Table 1 Simple TCO modelTable 1: Simple model of true cost of ownership for a new high density data centerInput cells are green. Note, some inputs are below the table and footnotes.Energy and power use/costsUnitsServersDisk storageTape storageNetworkingTotalsNotes% of racks80%8%2%10%100%1Calculate Watts/thousand $ based on IBM x3550 characteristics# of racks160164202002Street price4500# of U per rack42424242423Watts385% filled%76%76%76%76%76%4Watts/thousand $85.6# of U filled512051112863863975potential svgs in watts per serverPower use/filled UW3852005015034060%Total power use/rackkW/rack12.36.41.64.810.97Total Direct IT power usekW197110269621758Summary of impacts of 20% reduction in server power useTotal electricity use10.5million saved in infrastructure costs for 20% server savingsIT (UPS) loadkW1971102696217582051$/server saved in infrastructure costsCoolingkW12816646214149AuxiliarieskW69036234761100.45M$ saved in electricity costsTotal power usekW39422041319243511188$/server saved per year in electricity costs for 20% reduction (including cooling and auxiliaries)Electric power density6.5M kWh/yr saved for 20% reduction in server powerIT loadW/sf elect. Active99505109121270kWh/yr per server saved in electricity use (including cooling and auxiliaries)CoolingW/sf elect. Active643037112AuxiliariesW/sf elect. Active342023812Total power useW/sf elect. Active1971011021812Total electricity consumptionIT loadM kWh/year16.40.90.10.818.113CoolingM kWh/year10.70.60.00.511.813AuxiliariesM kWh/year5.70.30.00.36.313Total electricity useM kWh/year32.81.70.11.636.213Total energy costIT loadM $/year1.110.060.000.051.2314CoolingM $/year0.720.040.000.040.8014AuxiliariesM $/year0.390.020.000.020.4314Total electricity costM $/year2.230.120.010.112.4614Capital costs (Cap Ex)IT capital costsWatts per thousand $ of IT costswatts/thousand $8630610015Cost per filled Uk $/U4.56.78.31.516Cost per filled rackk $/rack1892803506317Total IT costsM $23.03.41.11.02818Other capital costsUnitsServersDisk storageTape storageNetworkingTotalsNotesRack costsk $/rack333319External hardwired connectionsk $/rack555520Internal routers and switchesk $/rack555521Rack management hardwarek $/rack333322Rack costs totalM $0.480.050.010.060.623External hardwired connections totalM $0.800.080.020.101.023Internal routers and switches totalM $0.800.080.020.101.023Rack management hardware totalM $0.480.050.010.060.623Cabling costs (total)1.324Point of Presence (POP)M $3.525kW related infrastructure costsM $46.92.40.22.351.826Other facility costs (elect. active)M $5.227Interest during constructionM $4.028Land costsM $0.5029Architectural and engineering feesM $2.930Inert gas fire suppressionM $1.031based onBased onTotal installed capital costsM $101.8cap. Costsannualized capital costs$/sf elect. active5091%M$%Capital costs with 3 year lifeM $3032IT costs30%11.4659%Note: in the first version of the model there was an errorCapital costs with 15 year lifeM $7233Infrastructure70%7.8841%in cells L72 and L73. The IT costs and infrastructure costs19.34100%cells were switched. That error has been corrected here andAnnualized capital costsM $/year19.334in the graph (Jonathan Koomey, 18 Oct 07, JGKoomey@stanford.edu)Annual operating expenses (Op Ex)Annualized costs%Total electricity costsM $/year2.20.10.010.12.535Energy costs2.510%Network feesM $/year0.536Other operating expenses3.414%Other operating expenses37Site infrastructure capital costs7.931%IT site management staffM $/year0.3938IT capital costs11.545%Facilities site management staffM $/year0.5239MaintenanceM $/year0.424025.2100%Janitorial and landscapingM $/year0.1641SecurityM $/year0.7042Property taxesM $/year0.7243Infrastructure related costsTotal other operating expensesM $/year2.91Capital7.931%Energy costs1.25%Total operating expensesM $/year5.944Other operating expenses2.510%11.646%Total Annualized costsIT related costsTotalM $/year25.245Capital11.545%Per unit of electrically active floor space$/sf/year126046Energy costs1.25%Per server$/server/year492247Other operating expenses0.94%Assumptions (Note: All costs are 2007 dollars. Contact JGKoomey@stanford.edu with questions or comments)13.654%1) Fraction of racks allocated to different categories based on Uptime institute consulting experience and judgment for high performance computing in financial applications.Total25.2100%2) Number of racks calculated based on 20ksf electrically active floor area, 100 square feet per rack, and percentage breakdown from previous row.3) Racks are standard (6.5 feet high with 42 Us per rack).4) % of rack filled based on Uptime consulting experience.5) The total number of Us filled is the product of the number of racks times total Us per rack times the % filled.6) Energy use per U taken from selective review of market/technology data. Server power and costs per watt assumes IBM X-3550 1U system.7) Energy use per rack is the product of the total number of Us filled times watts per installed U.8) Total direct IT energy use is the product of watts per rack times the number of racks of a given type.9) Cooling electricity use (including chillers, fans, pumps, CRAC units) is estimated as 0.65 times the IT load .10) Auxiliaries electricity use (including UPS/PDU losses, lights, and other losses) is estimated as 0.35 times IT load.11) Total electricity use is the sum of IT, cooling, and auxiliaries. Cooling and auxiliaries together are equal to the IT load (Power overhead multiplier = 2.0).12) Electricity intensity is calculated by dividing the power associated with a particular component (eg IT load) by the total electrically active area of the facility.13) Total electricity consumption is calculated using the total power, a power load factor of 95%, and 8766 hours/year (average over leap and non-leap years).14) Total energy cost calculated by multiplying electricity consumption by the average U.S. industrial electricity price in 2007 (6.8 cents/kWh, 2007 dollars).15) Watts per thousand 2007 dollars of IT costs taken from selective review of market and technology data. Server number calculated assuming IBM x3550 1U server as described in next note.16) Cost per filled U taken from selective review of market and technology data. Server street cost calculated assuming IBM x3550 1U server with 8 GB RAM, two dual core 2.66 GHz Intel processors (19.2 GFLOPS max/server).17) Cost per filled rack is the product of the cost per U and the total # of Us per rack (42).18) Total IT costs are the product of the number of filled Us and the cost per filled U.19) Rack costs are the costs of the rack structure alone.20) External hardwired connections costs are Uptime estimates.21) Internal routers and switch costs are Uptime estimates.22) Rack management hardware costs are Uptime estimates.23) Total costs for racks, hardwired connections, and internal routers and switches are the product of the cost per rack and the number of racks.24) Cabling costs totals are Uptime estimates.25) Point of presence costs are Uptime estimates for a dual POP OC96 installation.26) kW related infrastructure costs (taken from Turner and Seader 2006) are based on Tier 3 architecture, $23,801 per kW cost. Assumes immediate full build out. Includes costs for non electrically active area. Construction costs escalated to 2007$ using Turner construction cost indices for 2005 and 2006 (http://www.turnerconstruction.com/corporate/content.asp?d=20) and 2007 forecast (http://www.turnerconstruction.com/corporate/content.asp?d=5952). Electricity prices escalated to 2007$ using the GDP deflator 2005 to 2006 and 3% inflation for 2006 to 2007.27) Other facility costs are based on $262 per square foot of electrically active area (taken from Turner and Seader 2006. Costs are in 2007 $, escalated as described in the previous footnote).28) Interest during construction estimated based on total infrastructure and other facility capital costs assuming a 7% real interest rate for one year.29) Land cost based on $100,000 per acre, 5 acres total.30) Architectural and engineering fees are estimated as 5% of kW related infrastructure costs plus other facility costs (electrically active). Cost percentage is based on personal communication with Peter Rumsey of Rumsey Engineers, 9 July 2007.31) Cost for inert gas fire suppression are Uptime estimates ($50/sf of electrically active floor area).32) Capital costs with three year life include all IT equipment costs (which include internal routers and switches).33) Capital costs with 15 year lifetime include all capital costs besides IT costs (these costs also include rack, cabling, and external hardwire connection costs).34) Capital costs are annualized with the capital recovery factor calculated using the appropriate lifetime (three or 15 years) and a 7% real discount rate.35) Total electricity costs include both IT and infrastructure energy costs (see notes 11, 12, 13, and 14).36) Network fees are Uptime estimates.37) Other operating expenses based on Uptime Institute estimates for a Midwest mid-size town location. Benefits are assumed to be equal to 30% of salary.38) IT site management staff costs assume $100k/yr salary, 3 people per shift, 1 shift per day.39) Facilities site management staff costs assume $100k/yr salary, 3 people per shift, 1 shift per day.40) Maintenance costs assume non-union in-house facilities staff, $80k/yr salary, 4 people per shift, 1 shift per day.41) Janitorial and landscaping costs assume $4/gross square foot of building area per year (based on Uptime estimates).42) Security costs assume $60k/yr salary, 3 people per shift, 3 shifts per day.43) Annual property taxes estimated as 1% of the total installed capital cost of the building (not including IT costs).44) Total operating expenses include electricity costs, network fees, and other operating expenses.45) Total annualized costs include capital and operating costs.46) Costs per square foot per year are calculated by dividing total annualized costs by the total electrically active floor area.47) Costs per server are calculated assuming that all servers are 1U Volume servers and by dividing total annualized costs by the number of Us occupied by servers.All costs are in year 2007 dollars.yearsCRFTotal floor area per rack10030.38# of racks in IT space200150.117%real discount rate2005 $/sf2007 $/sfPower related cost$/kW2000023801Architectural and engineering fees5%of building and infrastructure costsArea-related cost (electrically active)$/sf220262Annual property taxes1.00%% of total cost of building (annually), not including IT costsInert gas fire suppress costs50$/sf of electrically active area2005 $/sf2007 $/sfPower related cost for Tier 4 facilities22,000$26,181US average industrial price of electricity0.068$/kWh (year 2007 from AEO 2007, in 2007 $)Average hours per year (includes leap years)8766hoursLoad factor (power, not computation)95%accounts for seasonal variation in ambient outside temperature. IT equipment is assumed to be running at full capacity (this is a high density facility for scientific computing applications for finance)Gross up IT load to get total data center loads: Rules of thumb (typical for full facilities according to Pitt)IT (UPS load)1Cooling (chillers, fans, pumps)0.65times UPS load% of energy useAuxiliaries (UPS/PDU losses, lighting, other)0.35times UPS loadIT50%Total2Site infrastructure overhead multiplierInfrastructure50%Landk $/acre100Total100%Number of acres of land needed5% of floor space for infrastructureElectrically active floor area0%Additional floor area100%Other facility costs (infrastructure area)M $Totalfor ITFor infrastructureTotal electrically active floor areaksf20200Additional floor area for infrastructureksf20020Total is for a Tier 3 facility (1 to 1 correspondance between electrically active area and other area. For Tier 4 it is 1 to 1.2).Total402020IT siteFacilities siteMgmtMgmtMaintenanceSecuritySalary per personk$/year1001008060People per shift#3443Shifts per day#1113benefits percentage%30%30%30%30%Total cost per yeark$/year390520416702Janitorial and landscaping costs4$/gross sf/yearPitt Turner's estimate.Security cost often excluded, but should be similar to facility cost (24 hr/day, 1-2 people per shift)--it often appears in another part of the organization's budget.

Fig 1 Annualized cost %For the reportFor presentations

Fig 1 Annualized cost %0.09761885850.13513603040.31262705850.4546180526

Bars sum to 100%%Percentage of total annualized cost

Price indices0.09761885850.13513603040.31262705850.4546180526

Bars sum to 100%%Percentage of total annualized cost

aeo2007Price indicesFromTable 1.1.4. Price Indexes for Gross Domestic ProductPrice indices based on turner construction cost indices, http://www.turnerconstruction.com/corporate/content.asp?d=20Downloaded 1 Feb 07 from http://bea.gov/bea/dn/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp?Selected=Y192911.943IndexAnnual growth193011.482005717193110.334200679310.6%19329.1520078537.60%Use 7.6% forecast Q2 2007 rel to Q2 2006, http://www.turnerconstruction.com/corporate/content.asp?d=595219338.9119349.35119359.53419369.64419379.99819389.8119399.68819409.771194110.405194211.255194311.885194412.165194512.478194613.934194715.488194816.372194916.364195016.493195117.626195218.009195318.24195418.434195518.709195619.36195720.039195820.512195920.754196021.044196121.281196221.572196321.801196422.134196522.538196623.18196723.897196824.916196926.153197027.538197128.916197230.171197331.854197434.721197538.007197640.202197742.758197845.762197949.553198054.062198159.128198262.738198365.214198467.664198569.724198671.269198773.204198875.706198978.569199081.614199184.457199286.402199388.39199490.265199592.115199693.859199795.415199896.475199997.86820001002001102.4022002104.1932003106.4092004109.4292005112.7442006116.0532007119.535assume3%growth in prices 2006 to 2007

Report #: DOE/EIA-0383(2007)Release date full report: February 2007Next release date full report: February 2008Table 3. Energy Prices by Sector and Source(2005 dollars per million Btu, unless otherwise noted)2005-2004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025202620272028202920302030ResidentialLiquefied Petroleum Gases18.2119.2921.1624.5424.4923.9623.6723.2623.1122.9122.9422.8822.9823.1923.1323.0923.1823.1523.2923.4223.5423.5323.5623.6523.7823.8723.910.9%Distillate Fuel Oil12.8914.7316.9117.4516.9115.8414.8714.0313.3612.6012.5212.6012.6312.7412.8313.0513.1513.2613.4213.3613.5113.5613.6313.8013.9014.0614.13-0.2%Natural Gas10.7212.4313.0411.8311.7411.2510.9810.5910.4410.2510.2910.2410.3310.5610.4910.4410.5410.5410.6710.8310.9510.9711.0211.1211.2611.3711.43-0.3%Electricity27.1027.5927.6427.4927.3727.1526.9126.5126.2826.1726.0425.9926.0926.3026.4526.3626.3726.4226.4226.4626.5626.6126.5626.5726.6126.7426.76-0.1%CommercialDistillate Fuel Oil10.4812.6814.6315.3214.4413.4512.7211.9811.3410.8510.6710.7310.8710.9311.0211.2911.3511.4611.6911.5111.6811.8511.8612.0512.2512.3312.45-0.1%Residual Fuel Oil6.258.4110.107.887.807.687.547.066.925.996.316.496.456.596.706.997.077.247.407.247.387.177.307.407.467.247.31-0.6%Natural Gas9.4011.2011.3810.2710.169.639.348.928.758.548.558.488.558.748.668.608.678.648.758.878.978.968.989.059.179.259.30-0.7%Electricity24.5925.2525.7425.3425.2724.9224.5023.8623.5923.4423.3123.3323.4823.7523.9423.8923.9524.0024.0124.0824.2024.2324.1824.1624.2124.2924.27-0.2%Industrial 1/Liquefied Petroleum Gases11.1816.9618.9617.5117.3916.7516.4215.9415.7715.6215.6315.5715.6815.8715.8715.8615.9115.8815.9916.1116.2516.2216.2316.3216.4216.5116.55-0.1%Distillate Fuel Oil10.9913.0815.1415.4414.2913.4212.9512.4811.8811.6411.3511.4011.6311.6311.7412.0612.0412.1412.4212.1712.3612.6212.5812.7913.0713.0613.250.1%Residual Fuel Oil5.777.779.349.8810.089.799.508.788.478.047.988.218.418.568.618.818.919.079.219.159.299.269.389.509.509.619.580.8%Natural Gas 2/6.478.167.457.367.296.746.436.025.875.685.695.655.745.925.885.845.905.896.006.126.246.216.256.336.436.516.56-0.9%Metallurgical Coal2.313.063.253.303.293.193.092.992.892.792.742.722.712.712.702.692.712.722.722.712.692.702.702.722.732.742.75-0.4%Other Industrial Coal1.802.152.202.242.252.242.262.252.232.212.212.202.192.192.182.182.182.202.212.212.222.232.242.252.272.272.290.2%Coal to LiquidsN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A0.890.880.880.890.890.890.900.910.950.971.011.031.031.121.231.271.281.331.331.33N/AElectricity15.8816.6918.2618.7718.8518.5218.0117.2516.7916.5916.4716.4616.6116.8517.0217.0017.0717.1317.1417.2117.3317.3517.3117.3017.3317.4317.430.2%TransportationLiquefied Petroleum Gases 3/19.6823.9226.8122.7122.7622.2724.3423.9323.7623.5423.5623.4923.5623.7523.6523.5823.6623.6323.7423.8723.9723.9523.9824.0624.1724.2624.290.1%E85 4/20.9123.1024.8127.7726.0024.2721.2920.5320.3420.2020.0120.0920.2020.4320.4120.6220.6120.6221.0720.9720.9621.2621.1021.3221.4421.4021.50-0.3%Motor Gasoline 5/15.7218.6421.1520.9619.7218.6917.9017.2316.8616.5716.0916.0616.1116.2416.3216.6716.6316.7517.0516.9217.1017.3217.1417.2917.5317.5317.76-0.2%Jet Fuel 6/9.2213.1414.9612.9911.7211.2610.9110.3710.0610.039.849.8910.0310.0910.2110.5210.5110.5910.8910.7910.9111.1011.0511.2311.5211.5111.75-0.4%Distillate Fuel Oil 7/13.5817.5219.7919.7118.2117.3116.8116.0015.3915.2114.8214.8615.1215.0815.1615.4815.4215.4915.7715.4715.6415.9115.8316.0316.3316.2616.47-0.2%Residual Fuel Oil4.855.517.168.829.058.608.057.697.347.106.977.047.037.127.147.177.367.497.657.687.857.908.048.188.128.388.271.6%Natural Gas 8/11.9114.7611.9812.2812.1412.3213.9713.5113.2913.0412.9412.8612.8913.0312.9512.9512.9812.9513.0813.1113.2013.2213.1813.2413.3613.4013.45-0.4%Electricity26.1025.2226.1225.6325.7525.3924.8624.3224.1323.9823.7923.8123.8824.0724.2624.1824.2224.2524.2224.3124.4324.4724.3924.3524.4024.4824.46-0.1%Electric Power 9/Distillate Fuel Oil9.5211.3813.2414.2613.7712.7011.7110.7810.039.299.209.269.289.449.549.759.849.9610.1110.0810.2210.2510.3210.4910.5710.7410.79-0.2%Residual Fuel Oil4.996.967.857.197.296.996.586.215.905.465.455.605.635.745.816.016.086.236.426.326.536.586.646.736.756.856.85-0.1%Natural Gas6.118.186.977.127.076.536.225.835.695.505.545.505.605.795.725.675.765.735.845.956.066.056.076.156.256.316.33-1.0%Steam Coal1.401.531.671.691.701.701.711.671.641.621.611.601.591.591.581.581.581.591.601.601.611.631.641.651.671.671.690.4%Average Price to All Users 10/Liquefied Petroleum Gases12.6917.4819.4619.0018.8818.2918.0217.5717.4217.2717.2917.2417.3617.5617.5617.5617.6217.6017.7217.8417.9917.9617.9918.0818.1818.2618.300.2%E85 4/20.9123.1024.8127.7726.0024.2721.2920.5320.3420.2020.0120.0920.2020.4320.4120.6220.6120.6221.0720.9720.9621.2621.1021.3221.4421.4021.50-0.3%Motor Gasoline 5/15.7118.6021.1120.9619.7218.6917.9017.2316.8616.5616.0816.0616.1116.2416.3216.6716.6316.7517.0516.9217.1017.3217.1417.2917.5317.5317.75-0.2%Jet Fuel9.2213.1414.9612.9911.7211.2610.9110.3710.0610.039.849.8910.0310.0910.2110.5210.5110.5910.8910.7910.9111.1011.0511.2311.5211.5111.75-0.4%Distillate Fuel Oil12.9116.2218.4218.4417.2016.3015.7014.9214.3614.1813.8613.9214.1514.1414.2414.5614.5314.6214.9014.6514.8315.0815.0315.2415.5315.5015.70-0.1%Residual Fuel Oil5.106.597.928.258.418.067.617.196.876.456.416.556.576.686.746.877.007.147.317.277.457.477.587.707.687.837.790.7%Natural Gas7.839.659.148.768.668.137.837.447.297.097.127.067.157.357.297.247.327.317.447.577.697.687.737.827.948.038.09-0.7%Metallurgical Coal2.313.063.253.303.293.193.092.992.892.792.742.722.712.712.702.692.712.722.722.712.692.702.702.722.732.742.75-0.4%Other Coal1.431.571.711.731.741.731.741.701.671.661.651.631.631.621.611.611.611.621.631.631.651.661.671.681.691.701.720.4%Coal to LiquidsN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A0.890.880.880.890.890.890.900.910.950.971.011.031.031.121.231.271.281.331.331.33N/AElectricity23.0123.7324.3824.3224.3024.0223.6623.0922.8022.6622.5522.5522.6922.9523.1423.0923.1523.2123.2323.3023.4323.4723.4323.4323.4823.5923.60-0.0%Non-Renewable Energy Expenditures by Sector(billion 2005 dollars)Residential195.99215.13218.81221.30223.50221.10220.44218.08218.46217.85219.40221.00224.59228.53230.97232.57236.03237.58240.44243.39247.24248.99251.03253.73257.29259.96262.210.8%Commercial141.78154.38157.85156.07159.31158.54157.97156.35157.31158.59160.74163.37167.21172.04175.58178.09181.74185.01188.79192.87197.36201.11204.49208.50213.25217.97222.081.5%Industrial184.23196.07205.40217.88214.15207.11200.48191.81187.29184.92184.25184.11186.81189.66190.50192.03194.88196.87200.07202.13205.49206.98209.31212.90216.30219.27222.080.5%Transportation385.00474.66545.72538.79508.11488.45476.38463.41458.16458.57452.79459.42469.74478.67487.87505.29511.07521.65538.78540.64554.21570.28574.30588.98607.12615.46632.791.2%Total Non-Renewable Expenditures907.001040.251127.781134.031105.071075.201055.271029.661021.221019.931017.181027.911048.351068.911084.921107.991123.731141.111168.071179.041204.301227.351239.131264.111293.961312.661339.161.0%Transportation Renewable Expenditures0.020.030.050.040.050.050.060.070.080.080.080.090.100.100.110.130.150.190.220.240.290.320.350.390.440.470.5111.5%Total Expenditures907.021040.291127.821134.071105.121075.251055.331029.741021.301020.011017.261028.001048.451069.011085.041108.121123.891141.301168.291179.281204.591227.671239.481264.491294.401313.131339.681.0%1/ Includes energy for combined heat and power plants, except those whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.2/ Excludes use for lease and plant fuel.3/ Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local taxes.4/ E85 refers to a blend of 85 percent ethanol (renewable) and 15 percent motor gasoline (nonrenewable). To address cold starting issues, the percentage of ethanol actuallyvaries seasonally. The annual average ethanol content of 74 percent is used for this forecast.5/ Sales weighted-average price for all grades. Includes Federal, State, and local taxes.6/ Kerosene-type jet fuel. Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local taxes.7/ Diesel fuel for on-road use. Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local taxes.8/ Compressed natural gas used as a vehicle fuel. Includes estimated motor vehicle fuel taxes and estimated dispensing costs or charges.9/ Includes electricity-only and combined heat and power plants whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.10/ Weighted averages of end-use fuel prices are derived from the prices shown in each sector and the corresponding sectoral consumption.Btu = British thermal unit.N/A = Not applicable.Note: Data for 2004 and 2005 are model results and may differ slightly from official EIA data reports.Sources: 2004 and 2005 prices for motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, and jet fuel are based on prices in the Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Marketing Annual 2005,DOE/EIA-0487(2005) (Washington, DC, August 2006). 2004 residential and commercial natural gas delivered prices: EIA, Natural Gas Annual 2004, DOE/EIA-0131(2004)(Washington, DC, December 2005). 2005 residential and commercial natural gas delivered prices: EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2006/04) (Washington, DC, April 2006).2004 and 2005 industrial natural gas delivered prices are estimated based on: EIA, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey 1994 and industrial and wellhead prices from theNatural Gas Annual 2004, DOE/EIA-0131(2004) (Washington, DC, December 2005) and the Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2006/04) (Washington, DC, April 2006). 2004transportation sector natural gas delivered prices are based on: EIA, Natural Gas Annual 2004, DOE/EIA-0131(2004) (Washington, DC, December 2005) and estimated state taxes,federal taxes, and dispensing costs or charges. 2005 transportation sector natural gas delivered prices are model results. 2004 and 2005 electric power sector natural gas prices:EIA, Electric Power Monthly, May 2005 through April 2006, Table 4.11.A. 2004 and 2005 coal prices based on: EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, October-December 2005, DOE/EIA-0121(2005/4Q) (Washington, DC, March 2006) and EIA, AEO2007 National Energy Modeling System run aeo2007.d112106a. 2004 and 2005 electricity prices: EIA, Annual Energy Review2005, DOE/EIA-0384(2005) (Washington, DC, July 2006). 2004 and 2005 ethanol prices derived from weekly spot prices in the Oxy Fuel News. Projections: EIA, AEO2007 NationalEnergy Modeling System run aeo2007.d112106a.