuropsychopharmacology. Proceedings of theFifth International Congress of the CollegiumInternationale Neuro-Psycho-Pharmacologicum.

MATA & MCLAUGHLIN 1976 (in the literature) meantMATA et al. 1972.

Mata, Rachel & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1982) RevistaLatinoamericana de Quimica 12: 95-117. “CactusAlkaloids. 50. A comprehensive tabular summary.”

Mata, R. et al. (1972) Lloydia 39 (6): 461-463. “CactusAlkaloids. XXX. N-Methylated Tyramines fromTrichocereus spachianus, T. candicans and Espostoahuanucensis” (Rachel Mata, Jerry L. McLaughlin andW. Hubert Earle)

Mátéfi, L. (1952) Confina Neurologica 12: 146-177.“Mezcalin und Lysergsäure diäthylamid-Rausch:Selbstversuche mit besonderer Berücksichtigung einesZeichentests.”

Mauseth, James D. (1983)a Cactus & Succulent Journal(US) 55 (4): 171-175. “Introduction to CactusAnatomy. Part 5. Secretory Cells.”

Mauseth, James D. (1984)a Cactus & Succulent Journal(US) 56 (1): 33-37. “Introduction to Cactus Anatomy.Part 7. Epidermis.”

Maxwell, Ross A. (1968) The Big Bend of the RioGrande. A guide to the rocks, geologic history, andsettlers of the area of Big Bend National Park.Guidebook 7. Bureau of Economic Geology.University of Texas at Austin. 138 pages plus a 19661:62,500 color-keyed geologic map of the park as aninsert. (1979-4th printing./ 1968 first printing)

May, Richard (1980) Cactus & Succulent Journal (US)52: 14-18. “Sclerocactus polyancistrus: Its growth,distribution and cultivation, Part II.”

Mayer-Gross, W. (1931) “Ueber Synaesthesien imMeskalinrausch.” in G. Anschütz (ed.) Farbe-Ton-Forschungen vol. 3, Hamburg.

Mayer-Gross, W. (1951) British Medical Journal (Vol.2): 317-321. “Experimental Psychoses and otherAbnormalities Produced by Drugs.”

Mayer-Gross, W. & H. Stein (1926) Deutsche Zeitschriftfür Nervenheilkunde 89: 112-118. “VeränderteSinnestätigkeit im Meskalinrausch.”

McAllester, David P. (1949) Peyote Music. Viking FundPublications in Anthropology No. 13.

McAllester, David P. (1952) in J.S. Slotkin’s“Menomini Peyotism” (Transactions of the AmericanPhilosophical Society 42, pt. 4.) pp. 681-700.“Menomini peyote music.”

McAllester, David P. (1954) Enemy way music: A studyof social and esthetic values as seen in Navaho music.(Reports of the Rimrock Project, Values Series No. 3,Papers of the Peabody Museum of AmericanArchaeology and Ethnology.)

McAnalley, B.W. et al. (1988) Paper presented at the IVInternational Conference on AIDS (Stockholm,Sweden, June, 1988). “Demonstration of in-vitroantiviral action of Acemannan against multiple virusesincluding the HIV virus.”

McCall, R.B. & G.K. Aghajanian (1979) NeuroscienceAbstracts 5: 343. “Hallucinogens sensitize serotoninand norepinephrine receptors in the facial motornucleus.”

McCleary, James A. (1960) (in the literature) meantMcCleary et al. 1960

McCleary, James A. & David L. Walkington (1964)Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 91 (5): 361-369.“Antimicrobial Activity in the Cactaceae.”

McCleary et al. (1960) Economic Botany 14 (4): 247-249. “Antibiotic activity of an extract of peyote(Lophophora williamsii [Lemaire] Coulter)” (James A.McCleary, Paul S. Sypherd and David L. Walkington)

McCoy, Alfred W. (1972) The Politics of Heroin inSoutheast Asia.

McEwen, Charles M. Jr. (1965) Journal of BiologicalChemistry 240 (5): 2003-2018. “Human PlasmaMonoamine Oxidase. I. Purification andIdentification.”

McFarlane, I.J. & M. Slaytor (1972)a Phytochemistry11(1): 229-234. “The Role of N-Acetyl Amines in

SC3: References

Tetrahydro-β-carboline and TetrahydroisoquinolineBiosynthesis.”

McFarlane, I.J. & M. Slaytor (1972)b Phytochemistry11: 235-238. “Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Echinocereusmerkeri.”

McGlothlin, William H. (1965) Psychedelic Review 6:16-57. “Hallucinogenic Drugs: A Perspective withSpecial Reference to Peyote and Cannabis.”

McKellar, P. (1963) “Mescaline and Human Thinking.”in Crocket, Sandison & Walk (eds.) HallucinogenicDrugs and Their Psychotherapeutic Use. Charles C.Thomas, Springfield.

McKenna, Terence (1991) The Archaic Revival. HarperSanFrancisco.

McKenna, Terence (1992) Food of the Gods: The searchfor the original tree of knowledge. A redical history ofplants, drugs and human evolution. Bantam Books

McLaughlin, Jerry L. (1969) Lloydia 32 (3): 392-394.“Cactus alkaloids. V. Identification of hordenine andN-Methyltyramine in Ariocarpus fissuratus varietiesfissuratus and lloydii”

McLaughlin, Jerry L. (1973) Lloydia 36 (1): 1-8.“Peyote: an introduction.”

McLaughlin, J.L. & A.G. Paul (1965) Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences 54 (4): 661. “Presence ofHordenine in Lophophora williamsii.”

McLaughlin, J.L. & A.G. Paul (1966) Lloydia 29 (4):315-327. “The cactus alkaloids. I. Identification of N-Methylated Tyramine Derivatives in Lophophorawilliamsii .”

McLaughlin, J.L. & A.G. Paul (1967) Lloydia 30 (1): 91-99. “The Cactus Alkaloids. II. Biosynthesis ofHordenine and Mescaline in Lophophora williamsii.”

McLeary, J.A., in the literature, is a typo referring toMcCleary

Mellen, Chase, III (1963) The Harvard Review 1 (4):63-67. “Reflections of a Peyote Eater.”

Menachery, Mary D. et al. (1986) Journal of NaturalProducts 49 (5): 745-778. “Simple Isoquinolines”(Includes review of physical data and distribution.)

Mencken, H.L. (1930) Treatise on the Gods. Alfred A.Knopf 1930 (364 pp & 12 p index); Second Edition:Corrected & revised. Alfred A. Knopf, NY 1946 (360pp & 15 p index). Reprinted several times.

Mercado, Leo (ed.) The Peyote Foundation JournalPublication of the Peyote Foundation. [http://www.peyote.net]

Merchant, J.R. & A.J. Mountwala (1958) Journal ofOrganic Chemistry 23: 1774-1776. “Synthesis ofSome β-Phenethylamine Derivatives. I”

Mercier, J. & S. Dessaigne (1959) AnnalesPharmaceutiques Françaises 17: 606.

Merck (1960) The Merck Index of Chemicals andDrugs, 7th Edition. Rahway, N.J.: Merck and Co.

Merck (1976) The Merck Index of Chemicals andDrugs. 9th Edition. Martha Windholz (Ed.), Merck &Co.; Rahway, NJ. ISBN 911910-26-3.

Merlis, S. & H.C.B. Denber (1956) Journal of Nervousand Mental Disease 123 (6): 542-545. “Studies onmescaline, V. Electroencephalographic evidence for the

antagonism between mescaline and chlorpromazinehydrochloride.”

Merlis, S. & Wallace Hunter (1954) PsychiatricQuarterly 29: 430-432. “Studies on mescaline II:Effects of administration after electric convulsivetreatment of schizophrenic patients.”

Merriam, Alan P. & D’Azevedo, Warren L. (1957)American Anthropologist 59: 615-641. “Washopeyote songs.”

Merrill, W.L. (1977) An Investigation of Ethnographicand Archeological Specimens of Mescalbeans(Sophora secundiflora) in American Museums.(Technical Reports No. 6) Museum of Anthropology,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. [From Ott 1993]

Metzner, Ralph (1963) Psychedelic Review 1: 69-100.“The pharmacology of psychedelic drugs.”

Metzner, Ralph (1994) The Well of Remembrance:Rediscovering the Earth Wisdom Myths of NorthernEurope. Shambala.

Meyer, B.N. et al. (1980) Phytochemistry 19: 719-720.“β-Phenethylamines From the Cactus GenusOpuntia” (Brian N. Meyer, Yehia A.H. Mohamed andJerry L. McLaughlin)

Meyer, Brian & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1982) Cactus &Succulent Journal (US) 54 (5): 226-228. “A Note onthe Phytochemistry of Opuntia (Cactaceae).”

Meyer, Brian & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1982) Cactus &Succulent Journal (US) 54 (5): 226-228. “A Note onthe Phytochemistry of Opuntia (Cactaceae).”

Michaelis, Paul (1896) Thesis Erlangen. “Beiträge zurverglichenden Anatomie der Gattungen Echinocactus,Mammillaria und Anhalonium” [Echinocactus lewinii(HENNINGS) SCHUMANN var. jourdaniana MICHAELIS]

Michaux, Henri (1956) Miserable miracle Rocher:Monaco

Michaux, Henri (1957) L’infini turbulent Mercure deFrance: Paris

Michaux, Henri (1967) Miserabile miracolo. l’infinitoturbolento. Feltrinelli: Milano

Michaux, Henri (1968) Allucinogeni e conoscenza.Rizzoli: Milano.

Michaux, Henri (1969) Miserable miracle (tr. by LouiseVarèse) City Lights: San Francisco

Michaeux, Henri (1972) Misérable miracle. LaMescaline. (avec quarante-huit dessins et documentsmanuscrits originaux de l’auteur.) Éditions Gallimaud195 pages

Michaux, Henri (1976) Infinite Turbulence (tr. byMichael Fineberg 1976) Calder and Boyars

Michaux, Henri (1986) Unseliges Wunder: DasMeskalin. Carl Hanser: Munich.

Michel, Karen Lincoln (1999) Milwaukee JournalSentinel (Wisconsin) Friday, December 17. “ForNative American Church, Peyote is Sacred.” [Seehttp://www.jsonline.com/]

Miller, Richard Lawrence (1996) Drug Warriors andTheir Prey: From Police Power to Police State. Prager:Westport. ISBN 0-275-95042-5.

Mind Books: 321 S. Main St. #543, Sebastopol,California 95472. [http://www.promind.com]

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Minelli, Laurenchich & Frigerio, Bianca Maria (1976)Terra Ameriga 37/40: 21-30. “Il peyote nel Messicopre-colombiano.”

Miranda, Faustino (1954) Ceiba 4 (2): 126-145. “PlantasNuevas de Chiapas” [pp. 139-140 is P. gaumeri (?)Th.MACDOUGALL & F.MIRANDA.]

Mitchell, S. Weir (in the literature) See as Weir Mitchell,S.

Mohamed et al. (1979) Journal of Natural Products 42(2): 197-202 “Cactus Alkaloids. XXXIX. Aglucotetrahydroisoquinoline from the Mexican cactus,Pterocereus gaumeri.” [Y.A.H. Mohamed, C.-J. Changand J.L. McLaughlin]

Mokrasch, L.C. & Ian Stevenson (1959) Journal ofNervous and Mental Disease 129 (2): 177-183. “Themetabolism of mescaline with a note on correlationsbetween metabolism and psychological effects.”

Möller, A. (1935) Acta psychiatrica et neurologica 10:405-442. “Einige Meskalin Versuche.”

Moore, Harvey C. (1956) American Anthropologist 58:220. Review of: Enemy way music: A study of socialand esthetic values as seen in Navaho music, by DavidP. McAllester.

Morgan, George Robert (1976) Dissertation; Univeristyof Colorado. “Man, Plant and Religion: Peyote Tradeon the Mustang Plains of Texas.”

Morgan, George Robert (1983)a Botanical MuseumLeaflets. Harvard University 29 (2): 73-86 “TheBiogeography of Peyote in South Texas.”

Morgan, George Robert (1983)b Journal ofEthnopharmacology 9: 319-321. “Hispano-IndianTrade of an Indian Ceremonial Plant, Peyote(Lophophora williamsii), on the Mustang Plains ofTexas.”

Morgan, George R. & Omer C. Stewart (1984)Southwestern Historical Quarterly 87: 269-296.“Peyote Trade in South Texas.”

Morin et al. (1957) Journal of Organic Chemistry 22:331-332. “Synthesis of 5,6,7-trimethoxyindole, apossible intermediary metabolite of mescaline.”

Morin et al. (1959) Journal of Organic Chemistry 24:917. (in the literature) meant BENINGTON et al. 1959.

Morselli, G.E. (1936) Journal de psychologie normale etpathologique 33: 368-392. “Contribution à lapsychopathologie de l’intoxication par la mescaline.”

Morselli, G.E. (1944-1945) Rivista di psicologia 40-41:1-23. “Mescalina e schizofrenia.”

Moseby (1994) Mosby’s Medical, Nursing, & AlliedHealth Dictionary Fourth Edition. [Editors: KennethN. Anderson, Lois E. Anderson and Walter D. Glanze]Mosby-Year Book Inc. ISBN 0-8016-7225-2 (Prof.) -ISBN 0-8151-6113-1 - ISBN 0-8151-6111-5 (trade)

Mount, Guy (1993) The Peyote Book. A Study of NativeMedicine. 3rd Edition. Sweetlight Books. ISBN 0-9604462-3-0.

Müller-Ebeling, Claudia & Rätsch, Christian (19??)“Kreisrituale mit Peyote und MDMA” pp. 68-74 inConstantine Weigle & Ronald Rippchen (eds.) MDMA:Die psychoaktive Substanz für Therapie, Ritual undRekreation. Werner Pierper’s MedienXperimente:Löhrbach (Der Grüne Zweig 103, erw. Neuaufl.)

Mulvena, Dawn P. and Michael Slaytor (1983)Phytochemistry 22(1): 47-48. “N-Methyltransferaseactivities in Phalaris aquatica.”

Mulvena, Dawn P. et al. (1983) Phytochemistry 22(12): 2885-2886. “Methoxylated Gramine DerivativesFrom Phalaris aquatica.” [With Kelvin Picker, DamonD. Ridley and Michael Slaytor]

Munier, I.R. & M. Macheboeuf (1949) Bulletin. Sociétéde Chimie Biologique [France] 31: 1144-?.“Microchromatographie de partage des alcaloides et dediverses bases azoties biologiques.”

Murphee, H.B. et al. (1958) Journal of Pharmacologyand Experimental Therapeutics 122: 55A-56A.“Effects of lysergic acid derivatives on man:antagonism between d-lysergic acid diethylamide andits 2-brom congener.” [H.B. Murphee, E.W.J. DeMaar,H.L. Williams & L.L. Bryan]

Musacchio, José M. & Menek Goldstein (1962)Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 58: 607-608. “Theformation In Vivo of N-acetyldopamine and N-acetyl-3-methoxy dopamine.” [Also in vivo formation of N-acetylmescaline.]

Musacchio, José M. & Menek Goldstein (1967)Biochemical Pharmacology 16: 963-970. “Themetabolism of mescaline-14C in rats.”

Musacchio, José M. et al. (1963) FederationProceedings. Federation of American Societies forExperimental Biology 22: 481. [Abstract; entry 1915]“N-Acetylation and Demethylation of Mescaline inRats.” [José M. Musacchio, A. Dudowitz, H. Gerberand Menek Goldstein]

Myerhoff, Barbara G. (1973) Organization and Ecstacy:Peyote and the Huichol Case. (Unpublishedmanuscript)

Myerhoff, Barbara G. (1975) “Peyote and HuicholWorldview: The Structure of a Mystic Vision.” pp417-438, in Vera Rubin (ed.) Cannabis and Culture.Mouton: The Hague, Paris.

Myerhoff, Barbara G. (1976) (1974?) Peyote Hunt: TheSacred Journey of the Huichol Indians. [Symbol, Mythand Ritual Series.] Cornell University Press. 288 pages(285 pages?) ISBN 0-8014-9137-1

Myerhoff, Barbara G. (1980) Der Peyote Kult. Trikont:Munich.

Nadker, Kurt H. (1991) Drogen: Rauschgift undMedizin. Munich: Quintessenz. page 95 [From RÄTSCH]

Nahmed Sittri, S. et al. (1972) El peyote y los huicholes.SepSentas: Mexico. [Salamón Nahmed Sittri, OttoKlineberg, Peter T. Furst & Barbara G. Myerhoff]

Naranjo, Plutarco (1958) Arch. Criminol. Neuropsiquiatr.Quito 6: 358. “Psychotomimetic Drugs. ComparativeStudy of harmine, lysergic acid deithylamide (LSD-25)and mescaline.”

Naranjo, Claudio (1973) “Psychological Aspects of theYagé Experience in an Experimental Setting.” Pp. 176-190 (Ch 10) in Harner (1973)

Neal, J.M. et al. (1971)b Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences 60 (3): 477-478. “Cactus alkaloids. X.Isolation of hordenine and N-methyltyramine fromAriocarpus kotschoubeyanus” (J.M. Neal, P.T. Sato,C.L. Johnson & J.L. McLaughlin)

SC3: References

Neal, J.M. et al. (1972) Science 176: 1131-1133.“Peyote alkaloids: Identification in the Mexican cactusPelecyphora aselliformis.” (J.M. Neal, P.T. Sato, W.N.Howard and J.L. McLaughlin.)

Neff, N. & G.V. Rossi (1963) American Journal ofPharmacy and the Sciences Supporting Public Health.135 (9): 319-327. “Mescaline.”

Neff, N et al. (1964) Journal of Pharmacology andExperimental Therapeutics 144 (1): 1-7. “Distributionand Metabolism of Mescaline-C14 in the Cat Brain.”(N. Neff, G.V. Rossi, G.D. Chase and J.L. Rabinowitz)[Note: this should be written 14C.]

Neher, Andrew (1961) Electroencephalography andClinical Neurophysiology 13 (3): 449-451. “AuditoryDriving Observed with Scalp Electrodes in NormalSubjects.”

Neher, Andrew (1962) Human Biology 34 (2): 151-160.“A Physiological Explanation of Unusual Behavior inCeremonies Involving Drums.”

Neme, G. et al. (1977) Phytochemistry 16: 277-278. “3-Nitro-4-hydroxy-phenethylamine from Cereusvalidus” [Genaro Neme, Matias Nieto, Antonio T.D’Arcangelo and Eduardo G. Gros.]

Nettl, Bruno (1953) Journal of American Folklore 66(260): 161-164. “Observations on meaningless peyotesong texts.”

Nettl, Bruno (1958) American Anthropologist 60 (3):518-532. “Historical aspects of ethnomusicology.”

Nevole, S. (1947) Lékarského Khihkuspectvi aNakladatelstvi. [Concerning four-dimensional sight: aphysio-pathological study of space-perception, withspecial reference to experimental poisoning withmescaline.”] [Haven’t read it but love the title.]

Newcomb, William W. (Bill) Jr. (1980) Indians of Texas.University of Texas Press. 0-292-73271-6 (cloth)/0-292-78425-2 (paper). First edition was in 1961.

Nieforth, Karl A. (1971) Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences 60 (5): 655-665. “PsychotomimeticPhenethylamines.”

NIELSEN, John & Roxane, owners Prescott BrewingCompany, Prescott, AZ letter to editor published in1997 Southwest Brewing News 5 (5): page 2

Nieto, M. et al. (1982) Anales. Asociacion. Quimica(Argentina) 70: 295-299. “Alcaloides en CuatroEspecies de Cactaceas.” [M. Nieto, S.O. Ruiz, G.Neme and A.T. D’Arcangelo]

Nieto, M. (1987) An. Asoc. Quim. Argent. 75: 11-13.Nieuwenhuis, J.J. et al. (1981) Journal of the Chemical

Society. Perkins Transactions 284-286. “(4R)-(-)-O-Methyljoubertiamine and O-Methyldihydrojoubertiamine, Two Minor Alkaloidsfrom Sceletium subvelutinum L. Bolus.” (Jacobus J.Nieuwenhuis, Franz Strelow, Heinrich F. Strauss &Adriaan Wiechers)

Nordal, Arnold et al. (1966) Acta Chemica Scandinavica20: 1431-1432. “Non-volatile acids of succulent plantsexhibiting a marked diurnal oscillation in the acidcontent. II. Demonstration of piscidic acid as one ofthe predominating acids in Opuntia ficus-indica.”[Arnold Nordal, Jørgen Gether & Guri Haustveit]

Norton, Stata and Tamburro, Jean (1958) Journal ofPharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 122:57A. “Effects of Hallucinogens on SpontaneousBehavior Patterns of Animals.” [Abstract of paperpresented to American Society for Pharmacology andExperimental Therapeutics. Abel Centennial Meeting,Baltimore, Maryland, Sept. 4-7, 1957.] [Reportedthat mescaline increased excitement and hostility.]

Noteboom, L. (1932) Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voorGeneeskunde 76 (1): 517-518 / 76 (2): 2860-2862.[CA (1933) 27: 1399.] [“Experimental catatonia bymeans of synthetic derivatives of mescaline andadrenaline.”]

Noteboom, L. (1934) Proc. Acad. Exp. Amsterdam. (inthe literature) See as Proceedings of the RoyalAcademy of Sciences of Amsterdam

Noteboom, L. (1934) Proceedings of the Royal Academyof Sciences of Amsterdam 37: 562-574. “Experimentalcatatonia by means of derivatives of mescaline andadrenaline.”

Novelli, A. & O.O. Orazi (1950) Revista Farmaceutica.(Buenos Aires) 92: 109 “Alcaloides aislados de laRepublica Argentina.” (From numerous sourcesincluding Reti and Mata & McLaughlin)

Nyazema, N.Z. (1984) Central African Journal ofMedicine 30: 80-83. “Poisoning due to traditionalremedies.” [From DESMET 1996]

Ochoterena, Isaac (1922) Las Cacáceas de México(Lophophora: pp 96-110)

Ochoterena, Isaac (1926) Revista Mexicana de Biología6: 95. “Nota acercala identificación botanica dealgunas de las plants conocidas vulgarmente con elnombre de Peyotl.”

Oh, Y.H. et al. (1967) Biochemical Pharmacology 16:849-861. “Binding of Biologically Active Amines toPlasma Protein Fractions.” [Yang H. Oh, William E.Leitch, Seymour Axelrod, S. Mouchly Small, RichardJ. Winzler and Benjamin E. Sanders.]

Olds et al. (1957) “Effects of tranquilizers on self-stimulation of the brain.” pp. 235-243, in Garattiniand Ghetti (eds.) Psychotropic Drugs.

Oliva, Anello (1895) Historia del Reino y Provincias delPerú pp. 115-124. [ Lima: Imprenta y Librería de SanPedro.] (first edition in 1631)

Olmos, José Francisco Ballester (1977) Los cactus y lasotras plantas suculentas. [Roberto Guillen ValenciaMexico]

Olney, R.K. (1972) Texas Medicine 68 (7): 80-82.“Mescaline.” [A brief review. Olney’s references werenot included. Said by publisher to be available uponrequest. Good luck obtaining a copy in 1999.]

Opler, Marvin K. (1940) American Anthropologist 42:667-669. Book Review of Gusinde, Martin (1939)Der Peyote-Kult: Entsehung und Verbreitung.

Opler, Marvin K. (1940) American Anthropologist 43(3) part 1: 463-474.

Opler, Marvin K. (1942) American Anthropologist 44:151-159. “Fact and fancy in Ute peyotism.”

Opler, Morris E. (1938) American Anthropologist 40(2): 271-285. “The Use of Peyote by the Carrizo andLipan Apache Tribes.”

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Opler, Morris E. (1939) American Anthropologist 41 (3):433-439. “A description of a Tonkawa peyote meetingheld in 1902.”

Opler, Morris E. (1940) American Anthropologist 42:271-285. “The Character and History of the SouthernUte Peyote Rite.”

Opler, Morris E. (1945) El Palacio 52 (10): 210-212. “AMescalero Apache Account of the Origin of the PeyoteCeremony.”.

Ortega, José de (1751) [Reprinted in 1887] Historia delNayarit, Sonora, Sinaloa, y mabas California.

Osmond, H. (1957) Annals of the New York Academy ofScience. 66: 418-434. “Review of the chemical effectsof psychotomimetic agents.”

Osmond, H. & J. Smythies (1952) Journal of MentalScience 98: 309-315. “Schizophrenia: a newapproach.”

Ostolaza, Carlos (1987) Cactus & Succulent Journal(US) 59 (1): 13-15. “Browningia Candelaris (MEYEN)BR. & R. A New Habitat for an Old Cactus Species.”[Header for this issue was misprinted as volume 58]

Ostolaza, Carlos (1984) Cactus & Succulent Journal(US) 56: 102-104. “Trichocereus Pachanoi Br. & R.”

Ostolaza, Carlos (1995) Quepo 9: 73-82. “EtnobotanicaII. El Período Formativo.”

Ostolaza, Carlos (1996) Quepo 10: 42-49. “EtnobotanicaIII. La Cultura Paracas.”

Ostolaza, Carlos (1997) Quepo 11: 79-86. “EtnobotanicaIV. La Cultura Nazca.”

Ostolaza, Carlos (1998) Quepo 12: 62-68. “EtnobotanicaV. La Cultura Moche.”

Ostolaza, Carlos (1999) Quepo 13: 32-37. “EtnobotánicaVI. Culturas Wari y Chimu.”

Ostolaza, Carlos (2000) Quepo 14: 18-23. “EtnobotánicaVII. El Imperio de los Incas.”

Ott, Jonathan (1993) Pharmacotheon. EntheogenicDrugs, their Plant Sources and History. NaturalProducts Co., Kennewick, Wa. 639 pp. ISBN 0-9614234-2-0 (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-3-9 (paperback)See also OTT 1996. [Pages 81-115; Chapter One:“Mescaline, Péyotl, San Pedro, ArtificialPhenethylamines” Same pages in OTT 1996]

Ott, Jonathan (1994) Ayahuasca Analogues. PangaeanEntheogens. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa.127 pp. ISBN 0-9614234-4-7 (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-5-5 (paperback)

Ott, Jonathan (1995) The Age of Entheogens & TheAngels’ Dictionary. Natural Products Co., Kennewick,Wa. 159 pp. ISBN 0-9614234-6-3 (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-7-1 (paperback)

Ott, Jonathan (1996) Pharmacotheon. EntheogenicDrugs, their Plant Sources and History. Second EditionDensified. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 639pp. ISBN 0-9614234-8-X (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-9-8(paperback) [Same page #s as in 1993.]

Ott, Jonathan (1997) Pharmacophilia or the NaturalParadises. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa.1995. 191 pp. ISBN 1-888755-01-6.

Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernadez de (1851-1855) HitoriaNatural y General de las Indias. – Primera parte,

Madrid, 1535 y segunda parte, Madrid, 1851-1855.[from YACOVLEFF & HERRRERA 1935]

Palmieri, V.M. (1942) Rassegna Clinica Scientifica 20.“La mescalina e l’ebbrezza peyotilica nell’uomo.”

Palmieri, V.M. & G. Lacroix (1941) Atti Congresso demedicina legale 8 (1940):540-549. “Ulteriori ricerchesull’intossicazione da mescalina.”

Pang, Hildegard Delgado (1992) Pre-Columbian Art.Pap, Z. (1936)b Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie

und Psychiatrie 155: 655-664. “Einwirkung desMeskalinrausches auf die post-hypnotischenSinnestäuschungen.” [See also (1936)a Orvosi hetilap80: 75-78.]

Pardanani et al. (1977) Lloydia 40 (6): 585-590 “CactusAlkaloids. XXXVI. Mescaline and related compoundsfrom Trichocereus peruvianus.” (J.H. Pardanani, J.L.McLaughlin, R.W. Kondrat and R.G. Cooks.)

Pardanani et al. (1978) Lloydia 41 (3): 286-288 “CactusAlkaloids. XXXVII. Mescaline and RelatedCompounds from Opuntia spinosior.” (J.H.Pardanani, B.N. Meyer, J.L. McLaughlin, W.H. Earleand R.G. Engard )

Paris, R. & H. Moyse-Mignon (1949) Comptes Rendusde l’Academie des Sciences 229: 86-88. “Étudechimique et pharmacodynamique préliminaire d’uneLoganiacée du Gabon: Mostuea stimulans A.Chev.”[From DESMET 1996]

Parmentier (1838) Hort. Belg. 5: 66 [Cereusterscheckii] [From BRITTON & ROSE] See also PFEIFFER

1837Pascarosa, Paul & Futterman, Sanford (1976) Journal of

Psychedelic Drugs 8 (3): 215-221. “EthnopsychedelicTherapy for Alcoholics: Observations in the PeyoteRitual of the Native American Church.”

Passie, Torsen (1994) Jahrbuch des EuropäischenCollegiums für Bewußtseinsstudien 1993/1994: 103-111. “Ausrichtungen, Methoden und Ergebnissefrüher Meskalinforschungen im deutschsprachigenRaum (bis 1950)”

Patel, A.R. (1968) Fortschritte derArzneimittelforschung (i.e. Progress in DrugResearch). 11: 11-47. (E. Jucker, ed.) “Mescaline andRelated Compounds.” [Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel undStuttgart.]

Patterson, Alex (1992) “Rock Art Symbols of theGreater Southwest.” Johnson Books: Boulder,Colorado.

Patton, Mark (1990) Current Anthropology 31 (5): 554-558 “On Entoptic Images in Context: Art,Monuments and Society in Neolithic Brittany.”

Patton, Mark (1993) Statements in Stone. Routledge:London.

Patzig, B. & W. Block (1953) Naturwissenschaften 40:13-17. “Zur Auffassung des schizophrenenProzessgeschehens nach Tierversuchen mit 14C-radioaktivem Meskalin.”

Paul, A.G. (1973) Lloydia 36 (1): 36-45. “Biosynthesisof the peyote alkaloids.”

Paul, A.G. et al. (1969)a The Chemical Society, London.Chemical Communications. [Journal of the ChemicalSociety. D.] 14: 838. “Biosynthesis of Peyote

SC3: References

Alkaloids.” (A.G. Paul, K.L. Khanna, H. Rosenbergand M. Takido.)

Paul, A.G. et al. (1969)b Lloydia 32 (1): 36-39. “TheRoles of 3,4,5-Trihydroxyphenethylamine and 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine in the Biosynthesis ofMescaline.” (Paul, Rosenberg and Khanna)

Paulson, James C. & William O. McClure (1973)Molecular Pharmacology 9 (1): 41-50. “Inhibition ofAxoplasmic Transport by Mescaline and OtherTrimethoxyphenylalkylamines.” [Mescaline is areversible inhibitor of axoplasmic transport.]

Pechánek, J. (1969) Kaktusy 69: 76-81 & 109-113.“Lophophora Coult.” [L. lewinii RUSBY & L.jourdaniana KRZGR] [HABERMANN 1975 gives as “69, 4,; 76 and 69, 5, p. 103-113.”]

Pechánek, J. (1983) Kaktusy 19: 50-53. “Lophophorawilliamsii var. decipiens Croizat.”

Pennes, Harry H. (1954) Journal of Nervous andMental Disease 119 (2): 95-112. “Clinical reactions ofschizophrenics to Sodium Amytal, PervitinHydrochloride, Mescaline Sulfate, and D-LysergicAcid Diethylamide (LSD-25).”

Perry et al. (1965) “Studies of amines in normal andschizophrenic subjects.”from Amines Schizophrenia,Pap. Symp, Atlantic City. 1965: 31 [CA 68: 37621](from CROSBY & MCLAUGHLIN (1973)

Perry, S.Y. et al. (1991) Molecular Biotherapy 3: 79-87.“Decreased mortality of normal murine sarcoma inmice treated with the immunomodulator, Acemannan.”

Petershofer-Halbmeyer et al. (1982) Sci. Pharm 50: 29-34. [from SHULGIN: THIQ].

Petrullo, Vincenzo (1934) The Diabolic Root. A Study ofPeyotism, the New Indian Religion Among theDelaware. University of Pennsylvania Press, TheUniversity Museum. [Still a good book today.]

Peyote Foundation, POBox 778, Kearny, AZ 85237.Pfeiffer (1837) Alg. Gartenz. 5: 370 [Cereus terscheckii

PARMENTIER] [From BRITTON & ROSE]Piattelli, Maurio & F. Imperato (1969) Phytochemistry

8: 1503-1507. “Betacyanins of the Family Cactaceae.”Piattelli, Maurio & Luigi Minale (1964)a Phytochemistry

3: 307-311. “Pigments of Centrospermae – II.Distribution of Betacyanins.”

Piattelli, Maurio & Luigi Minale (1964)bPhytochemistry 3: 547-557. “Pigments ofCentrospermae – I. Betacyanins from PhyllocactusHybridus HORT. and Opuntia Ficus-Indica MILL.”

Piattelli, M. et al. (1964)a Rend. Accad. Sci. Fis. Mat.(Soc. Naz. Sci., Napoli) 31: 39-41. “Isolation andStructure of Indicaxanthine, a β-Xanthine fromOpuntia ficus-indica.” (Mario Piattelli, Luigi Minale &Giuseppe Prota) [From 1966 CA 64: 5037a]

Piattelli, M. et al. (1964)b Tetrahedron 20: 2325-2329.“Isolation, Structure and Absolute Configuration ofIndicaxanthin.” (Mario Piattelli, Luigi Minale &Giuseppe Prota)

Piattelli, M. et al. (1965) Phytochemistry 4: 121-125.“Pigments of Centrospermae – II. Betaxanthins fromBeta vulgaris L..” (Mario Piattelli, Luigi Minale &

Giuseppe Prota) [Mentions isolation from Opuntiaficus-indica]

Piccinelli, D. (1955) Boll. Soc. Eustachiana e Ist. Sci.Univ. Camerino 48: 105. [CA 53: 8372a] [FromSMITH 1977]

Pinkley, Homer V. (1969) Lloydia 32 (3): 305-314.“Plant Admixtures to Ayahuasca, the South AmericanHallucinogenic Drink.”

Pinkson, Tom Soloway (1995) Flowers of Wiricuta: AGringo’s Journey To Shamanic Power. Wakan Press0-9647542-0-7. 302 pages.

Pinschmidt, N.W. et al. (1945) Journal ofPharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . 83:45 -52. “Studies on the Antagonism of SodiumSuccinate to Barbiturate Depression.” [N.W.Pinschimdt, Helen Ramsey and H.B. Haag]

Pizzetti, Mariella (1985) Simon and Schuster’s Guideto Cacti and Succulents. ISBN: 0-671-55846-3/ 0-671-60231-4 (paperback) [Originally published inItalian as “Piante grasse” by Arnoldo MondadoriEditore S.p.A. Milan, 1985.]

Plotkin, Mark (1994) Tales of a Shaman’s Apprentice.Penguin. ISBN 0-14-012991-X.

Plotnikoff, N.P. & H. Washington (1958) Proceedingsof the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.98 (3): 660-662. “Bioassay of Ataraxics AgainstLethal Action of Mescaline in Mice.”

Poisson (1961) Chemical Abstracts 55: 8448[Abstracts POISSON 1960]

Poisson, Jacques (1960) Annales PharmaceutiquesFrançaises 18: 764-765. “Présence de mescaline dansune Cactacée péruvienne.”

Polia, Mario (1990) Quaderni di Avallon 23: 59-69.“Alcune riflessioni sull’uso delle droghe rituali nellosciamenesimo amerindio.”

Polia, Mario (1993) Altrove 1: 77-92. “L’uso del cactusmescalinico Trichocereus pachanoi nella medicinatradizionale andina.”

Polia, Mario (1997) Il Sangue Del Condor; SciamaniDelle Ande. Xenia Edizioni, Milano; 281 pages. ISBN88-7273-203-4.

Pollard et al. (1960) Comprehensive Psychiatry 1: 377-380, “Controlled sensory input: a note on thetechnique of drug evaluation with a preliminaryreport on a comparative study of Sernyl, psilocybinand LSD.” [J.C. Pollard, C. Bakker, L. Uhr and D.F.Feurfile]

Poloni, A. (1956) Cervello 32: 400.Polono, A. & G. Maffezzoni (1952) Sistema nervoso 4:

578-581. “Le variazione dell’ attività colinergica deltessuto cerebrale per effetto della bulbocapnina, dellamescalina e della dietilamide dell’ acido lisergico.”

Popelak, A. & G. Lettenbauer (1967) “The mesembrinealkaloids.” pp. 467-482 in Manske & Holmes (eds.)The Alkaloids. Vol. 9.

Popelak, A. et al. (1960)a Naturwissenschaften 47:156. “Zur Konstitution des Mesembrins.” [A.Popelak, E. Haack, G. Lettenbauer & H. Spingler][From DESMET 1996]

Popelak, A. et al. (1960)b Naturwissenschaften 47:231-232. “Die Strukture des Mesembrins und

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Mesembrenins.” [A. Popelak, G. Lettenbauer, E.Haack & H. Spingler] [From DESMET 1996]

Popelak et al. (1960)c Naturwissenschaften 47: 241Popoff, E.I. (1897) Vrach (St. Petersburg) 28: 1361.

“K farmakologii pellotina.”Prajer, Z. (1968)a Informator Polskiego Towartzstwa

Mi†osników Kaktusów pp. 22-29, 111-129. “Peyotl-Bog-Diabe†-czy tylko zwyk†y kaktus?”

Prajer, Z. (1968)b Informator Polskiego TowartzstwaMi†osników Kaktusów pp. 120-129. “Peyotl-przez37 Ì ,)5– mêdrca szkie†ko’.”

Prajer, Z. (1969) Swiat Kaktusów 2: 35-43. “Peyotl-przez 37 Ì ,)5– mêdrca skie†ko Ì ,)5– .”

Prentiss, D.W. & F.P. Morgan (1895) TherapeuticGazette. 19: 577-585. “Anhalonium Lewinii (MescalButtons). A Study of the Drug with SpecialReference to its Physiological Action upon Man.”

Prentiss, D.W. & F.P. Morgan (1896) TherapeuticGazette. 20: 4-7. “Therapeutic Uses of Mescal-Buttons.”

Psotta, K. et al. (1979) Journal of the Chemical Society.Perkins Transactions I. 1063-1065. “Joubertinamine:A Novel seco-Mesembrane Alkaloid.” [Klaus Psotta,Franz Strelow & Adrian Wiechers]

Pugh, Caecilia Elisabeth Mary & Juda Hirsch Quastel(1937) Biochemical Journal 31: 2306-2321.“CCLXXXIII. Oxidation of Amines by AnimalTissues.”

Pulse, T.L. & Elizabeth Uhlig (1990) Journal ofAdvancement in Medicine 3: 4. “A significantimprovement in a clinical pilot study utilizingnutritional supplements, essential fatty acids andstabilized Aloe vera juice in 29 HIV seropositive,ARC and AIDS patients.”

PUMMANGURA et al. 1981 JNP 44: 498 (in the literature)See as PUMMANGURA & MCLAUGHLIN 1981

Pummangura, S. & J.L. McLaughlin (1981) Journal ofNatural Products 44 (4): 498-499. “Cactus alkaloids.XLVI. 3-Methoxytyramine and Lemaireocereine fromBackebergia militaris”

PUMMANGURA & MCLAUGHLIN 1982 (in the literature)meant PUMMANGURA et al. 1982.

Pummangura, S. et al. (1983)a Journal of NaturalProducts (In Press). [S. Pummangura, J.L.McLaughlin, D.V. Davis & R.G. Cooks.] [fromLUNDSTRÖM (1983) This is not in either the 1983 or1984 author index under any name listed.]

Pummangura, S. et al. (1983)b Phytochemistry (InPress). [S. Pummangura, Y.A.H. Mohamed, C.-J.Chang and J.L. McLaughlin.] (in the literature) meantPUMMANGURA et al. 1982b

Pummangura, S. et al. (1982)a Journal of NaturalProducts 45 (2): 224-225. “Cactus Alkaloids. LI.Lack of Mescaline Translocation in GraftedTrichocereus” (S. Pummangura, J.L. McLaughlin andR.C. Schifferdecker)

Pummangura, S. et al. (1982)b Phytochemistry 21 (9):2375-2377. “Two Simple TetrahydroisoquinolineAlkaloid N-oxides from Cacti.” (S. Pummangura,Y.A.H. Mohamed, C.-J. Chang & J.L. McLaughlin)

Quastel, Juda Hirsch & Arnold Herbert MauriceWheatley (1933) Biochemical Journal 27: 1609-1613.“CCXIX. The Effects of Amines on Oxidations of theBrain.”

Quereshi, M.Y. et al.(1977) Phytochemistry 16: 477-479.“The Neurolathryogen, α-Amino-β-oxalylaminopropionic Acid in Legume Seeds.” [M.Yasin Quereshi, David J. Pilbeam, Christine S. Evansand E. Arthur Bell]

Rabitzsch, G. (1959) Planta Medica 7 (3): 268-297.“Zur Analytik und Biochemie der p-Hydroxy-β-Phenyl-Alkylamine in Hordeum vulgare L”

Rabusic, Emil & Miroslav Gregor (1967) SpisyPrirodovedecke Fakulty University J.E. Purkkyne v.Brne. 480: 85-92 [from CA (1968) 68: 86944.]“Aminoalkylation of phenol ethers.”

Raffauf, Robert F. (1970) The Handbook of Alkaloidsand Alkaloid Bearing Plants. Wiley Inter-Science.

Raiford, L.Chas. & Donald E. Fox (1944) Journal ofOrganic Chemistry 9: 170-174. “Condensation ofVanillin Substitution Products With Nitromethane.”

Rajotte et al. (1961) Society of Biological Psychiatrypage???. “Studies on Mescaline. XII: Effects of prioradministration of various psychotropic drugs.” [PaulRajotte, Herman C.B. Denber, and DorothyKauffman] [from Denber et al. (1962)]

Ramirez, Fausto A. & Alfred Burger (1950) Journal ofthe American Chemical Society 72: 2781-2782. “Thereduction of Phenolic β-Nitrostyrenes by LithiumAluminum Hydride.” .

Ranieri, Richard L. & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1975)aJournal of Chromatography 111: 234-237. “Cactusalkaloids. XXVII. Use of fluorescamine as a thin-layerchromatographic visualization reagent for alkaloids.”

Rao, G. Subba (1970) Journal of Pharmacy andPharmacology 22: 544-545. “Identity of Peyocactin,an antibiotic from peyote (Lophophora williamsii ),and Hordenine.”

Rasmussen, Kurt & George K. Aghajanian (1986) BrainResearch. 385: 395-400, “Effect of hallucinogens onspontaneous and sensory-evoked locus coeruleus unitactivity in the rat: reversal by selective 5-HT2antagonists.”

Rasmussen, Kurt & George K. Aghajanian (1988)Neuropsychopharmacology 1: 101-107, “Potency ofantipsychotics in reversing the effects of ahallucinogenic drug on locus coeruleus neuronscorrelates with 5-HT2 binding affinity.”

Ratcliffe, J. & P. Smith (1959) Chemistry and Industry925. “Metabolism of Mescaline.”

Rätsch, Christian & John R. Baker (eds.) Jahrbuch fürEthnomedizin und Bewußtseinsforschung [Yearbookfor Ethnomedicine and the Study of Consciousness.]Issue #4. VWB: Berlin. ISBN 3-86135-031-9.

Rätsch, Christian (1995) “Eine bisher nicht beschriebeneZubereitungsform von Trichocereus pachanoi.” pp.267-281 in: RÄTSCH & BAKER (eds.) Jahrbuch fürEthnomedizin und Bewußtseinsforschung. Issue #4.

Rätsch, Christian (1998) Enzyklopädie derPsychoaktiven Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie

SC3: References

und Anwendung. ISBN 3-85502-570-3. AT Verlag,Switzerland.

Rätsch, Christian (1999) Eleusis 3: 3-36. “Dall’idromeledell’ispirazione allo spirito del vino: Le bevandealcoliche nella medicina popolare, nella scienze medicae nella farmacologia/ From mead of inspiration to spiritof wine: Alcoholic brews and Folk medicine, medicalscience & pharmacology.”

Rauh, Werner (1978) Schöne Kakteen und andereSukkulenten.

Raymond-Hamet, M. (1931) Bulletin de l’AcademieNationale de Médecine (Paris). 105: 46-54. [CA (1932)26: 1347-1348.] [“The Physiological action ofmezcaline, principle alkaloid of Peyotl.”]

Raymond-Hamet, M. (1933) Archiv für experimentellePathologie und Pharmacologie 169: 97-113. “neueBeobachtungen über die physiologische Wirkung desMescalins.”

Raymond-Hamet, M. (1933) C.R. Séances SociétéBiologie. Filiales Associées 113: 386-387. “Action del’hordenine sur le rein à vaisseaux sectionnés puisanastomosés à ceux du cou”

Raymond-Hamet, M. (1933)b C.R. Séances Société deBiologie Filiales Associées 113: 875-877. “Sur leseffets cardiaques de l’hordénine”

Raymond-Hamet, M. (1936)a C.R. hebd. Séances Acad.Sci. 209: 67. “L’action nicotinique de l’hordénine n’estpas supprimée par l’introduction dans la moléculed’un second oxyhydrile phénolique, celui-ci enposition méta”

Raymond-Hamet, M. (1936)b C.R. Séances Société deBiologie Filiales Associées 121: 112-115. “Sur unepropriété physiologique encore inconnue del’hordénine”

Raymond-Hamet, M. (1939) Comptes RendusHebdomaries des Séances de L’Académie des Sciences209: 67. “L’action nicotinique de l’hordénine n’est passupprimée par l’introduction dans la molécule d’unsecond oxyhydrile phénolique, celui-ci en positionméta”

Rebut, [Pierre] catalog (nd) Rebut Catalogue de Cactéeset Plantes Grasses Diverses. [As cited in LEWIN 1894& SCHULTES 1940] (1894 page 5; according to GRYM

1997) [Anhalonium jourdanianum REBUT orAnhalonium jourdanianum HORT.?] s

Rebut, Pierre (1905) Monatschr. f. Kakteenk. 15: 122[Echinocactus jourdanianus (REBUT) REBUT ] [FromSCHULTES 1940] [GRYM 1997 gives this citation as C.A.MAASS 1905]

Reich (1991) Horticulture 69 (1): 58-59Reichel-Dolmatoff, G. (1978)a Beyond the Milky Way:

Hallucinatory Images of the Tukano Indians. LatinAmerican Studies No. 42.

Reichel-Dolmatoff, G. (1978)b “Drug Induced opticalSensations and Their Relationship to Applied Artamong Some Colombian Indians.” pp?? in MichaelGreenhalgh and Vincent McGraw (eds.) Art andSociety. Duckworth: London.

Reichert, Benno (1936) German Patent 629,313 April 301936; [CA (1936) 30: 4875]

Reidlinger, Thomas J. (ed.) (1997) The SacredMushroom Seeker. Tributes to R. Gordon Wasson.Park Street Press. ISBN 0-89281-338-5. [1990 byTimber Press]

Reko, B.P. (1928) Memorias y Revista de la SociedadCientifica”Antonio Alzeta”. (Mexico) 49: 379.“Alcaloide y Glucosidos en Plantas Mexicanas”

Ressler, Bob R. (2000) Cactus & Succulent Journal(US) 72(6): 309-312. “Trichocereus cuzcoensis – Ahardy Peruvian columnar cactus.”

Reti, L. (1939) Atti. X. Congr. int. Chim. Roma 5: 396-405. “Nuovi alcaloidi di cactacee argentine” (Paperpresenting his preliminary report on T. terscheckii.)

Reti, L. (1950) Forstschritte der Chemie OrganischerNaturstoffe (Progress in the Chemistry of OrganicNatural Products.) 6: 242-289. “Cactus Alkaloids andSome Related Compounds”

Reti, L. (1953) “β-Phenethylamines.” pp. 313-318,(Chapter 22) in: R.H.F. Manske & H.L. Holmes (eds.)The Alkaloids. Chemistry and Physiology. Volume III.

Reti, L. (1954)a”Simple Isoquinoline Alkaloids”, p. 7-21, (Chapter 26), in: R.H.F. Manske & H.L. Holmes(eds.) The Alkaloids. Chemistry and Physiology. Vol 4.

Reti, L. (1954)b”Cactus Alkaloids” pp. 23-28, (Chapter27), in: R.H.F. Manske & H.L. Holmes (eds.) TheAlkaloids. Chemistry and Physiology. Vol 4.

Reti, L. et al. (1935) Comptes Rendus des séances de laSociété de Biologie et de ses filiales (Société deBiologie de Rosario 25 Octobre 1934) 118: 591-593.[(1934) Rev. Soc. Argentina biol. 10: 437] “Sur unalcaloïde du Cereus coryne SALM. (1850)” [L. Reti, R.I.Arnolt and F.P. Ludueña]

Reti, L. & J.A. Castrillón (1951) Journal of theAmerican Chemical Society 73 (4): 1767-1769.“Cactus alkaloids. I. Trichocereus tersheckii(Parmentier) Britton and Rose”

Reutter, L. (1924) Schweizerische Apotheker-Zeitung62: 441-443. “Du Peyolt [sic], comme droguesensorielle.”

Revel, Jean-François (1977) The TotalitarianTemptation. [Hardcover; Doubleday: NY/ Paperback;Penguin: NY (Again in 1978] 311 pages.

Rhodes, Willard (1958) Journal of the International FolkMusic Council 10: 42-49. “A study of musicaldiffusion based on the wandering of the openingpeyote song.”

Riccobono (1909) Boll. R. Ort. Bot. Palermo 8: 244[Eriocereus tephracanthus] [From BRITTON & ROSE]

Rice & McColl (1960) Archives Internationales dePharmacodynamie et de Thérapie . 127: 249.

Richter, Derek (1938) Biochemical Journal 32: 1763-1769. “CCXXIX. Elimination of Amines in Man.”

Riedlinger, Thomas (ed.) (1990) The Sacred MushroomSeeker. Tributes to R. Gordon Wasson. Park StreetPress: Rochester. ISBN 0-89281-338-5.

Rietschel (1937)a Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp.Path. Pharmakol. 186: 387-408. “Zur Pharmakologiedes Hordenins”

Rietschel (1937)b Klin. Wschr. 16: 714-715. “ZurPharmakologie des Hordenins”

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Øíha, Jan (1996) Kaktusy 32: 70-73. “Lophophoradiffusa var. koehresii. “ [from GRYM 1997]

Øíha, J. & R. Šubík (1979) Aztekia 1: 9-14.“Lophophora diffusa” [from GRYM 1997]

Ríha, J. & R. Šubík (1981) The IllustratedEncyclopedia of Cacti & Other Succulents. Artia,Prague. ISBN 0-7064-1492-6.

Rimington et al. (1938) J. Vet. Sci. Animal Ind. 9: 187.[CA (1938) 32: 42799 ]. [From Merck 9th]

Rimington, C. & G.C.S. Roets (1937) OnderstepoortJournal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry 9:187-191. “Notes upon the isolation of the alkaloidalconstituent of the drug ‘channa’ or ‘kougoed’(Mesembryanthemum anatomicum andMesembryanthemum tortuosum).” [From SMITH 1996]

Rinaldi, Franco & H.E. Himwich (1955) Journal ofNervous and Mental Disease 122 (5): 424-432. “Thecerebral electroencephalographic changes induced byLSD and mescaline are corrected by frequel.”

Rinkel, Max (1956) “Biochemical Reflections on thePsychosis Problem.” in L. Cholden (Ed.) LysergicAcid and Mescaline in Experimental Psychiatry. NewYork: Grune and Stratton.]

Rinkel, Max (1957) Journal of Nervous and MentalDisease 125 (3): 424-427. “Pharmacodynamics ofLSD and Mescaline.”

Rinkel, Max (1965) The Presidential address: the LSDmovement in America. (Paper read at Soc. Biol.Psychiat., New York City April-May, 1965.)

Rinkel, Max, et al. (1952) American Journal ofPsychiatry 108: 572-578. “ExperimentalSchizophrenia-like symptoms.” [Max Rinkel, H.J.Deschon, R.W. Hyde and H.C. Solomon]

Rinkel, Max & H.C.B. Denber (eds.) (1958) ChemicalConcepts of Psychosis. NewYork: McDowell.

Ritter, Friedrich (1966) Cactus (Paris). Organe del’Association Française des Amateurs de Cactus etPlantes Grasses. Paris. 21(87): 14-15. “Trichocereusscopulicola RITTER spec. nov.”

Ritter, Friedrich (1980) Kakteen in Südamerika.Argentinien/Boliviens Vol. 2: 375-856. (Trichocereus:437-456) F.Ritter/Selbstverlag

Ritter, Friedrich (1981) Kakteen in Sudamerika. Peru.Vol. 4: 1239-1692. (Trichocereus: 1324-1329)F.Ritter/Selbstverlag

Rivas, Augustin. “Canto Musica Ayahuasca en la Silvade Peru: Agustin Rivas.” Tape available through theBasement Shaman.

River, Liliana & Joseph Rael (1984) Beautiful PaintedArrow: A Medicine Story. Path-ways: Virginia Beach.[P.O.Box 4308/ 23454] No ISBN. 129 pages.

Rivier, Laurent & Jan-Erik Lindgren (1972) EconomicBotany 26: 101-129. “ “Ayahuasca”, the SouthAmerican Hallucinogenic Drink: an Ethnobotanicaland Chemical Investigation.”

Rivier, Laurent & Paul-Émile Pilet (1971) L’AnneéeBiologique 10 (3-4): 129-149. “ComposésHallucinogènes Indoliques Naturels.”

Robb, George L. (1957) Botanical Museum Leaflets.Harvard University. 17 (10): 265-316 “The OrdealPoisons of Madagascar and Africa.”

Roberti, C.E. & H. Heymann (1937) Rassegna di studipsichiatrici 26: 245, 353. “Dell’ allucinazioni.”

Robinson, G. (1954) in H.A. Abramson, (ed.)Problems of Consciousness, 5th Conference, 1954,Princeton. J. Macy, Jr. Foundation.

Robles, Clementa & José Gomez Robleda (1931)Anales del Instituto de biologia de la UniversidadNacional Autonoma de México. 2 (1): 15-46.“Trabajo inicial acerca de la acción fisiológica delchlorhidrato de peyotina.” [Clemente Robles andJose Gomez Robleda]

Rose, Joseph Nelson (1899) Contributions from theUS National Herbarium 5 (4): 209-259. “Notes onUseful Plants of Mexico.”

Roseman, Bernard (1968) The Peyote Story. The IndianMind Drug. Wiltshire: Hollywood

Rosenberg, H. & S.J. Stohs (1974) Phytochemistry 13:1861-1863. “The Utilization of Tyrosine ForMescaline and Protein Biosynthesis in Lophophorawilliamsii.”

Rosenberg, H. et al. (1964) Psychopharmacologia 5:217-227. “The effect of N,N-dimethyltryptamine inhuman subjects tolerant to lysergic aciddiethylamide.”

Rosenberg, H. et al. (1967) Lloydia 30 (1): 100-105.“The Cactus Alkaloids. III. Phenylalanine, DOPAand DOPAmine as precursors to Mescaline inLophophora williamsii.”

Rosenberg, H. et al. (1969) Lloydia 32 (3): 334-338.“The Biosynthesis of Mescaline in Lophophorawilliamsii.” (Rosenberg, Khanna, Takido and Paul)

Rosenmund, Karl W. (1909) Ber. 42: 4778-4783. “Überp-oxyphenyl-äthylamin”

Rosenthaler, L. (1931) Pharmaceutische Zeitung 76:653-654. “Beitrage zum Nachweis organischerVerbindungen. IV. Mikrochemische Reaktionen desMezcalins.” [From RETI 1950] Listed elsewhere as“Détection de composes organiques. Réactionmicrochemiques de la mescaline.” and “Detection oforganic compounds: microchemical reactions ofmescalin.”

Rosenthaler, L. (1935) “ToxikologischeMikroanalyse.” p. 15. Borntraeger, Berlin.

Rosler, H. et al. (1978) Lloydia 41 (4): 383-384. “TheIsolation of 6-Methoxyharmane From Grewiamollis.” [Heinz Rosler, Helene Framm & Ralph N.Blomster]

Ross, Brian & Jill Rackmill (2000) ABC 20/20 18February. “Homicide Within the DEA” See http://www.abcnews.go.com/onair/2020/2020_000217_ross_feature.html

Rotondo, H. (1943) Revista de neuropsiquiatria(Lima) 6: 58-143. “Fenomenología de la intoxicaciónmescalinica y análisis funcional del pensamiento ensu decurso.”

Rouhier, Alexandre (1925) Revue metapsychique pp.144-145. “Phénomenes de metagnomie

SC3: References

experimentale observés au course d’une experience faitavec le peyotl.”

Rouhier, Alexandre (1926) Monographie du Peyotl.Thesis, Doct. Pharm. Facultié de Pharmacie de Paris.

Rouhier, Alexandre (1927)a La Plante qui fait les yeuxémerveillés. LePeyotl (Echinocactus williamsii).Gaston Doin & Cie, Paris. [Also in 1926 by G.Tredaniel: Paris) [See also (1989) Éditions de laMaisnie. 409 pp. ISBN 2-85707-332-1.]

Rouhier, Alexandre (1927)b Les Plantes divinatoires.Paris.

Rouhier, Alexandre (1988) “L’ebbrezza peyotica(Studio sull’esperienza di Havelock Ellis).” pp. 69-79in J.C. Bailey & J.P. Guimard L’esperienzaallucinogena. Dedalo: Bari.

Rouhier, Alexandre (1996) Die Hellsehenhervorrufenden Pflanzen. VWB: Berlin (reprint)

Round Table. Psychodynamic and Therapeutic Aspectsof Mescaline and Lysergic acid Diethylamide. SeeDENBER & RINKEL (eds.) 1957.

Roth, R.H. & N.J. Giarman (1970) Phytochemistry 19:1087-1093. “Natural Occurrence of Gamma-Hydroxybutrate in Mammalian Brain.”

Rowley, Gordon D. (1974) IOS Bulletin 3(3): 93-99.“Reunion of the Genus Echinopsis”

Rowley, Gordon D. (1978) The Illustrated Encyclopediaof Succulents. Crown Publ, New York 1978. ISBN #0-517-53309-X. Very nice book but hardlyencyclopedic.

Ruck, C.A.P. et al. (1979) Journal of PsychoactiveDrugs 11 (1-2): 145-146: “Entheogens.” [Carl A.P.Ruck, Jeremy Bigwood, Danny Staples, Jonathan Ott& R. Gordon Wasson]

Ruckebusch, Y. et al. (1965)a Comptes Rendus desséances de la Société de Biologie et de ses filiales 159(4): 911-914. “Synergie et antagonisme de l’activitéhyperthermisante de la mescaline.” [Y. Ruckebusch,M.L. Grivel and M. Roche]

Ruckebusch, Y. et al. (1965)b Comptes Rendus desséances de la Société de Biologie et de ses filiales 159:1745-1748. “Parallélisme des effets despsychodysleptiques majeurs sur da toxicité de groupeet le taux cérébral en sérotonine.” [Y. Ruckebusch, M.Roche and D. Schurch ]

Rudgley, Richard (1995) Addiction 90: 163-164. “TheArchaic Use of Hallucinogens in Europe: AnArchaeology of Altered States.”

RUIZ DE ALARCÓN See as DE ALARCON

Rümpler, Theodor (1886) Carl Friedrich Förster’sHandbuch der Cacteenkunde Second ed. Leipzig:Verlag von Im. Tr. Woller. Page 233. [from GRYM 1997& ANDERSON 1980] 2nd ed. is given as 1885 in BRITTON

& ROSE. Page 712: Cereus tephracanthus bolivianusWEBER; Page 688: Pilocereus terscheckii RÜMPLER;Page 827: Echinocereus strigosus var. spinosiorRÜMPLER & Echinocereus strigosus var. rufispinusRÜMPLER

Rusby, H.H. (1888) Bulletin of Pharmacy 2: 126. “A.Lewinii.” [From LABARRE]

Rusby, H.H. (1894) Bulletin of Pharmacy 8: 306.“Mescal Buttons.” [From GRYM 1997 & LABARRE]

Rusby, H.H. (1903) Reference Handbook of theMedical Sciences 6: 456. “Mescal Buttons.” [fromLABARRE]

Sacred Succulents’ Grafting Guide was available for $6(1999 price) from Sacred Succulents, POBox 781,Sebastopol, California, 95473. Catalog $2.

Safford, William E. (1908) Annual Report SmithsonianInstitution 1908. 525-563 (with 15 plates; one of theplates faces page 525.) “Cactaceae of Northeasternand Central Mexico, Together With a Synopsis of thePrincipal Mexican Genera.”

Safford, William E. (1915) Journal of Heredity. 6: 291-311. “An Aztec Narcotic.”

Safford, William E. (1916)a Annual Report. SmithsonianInstitution. 1916: 387-424, plus 17 plates. “NarcoticPlants and Stimulants of the Ancient Americans.”

Safford, William E. (1916)b Washington Academy ofSciences 6: 547-562. “Identity of cohoba, the narcoticsnuff of ancient Haiti.”

Safford, William E. (1921) Journal of the AmericanMedical Association 77 (16): 1278-1279. “Peyote,the Narcotic Mescal Button of the Indians.”

Bernadino de Sahagún [1490-1590]de Sahagún, Bernadino (1830) Historia general de las

cosas de Nueva España (ed. C.M. de Bustamante) 3:241 [3 volumes: 1829-1830; Mexico] [SAFFORD

referred to 1829 2: 366]de Sahagún, Bernadino (1880) Histoire générale des

chosas de la Nouvelle-Espagne (tr. & ed. by D.Jourdanet & Rémi Siméon) Paris.

de Sahagún, Bernadino (1932) A History of AncientMexico by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, Vol. 1 (tr. byFanny R. Bandlier) Nashville.

de Sahagún, Bernadino (1938) Historia general de lascosas de Nueva España (5 Volumes) P.Robredo:México.

Sai-Halász (1962) Experientia 18: 137-138. “”Theeffect of Antiserotonin on the ExperimentalPsychosis Induced by Dimethyltryptamine.”

Sailer & Stumpf (1957) Archiv für ExperimentellePathologie und Pharmakologie. 230: 378.

Salcedo, Mario B. (1986) Un Herbolario de Ch’ajayaDevela sus Secretos. Ediziones Senpas: La Paz,Bolivia. 165 pages.

Salerno, Enrique V. & Alberto Tallaferro (1957) SemanaMédica (Buenos Aires). 110 (1): 47-48, 52. [CA(1957) 51: 8997b.] [“Mescaline, D-lysergic aciddiethylamide, and menstrual function.”]

Salm-Dyck (1834) Cact. Hort. Dyck 1834: 334[Cereus strigosus] [From BRITTON & ROSE]Salm-Dyck (1849) Cact. Hort. Dyck 1849: 46[Cereus fulvispinus] [From BRITTON & ROSE]Salm-Dyck (1849) Cact. Hort. Dyck 1849: 194[Cereus intricatus] [From BRITTON & ROSE]Salm-Dyck (1850) Cact. Hort. Dyck 1849: 203[Cereus macrogonus] [From BRITTON & ROSE]Salm-Dyck (1850) Cact. Hort. Dyck 1849: 208[Cereus bridgesii] [From BRITTON & ROSE]Salmoiraghi, Gian Carlo & Irvine H. Page (1957)

Journal of Pharmacology and ExperimentalTherapeutics 120 (1): 20-25. “Effects of LSD-25,

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

BOL 148, Bufotenine, Mescaline and Ibogaine on thePotentiation of Hexobarbitol Hypnosis Produced bySerotonin and Reserpine.” [Reported that theentheogenically inactive BOL 148 could be enabled tobe active when given with large doses of serotonin.]

Salomon, Kurt & Albert F. Bina (1946) Journal of theAmerican Chemical Society. 68: 2403. “UltravioletAbsorption Spectra of Mescaline Sulfate and β-Phenethylamine Sulfate.”

Salomon, Kurt et al. (1947) Federation Proceedings.Federation of American Societies for ExperimentalBiology. 6: 367-368. “Investigation of the psycho-chemical basis of visual hallucinations produced bymescaline.” [Abstract of a paper presented to the 37thAnnual Meeting: the American Society forPharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.] [KurtSalomon, Thomas Thale and Beverly Westscott [sic?]Gabrio]

Salomon, Kurt et al. (1949) Journal of Pharmacologyand Experimental Therapeutics 95 (4): 455-459. “Astudy of mescaline in human subjects.” [Kurt Salomon,Beverly Wescott Gabrio and Thomas Thale ]

Samorini, Giorgio (1998)a Allucinogeni, empatogeni,cannabis. Bibliografia italiana commentata. Grafton 9:Bologna. 165 pp.

Samorini, Giorgio (1998)b Eleusis n.s. 1: 87-108. “Gli“alberi-fungo” nell’arte cristiana.” / “Mushroom-Trees” in Christian Art.”

Sanchez, Victor (1996) Toltecs of the New Millenium.Bear and Co. (Ingram) ISBN 1-879181-35-5. 228pages.

Sanguin (1829) Hist. Nueva España (ed. Bustamante) 2:366)]. From Safford

Sarkis, Alia & Víctor Campos (1991) CuranderismoTradicionale del Costariccense. Curaciones conplantas medicinales y remedios caseros. SecondEdition (first edition was 1985) Lehmann Editores: SanJosé, Costa Rica. ISBN 9977-949-23-9. 188 pages.

Sato, P.T. et al. (1973) Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences 62 (3): 411-414. “Cactus Alkaloids. XVI.Isolation and identification of alkaloids in Coryphantharamillosa” (P.T. Sato, J.M. Neal, L.R. Brady and J.L.McLaughlin)

Sato, Tony (1996) Cactus Handbook. Japan CactusPlanning Company

Sava, V. (1929) Thèse doctorale de Médicine, Bucharest.“Recherche sur l’audition colorée et l’intoxicationexpérimentale par la mescaline.”

Sawyer, Alan R. (1975) Ancient Peruvian Ceramics.From the Kehl and Nena Markley Collection. Museumof Art, Pennsylvania State University Publication.

Sax, N. Irving (1984) Dangerous Properties of IndustrialMaterials. Sixth Edition. Page 1757.

Sax, N. Irving & Richard J. Lewis, Sr. (1989) DangerousProperties of Industrial Materials. 7th edition. 3volumes. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0-442-28020-3 (set). Entries MDI500 (mescaline as base), MDI750(as hydrochloride) and MDJ000 (as sulfate)

Saxena, A. et al. (1962) Archives Internationales dePharmacodynamie et de Thérapie 140: 327.

Schaafsma, Polly (1980) Indian Rock Art of theSouthwest. University of New Mexico Press:Albuquerque.

Schaefer, Stacy (1989) Journal of Latin American Lore15 (2): 179-194. “The Loom and Time in the HuicholWorld.”

Schaefer, Stacy (1993)a “The Loom as a Sacred PowerObject in Huichol Culture.” pp. 118-130 in R.Anderson & K. Field (eds.) Art in Small ScaleSocieties. Prentice Hall: New York.

Schaefer, Stacy (1993)b Latin American Art Spring 93:70-73. “Huichol Indian Constumes: A TransformingTradition.”

Schaefer, Stacy (1995) Integration 5: 35-49. “TheCrossing of the Souls: Peyote, Perception andMeaning Among the Huichol Indians of Mexico.”

Schaefer, Stacy (1997) Jahrbuch für Ethnomedizin undBewußtseinforschung 5 (1996) “Peyote andPregnancy.”

Schaefer, Stacy (1998)a Becoming a Weaver: TheWoman’s Path in Huichol Culture. University of UtahPress.

Schaefer, Stacy (1998)b “Dove le anime si incontrano.La percezione huichol del peyote.” pp. 57-77 inGiovani Feo (ed.) Sciamani delle due Americhe.Stampa Alternativa: Rome

Schaefer, Stacy (1998)c Altrove 5: 43-48. “Quando siincontrano le anime. L’importanza del peyote nellacultura Huichol.”

Schaefer, Stacy & Furst, Peter (eds.) (1996) People ofthe Peyote: Huichol Indian History, Religion, andSurvival. University of New Mexico Press:Albuquerque. ISBN 0-8263-1684-0. 608 pages.

Schäfer, George & Cuz, Nan (1968) In Reiche desMescal. Synthesis Verlag: Essen.

Schmidt, Paul (1969) Journal of the Cactus andSucculent Society of America 4 (6): 265.“Hybridization of Lophophora williamsii withTurbinicarpus and Mammillaria.”

Schneck, Marcus Cacti. An Illustrated Guide to over 150Representative Species. Crescent Books: New York/Avenel, New Jersey. ISBN 0-517-07321-8.

Schnoll, S.H. et al. (1972) Journal of Psychedelic Drugs5 (1): 75-78. “A Rapid Thin Layer ChromatographicScreening Procedure for Various Abused PsychotropicAgents.” [Sidney H. Schnoll, Richard D. Cohen andWolfgang H. Vogel]

Schueler, F.W. (1948) Journal of Laboratory andClinical Medicine 33: 1297-1303. “The effect ofsuccinate in mescaline hallucinations.”

Schultes, Richard Evans (1936) Thesis, HarvardUniversity. Peyote Intoxication, A Review of theLiterature on the Chemistry, Physiology andPsychological Effects of Peyotl.

Schultes, Richard Evans (1937)a Botanical MuseumLeaflets. Harvard University. 4 (8): 129-152. “Peyoteand Plants Used in the Peyote Ceremony.”

Schultes, Richard Evans (1937)b Botanical MuseumLeaflets. Harvard University. 5 (5): 61-88. “Peyote(Lophophora williamsii) and Plants Confused WithIt.”

SC3: References

Schultes, Richard Evans (1938) American AnthropologistN.S. 40: 698-715. “The Appeal of Peyote(Lophophora williamsii)as a Medicine.”

Schultes, Richard Evans (1939) Harvard University,Botanical Museum Leaflets 7 (3): 37-54. “PlantaeMexicanae II. The Identification of Teonanacatl, aNarcotic Basidiomycete of the Aztecs.”

Schultes, Richard Evans (1940) Journal of the Cactusand Succulent Society of America 12 (11): 177-181.“The Aboriginal Therapeutic Uses of LophophoraWilliamsii.”

Schultes, Richard Evans (1967) “The Place ofEthnobotany in the Ethnopharmacological Search forPsychotomimetic Drugs.” pp. 33-57 in:Ethnopharmacological Search For PsychoactiveDrugs. United States Government Printing Office,Publication #1645.

Schultes, Richard Evans (1969) Botanical MuseumLeaflets. Harvard University 22 (4): 133-164. “Deplantis toxicariis e mundo novo tropicalecommentationes. IV.” (Page 142)

Schultes, Richard Evans (1969) Science 163: 245-254.“Hallucinogens of Plant Origin.”

Schultes, Richard Evans (1972) “An Overview ofHallucinogens in the Western Hemisphere.” pp. 3-54 inFURST (ed.) 1972

Schultes, Richard Evans (1998) The Heffter Review ofPsychedelic Research 1: 1-7. “Antiquities of the NewWorld Hallucinogens.”

Schultes, Richard Evans & Albert Hofmann (1980)Botany and Chemistry of the Hallucinogens. SecondEdition. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. ISBN# 0-398-03863-5.[ Paperback ISBN 0-398-06416-4]462 pages.[See also as Schultes & Hofmann (1983)Botanica e chimica degli allucinogeni. Roma (CescoCiapanna)]

Schultes, Richard Evans & Albert Hofmann (1992)Plants of the Gods. Origins of Hallucinogenic Use.Healing Arts Press. [Also (1979) Plants of the Gods.Origins of Hallucinogenic Use. Alfred Van Der MarckEditions 1979. Originally published by McGraw-Hill:New York 1979[See also as (1993) Les Plantes des Dieux. Les Éditionsdu Lézard. 232 pp. ISBN 2-910718-02-6 & ISBN 2-9507264-2-9 or as (1993) Plantas de los Dioses. Fondode Cultura Económica. 192 pp. ISBN 968-16-1023-7;or as (1995) Pflanzen der Götter. AT Verlag. 191 pp.ISBN 3-85502-543-6.]

Schumann, K. (1894) Monatsschrift für Kakteenkunde 4:36-37. “Echinocactus Williamsii Lem.”

Schumann, K. (1895) Monatsschrift für Kakteenkunde 5:11-15. “Kleine Mitteilungen und Fingerzeige.”

Schumann, Karl Moritz (1895) Ber. 103-110. “Übergiftige Kakteen.” [from LABARRE]

Schumann, Karl Moritz (1897) Gesamtb. Kakteen 81[Cereus tephracanthus bolivianus WEBER] [FromBRITTON & ROSE]

Schumann, Karl Moritz (1897) Gesamtb. Kakteen 108[Cereus bridgesii brevispinus & Cereus bridgesiilageniformis] [From BRITTON & ROSE]

Schumann, Karl Moritz (1898) Botanische Jahrbücherfür Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte, undPflanzengeographie. 24: 541-567. “Die GattungAriocarpus (Anhalonium).” (see page 551)

Schumann, Karl Moritz (1907) [in RUSBY] Bull. N.Y. Bot.Gard.4: 365 [Cereus lasianthus] [From BRITTON &ROSE]

Schuster, Danny (1990) The World of Cacti. Facts onFile. ISBN 0-8160-2506-1. 240 pages. [Peyote on page146. Very striking flower open in one of the colorphotographs. Cultivation comments are from theperspective of one cultivating peyote in the morenorthern latitudes.]

Schwartz, B.E. et al. (1955) Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin.30: 407.

Seiler, Nikolaus (1965) Hoppe-Seyler’s Zeitschrift fürphysiologische Chemie 341 (1-3): 105-110. “Deroxydative Abbau des Mezcalins imZentralnervensystem. I. Charakterisierung desMezcalin abbauden Fermentes.”

Seiler, Nikolaus & Manfred Wiechmann (1964) Hoppe-Seyler’s Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie 337: 229-240. “Die fluorimetrische Bestimmung des Mezcalinsund einiger β-Phenäthylamine.”

Sellards, E.H. (1941) American Antiquity 7: 29-38“Stone Images From Henderson County, Texas.”Senoh, S. et al. (1959) Journal of the American Chemical

Society 81: 6240-6245. “Enzymatic p-O-methylationby catechol O-methyl transferase.” [With J.W. Daly, J.Axelrod, and B. Witkop]

Sethi, M.L. et al. (1973) Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences 62 (11): 1802-1806. “Peyote and RelatedAlkaloids XVI: Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylalanine, an Amino Acid Analog ofMescaline.” [Manohar L. Sethi, G. Subba Rao andGovind J. Kapadia] [Synthetic compound - NOTfound in peyote.]

Seymour, Gertrude (1916) The Red Man (June) 341-351. “Peyote Worship – An Indian Cult and a PowerfulDrug”

Shamma, Maurice & Paul D. Rosenstock (1959) Journalof Organic Chemistry 24: 726-728. “The Triterpenesof Heliabravoa chende.”

Shamma, M. & H.R. Rodriguez (1965) TetrahedronLetters 4347 (FROM JEFFS et al. 1969)

Sharon, Douglas (1972)a “The San Pedro cactus inPeruvian folk healing.” pp. 114-135. in: Peter T. Furst(Ed.) Flesh of the Gods: The Ritual Use ofHallucinogens.

Sharon, Douglas (1972)b Natural History 81: 32-47.“Eduardo the Healer.”

Sharon, Douglas (1978) Wizard of the Four Winds: AShaman’s story. The Free Press, Collier MacMillanPublishers, New York.

Sharon, Douglas (1980) El Chamán de los CuatroVientos. Siglo Veintiuno Editores. ISBN 968-23-1006-7.Translation of SHARON 1978.

Sharon, Douglas(1986) Comments made in a tapedworkshop entitled “Mind, Molecules and Magic” asquoted in 1995 Entheogen Review 4(1): 13 “T.peruvianus toxicity?”.

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Sharon, Douglas C. & Christopher B. Donnan (1977)Archaeology 30 (6): 374-381. (The ArcheologicalInstitute of American, New York.) “The MagicCactus: Ethnoarchaeological Continuity in Peru.”

Sheets, Mark et al. (1991) Molecular Biotherapy 3: 79-87. “Studies on the effects of Acemannan onretrovirus infections: clinical stabilization of felineleukemia virus-infected cats.”

Shein, H. et al. (1971) Life Sciences 10: 273-282.“Stimulation of [14C]-serotonin synthesis from [14C]tryptophan by mescaline in rat pineal organ cultures.”[H. Shein, S. Wilson, F. Lavin & R. Wurtman]

Shell, Charles C. (1923) Office of Indian Affairs, Bulletin21: 27-29. “Experience of Charles E. Shell while underthe Influence of Pellote (Peyote) on June 21, 1909.”

Shelder, J. & J. Block (1990) American Psychologist 45:612-630. “Adolescent drug use and psychologicalhealth: A longitudinal study.” [Cited by BROWN 1996-1997]

Sherratt, Andrew (1995) p. 30 in: Jordan Goodman,Paul Lovejoy and Andrew Sharratt (eds.),“Consuming Habits.” Routledge: London.

Shirokogoroff, Sergei Mikailovich (1935) PsychomentalComplex of the Tungus. Kegan Paul, French, Trubner,London.

Shulgin, Alexander T. (1963) Experientia 19: 127-128.“Psychotomimetic Agents Related to Mescaline.”

Shulgin, Alexander T. (1970) “Chemistry and structure-activity relationships of the psychotomimetics.” pp.21-41, in: Daniel H. Efron (ed.) PsychotomimeticDrugs. Raven Press, New York.

Shulgin, Alexander T. (1973) Lloydia 36 (1): 46-58.“Mescaline: The Chemistry and Pharmacology of itsAnalogs.”.

Shulgin, Alexander T. (1976) “PsychotomimeticAgents.” pp. 59-146 in: George DeStevens (ed.)Medicinal Chemistry Vol. 4 [PsychopharmacologicalAgents Vol. IV (Maxwell Gordon (Ed.)] AcademicPress 1976.

Shulgin, Alexander T. (1977) Journal of PsychedelicDrugs 9 (2): 171-172. “Profiles of Psychedelic Drugs:STP.”

Shulgin, Alexander T. (1978) “Psychotomimetic Drugs:Structure-activity relationships.” In: Iversen, L.L. etal. (eds.) Handbook of Psychopharmacology. Volume11. Plenum Press, New York, 1978.

Shulgin, Alexander T. (1995) THIQ/PEA Appendix 12/26/95- Cactus Species Tabulation. Privately printedlecture handout. Published in appendix of TIHKAL

Shulgin, Alexander T. & K.O. Kerlinger (1964)Naturwissenschaften 51 (15): 360-361. “Isolation ofmethoxyeugenol and trans-isoelemicin from oil ofnutmeg.” ] (via fractional distillation.)

Shulgin, Alexander T. & Ann Shulgin (1991) PIHKAL: AChemical Love Story. Transform Press 978 pagesISBN 0-9630096-0-5.

Shulgin, Alexander T. & Ann Shulgin (1997) TIHKAL:The Continuation. Transform Press 804 pages ISBN0-9630096-9-9.

Shulgin, Alexander T. et al. (1966) Nature 212: 1060-1607. “Role of 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine inschizophrenia” [Alexander T. Shulgin, ThorntonSargent and Claudio Naranjo] [Compound determinedto lack a discernable role.]

Shurly, Ernest William (1948) Cactus & SucculentJournal of Great Britain 10 (4): 93. “StrombocactusSchwarzii Shurly, spec nova”

Sicé, J. (1962) General Pharmacology. W.B. SaundersCo., Philadelphia.

Siegel, Ronald K. (1971) “Studies of hallucinogens infish, brids, mice and men: The behavior of“psychedelic” populations” pp. 311-318 in O. Vinar,Z. Voltava & P.B. Bradley (eds) Advances in Neuro-Psychopharmacology. Amsterdam: North Holland

Siegel, Ronald K. (1973) International Journal of theAddictions 9 (2): 373-393. “An Ethological Search forSelf-Adminstration of Hallucinogens.”

Siegel, Ronald K. (1977) “Hallucinations.” reprinted1986 in The Mind’s Eye; Readings from the ScientificAmerican [ISBN 0-7167-1754-9]

Siegel & Jarvik (1975) pp 81-162 in Siegel & West (eds.)See also HOROWITZ p. 178.

Siegel, Ronald K. & Louis Jolyon West (eds) (1975)Hallucinations: Behavior, Experience and Theory.Wiley: New York.

Sigg, E.B. et al. (1958) Proceedings of the Society forExperimental Biology and Medicine. 97 (1): 97.[Abstract; entry 23656] “Synergism of Amines andAntagonism of Reserpine to Morphine Analgesia.”[E.B. Sigg, G. Caprio and J.A. Schneider]

Silva, M.T.A. et al. (1968) Psychopharmacologia 13(4): 332-340. “Lack of Cross-Tolerance in Rats among(-)Δ9-Trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), CannabisExtract, Mescaline and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide(LSD-25).” [M. Teresa A. Silva, E.A. Carlini, U.Claussen & F. Korte]

Siméon, Rémi (1885) Dictionnaire de la langue Nahuatlou Mexicaine, p. 436. Paris.

Simpson, Lorna & Peter McKellar (1955) Journal ofMental Science 101 (422): 141-147. “Types ofSynaesthesia (mescal experiments).”

SINGER et al. 1980 in the literature meant SINGER & ELBE

1980Singer & Elbe (1980) J. Food Sci. 45: 489SINISCALCO et al. 1983 (in the literature) meant SINISCALCO

1983Siniscalco Gigliano, G. (1983) Bolletino Chimico

Farmaceutico 122: 499-504. “La Mescalina inLophophora Coult. Ed in Altre Cactaceae”

SISSC (1994) “Bibliografia Italiana su AllucinogenieCannabis”, (Società Italiana per lo Studio degli Stati diCosienza c/o Museo Civico di Roverto) EdizioniGrafton 9, Bologna. [Contributors: Carlo Buono,Gilberto Camilla, Gino Dal Soler, Francesco Festi,Fulvio Gosso, Mario Lorenzetti and GiorgioSamorini.]

Sivadjian, Joseph (1969) Comptes Rendus Hebdomariesdes Séances de L’Académie des Sciences. Série D.[AKA C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris. Série D.] 268 (6): 984-985. “L’action de la mescaline et du diéthylamide de

SC3: References

l’acide lysergique (LSD-25) sur le comportement duCobaye.”

Sjoberg, B.M. Jr. & L.E. Hollister (1962)Psychopharmacologia 3: 219-223. (in the literature)meant WOLBACH et al. 1962

Sjoberg, B.M. Jr. & L.E. Hollister (1965)Psychopharmacologia 8 (4): 251-262. “The Effects ofPsychotomimetic Drugs on Primary Suggestibility.”

Skarin, Annalee (1966) (1981-7th printing) ManTriumphant. DeVorse & Co.: Marina Del Rey. ISBN0-87156-091-3. 253 pages.

Skita, A. & F. Keil (1932) Ber. 65: 424 [From PATEL

1968]Slotkin, James S. (1951) American Anthropologist 53:

420-427. “Early eighteenth century documents onpeyotism north of the Rio Grande.”

Slotkin, James S. (1952) Transactions of the AmericanPhilosophical Society 42 (pt. 4): 565-700. “MenomimiPeyotism. A study of individual variation in a primarygroup with a homogenous culture.” [pp. 681-700 isDavid P. McAllester’s “Menomini peyote music.”]

SLOTKIN 1954 in the literature meant SLOTKIN 1955.[SLOTKIN 1954 is Saturday Review 37: 14. “Mescalin:A substitute for tobacco? III The anthropologist.”]

Slotkin, James S. (1955) American Anthropologist 57(2): 202-230. “Peyotism, 1521-1891.”

Slotkin, James S. (1956) The Peyote Religion: A Study inIndian-White Relations.. The Free Press: Glencoe

Slotkin, J.S. & D.B. McAllester (1952) Transactions ofthe American Philosophical Society. Vol. 42.“Menomimi Peyotism.”

Slotta, K.H. (1932) Journal fuer Praktische Chemie133: 129-130. “Zur Gewinnung von 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyd.”

Slotta, K.H. & H. Heller (1930) Berichte der DeutschenChemischen Gesellschaft 63: 3029-3044. “Ueber β-phenyl-äthylamine. I. Mezcalin und mezcalin-ähnlicher Substanzen.”

Slotta, K.H. & Johannes Müller (1936) Hoppe-Seyler’sZeitschrift für physiologische Chemie 238: 14-22.“Über den Abbau des Mezcalins undmezcalinähnlicher Stoffe im Organisms.”

Slotta, K.H. & G. Szyska (1933) Journal fuerPraktische Chemie 137: 339-350. “Ueber β-Phenyl-äthylamine. III. Eine neue Mezcalin-Synthese.”

Slotta, K.H. & G. Szyzka (1934) Berichte derDeutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 67: 1106-1108.“Synthese des mescalins. (Eine Berichtigung dergleichlautenden Arbeit von G. Hahn und H.Wassmuth.)”

Slotta, K.H. et al. (1937) Mem. Inst. Butantan (SãoPaulo) 11: 101. (K.H. Slotta, J.C. Valle and K.Neisser) [From DEULOFEU & RUVEDA 1971]

Smilkstein, M.J. et al. (1987) Journal of Toxicology.Clinical Toxicology. 25 (1&2): 149-159. “A Case ofMAO Inhibitor / MDMA Interaction: Agony AfterEcstasy.” [Martin J. Smilkstein, Susan C. Smolinskeand Barry H. Rumack]

Smith, Alfred A. & S. Bernard Wortis (1962) Biochimicaet Biophysica Acta 60: 420-422. “Formation andMetabolism of N-Acetylnormetanephrine in the Rat.”

Smith, C.A. (1966) Bot. Survey Memoir 35 (SouthAfrica). “Common Names of South African Plants.”[From HARGREAVES 1998]

Smith, E. et al. (1961) Chemistry & Industry 402-403.“Mesembrine Enol Ether and the AbsoluteConfiguration of Mesembrine.” [E. Smith, N.Hosansky, M. Shamma & J.B. Moss]

Smith, Elna (Mrs. Maurice G. Smith) (1934) Journal ofthe Washington Academy of Sciences 24 (10): 448-453.“A Negro Peyote Cult.”

Smith, Huston & Reuben Snake (eds.) (1996) OneNation Under God. Triumph of the Native AmericanChurch. Clear Light: Santa Fe. 0-940666-71-5. 176pages.

Smith, Ivor (1969) Chromatographic andElectrophoretic Techniques. Volume I.Chromatography.” 3rd Edition. William HeinemannMedical Books Ltd., London/ Interscience Publishers,Inc., New York.

Smith, Ivor & J.W.T. Seakins (1976) Chromatographicand Electrophoretic Techniques. Vol. 1. Paper andThin Layer Chromatography. 4th edition. WilliamHeineman Medical Books Ltd.

Smith, Maurice G. (1929) Oklahoma Daily, December 8.“Peyote”

Smith, Maurice G. (1930) El Palacio 29: 241-242. “ThePeyote Cult in Oklahoma”

SMITH, Mrs. Maurice G. 1934 See as Elna SMITH 1934Smith, M. S. (1997) [Revised 1998 & 1999] Narcotic and

Hallucinogenic Cacti of the New World [Also personalcorrespondence during 1998 & 1999] M.S. Smith hasmy thanks for bringing the work of Dr. Starha to ourattention.

Smith, M.T. et al. (1996) Journal ofEthnopharmacology 50: 119-130. “Psychoactiveconstituents of the genus Sceletium N.E.Br and otherMesembryanthemaceae: a review.” [Michael T. Smith,Neil R. Crouch, Nigel Gericke & Manton Hirst]

Smith, M.T. et al. (1998) Pharmaceutical Biology 36(3): 173-179. The Distribution of MesembrineAlkaloids in Selected Taxa of theMesembryanthemaceae and their Modification in theSceletium Derived ‘Kougoed’.” (Michael Smith,Courtney Field, Neil Crouch, & Manton Hirst)

Smith, Michael Valentine (1981) Psychedelic Chemistry.Loompanics Unlimited, ISBN 0-915179-10-5.

Smith, Philip B. (1959) Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic.23 (1): 20-27. “A Sunday with Mescaline.”

Smith, Terence A. (1977)a Phytochemistry 16: 9-18.“Phenethylamine and related compounds in plants”,

Smith, Terence A. (1977)b Phytochemistry 16: 171-175.“Review: Tryptamines and Related Compounds inPlants.”

Smolska, B. (1932) Deutsche Zeitschrift für die gesamtegerichtlicher Medizin 18: 91-95. “Uebermikroskopische Veraenderungen der inneren Organeder weissen Maus nach akuten und sub-acutenMeskalinvergiftungen.”

Smythies, J.R. (1963) British J. Philosophy of Science 3:339-347. “The mescaline phenomenon.”

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Smythies, J.R. & Sykes, E.A. (1964)Psychopharmacologia 6 (3): 163-172. “The Effect ofMescaline upon the Conditioned Avoidance Responsein the Rat.”

Smythies, J.R. & E.A. Sykes (1966)Psychopharmacolgia 8: 324-330. “Structure-activityrelationship studies on mescaline: The effect ofdimethoxyphenethylamine and N:N-dimethylmescaline on the conditioned avoidance response inrats”

Smythies, J.R. & C.K. Levy (1960) J. Ment. Sci. 106:531-536. “The comparative psychopharmacology ofsome mescaline analogs”

Smythies, J.R. et al. (1965) “Structure-ActivityRelationship Studies on the Effect of Mescaline onthe Conditioned Avoidance Response in rats.” in: D.Bente & P.B. Bradley (eds.)Neuropsychopharmacology. Proceedings of the 4thInternational Congress, Birmingham. Amsterdam:Elsevier.

Smythies, J.R. et al. (1966) Psychopharmacologia 9:434-446. “Structure-Activity Relationship Studies onMescaline II. Tolerance and Cross-tolerance BetweenMescaline and its Analogs in the Rat.”

Smythies, J.R. et al. (1967) Nature 216: 196-197.“Alteration by Pretreatment with Iproniazid and anInactive Mescaline Analogue of a Behavior Changeinduced by Mescaline.”

Smythies, J.R. et al. (1967) Psychopharmacologia 10:379-387. “Structure-Activity Relationship Studies onMescaline III. The Influence of the Methoxy groups.[Rat].”

Smythies, J.R. et al. (1970) Nature 226: 644-645.“Behavioral effects of some derivatives ofamphetamine and LSD and their significance.” (J.R.Smythies, J. Beaton, F. Benington and R. D. Morin)

Snow, Otto (1998) Amphetamine Syntheses. Overview& reference guide for professionals. (PsychoactiveSynthesis Series Volume 1) Thoth Press; Spring HillFL. ISBN #0-9663128-0-5.

Snyckers, F.O. et al. (1971) Journal of the ChemicalSociety D. Chemical Communications 1467-1469.“The Structures of Partially Racemic SceletiumAlkaloid A4 and Tortuosamine, Pyridine Alkaloidsfrom Sceletium tortuosum.” (F.O. Snyckers, F.Strelow & A. Wiechers)

Snyder, Solomon & Carl R. Merril (1965) Procedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences of the United Statesof America 54: 258-266. “A relationship between thehallucinogenic activity of drugs and their electronicconfiguration”

Soc. Anon. pour L’Ind. à Bâle (1930)b Swiss Patent147,949 Jan. 8 1930 . [CA (1932) 26: 2278] “3,4,5-Triethoxyphenethylamine”

Soc. Anon. Pour L’Ind. Chim. a Bâle (1930)a BritishPatent 360,266, Jan. 8, 1930; [CA (1933) 27: 513.][CA says patent was for 3,4,5-Triethoxyphenethylamine.]

Soeda, M. (1969) Journal of the Medical Society ofToho University 16: 365-369. “Studies on the anti-tumor activity of Cape Aloe.”

Sogliani, G. & Sagripanti, P. (1957) Neuropsichiatria 13:149 & 449. “La dietilamide dell’acido lisergico e lamescalina in psichiatria.”

Solomon, K. (in the literature) meant Salomon, K.Soskin, Samuel & Matthew Tabenhaus (1943) Journal

of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 78:49. “Sodium succinate as an antidote for barbituratepoisoning and in the control of the duration ofbarbiturate anethesia. (Including its successful use in acase of barbiturate poisoning in a human.)”

Soulaire, Jacques (1947) Cactus et Medecine. p. 121 E.Thiebaut: Paris. [from GRYM 1997]

Sourkes, Theodore L. (1958) Revue Canadienne deBiologie 17 (3): 328-366. “Oxidative Pathways in theMetabolism of Biogenic Amines.”

Southon, Ian W. & John Buckingham (1989) Dictionaryof Alkaloids. Chapman and Hall, London and NewYork. Two volumes. ISBN # 0-412-24910-3. (G.A.Cordell, J.E. Saxton, M. Shamma and G.F. Smith, ed.board)

Späth, Ernst (1919) Monatshefte fuer Chemie 40: 129-154, “Über die Anhalonium-Alkaloide.”

Späth, Ernst (1921)a Monatshefte fuer Chemie 42: 97-115. “Über die Anhalonium-Alkaloide. II. DieKonstitution des Pellotins, des Anhalonidins, und desAnhalamins”

Späth, Ernst (1921)b Monatshefte fuer Chemie 42: 263-266. “Über die Anhalonium-Alkaloide III.Konstitution des Anhalins” [Hordenine]

Späth, Ernst (1922) Monatshefte fuer Chemie 43: 477-484. “Über die Anhaloniumalkaloide. V. Die Synthesedes Anhalonidins und des Pellotins”

Späth, Ernst & Friedrich Becke (1935)a Berichte derDeutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 68 (3): 501-505.“Über ein neues Kakteen-Alkaloid, das Anhalinin, undzur Konstitution des Anhalonins (XIII. Mitteil. überKakteen Alkaloide.)” [0.096 grams of Anhalinine from1330 grams of peyote.]

Späth, Ernst & Friedrich Becke (1935)b Berichte derDeutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 68 (5): 944-945.“Über des Anhalidin (XIV. Mitteil. über Kakteen-Alkaloide.)” [Synthesis of Anhalidine; From peyote:Anhalamine 0.1%; Anhalinine 0.01%; Anhalidine0.001%]

Späth, Ernst & Friedrich Becke (1935)c Monatsheftefuer Chemie 66: 327-366. “Über die tiennung derAnhalonium basen (Kakteen alkaloide. XV.)”

Späth, Ernst & Friedrich Boschan (1933) Monatsheftefuer Chemie 63: 141-153.”Über Kakteenalkaloide. X.Die Konstitution des Pellotins un des Anhalonidins”

Späth, Ernst & Johann Bruck (1937) Berichte derDeutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 70 (12): 2446-2450. “Über ein neues alkaloid aus den Mezcalbuttons. (XVIII Mitteil. über Kakteen-Alkaloide.)”[N-Methylmescaline.]

Späth, Ernst & Johann Bruck (1938) Berichte derDeutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 71 (6): 1275-1276. “N-Acetyl mezcalin als Inhaltstoff derMezcalin-Buttons (XIX. Mitteil. über Kakteen-Alkaloide.)”

SC3: References

Späth, Ernst & Johann Bruck (1939) Berichte derDeutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 72 (2): 334-338.“Über das O-Methyl-d-anhalonidin (XX. Mitteil.über Kakteen-Alkaloide.)”

Späth, Ernst & Hans Roder (1922) Monatshefte fuerChemie. 43: 93-111.”Über die Anhalonium-Alkaloide.IV. Die Synthese des Anhalamins”

Speck, Louise B. (1957) Journal of Pharmacology andExperimental Therapeutics 119: 78-84. “Toxicity andEffects of Increasing Doses of Mescaline.”

Spector, Elliot (1961) Nature 189 (4766): 751-752.“Identification of 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetic acidas the major metabolite of mescaline in the dog.”

Spegazzini (1905) Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires III 4:480 [Cereus thelegonoides.] [From BRITTON & ROSE]

Speir, W.W. et al. (1970) Lloydia 33 (1): 15-18. “Cactusalkaloids. VII. Isolation of hordenine and N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-β-phenethylamine from Ariocarpustrigonus” (W.W. Speir, V. Mihranian and J.L.McLaughlin)

Spix & Martius (1831) Reise in Brasilien 3: 1075 (FromSafford 1916)

Stafford, Peter (1992) Psychedelics Encyclopedia. ThirdEdition. Ronin Publishing, Inc. [pp. 103-155 (ChapterTwo): “Peyote, Mescaline & San Pedro.” ISBN 0-914171-51-8. 420 pages.

STAHL 1969 Analyst (in the literature) meant GENEST &HUGHES 1968 Analyst.

ŠTARHA 1994 (in the literature) meant ŠTARHA et al. 1994[ŠTARHA 1994 is Štarha, Roman (1994) Kaktusy30(4): 113. “Co je to Anhalonium lewinii.”]

Štarha, Roman & Jaroslav Kuchyòa (1996) ActaFacultatis Rerum Naturalium UniverstitasOstraviensis, Physica-Chemia 156 (3-4): 67-70.“Analysis of Mexican Populations of Lophophora(Cactaceae)”

Štarha, Roman (1995)a Chemica [Acta UniversitatisPalackianae Olomucensis Facultas RerumNaturalium] 34: 33-34. “Identification of Alkaloids ofthe Cactus Genus Gymnocalycium”

Štarha, Roman (1995)b Fitoterapia 66 (4): 375.“Alkaloids of Epithelantha micromeris”

Štarha, Roman (1996) Biochemical Systematics andEcology 24 (1): 85-86. “Alkaloids from the CactusGenus Gymnocalycium.”

Štarha, Roman (1997)a “Appendix IV. Chemickýrozbor rodu Lophophora.” pp. 85-90 in GRYM 1997.

Štarha, Roman (1997)b Kaktusy 1: 11-13.“Psychoactive substances of plants of the genusSceletium.” (A simple review of some of thechemistry)

Starha, Roman (n.d.) Cactus alkaloid summary.Undated (unpublished?) and privately distributedmanuscript received from Dr. Starha in early 1999.[Previous versions also exist; received one around ayear earlier via MSSmith]

Štarha, Roman (nd) Roman Štarha’s cactus alkaloid list.University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.

Štarha, Roman et al. (1994) Acta Facultatis RerumNaturalium Universtitas Ostraviensis, Physica-

Chemia 141 (2): 71-74. “Alkaloids of Three “Peyote”Cacti.”

Štarha, Roman et al. (1997) Biochemical Systematics andEcology 25 (4): 363-364. “Alkaloids from the GenusGymnocalycium (Cactaceae) – II” [Roman Štarha,Kamila Urbánková, and Jaroslav Kuchyna)

Štarha, Roman et al. (1998) Acta Facultatis RerumNaturalium Universtitas Ostraviensis, Physica-Chemia 173 (6): 41-46. “Identifikace Alkaloidu VRostlinách Rodu Gymnocalycium (Cactaceae) – III.”[Roman Štarha, Adéla Chybidziurová & ZdenekLacny]

Štarha, Roman et al. (1999) Biochemical Systematics &Ecology 27: 839-841. “Alkaloids of the GenusTurbinicarpus (Cactaceae)” [Roman Štarha, AdélaChybidziurová & Zdenek Lacny]

Our thanks also go to Dr. Starha for graciously providingus with the papers we could not locate sources for inthe US.

Steensholt, Gunnar (1947) Acta PhysiologicaScandinavica 14: 356-362. “On an Amine Oxidase inRabbit’s Liver.”

Steimetz, Paul (1990) Pipe, Bible and Peyote. Among theOglala Lakota. University of Tennessee Press:Knoxville. ISBN 0-87-049-623-9. 250 pages.

Steinberg, Neil (1994) Rolling Stone 5 May: 33-34. “TheLaw of Unintended Consequences: Mandatoryminimum sentencing puts first-time offenders in jailfor life and lets drug kingpins bargain for theirfreedom”

Steinigen, Manfred (1972) Deutsche Apotheker-Zeitung112 (2): 51-55. “Nachweis und quantitativeBestimmung von Lysergsäurediäthylamid (LSD).”

Stern, et al. (1961) Archives Internationales dePharmacodynamie et de Thérapie 133: 58.

Stevens, Jay (1987) Storming Heaven: LSD and theAmerican Dream. Atlantic Monthly Press

Stevenson, Ian (1957)a Journal of Nervous and MentalDisease. 125 (3): 438-442. “Comments on thePsychological Effects of Mescaline and Allied Drugs.”(Part of “The Round Table: Annual Meeting of theAmerican Psychiatric Association. Psychodynamicand Therapeutic Aspects of Mescaline and LysergicAcid Diethylamide.” Herman C.B. Denber and MaxRinkel, editors, comprising pp. 423-452.)

Stevenson, Ian (1957)b New Republic 136 (1): 22. “FromMescaline to Eternity.”

Stevenson, Ian & Thomas W. Richards (1960)Psychopharmacologia 1: 241-250. “ProlongedReactions to Mescaline. A Report of Two Cases.”

Stevenson, Ian & Andrew J. Sanchez (1957) AmericanJournal of Psychiatry 114 (4): 328-332. “TheAntidotal Action of Sodium Succinate in the MescalinePsychosis.”

Stewart, Omer C. (1944) Amer. Archaeol. and Ethnol. 40(3): App. 2. “Washo-Northern Paiute Peyotism.”

Stewart, Omer C. (1956) Colorado Quarterly 5: 79-90.“Peyote and Colorado’s Inquisition Law”

Stewart, Omer C. (1980) Plains Anthropologist 25 (90):297-309. “Peyotism and Mescalism.”

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Stewart, Omer C. (1984) (1993) Peyotism in the West: AHistorical and Cultural Perspective. [AnthropologicalPapers: No. 108] 168 pp. University of Utah Press.ISBN 0-87480-235-0

Stewart, Omer C. (1987) Peyote Religion. [Civilizationof the American Indian Series. Vol. 181] University ofOklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2068-1 (hard)/ 0-8061-2457-1 (paper). 454 pages. Also (1993)University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2457-1

Steyn, D.G. (1929) 15th Annual Report Division ofVeterinary Services 15: 777-803. “RecentInvestigations Into the Toxicity of Known andUnknown Plants of the Union of South Africa.”(From WATT 1967)

Steyn, D.G. (1933) Onderstepoorte Journal ofVeterinary Sciences and Animal Industry 1: 173-182.“Recent Investigations Into the Toxicity of Knownand Unknown Plants of the Union of South Africa.”(From WATT 1967)

Stockings, G.T. (1940) (in the literature) See asTAYLEUR-STOCKINGS 1940

Stone-Miller, Rebecca (1995) Art of the Andes: FromChavín to Inca. Thames and Hudson: London.

Straatman, Silke (1988) Die Wollbilder der Huichol-Indianer. Marburger Studien zür Völkerkunde Vol. 6:Marburg.

Stuart, George E. (1992) National Geographic 182 (3):120-136. “Mural Masterpieces of Ancient Cacaxtla.”[Photographs by Enrico Ferorelli]

Sturtevant, F.M. & Victor A. Drill (1956) Proceedingsof the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine92 (2): 383-387. (entry 22485) “Effects of mescalinein laboratory animals and influence of ataraxics onmescaline-response.”

Sultan, F.W. (1891) New York Medical Journal 681.Sunshine, Irving (Ed.) (1981) CRC Handbook of

Spectrophotometric Data of DrugsSupniewski, J.V. (1930)a Polska Gazeta Lekarska 9:

449-454, 737-740. “[Pharmacological properties ofsynthetic alkaloids of peyotl.”]

Supniewski, J.V. (1930)b Polska Gazeta Lekarska 9:287-293; (1931) 10: 961-964. “[Pharmacologicalproperties of synthetic alkaloids of derived frommescaline.”]

Svenson, A. Baerheim and R. Verpoorte (1983)Chromatography of Alkaloids. Part A: thin-layerchromatography. Journal of Chromatography Library-volume 23A. Elsevier, 1983. ISBN 0-444-42145-9(VOL. 23A).

Swonger, Alvin K. & Larry L. Constantine (1983)Drugs and Therapy. A Handbook of PsychotropicDrugs. Second Edition. Little, Brown & Co., ISBN 0-316-82551-4.

Syal, Rajeev (1996) Sunday Times (London) 28 January.“Raves in the Caves: Stone Age Britons Took Drugs.”

Szara, S. (1957) “Comparison of the psychotic effect oftryptamine derivatives with the effects of mescalineand LSD in self experiments.” pp. 460-463 inGARATTINI & GHETTI

Szasz, Thomas (1985) Ceremonial Chemistry: TheRitual Persecution of Drugs, Addicts and Pushers.(revised edition) Learnig Publications. ISBN 1-55691-019-3.

Szasz, Thomas (1992) Our Right to Drugs. The Casefor a Free Market.

Szuman, S. (1930) Kwartalnik Psychol. 1: 156-212.[Summary in German, pp. 214-220.] “Analizaformalina i psychologiszna widzen meskalinowych.”

Tarsitano, F. (1945) Bolletino della Società italiana dibiologia sperimentale 20: 762-763. “La ricercatossicologica della mescalina.” [CA (1946) 40: 66646.][“Toxicological studies on mescaline.”]

Tarsitano, F. (1947) Folia Medica 30: 340-344Tayleur-Stockings, G. (1940) Journal of Mental Science

86: 29-47. “A clinical study of the mescalinepsychosis with special reference to the mechanism ofthe genesis of schizophrenia and other psychoticstates.”

Taylor, Walter R. (1956) Bulletin of the TexasArcheological Society 27: 215-234. “SomeImplications of the Carbon-14 dates from a cave inCoahuila, Mexico.”

Teirich, H. (1954) Psyche (Stuttgart) 7: 637-640.“Ueber eine Meskalinschädigung.”

Tello, Julio C. (1960) Chavin. Cultura Matriz de laCivilización Andina. Primera Parte. [Imprenta de laUniversidad de San Marcos. Lima.]

Thale, T. et al. (1950) American Journal of Psychiatry106 (9): 686-691. “Hallucination and ImageryInduced by Mescaline.” (Interesting in spite of thefact they used psychiatric patients as guinea pigs.)[Thomas Thale, Beverly Wescott Gabrio and KurtSalomon]

Thevet, André (1574) Histoire du MexiqueThompson, Charles Henry (1898) Annual Report of the

Missouri. Botanical. Gardens 9: 127-135. “Thespecies of cacti commonly cultivated under thegeneric name Anhalonium.”

Thuillier, J. (1956) Comptes Rendus des séances de laSociété de Biologie et de ses filiales 150: 1150-1151.“Suppression par la chlorpromazine des contractionsutérines provoquées par la mescaline.”

Tjio, J.H. et al. (1969) Journal of the American MedicalAssociation 210: 849. “LSD and chromosomes: Acontrolled experiment.” (Joe-Hin Tjio, Walter N.Pahnke & Albert A. Kurland) [Does not causedamage]

Todd, James S. (1969) Lloydia 32 (3): 395-398 “ThinLayer Chromatographic analysis of Mexicanpopulations of Lophophora (Cactaceae).”

Tonge, Sally R. & B.E. Leonard (1969) Life Sciences 8,part 1 (15): 805-814. “The Effects of SomeHallucinogenic Drugs Upon the Metabolism of 5-Hydroxy-Tryptamine in the Brain.”

Toro, Alfonso (1930) Proceedings of the Twenty-ThirdInternational Congress of Americanists (Held at NewYork, September 17-22, 1928) 101-121. “Las plantassagradas de los Aztecas y su influencia sobre el arteprecortesiano.”

SC3: References

Torres, Constantino Manuel (1996) Ann. Mus. civ.Roverto 11 (1995): 291-326. “ArchaeologicalEvidence for the Antiquity of Psychoactive Plant Usein the Central Andes.”

Torres, Donna & Manuel Torres (1995) “San Pedro inthe Pressure Pot.” pp. 283-284 in: RÄTSCH & BAKER

(eds.) Jahrbuch für Ethnomedizin undBewußtseinsforschung. Issue #4.

Towle, Margaret Ashley (1961) The Ethnobotany ofPre-Columbian Peru. [Viking Fund Publications inAnthropology No. 30. Aldine Publications, Chicago.]

Trebach, Arnold S. (1987) The Great Drug War andRadical Proposals that Could Make America SafeAgain. Macmillan Co.: New York.

Tsao, Makepeace U. (1951) Journal of the AmericanChemical Society 73: 5495-5496. “A new synthesisof Mescaline.”

Tsa Toke, Monroe (Huntinghorse) (1957) Visions andDescriptions of the Peyote Ritual. Grabhorn Press

Turner, D.M. (1998) Comment made incorrespondence during 1995 (Posthumouslypublished: Entheogen Review 7 (1): 18.)

Turner, William J. & Jack J. Heyman (1960) Journal ofOrganic Chemistry 25: 2250-2251. “The Presence ofMescaline in Opuntia cylindrica.”

Tursch, B. et al. (1965) Tetrahedron Letter 47: 4161-4166. “Structure de l’acidemesembryanthemoidigenique, triterpene nouveau descactacees.””(B. Tursch, J. Leclercq & G. Chiurdoglu)

Ulett, George A. (1953) American Journal of Psychiatry109 (10): 741-748. “Preliminary observations onconvulsive and subconvulsive treatments induced byintermittent photic stimulation.”

Umberger, C.J. (1954) in T.A. Gonzales, M. Vance, M.Halpern & C.J. Umberger (eds.) Legal Medicine,Pathology and Toxicology. 2nd Edition. Appleton-Century-Crofts: New York.

Underhill, Ruth (1952) Proceedings of the XXXthInternational Congress of Americanists 143-148.“Peyote.”

Underhill, Ruth (1957) Ann. Am. Acad. Political andSocial Sciences 311: 127-136. “Religion AmongAmerican Indians.”

Unger, Sanford M. (1963) a LSD, Mescaline, Psilocybinand Psychotherapy: An Annotated Chronology.Washington, DC: National Institute of Mental Health

Unger, Sanford M. (1963)b Psychiatry. Journal for theStudy of Interpersonal Processes. 26 (2): 111-125.“Mescaline, LSD, Psilocybin and PersonalityChange: A Review.”

Unger, Sanford M. (1965) LSD and Psychotherapy: ABibliography of the English-Language Literature. pp.241-248 in The Psychedelic Reader (WEIL, G.M. et al.Editors).

Urbina, Manuel (1900) Anales del Museo Nacional deMéxico 7: 26-48. “El Peyote y el Ololiuhqui.”

Usdin, Earl & Daniel H. Efron (1979) PsychotropicDrugs and Related Compounds. Second Edition.Pergamon Press. 791 pp. ISBN# 0 08 025510 8.

[First edition was published in 1972 by the USHEW]

Uyeno, Edward T. (1966) Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences. 55 (2): 215-216. “Inhibition of Isolation-Induced Attack Behavior of Mice by Drugs.”[Mescaline inhibited but less so than LSD]

Valadez, Mariano & Valadez, Susana (1992) HuicholIndian Sacred Rituals. Dharma (Amber Lotus):Oakland. ISBN 0-945798-80-6. 111 pages.

Valcárcel, Luis Eduardo (1938) Cuadernos de ArteAntiguo del Perú. Issue No. 6 [Lima. Imprenta delMuseo Nacional].

Van Den Berg, J.H (1951) Folia Psychiat. (Amst.) 54(6): 385-406, “Ein Beitrag zur Psychopathogie desMeskalinrausches.” Abstract: Excerpta Medica,Section VIII. (1952), Vol. 5, No. 8; entry #3306.

van den Berg, Maria Elisabeth (1984) “Ver-o-Peso: TheEthnobotany of an Amazonian Market.” Pages 140-149 in: Ghillean T. Prance & Jacquelyn A. Kallunki(eds.) Ethnobotany in the Neotropics. Proceedings inthe Neotropics Symposium Society for EconomicBotany. 13-14 June, 1983. “ The New York BotanicalGarden, Bronx, New York.] [AKA Advances inEconomic Botany 1: 140-149]

Van der Walt, S.J. and Steyn, D.G. (1940)Onderstepoorte Journal of Veterinary Sciences andAnimal Industry 15: 261-277. “Recent InvestigationsInto the Toxicity of Known and Unknown Plants ofthe Union of South Africa.” (From WATT 1967)

Van Praag, H.M. (1982) Lancet ii: 1259Van Vunakis, H. et al. (1969) Biochemical

Pharmacology 18: 393-404. “Production andSpecificity of Antibodies Directed Towards 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethylamine, 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine and 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine.” [Helen Van Vunakis, HildaBradvica, Phillipe Benda and Lawrence Levine.]

Van Welsum, R.A. (1973) Journal of Chromatography78: 237-240. “A simplified procedure for theidentification of drugs from the illicit street market bythin-layer chromatography.”

Vanderveen, R.L. et al. (1974) Phytochemistry 13: 866.“N-Methyltyramine from Opuntia clavata”

Vargas, Plutarco Naranjo (1959) Revista. ConfederacionMedica Panamericana 6: 1-8 [CA (1959) 53: 19151f-

g.] [“Comparative study of harmine, lysergic aciddiethylamide (LSD-25) and mescaline.”] (said by CAto include 33 references.)

Vecsey, Christopher (ed.) (1991) Handbook ofAmerican Indian Religious Freedom. 176 pages ISBN0-8245-1067-4.

Verdeax, G (1950) [Cited by DENIKER 1957 but notlisted among his references. Said to have shown thatthe alpha rhythm is blocked at the momenthallucinations begin.]

Verpoorte, R. & A. Baerheim Svensen (1983)Chromatography of Alkaloids. Part B. gas-liquidchromatography and high-performance liquidchromatography. Journal of Chromatography

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Library- volume 23A. Elsevier, 1983. ISBN 0-444-42265-X (VOL. 23B).

Vilcapoma, Graciela (2000) Quepo 14: 59- “FrutasSilvestres de la Cuenca del Rio Chillón (Cactáceas).”

Vinson, J.A. & J.E. Hooyman (1975) Journal ofChromatography 105 (2): 415-417. “A universal thin-layer chromatographic visualization reagent fordrugs.”

Vistoli, G. (1955) Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico 94:133-?. “Application of a color reaction to thephotometric determination of sympathomimeticamines of pharmaceutical importance.”

Vogt, M. (1935) Archiv für experimentelle Pathologieund Pharmakologie 178: 560-576. “Die Verteilungvon Arneneitstoffen auf verschiedene Regionen desZentralnervensystems, Zugleich ein Betrag Zu Ihrerquantitativen Mikrobestimmung im Gewerbe Chininund Mezkalin.”

Von Reis Altschul, Siri (1973) Drugs and Foods fromLittle-Known Plants. Notes in Harvard UniversityHerbaria.” Harvard University Press. (Secondprinting in 1975.) ISBN 0-674-21676-8.

Von Studnitz (1968) Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 21:333 [CA 70: 1799] “Urinary excretion of methoxycatechol amines in neuroblastoma.” (from CROSBY &MCLAUGHLIN 1973)

Voss, A. (1872) Vilmorin’s Ilustrierte Blumengärtnerei368 (A. Siebert, ed.) “Genus 427. AriocarpusScheidw. Aloecactus.” [from GRYM 1997 & ANDERSON

1980]Waeber, A. (1912) St. Petersburg Medizinische

Zeitschrift 37: 17-20. “Zur Wirkung von Anhaloniumlewinii.”

Wagner, Günter (1932) Baessler-Archiv 15: 59-144.“Entwicklung und Verbreitung des Peyote-Kultes.”

Wagner, H. & J. Grevel (1982)a Planta Medica 44: 36-40. “Neue herzwirksame Drogen II, Nachweis undIsolierung herzwirksamer Amine durch Ionenpaar-HPLC” [New Cardioactive Drugs II, Detection andIsolation of Cardiotonic Amines with Ionpair-HPLC](Selenicereus grandiflorus)

Wagner, Hildebert (1969) Rauschgift-Drogen. [pp 85-91] Springer-Verlag: Berlin-Heidelberg-NewYork.

Walewski, Count Stefan Colonna (1955) Secrets ofCaucasian Yoga. Falcon Press.

Walker, A.R. (1953) Bull. Inst. Étud. Centrafr. (N.S.) 5:1940 / 6: 275-329. “Usages Pharmaceutiques desPlantes Spontanées du Gabon.” (From WATT 1967)

Wallace, Anthony F.C. (1956) Southwestern Journal ofAnthropology 12 (1): 1-?. “New religions among theDelaware Indians, 1600-1900.”

Wallace, Anthony F.C. (1959) A.M.A. Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry 1 (July): 58-69. “CulturalDeterminants of Response to HallucinatoryExperience.”

Wallraff, Günter (1968) Meskalin – ein Selbstversuch.Verlag Peter-Paul Zahl: Berlin.

Walter, William Gray (1946) Nature 158: 540.“Analysis of the Electrical Response of the HumanCortex to Photic Stimulation.”

Walter, William Gray (1953) The Living Brain.Duckworth, 1953. [Also W.W. Norton, NewYork1953.]

Walter, V.J. & Walter, W.Grey (1949)Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology1 (1): 57-86. “The central effects of rhythmic sensorystimulation.”

Walters, G.C. & P.D. Cooper (1968) Nature 218: 298-300. “Alicyclic Analogue of Mescaline.”

Wanag, Gustav & Anna Dombrowski (1942) Berichteder Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 75: 82-86.“Verwendung von 2-Nitro-indandion-(1,3) für dieIsolierung und Identifizierung organischer Basen. II.Mitteilung.”

Wasson, R. Gordon (1961) Botanical Museum Leaflets.Harvard University. 19 (7): 137-162. “TheHallucinogenic Fungi of Mexico: An Inquiry Into theOrigins of the Religious Idea Among PrimitivePeoples.”

Wasson, R. Gordon (1961) Botanical Museum Leaflets.Harvard University. 19 (7): 137-162, “TheHallucinogenic Fungi of Mexico: An Inquiry Into theOrigins of the Religious Idea Among PrimitivePeoples.”

Wasson, R. Gordon (1968) SOMA: Divine Mushroom ofImmortality. Mouton & Co.

Wasson, R. Gordon (1970)a Bulletin on Narcotics 22(3): 25-30. “Soma of the Aryans: An ancienthallucinogen?”

Wasson, R. Gordon (1970)b Indo-Iranian Journal 12(4): 286-298. “Soma: Comments inspired byProfessor Kuiper’s review.”

Wasson, R. Gordon (1971) Journal of the AmericanOriental Society 91 (2): 169-187. “The Soma of theRig Veda: What was it?”

Wasson, R. Gordon (1972) Soma and the Fly-Agaric:Mr. Wasson’s Rejoinder to Professor Brough.Botanical Museum of Harvard University.

Wasson, R. Gordon (1978) Botanical Museum Leaflets.Harvard University. 26 (6): 211-223. “Soma broughtup-to-date.”

Wasson, R.G. et al. (1978) The Road To Eleusis:Unveiling the Secret of the Mysteries. [R. GordonWasson, Albert Hofmann & Carl A.P. Ruck] Harcourt,Brace, Jovanovich. [See also as (1995) El Camino aEleusis. Fondo de Cultura Económica. 235 pp. ISBN968-16-0655-8.]

Wasson, R. Gordon et al. (1986) Persephone’s Quest.Entheogens and the Origins of Religion. YaleUniversity Press. ISBN 0-300-05266-9. 257 pages.[R. Gordon Wasson, Stella Kramrisch, Jonathan Ott &Carl A.P. Ruck] [See also as (1996) La Búsqueda dePerséfone. Fondo de Cultura Económica. 339 pp.ISBN 968-16-3695-3.]

Waterhouse, G. (1932) Simon van der Stel’s Journal ofhis Expedition to Namaquoland 1685-6. Longmans,Green & Co.: London.

Watermulder, G.A. (1914) Report of the Thirty-SecondAnnual Lake Mohonk Conference on the Indian andOther Dependent Peoples 68-76. “Mescal”

SC3: References

Watt, John Mitchell (1967) Lloydia 30 (1): 1-22.“African Plants Potentially Useful in Mental Health.”

Watt, John Mitchell & Maria Gerdina Breyer-Brandwijk (1962) The Medicinal and PoisonousPlants of Southern and Eastern Africa. SecondEdition. E. & S. Livingstone, Ltd. 1457 pp.

Weber (1902) Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 12: 21 [Cereusbolivianus] [From BRITTON & ROSE]

Weil, Andrew & Winifred Rosen (1983) Chocolate toMorphine. Understanding Mind-Active Drugs.Houghton Mifflin Co, ISBN 0-395-33108-0/ 0-395-33190-0 (pbk.)

Weir Mitchell, S. (1896) British Medical Journal 2:1625-1629. “Notes upon the Effects of Anhelonium[sic] Lewinii (The Mescal Button).”

Wellman, Klaus F. (1978)a Journal of the AmericanMedical Association 239 (15): 1524-1527. “NorthAmerican Indian Rock Art and Hallucinogenic Drugs.”

Wellman, Klaus F. (1978)b A Survey of North AmericanIndian Rock Art. Akademisch-Druck undVerlagsanstalt: Austria

Weltman [sp?] and associates (1968) Journal ofExperimental Medicine and Surgery 26: 187. [fromABOUL-ENEIN (1973)]

Weniger, Del (1984) Cacti of Texas and NeighboringStates. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Werdermann, George 1931 pages 73, 101 in BACKEBERG

Neue KakteeenWerdermann, George (1934) Kakteenkunde, 9: 176. [as

Thelocactus lophophoroides]Werfel, Franz (1976) Star of the Unborn. Bantam: NY.

627 pages. [First published in 1946 by Viking: NY.645 pp.]

Wertham, Frederick & Manfred Beuler (1932) Archivesof Neurology and Psychiatry. vol. 28: “Inconstancy ofthe Formal Structure of the Personality: ExperimentalStudy of the Influence of Mescaline on the RorschachTest.”

Wertham, Frederick (1952)a Atlantic Monthly 189(March): 52-55. “A study of pain.” [mescaline andpain]

Wertham, Frederick (1952)b “A psychosomatic studyof myself.” pp. 102-118 in Max Pinner & Benjamin F.Miller (eds.) When Doctors Are Patients. NewYork:Norton. [mescaline and pain]

West, Leslie G. & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1973) Lloydia36 (3): 346-348. “Cactus Alkaloids. XVIII. Phenolicβ-Phenethylamines from Mammillaria elongata.”

West, Leslie G. & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1977) Lloydia40 (5): 499-504. “Triterpenes from the ButtonCactus, Epithelantha micromeris”

Westlund, Derek in Adam Gottlieb (1997) Peyote andOther Psychoactive Cacti

Wheatley, M.D. & Schueler, F.W. (1950)Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology2: 226. “A synergism between mescaline and rhythmicstimulation by light.” [Abstract of paper presented atthe meeting of the Southern ElectroencephalographicSociety, Nov. 30, 1949, New Orleans, Louisiana.][Showed low doses of mescaline, too low to producevisual effects were “adequate for the production of

striking visual effects when these subjects were placed,with eyes closed, in front of a flashing light offrequency approximating that of the normal alpharhythm.”]

Wheaton, T.A. & Ivan Stewart (1970) Lloydia 32 (2):244-254. “The Distribution of Tyramine, N-Methyltyramine, Hordenine, Octopamine, andSynephrine in Higher Plants.” Page 247

White, A. et al. (1941) The Succulent Euphorbiae(Southern Africa) Abbey Garden Press: Pasadena, CA.[A. White, R.A. Dyer & B.L. Sloan] [FromHARGREAVES 1998]

Whitley, David S. (1994)a World Archaeology 25 (3):pp?? “By the Hunter, for the Gatherer: Art, SocialRelations and Subsistence Change in the PrehistoricBasin.”

Whitley, David S. (1994)b “Shamanism, NaturalModeling and the Rock Art of Far Western NorthAmerican Hunter-Gatherers.” in: Shamanism andRock Art in North America. Rock Art Foundation,Special Publication 1: San Antonio Texas.

Wiedman, Dennis & Green, Candace (1985) AmericanIndian Art Magazine 13 (4): 32-41. “Early KiowaPeyote Ritual and Symbolism: The 1891 DrawingBooks of Silverhorn (Huangooah).”

Wiedman, Dennis (1985) American Indian Art Magazine10 (3): 38-45. “Staff, Fan, Rattle and Drum: Spiritualand Artistic Expressions of Oklahoma Peyotists.”

Wikler, Abraham (1952) American Journal of Psychiatry108 (8): 590-599. “Mechanisms of action of drugswhich modify personality functions.”

Wikler, Abraham (1954) Journal of Nervous and MentalDisease 120 (3-4): 157-175. “Clinical andelectroencephalographic studies on the effects ofMescaline, N-allylnormorphine and morphine in man.”

Wikler, Abraham (1957) The Relation of Psychiatry toPharmacology. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.[Summary of psychiatric and pharmacological work onmescaline.]

Wilcox, R.W. (1898) New York Lancet, p. 81.“Pellotine.”

Wild, H. (1953) A Southern Rhodesian BotanicalDictionary of Native and English Plant Names.Salisbury, Rhodesia. (From WATT 1967)

WILLAMAN 1961 (in the literature) meant WILLAMAN &SCHUBERT 1961

Willaman, J.J. & Bernice G. Schubert (1961) Alkaloid-bearing plants and their contained alkaloids. USDATechnical Bulletin No. 1234. Agric. Res. Service,USDA, US Government Printing Office, Washington,DC, 1961.

William (1967) (in the literature) meant GEBER, WilliamF. (1967)

Winkelman, Michael & Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1989)Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 21 (1): 51-59.“Psychoactive Properties of !Kung BushmenMedicine Plants.”

Winters, J.C. (1971) Journal of Pharmacology andExperimental Therapeutics 178: 625-630. “Toleranceto a behavioral effect of lysergic acid diethylamide and

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

cross-tolerance to mescaline in the rat: absence of ametabolic component.”

Witkiewicz, S.L. (1932) Nikotyna-alcohol-kokaina-peyotl-eter. Warsaw.

Witt & Weber (1956) Monatschrift fuer Psychiatrie undNeurologie 132: 193

Witt, P.N. (1951) Experientia 7: 310-311. “d-Lysergsäure-diäthylamid (LSD 25) im Spinnentest.”[Also discusses mescaline.]

Witt, Peter N. (1956) Arzneimittel-Forschung 6 (10):628-635. “Der Netzbau der Spinne als Test zurPrüfing zentralnervös angreifender Substanzen.”

Wolbach, A.B. et al. (1962)a Psychopharmacologia 3(1): 1-14. “Cross-tolerance between mescaline andLSD-25, with a comparison of the mescaline and LSDreactions.” [A.B. Wolbach Jr., Harris Isbell and E.J.Miner]

Wolbach, A.B. et al. (1962)b Psychopharmacologia 3(3): 219-223. “Comparison of Psilocin withPsilocybin, Mescaline and LSD-25. “ [A.B. WolbachJr., E.J. Miner and Harris Isbell]

Wohlpart, A. & T.J. Mabry (1968) Taxon 17: 148-152.“The Distribution and Phylogenetic Significance ofthe Betalains With Respect to the Centrospermae.”

Wolf, R. (1952) Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift77 (6): 168-170. “Das Raum- und Zeiterleben unterabnormaler Bedingungen, besonders imMeskalinrausch.” [also see Abstract: Excerpta Medica,Section VIII. (1952), Vol. 5, No. 8; entry #3307.

Wood, Richard: Wooden Penny Trading Post; 409-297-8953, FAX 409-265-6813. [Literature obtained at theIntertribal Pow-wow.]

Woods, L.A. et al. (1951) J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 101:205. (in the literature) meant COCHIN et al. 1951

Woods, L.A. et al. (1951) Journal of Pharmacology andExperimental Therapeutics 101 (2): 188-199.“Estimation of amines in biological materials withcritical data for cocaine and mescaline.”

Woodward, Hope Draper (1991) M.A. ThesisUniversity of Texas at Austin. Ashaninca ShamanicHealing Ritual and Song.

Woolley, D.W. & E. Shaw (1954) Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences (Washington, DC) 40:228-231. “A biochemical and pharmacologicalsuggestion about certain mental disorders.”

Wright, Jon (1994) Peyote in Sanskrit.” Naked Bums.98 pages. 0-9643358-0-8 [??? No idea.]

Wyler (1979) Helv. Chim. Acta. 62 (140) : 1330Wysong, E. et al. (1994) Social Problems 41 (3): 448-

472. “Truth and DARE: Tracking Drug Education toGraduation and as Symbolic Politics.” [Earl Wysong,Richard Aniskiewicz & David Wright]

Yácovleff, Eugenio & Fortunato L. Herrera (1934)Revista del Museo Nacional. Lima 3 (3): 243-322. “ElMundo Vegetal de Los Antigous Peruanos.”[References are in YÁCOVLEFF & HERRERA 1935]

Yácovleff, Eugenio & Fortunato L. Herrera (1935)Revista del Museo Nacional. Lima 4 (1): 31-102. “ElMundo Vegetal de Los Antigous Peruanos.”

Zachar, M. et al. (1996) Rod Turbinicarpus (M.Zachar, R. Staník, A. Lux & I. Dráb)

Zeller, E. Albert (1963) Annals of the New YorkAcademy of Science 107 (3): 811-821. “A NewApproach to the Analysis of the InteractionBetween Monoamine Oxidase and its Substrates andInhibitors.”

Zeller, E.A. et al. (1958) Journal of Pharmacology andExperimental Therapeutics. 124 (1): 282-289.“Degradation of Mescaline By Amine Oxidases.” [E.Albert Zeller, James Barsky, Elaine R. Berman,Marshall S. Cherkas and James R. Fouts.]

Zingg, R.M. (1938) The Huicholes: Primitive Artists.Stechter Publ.: NY.

Zingg, R.M. (1982) Los huicholes: (2 volumes) INI:Mexico.

Zucker, K. (1928) Archiv für Psychiatrie 83: 706-754.“Experimente über Sinnestäuschungen.”

Zucker, K. (1930) Zentralblatt für die gesamteNeurologie und Psychiatrie 56: 447-448. “Ueber dieZunahme spontaner Halluzinationen nachMeskalin.”

Zwicky, E. (1914) “Über Channa, ein Genussmittelder Hottentotten (Mesembrianthemum expansum L.und tortuosum L.)” Ph.D. Dissertation, Zurich.[Wurder eins Doktors der Naturwissenschaften.Eidgenossichen Technischen Hochschule in Zurich][also variously cited as “Thesis Conf. Tech., HighSchool, Zurich.” or “Ph.D. Dissertation, Zurich”]

(Footnotes)1

kaktusu has o-shaped diacritic mark above second “u”2

nekterých has v-shaped diacritic mark above second “e”;strukturne has v-shaped diacritic mark above “e”;alkaloidu has o-shaped diacritic mark above “u”.

SC3: References