TruthAboutVoterFraud[1]

8/6/2019 TruthAboutVoterFraud[1]

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B C J at New York University School o Law


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ABOUT THE BRENNAN CENTER FOR JUSTICE

T B C J N Y U S L - j. O , . A -

, , B C , , , .

ABOUT THE BRENNAN CENTERSVOTING RIGHTS AND ELECTIONS PROJECT

T V R E Pj x , A , . TC - ,

, , , , .

7. T C C A-ND-NC ( ://.).I B C

J NYU S L , C , . T , , C. P C .


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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

J L D P B C J, , , . B j C, M. L - A C , z ,

D S . H Making the List:Database Matching and Verication Processes or Voter Registration (B C 6), .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T B C - D G W W B C M- C x . T C C C N

Y, E F A, F F, JEH F, O S I,

R F F, .T x B C.


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3

The TruTh AbouT VoTer FrAud

I. Intctin

A - . M A C, LBJ z x x, G E L q: W I , I L, I . V , , : , .

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II. Wat Is Vt Fa?

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It is m likly tat an inivial will stck y ligtning tan tat will

impsnat ant vt at t plls.


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5

III. T rsac Lanscap

I .B - , .

T A C V R(ACVR), z 5 j .5 T ACVR O , .6 T ACVR amicus .7

F Wall Street Journal J F Stealing Elections;8 -, Dirty Little Secrets Deliver the Vote, .9 H S, F E C C A

A G C R D J, .1

F, x, Atlanta Journal-Constitution New York Daily News.11T ; .

S, z x . I , - x , P L M

.1 P S O, 5 C F E R, Stealing Democ-racy.13 A , .

A j,1 B C J - ,15 .-.. T , x.


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6

IV. Vt Fa An T Pss F Pt I

T x - q. S ID only

.16

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M, , q z. S . I -

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ID q

.

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x, 7 Houston Chronicle x. M x :

A R ,M . H , q ID D 3 R .17

T .T legitimate, . V .

T vt fa pantm ivs plicy

tat isnfanciss actal lgitimat

vts, witt a cspning actal

nfit.


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V. The TruTh AbouT VoTer FrAudT . B , x .

I , . E $1, , .18 I , . T x .

I, . B, .

Clerical or Typographical Errors

I , .O, , x .

Errors in the poll books. I j z, x . F x, 1997, A J. M 1998; , A J. M ( ), , x .19 T , M . O : 199

C, x, , x .1

Errors in registration records. S , . F x, W S 6, M P , - , 1976 , : 1975. F- I M S K - K .3 A M, V M 8183 W. T A, 8153. B x ,

, , .


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8

Bad Matching

T , , - , , .

Errors in the underlying data. S . I N J 5, x, x - , M J. 5C x, , q J 1, 188,

.6 I , x M J, .

Partial matches. O x: N J - , x, J A. S J G. S ,

J. . K J. . K, J.7 S, N H,

-; , .8 A x , F , 8% .9 T , , .3

Te birthdate problem. E x , , . S 3 , ; 18, . I z,

.31 I , x, K S N J , K S .3


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9

Jumping to Conclusions

T , , j . T - x. B

x.

Dual registration. R - . T q z , x 1% A , 33 .I N H , x, 67 D D; 67 , .3

I -

, - .I , x, W C A -. W E D, A . P , A , . A A , , . H , 3-- .35

Death records. V , . Y , z , q . I M 1995, x, x 89 , . T .36 S, N H, z ; E D, .37

Criminal records. R . Y -

, . M, , , . W MD, x, F . Y M. MD ,

F , . I, M. MD .38 S, W , z j q .39

Fa y inivial vts is a singlalyflis way t attmpt t win an lctin.


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1

O . E F, , 7, , .R W Dx, 7, F R Dx . I

, , -, . A .

Returned mail. V ; . B , .1 A

, L C W; , O -, N C;3 x , O

. A x.O, O R S, x , .5 M, , : 199 , x, Te New York imes [] .8 []

P S, 1.8 .6

A C 8, .7

M z -. E . A -

, , , x, x, O 8 - .9 S, j C -.5 E , .

Unusual addresses. I , ; z . B z -, , . B

W 5 . W , x 1 .51 I , .5


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Records compiled or a dierent purpose. I S. L , - .53 T , , ; . F - . 5

Voter Mistakes

E , - . I , , . B q . B .

O , z

. T -: . 55 M, z , P, I, O, I, M,56 x - K q - , x , . 57

T : . A , x, 3% N J z . 58 IN Y, -z 3

; j , 38% .59

I x x . I, M, D C ID , OFFENDER .6 S .


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VI. Typs of Vt Fa

A . S , . S . T

, .

Allegations of Double Voting

A . C : M D V E,61 D V B I,6D V F R,63 H M H D-V,6 Ex: S D V-.65 M q . O .

T , , , , .66 T x ( q ), x . M, x, ( ), ( ).

I, -

-. S - - ; , . S :

, K S N J .67 T

z : nationwide , 3,73 , M Ax, N C , .68 M, : ,

, M .69

Alica vt nly nc, t as n tw

gist atin fms, pscts tk

t tial. S vntally wn cas t,

cas f t al, ss inclin nt

t vt v again.


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S, . I , x, , x 3-- C A. A, W, E D, W . P , A , . T , , .

A , , .T , , .7

Ex :

I M , , K M. T .71 O 18K C , 13 .7 W ( x

), .3%.73

I N H , z . I , -, - ; , . W .7

I N J , ,397 , 6,57 N J . 75 M / .76 O ;

.77 E , , .%.78

I N Y , 1, N Y F. T .79 W , .9%.8

I W , z . A -, j , - . T 1

; 1 , . T

.81


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1

Allegations of Dead Voters

A , : A V N J, G.O.P. S D P,8 x, D M V-.83 A , , .

T .8

I , , , G. E L q (W I I I L, I .) R. C R ( , C).85

H, , ( ) ( ) . S :

.86 S : H S 6, - q S S A .87 A , , , . F x, 1997, A J. M 1998. O , A J. M ( ), , x .88 I, 7 1 M , , .89

I , : ,

, ater . I M 1995, x, x 89 , . T .9

Ex :

I G , 5,1 .91 T . A - , : x , A J. M A

J. M.9

N .

I M 5, 13 .93 T - . A - S S E D; 97 , 7


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.9 E - , .7%.95

I N J , ,755 . T . N -

, 5.96

I N Y , ,6 , . J - , .97

Allegations of Fraudulent Addresses

T -

, , . A , .98

M , , .

T . , V M 8183 W. T A M 8153,99 . O, x R S O,

.1

O , z - . H, , .11 O : M , .1 S , . B , x,

W 5 . W , 1 .13 T q, .

F, -. T , , , -. I N H, x, z 88 D W C; , 88 , .1


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16

Ex :

I M , 79 , -, .15

W .

I N H , , z . M , - . O . W ( , ), -. E , .6%.16

I W , , 1,

M ; . 17 5,8 E D ,

.18 W .

Allegations of Voter Fraud by Persons with Felony Convictions

M . T , ,

.19

M q q - withoutz . I W , x, , .11 A ,z . I , z , , .111 C . M z

.11 S ; -

(, ) .113

A .11

S W. A N J, x, 3% ; N Y 38%.115 W ,

. M,


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17

- , z j . O z , .

T x - . M . S . Y j : , , . T F x: q ,

.116 F x, , z M F S C.117

E , . A F ,

.118 A W , z j .119 O W, W, , ater .1

M, q , . S, R W Dx F, , .11 O .S , , ,

, , . A .1

Ex :

I F , - j , z, z. D z , , 5,63

. T - ,

z , z ater , z . I z, . W z .13


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I W , D C , 376 . A - - ater ;1 ,15 , .16 S OFFENDER,

.17 W , .%.18

I W , - 1,1 . S - ; . W .19

Allegations of Voter Fraud by Noncitizens

W z - . G ( , )13 , ( ) , x z , .

A x z , - . I z, x, z -z , z

C, z .131 T - 9 , , z knew z.13

F z z . T , x , , . T - , . O , .

G z . Nz , , . A , , z , q z A z.


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19

Ex z :

I W 5, z 1,668 - . T

z.133

I W , K C z. T z - , . G , z KC .%.13

I M 1, j z 37, 199 , z , - z ; . E

z , z x .1%.135

I H , 553 z . O -, 1 z. A 61 ; z . T z . x z , - .136

I H 1998, INS 1, -

z , INS x z . T x 1, z - , . A z 1998, . T z . B x , z

.1%.137

I C 1996, 9 z O L A C, 6 F U.S. H R- D/Sz . T -

, 71 , , ; . M z ; INS z , - z. A 37 E D. T z . E ,


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q , 55 z , z .17%.138

Allegations of Registration Fraud

T z . B x - .F, claim . I, .

I, , :

T (

) .139 M - , W S.1M , . T .

T . T , .11 S , . S, j

.1 T ; , q ,

.

T , ,13 . T , J ,1 . 15 M .16 I , .17 T , x z;

, . 18

W , , , . T .

F, .19 L ,15


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. M z - . L , - , .

Ex

:

I F 5, - , x 179 . T ,

x . T .151

I G , 3, - . P

q . T .15

I M, D J , - 6 K C. A 1,9 q S. L, - B E C S. L .153 Y , , .15

Allegations of Voter Fraud by Dogs

P . T z , : P L V D, 155W R H D V; P G.156 T , , . W , - Rz M S K B M.157

A x

, , .158

W , , .

W : - D MD 6 7 ( VOID ),159 R B 3 G R V N C V, C.16 O B ,


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. M, , : , , , q , , , . I , j .

Allegations of Vote-Buying

W -, , q . I, - eligiblez .

V- , --- - .161 U,

: , x, , . A , .

W do ,16 .163 H, , - - . B - z , - : , , . I , , - .

Allegations of Fraud by Election Officials

S, . E S- . S, - . F x, , j L B E S. L, I; M C, , q 1995.16

L - , , . B , . M . C, , , .


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VII. Appnix

Slct Cas Stis

A , . T

B C z , .

I , q . T ID.

W x . F , ...

Missouri I , M , A G J A S K B, . Y z, x M , , x . T x M .3%. N q ID .

New Jersey J 5 , NJ . T

. G , .%. N q ID .

Wisconsin T W, - . T -. T .5% M .% . N q ID .


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Missouri

T M, - . M ID q.

W x ID

.

The Allegations:

Invalid addresses: 79 S. L C . F . O 1 - , ,

S. L C q - . 165

1 S. L C -.166 T 1 S. L C , , z

. S , .167

Ineligible by conviction: 6 S. L C C , , S S , 5 S. L C . I 6 5,

. W .168

Double voters: 3 S. L C C , , S S ; 5 . W .169

B , 15 S. L

, 15 K M. T .17 O 18 K C , 13

, , 3 M K 1 . (A .) O M , , .171


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Dead voters: 1 S. L C C , , , S S - D H .17 I . W

.173

Additional Allegations of Irregularities Unconnected to Individual

Voter Fraud:

Inactive purge: I S. L, x 9,589 . A , , , ,

. S , .17

Polling place time: I S. L, 7:5, 5 . T q , ; . T E D. T 1 .175

Court order: A 3 S. L C 891 S. L C -

. T E D. M , .176 13 ; .177

Improper election judges: 5 j S. L C ; .178

Infated voter rolls: S. L C - - , , M.179

Chain o custody: B x 9 .18


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The Rate of Substantiated Voter Fraud:

T , 1,75 S. LC, 97,577 S. L C, ,361,586 M. 181

T 6 M , , x- . T x M. T 0.0003%. None q ID .

E , . T , q , . B - all 78 q 1 - , 11 , 68 ( ), 1 , 0.045% S. L C C 0.012%

. I 1 - , .% S. L C C .6%

q ID .

N: 8 - Kansas City Star, . I , 1,877,6 M.18

Coverage by Existing Law:

P H A V A (HAVA), ( x, ) , . HAVA q q - , z . A HAVA, z . L , M z - , , .


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New Jersey

J 5 , N J . T ,

q . W x ID .

The Allegations:

Dead voters: ,755 , .183 N - , . N 5.18

Double voters: ,397 N J, 6,57 N J N Y, P, F, N C, S C, .185

A N J ,35 x, .186 D Mx , - , q .187 U, x .188


T , 3,611,691 NJ.189

T . T 0.0004%. None q ID .

E , . T , q , . B all 13,19 ,

- .61%.


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T H A V A (HAVA) q , z . A HAVA, z

. L , N J HAVA- , , z .


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Wisconsin

T W, - . A , W z q - , ID. W x

ID .

The Allegations:

Invalid addresses: B U.S. P S , 37,18 M . O, 31,5 , . F - ; , . T

. T 68 , . T M E- C 5,619 , . S, , 5,619 . 19

1, M , z ; U.S. P S C M , .191 A 3 %

(.., 313 S. 15 P 313 S. 15 S., S. 68 S. S. 63 S.). A

-. F, 75% E D, q .19

Faulty registration cards: I M, 1,91 E D - . T ; , 1,35 E D M . 58 , 8 , E D. 36 , 8 , 11 , 3 . 155 . I 16 .193

3,6 E D

.19

W .195

, M, ED , .196 313 R: 7 , .197 O 1,887 E D , 1,198


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; 61 ; 36 ; ; 9 ; 9 x; ; 1 .198

Ineligible by conviction: T z - j

, 18 , ; .199

376 , D C. 96 M , , D C , 18 . A ; , , . A 98 , , D C- , 7 , .1

13 ; , 7 -, 1 q, 1 ,

, . I , D C , OFFENDER , .

3 . A - 6.3

Double voters: A M 31 - ED , x . E .

83 ; 1 , 9 M , 59 M, 1 M.5 O 59 M, . 51 , 1 q , 1 , 1 . F-, G B G B-P.6

O 9 M , 9 -: 6 , , 1 .

O 1 , 1 , , .7

Dead voters: .8 T , ; .9


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Impersonation: 1 .1 F - . 11

Fictitious voters: .1 T Mq F. M,

. W .13

Underage voter: O 17-- , .1

Noncitizen: O C .W .15

Faulty registration: F .16 M ; 1 - , . T . N

.17

Additional Allegations of Irregularities Unconnected to Individual

Voter Fraud:

Extra ballots: I M, 8,3 ; ,69. T , .18

Election Day intererence: I M, --- .19

Uncounted ballots: 38 M .

Uncounted votes: 6 M .1

Unprocessed registration cards: E x .


T , 77,565 M, ,997,7 W.3

T 7 -. T 0.0025% M 0.0002% .None q ID .


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T 11 M . T 8 ,1 , 1 17-- , . T 0.004%

M 0.0006% . None q ID .

E , . T , q , . B all 6,877 q- 1,15 , 5,356 , 353 , 8 ( 16 ), - , 2.2% M 0.2% . None q ID .


T j q x . E ; q - E D E D. A E D E D , . I q, , q , ; , -. S, , .

P H A V A (HAVA) -

. HAVA q q , z . A HAVA, -z . L , W HAVA- , , .


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Endnotes

1 See also Minnite, he Politics of Voter Fraud, supra 1, 6 ( ).

SeeS S R C, V F: A Ex 6 M E M 8, 9 (W 7), ://...//VF/VF-FINAL.

( , ); G B,A New Push to Repair Elections, Milwaukee J. Sen-tinel, M 15, 5 ( ); A L, Recount Conrms Results, Honolulu

Advertiser, M. 16, 1999, A1 ( ).

3 See, e.g., J A, 4 Men Face Voter Fraud Charges, Journal-imes (R, W.), S. 11,7; Scores o Felons Voted Illegally, Seattle imes, J. 3, 5.

See, e.g., J W, Secretary o State Blasts County on IDs, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, N. 9, 6, D1.

5 SeeR L. H, Te Fraudulent Fraud Squad, Slate, M 18, 7; R. J C, J.,Te GOPs Attack on Voting Rights, omPaine.com, M 13, 5, ://../-/5/5/13/_____.. See also J M, Voting Rights Group

Disappears From Web, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, J 1, 7.

6 American Center for Voting Rights, Ohio Election Activities and Observations, M. 1,5, ://..//551337/..//OER.;

American Center for Voting Rights, Vote Fraud, Intimidation & Suppression in the 2004Presidential Election, A. , 5, ://.x./j//V_F_I-_S__P_E_..

7 See B C J, L, ://..//.

8 See, e.g., John Fund, Stealing Elections: How Voter Fraud hreatens Our Democracy ();J F, Democracy Imperiled: Americas Election Problems, Natl Rev., S. 13, .

9 racy Campbell, Deliver the Vote: A History of Election Fraud, An American Political ra-dition 42-2004 (5); Larry J. Sabato & Glenn R. Simpson, Dirty Little Secrets: hePersistence of Corruption in American Politics (1996).

1 H A. S, Te Eect o Identication Requirements on Minority Voter urnout, 8 Engage:he Journal of the Federalist Society Practice Groups 87 (7), ://.-.//73_E81F7.; P, Securing the Integrity o American Elections:Te Need or Change, 9 e. Rev. L. & Pol. (5); see also D E, Ocials Article on Voting LawSpurs Outcry, Wash. Post, A. 13, 6, A19.

11 J D, Even Death Cant Stop Some Voters, Atlanta J.-Const., N. 6, ; R B, Ex-posed: Scandal o Double Voters, Daily News (N.Y.), A. , .

1 Lori Minnite & David Callahan, Securing the Vote: An Analysis of Election Fraud -4(3), ://..//EDR_-_S__V.; Minnite, supra note 1, at 22-; see also L C. M, A A V F U.S. (7) ( Secur-ing the Vote, supra). P M x E D R; , . L M, E D R: A S


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V F A F V R S (7), ://..//__.. P M , Te Myth o Voter Fraud. See Current Fellows, ://../7. (last visited Oct. 4, 2007).

13 Spencer Overton, Stealing Democracy: he New Politics of Voter Suppression (6); see alsoS O, Voter Identication, 15 Mich. L. Rev. 631 (7); Brennan Center for Justice

at NYU School of Law & Spencer Overton, Response to the Report of the 200 Commissionon Federal Election Reform (5), ://..///-__793..

1 See B C J NYU S L, V F R, ://../_/.

15 Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, Investigators Guide to Voter Fraud(6), ://..//I%7%G%%V%F..

16 M q , , -, . See, e.g., Commission on Federal Election Reform, Building Con-fidence in U.S. Elections 6 (5), ://..////_.; B J, Swain Voter Fraud Investigation Sent to Feds, Smoky Mountain News (N.C.), S.19, 7; S ,2 Accused o Voter Fraud in Hale County, uscaloosa News (A.), A. 18,7; L B. Mz, Potential For Fraud, Brownsville Herald (x.), J , 7; G ME-, Former Candidate Faces Charges o Voter Fraud, Press-Register (A.), J 13, 7; Rx B,Sentencing Postponed or Former Appalachia Mayor, Richmond imes-Dispatch, J. 19, 7; BT, False Counts, Indianapolis Star, N. 5, , 1A; M Pz,Murphy Arraigned onVote-Fraud Charges, Pittsburgh Post-Gaette, M 5, 1999, B1. See also M, A A V F U.S., supra 1.

17 K M, In rying to Win, Has Dewhurst Lost a Friend?, Houston Chron., M 17, 7.

18 U.S.C. 1973(), (); U.S.C. 1973-1.

19 G P, Te Wrong Way to Fix the Vote, Wash. Post, J 1, 1, B1; M M,Election Tet Ruled Out, Balt. Sun, A. , 1995, 1A.

G J. B, Nothing Points to Fraud in 9 Double Voting Cases, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, A. ,5; see also R R B K, Double Votes aint Florida, Records Show, Orlando Sentinel,O. , , A1 ( -).

1 L C, E, Hungtons Claims o a Stolen Election Preposterous, Seattle Post-Intelli-gencer, J. 3, 1995, A7.

D M S. P, W. A C . R, 9 F.S. 16, (W.D.W. 6) (N. C6-76RSM, D. 58), 6 WL 685.

3 B C, 1st-time Voters Join Immigrant urnout, Chi. Daily Herald, N. 5, , 1.

See e.g., G. J. B, GOP Fails to Get 5,619 Names Removed From Voting Lists, Milwaukee J.Sentinel, O. 9, , A1.


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5 Ex L M D. S P C. H, N.J. A G. (S. 15, 5), ://.///__8319. ( ).

6 B C J NYU S L M MD, P A S 15, 5 R S N J A G N J R- P 6-7 (5) [ N J F A], ://..///__351..

7 Id.

8 M B F, D A G., N.H. D J, R B, C,N.H. S. I A C., et al. (A. 6, 6), ://../j//-//66_..

9 G P, Te Wrong Way to Fix the Vote, Wash. Post, J 1, 1, B1.

3 S H et al., Felon Purge Sacriced Innocent Voters, Palm Beach Post, M 7, 1, A1. Seegenerally S Ax B, V R R L B N M U (6) ( ), available at://...//-

--6..31 M P. MD J L, Seeing Double Voting11 (7) ( , -

7 C E L S), available at://../3/D./SSRN_ID997888_69831.?=997888=1.

3 Id.; see also D . N, 1 F.S. 11, 11 .9 ( - ); B S, 04 Felon Vote Still In the Air, he Olympian(W.), N. 8, 5, 1A ( -); R K, supra ().

33 J P. S, C P R, U.S. C B, G M: 3 (), ://..///-59..

3 M B F, supra 8.

35 G S, O, Election Fraud Witch Hunt Disillusions Young Voter, Milwaukee J. Senti-nel, J. 8, 6, J.

36 M M, Election Tet Ruled Out, Balt. Sun, A. , 1995, 1A.

37 M B F, supra 8.

38 G P, Ex-con Game: How Floridas Felon Voter-Purge was Itsel Felonious, Harpers Mag., M. 1,, 8.

39 D P, GOPs Felon List May Be Way O, Seattle imes, M. 17, 5.

P, supra 38.

1 J L A A, A G V C, J 7, ://../_.?=38=965_=983.

J M, GOP Sued Over Voters actic, Chi. ribune, O. 8, 1986, C9.

3 R V, GOP Misled Some Voter Challenges, Board Says, Columbus Dispatch, O. , ,


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1A; see also S T, Fraud-busters Busted, Cleveland Plain Dealer, O. 31, , H1.

S S, Some Inactive Voters Arent, he Oregonian, A. 7, , C1.

5 T, supra 3.

6 F B, Cities Seek Bushs Backing to Avert Census Crisis, N.Y. imes, A. 18, 199, A17;seeD L. C, Who Are o Be the Electors? A Refection on the History o Voter Registration inthe United States, 9 Yale L. & Poly Rev. 37, 393-9 .13-35 (1991); see also M J. K,Local Mail Delivery Worst Its Ever Been, Chi. Sun-imes, M. 11, 7 ( C ).

7 Ax A, Postal Problems Start With Records, Chi. ribune, J 1, 7.

8 S S, supra .

9 U.S.C. 1973-6()(1).

5 U.S.C. 1973-6()()(A)().

51 G R, GOP Challenges Rights o Hundreds o Voters, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, N. 5,5, A1.

5 T, supra 3; M . B, C N. 1:CV735 (S.D. O, O. 7, ) ( R ).

53 S S M B, M R: E S. L 9, 7, J , 1, ://../..

5 Minnite & Callahan, Securing the Vote, supra 1, 9 .88.

55 B C J NYU S L, C D L A U- S, M 3, 7, ://..///__86.;see also S Pj, F D L U S, A 7, ://

.j.//16.; Pj V, R V R F F, J. 5,7,://j.//PjV/P_B/Pj_V_P_B_1_R_V_R..

56 Ill. Const. . III, ; 1 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/3-5; 73 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/5-5-5; Ind. Const. .II, 8; Ind. Code 3-7-13-; Mich. Const. . II, ; Mich. Comp. Laws 168.758; Ohio Rev.Code Ann. 961.1; 5 Pa. Cons. Stat. 6(), 316.1; U S . E, 1 F.3 968 (3C. 1993); R . P, 63 F. S. 63 (W.D. P. 1967).

57 Ky. Const. 15(1); Ky. Rev. Stat. 116.5; M C L, Kentucky, in R C Cq C C: A S-B-S R G (7), ://

.j.//F/C%Cq/K(1).; c. Ky. Rev. Stat. 196.5.

58 ACLU N J, ACLU-NJ A R C E S, M 9, 5, ://.-j.//j..

59 B C J NYU S L D, B E C I D V F C, M 6, ://..///__3665..


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6 G B,A Felon But Not a Fraud: No Charges or Voter with Prison I.D. , Milwaukee J. Sentinel,M. 16, 6.

61 More Double Voting ied to 04 Election, Wis. State J., A. 1, 5, C3.

6 D D, Double Voting Being Investigated, Fla. imes-Union, J. 5, 5, B1.

63 A K J A. R, Double Voting Fear Rises, Denver Post, O. 7, , A1.

6 R R B K, Hundreds Might Have Double-Voted, Ft. Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel, O., ; see also R K, supra ( ).

65 B, supra 11.

66 B C, Immigrant Pleads Guilty to Voter Fraud, Columbus Dispatch, O. 5, 7; DN,Man Convicted o Double Voting, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, A. , 7; G R, OnePerson, One Vote?, Kansas City Star, S. 5, , A1; G R, Votes Raise Question o Fraud,Kansas City Star, O. 17, , B1; Ex L M D. S P C. H,supra 5; B, supra 11.

67 N J F A, supra 6; see also S, supra 3. See generallyMD L, supra 31.

68 J D, Dems Blast GOP Eorts on Voter Fraud, USA oday, O. , , 8A.

69 R, One Person, One Vote?, supra 66; see also R K, supra (G ).

7 S, supra 35.

71 R, One Person, One Vote?, supra 66.

7 Id.

73 Id.; R, Votes Raise Question o Fraud, supra 66; U S . Sz, N. -1 (W.D.

M. M. 8, 5); U S . G, N. - (W.D. M. J. 7, 5); O S- S, E N R: N 7, G E, ://...//.?=189; O S S, E N R: N- 5, G E, ://...//.?=189.

7 M B F, supra 8.

75 L S, supra 5.

76 N J F A, supra 6.

77 Ex L S, supra 5.

78 N J O A G, D E, G E R, ://

..j.////___..79 B, supra 11.

8 F. D S, D E, E R, ://....///; N.Y. S, B E, E R, ://....//?_=35,1,35_831:35_836_=.


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81 G B K, Double rouble in Voter Inquiry, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, F. 9,5; L U.S. A S M. B R W, Ex D R- P W, A. , 5, ://../16/58.;B, supra ; G B,Mistrial Declared in Voter Case, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, S., 5; S Sz, No Vote Fraud Plot Found, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, D. 5, 5; State of

Wisconsin, Legislative Audit Bureau, Voter Registration: An Evaluation, R N. 5-1, 6, 5 (S. 5), ://...///5-1F..

8 D W. C, Among Voters in New Jersey, G.O.P. Sees Dead People, N.Y. imes, S. 16, 5, B5.

83 B R, Dead Man Voting, Riverfront imes, A. , .

8 B . K C, N. 5--7-3 (W. S. C. C C J , 5), 19,://...//69.; G R, Six More Charged With Oensesin 2004 Election, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, J , 5, B1.

85 SeeF X. C, Te Election, N.Y. imes, N. 1, , , 1; F X. C, Te Demo-crats, N.Y. imes, A. 7, 1996, A11; see also H Y D N P V? N-Cz V ID Rq U.S. E: H B C. H. A.,19 C. 11 (6) ( S. H).

86 W D, Review urns Up No Signs O Fraud, Honolulu Advertiser, M. 16, 1999, A1.

87 J F, Deceased Residents on Statewide Voter List, Poughkeepsie J., O. 9, 6; see also JB M MG, Dead Voters in City Were Still Registered, Asheville Citien-imes(N.C.), A. 6, 7; V S, Election Nights o the Living Dead, Balt. City Paper, J , 5;D, supra 86.

88 J D, State Plans to Update Voter Lists, Atlanta J.-Const., F. 1, 1, H; S S C Cx, T E: A W-U C F R C 11 .3 (J. 1), ://....///__..

89 S Cz, T D L B . . . , N D B, M 7, 7, ://../KMOV_B//7/5/___..

9 M M, Election Tet Ruled Out, Balt. Sun, A. , 1995, 1A.

91 D, supra 11.

9 Id.; Cx, supra 88.

93 L M. C, In Mich., Even Dead Vote, Detroit News, F. 6, 6.

9 K C, O, Claims Tat the Dead Voted Were Wrong, Detroit News, M. 5, 6.

95 SeeE R: D, D N, N. , 5, ://../5///.; U. M. G D. C., S M M: 5 E, D.1, 5, ://...//5/5x5..

96 C B, No Beyond-the-Grave Balloting Cited, Phila. Inuirer, N. 9, 5.

97 F, supra 87.

98 M B F, supra 8.


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99 B, supra .

1 V, supra 3; T, supra 3.

11 G J. B, Over 1,200 Voters Addresses Found Invalid, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, J. 5, 5;G B, GOP Demands IDs o 37,000 in City, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, O. 3, .

1 Blunt, supra 53, 7; J M J LF, City Mislabeled Dozens as Voting romVacant Lots, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, N. 5, 1, A1.

13 R, supra 51.

1 M B F, supra 8; see also R, supra 83( ).

15 Blunt, supra 53, 7; M LF, supra 1.

16 M B F, supra 8; S N H, E D, S G- E - N , , ://.../%/..

17 B, supra 11; B K, supra 81; J S, C,Mysterious Phan-tom Voters urn Out to Be Some Really Nice People, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, J. 3, 5.

18 G B S F, State Audit Digs Up Wider Vote Problems, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, S.16, 5; H C E P R: H B C. H. A., 19 C. 11 (6) [ W H H]; K, 2%o Racine Voter Registration Cards Returned, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, F. 18, 5; Legislative AuditBureau, supra 81, 3-35.

19 See, e.g., Felon Says He Voted Illegally, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, S. 16, 5.

11 See also B, supra 6.

111 Wash. Rev. Code 9.9A.637 ().

11 J Mz, GOP: 33 Felons Voted in Clark County, he Columbian (V, W.), M. 1,5, A1.

113 oss Out Felon Vote, Gregoire Still Wins, Seattle imes, M , 5, A1 [ oss Out FelonVote]; J C, Some Voters Surprised to Be On List o Felons, Spokesman Review (S, W.),M. 5, 5, A1; Scores o Felons Voted Illegally, supra 3.

11 B S, Felon Voter Wont Be Charged, he Olympian (W.), M. 3, 6, 1B; S,supra 3.

115 ACLU N J supra 58; B C J NYU S L D,supra 59.

116 P, supra 19.

117 H et al., supra 3.

118 P, supra 38, 8; see also L W, C, Bucher Striking Out So Far on Voter Fraud,Milwaukee J. Sentinel, N. 3, 5; oss Out Felon Vote, supra 113; D P, GOPFelon-Voter List Inspires Range o Reactions Statewide, Seattle imes, M. 7, 5, B1; B S,Dear Convicted Felon, elegraph Herald (Dq, I), O. 3, .


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119 D P, GOPs Felon List May Be Way O, Seattle imes, M. 17, 5, A1.

1 B F, supra 18; see also J C, One Felon May Have Voted Illegally, Spokes-man Review (S, W.), M. , 5, B.

11 P, supra 38.

1 See, e.g., oss Out Felon Vote, supra 113 ( C O D j, .); C, supra 113.

13 S H et al., Tousands o Felons Voted Despite Purge, Palm Beach Post, M 8, 1, 1A;H et al., supra 3; M ML, 191 Improper Votes in County Counted, Palm BeachPost, F. 1, 1, 1A.

1 B F, supra 18.

15 W, supra 118.

16 G B, 82 Felons Voted in Nov. 2 Election, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, M. 18, 5.

17 B, supra 6.18 W S E B, R F G E -- 11//, ://165.189.88.185/

.?=19=7.

19 C O D, B . K C, C N. 5--7-3 (C S. C. J 6,5), 9; see alsoA G,Justice Dept. Recognized Prosecutors Work on Election Fraud BeoreHis Firing, Wash. Post, M. 19, 7; D B, McKay Stunned By Report On Bush,Seattle imes, M. 13, 7; N M, Who Won Illegal Votes o Felons?, Seattle Post-Intelli-gencer, F. 3, 5; C MG, State GOP Gets Specic About Election Charges, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, J. 19, 5.

13 8 U.S.C. 17 ()(3)(D), ()(6).

131 M G. W N C, D.A. Drops Voter Probe Ater Indictments Rejected, L.A. imes,D. , 1997, A1; P M. W,Jones: 5,087 Registrants Potential Noncitizens, L.A. imes, O.1, 1997, B1; N C, Hermandad Blames INS For Conusing Illegal Voters, L.A. imes, J.3, 1997, B1.

13 P J. MD, INS Knew o Voter Sign-Ups, Workers Say, L.A. imes, J. 16, 1997, A1.

133 E,A Nasty urn in Election Challenge, Seattle imes, A. 5, 5, B6.

13 K P. V, King to Challenge 110 More Votes, News ribune (, W.), A 9, 5, B; B S, Rossis Case Enters Key Phase, Olympian (W.), M 1, 5, 1C; SS, T N-Cz V, S P, ://.//3976.(M. 15, 5); S S, N-Cz V K C, S P, ://-

.//393. (M. 8, 5); G E V , W. S S, ://.../E/R/.x?=351711-318-5-83-1968397 ( O. 7, 7).

135 J MB D U, 12 Votes Attributed to Dead People, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, J. ,1; E R A, W S E B, ://.../-_.?=155=7 ( J 1, 7).


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1

136 Clerks Oce Allows 153 Naturalized Citizens to Vote in Primary, AP S L W, H, S.7, ; I S, Illegal Voters, Honolulu Advertiser, S. 9, , A1; D K,City Steps Up Search or Illegal Voters, Honolulu Advertiser, S. 8, , A1; I S, IsleOcials Seek Ways to Prevent Illegal Voting, Honolulu Advertiser, S. 7, , A1.

137 D K, Illegal Voters Uncovered, Honolulu Advertiser, J 9, 1999, A1; D, supra 86; G E R 1998, O E, H V, ://../-//1998//98..

138 W C, supra 131; W, supra 131; C, supra 131; R C H O H.R. 355, D E C A LSz, F 1, 1998, 15, 35-39, 13-38, available at://.../-/.?=15__=:16.15.; L A C P E- R D, C L A, R-R/C C, P G- N 5, 1996, ://..../_/96.; P E R,O C 195-, ://../E/5..

139 See, e.g., M A. U, Reporter Risks Inquiry With Vote-Fraud Story, N.Y. imes, A. 1, 1988.

1 K E, Woman Registers Her Dog to Vote; Prosecutors Growl, Seattle imes, J , 7.

11 See, e.g., G B, City OKd 1,305 Flawed Voter Cards, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, J. 8, 5.

1 U.S. E A C, T I N V R A 1993 A E F O 5-6 (7) . 1, 1, 1, ://..//EAC_NVRA6..

13 M . See, e.g.,Colo. Rev. Stat. 1--73; Fla. Stat. 1.1(3); Ga. Code 1--6; Iowa Code 8A.5;Ky. Rev. Stat. 119.7; Mo. Ann. Stat. 115.3; Nev. Rev. Stat. 93.85; Ohio Rev. Code 3599.111; 5 Pa. Cons. Stat. 1713; S.D. Codified Laws 2-4-2, -; Wash. Rev. Code 2A.4.0; Wis. Stat. 1.13(z).

1 I U, New Registration Rules Stir Voter Debate in Ohio, N.Y. imes, A. 6, 6, 1, 16.

15 See, e.g., R B, St. Martinville Elections roubled For Many Years, he Advocate (L.), F.8, 6, B7 ( ); R B, Ex-O-cial Fined, Sentenced in Vote Fraud, he Advocate (L.), J. 19, 6, B7 (); H J. W,Crime Watch: Female Deputies to be Honored, L.A. imes, N. 6, , B1 ( ).

16 T . O 95 D J B A V I I O S 5, x, 7 - , 1 z / , 11

, 8 ,3 j --- , , 1 -x j. SeeU.S. D. J, C D, P I S, E F P C,B A V I I, O S 5 [ DOJ E- F P], ://..//j%%%.. A O 7, 66% .


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W q- .

17 D M, With Friends Like Tese, Pitch Weekly, N. 3, 6; G G,2006 MissourisElection Was Ground Zero or GOP, McClatchy Newspapers, M , 7, ://.-.////16..

18 See, e.g., P P I: I D J Pz H F U.S. A? -- P V: H B S. C. J, 11 C.__ (J 5, 7) ( B J. Sz, I U.S. A WD M) ([] [(ACORN)] .).

19 I C 5 6, x, , , . SeeC H, PairGet Probation in O.C. Voter Switch, L.A. imes, J. , 7, B5; C B CH, 11 Voter Recruiters Face Charges, L.A. imes, O. 7, 6, B1; L W S, 12 Charged in Voter Scandal, Orange County Register, O. 7, 6; Secretary o State toProbe Alleged Fraud by GOP Signature Gatherers in Drive or Voters, L.A. imes, S. , 6, B6;

S et al., O.C. Voters Were Duped Into GOP Registration, Orange County Register, A.1, 6.

15 See, e.g., E V, Democratic Couple From Sparks, Who Alleged Forms Destroyed, Allowed to Vote, LasVegas Rev.-J., N. 3, , 5A.

151 Minnite, he Politics of Voter Fraud, supra 1, 24; J J, Voter Fraud Charges Col-lapse, St. Petersburg imes, D. 15, 5, 1B; P S. J, Rumors o Vote Fraud Rampant, Fla.oday, O. , , 1.

15 A J, Bogus Addresses Cloud Voter Rolls, Atlanta J.-Const., J. 1, 6, A1; C C,Bogus Voter Forms Pop Up in Fulton, Atlanta J.-Const., O. 1, , 1A.

153 Craig C. Donsanto & Nancy S. Stewart, Federal Prosecution of Election Offenses , 0-

(6 . 1995); J M,ACORN Starts to Clean Up the Mess in its Chapter Here, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, N. 3, 6, C3; J M, Second Letter Sent to Newly Registered Voters, St. LouisPost-Dispatch, N. 1, 6, B5; Group Accused o Voter Fraud, Columbia Daily ribune, O. 1,6; J M, Suspect Voter Cards Found, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, O. 11, 6, A1; M,supra 17.

15 SeeW . M, 3 S.W.3 1, 8 (M. 6) (L, J., J., ) (B ?).

155 R MC, Prank Lands Voter in the Doghouse, Wash. Post, J 17, 1, C1.

156 K E, Woman Registers Her Dog to Vote; Prosecutors Growl, Seattle imes, J , 7.

157 D S, Spaniel Makes Senate Appearance in Support o Bonds Reorm Eorts, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, M. 1, , A1.

158 SeeM C, Cocoa Made News as Legal Voter Owner in Doghouse or Registering Pet, Palm BeachPost, D. 13, 1, A1 (C Fz); B B, Man Who Registered His Dog to VoteDies, Contra Costa imes, J. 5, 7 (B M); Ix, NC F, Raleigh Metro Maga-ine, S. , ://..//?=6 (P C); MC, supra


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3

155 (H B); E, supra 156 (D MD); M E, L G RV N C E C, J 5, 3, ://..//. (R B).

159 E, supra 156.

16 E, supra 158.

161 T - . See, e.g., M C, What DidMasilotti Consultant Fees Buy?, Palm Beach Post, F. 6, 3, 1A. O - , legal --- x . See, e.g., S G E. J, Newark RaceHits the Street, Newark Star-Ledger, M 13, , 1.

16 See, e.g., B M, Tree Sentenced in Bath Vote Fraud, Leington Herald-Leader, S. 5,7; N L, Investigation Into Vote Fraud in Benton County Nets 14th Arrest, Miss. Clar-ion-Ledger, A. 31, 7; S, Six o Learn Fate in Lincoln Vote Buying Case, CharlestonGaette (W.V.), M 3, 6, 1C; M E. R, FBIs Sham Candidate Crawled Under W. VasPolitical Rock, Wash. Post, D. , 5, A1; M A, Knott Judge-Executive, Imprisoned ForVote Buying, Gains Release, Courier-Journal (Lx, K.), J. 6, 5, 1B;Activist to Pay Finein Vote-For-Smokes Case, Capital imes (M, W.), M 5, 1, 3A; see also DOJ EF P, supra 16.

163 C. U.S. D J, F S: D J B A V II, J 6, 6, ://.j.///6/J/6__68..

16 M S, Ex-Election Judge Gets Prison or Vote Fraud, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, S. 5, , 1; M S, Voting Fraud is Alleged in East St. Louis Election, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, O. 5,3, 1; R G, Ex-Councilman in E. St. Louis Gets Probation or Vote Fraud, St. LouisPost-Dispatch, A. 6, 1, B1.

165 Blunt, supra 53, 7; M LF, supra 1.

166 Blunt, supra 53, 9.

167 Id. 8-9; R, supra 83.

168 Blunt, supra 53, 8-9, -5.

169 Blunt, supra 53, 5-6.

17 R, One Person, One Vote?, supra 66.

171 Id.; R, Votes Raise Question o Fraud, supra 66; DOJ E F P, supra 16.

17 Blunt, supra 53, 9, 6.

173 Blunt, supra 53, 6.

17 S R. W L C, H F E P P: HB S. C. G A, 17 C. (M 3, 1), ://../~-/531_.; Advancement Proect, Americas Modern Poll a 16-18, N. 7, 1,://.j./AMP.; E, How America Doesnt Vote, N.Y. imes, F.


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15, ; E: Our Motto: Timk!, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, N. 1, ; K B-B D M, Board Denied Voters Rights, U.S. Says, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, M 3, , C1;R, supra 83.

175 J M M S, Democrats Attempted Vote Fraud, Report Says, St. Louis Post-Dis-patch, F. 9, 1; S S, In St. Louis, Dead Are Causing Lively Debate With Teir Votes,L.A. imes, F. 8, 1, A1; Blunt, supra 53, 1, 9-35; S A, Slimin the City,Riverfront imes, N. 15, ; C , GOP, Democrats May Seek Investigation Over CityVoting, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, N. 9, ; M x . B-C , I. . B, 3S.W.3 1 (M. C. A. ).

176 Blunt, supra 53, 8, 16-3.

177 S, supra 175; J M, FBI Subpoenas Records rom Election Board, St. Louis Post-Dis-patch, A. 17, 1, A1; J M, Problems in City Didnt Aect Election, Report Says, St. LouisPost-Dispatch, D. 9, , C1.

178 Blunt, supra 53, 9, 7-8; R, supra 83.

179 S S. C B, H F E P P: HB S. C. G A, 17 C. (M 3, 1), ://../~-/531_B.; R, supra 83.

18 C , Bond Wants Federal Investigation o Problems at City Polls, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, N.1, .

181 S. L C B E C, S. L C E R, N, ://..-..//ERESULS/11/.; O S S, E N R: N 7, G E, ://...//.?=189.

18 O S S, E N R: N 5, G E, ://

...//.?=189.183 L S, supra 5.

18 B, supra 96.

185 L S, supra 5; C, supra 8; J D, GOP Claims Voter Fraud Wide-spread, Newark, Star-Ledger, S. 16, 5; B P, Review Election Rolls, GOP Urges, Phila.Inuirer, S. 16, 5.

186 N J F A, supra 6; MD L, supra 31.

187 N J F A, supra 6; MD L, supra 31; J A. Q, LocalCounty Boards Question GOP Voter-Fraud Study, Asbury Park Press, S. 17, 5.

188 Ex L S, supra 5.

189 N J O A G, D E, G E R, ://..j.////___..

19 B, supra ; G B S W, Vote Inquiry Sharpens Focus, Milwaukee J.Sentinel, O. 9, ; B, GOP Demands IDs o 37,000 in City, supra 11; E,


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5

Protect Voter Rights oday, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, N. 1, .

191 B, GOP Demands IDs o 37,000 in City, supra 11; B, Over 1,200 Voters AddressesFound Invalid, supra 11.

19 B, Over 1,200 Voters Addresses Found Invalid, supra 11; B, supra 11; S,

supra 17; B K, supra 81.

193 B, supra 11.

19 G B, Unsent Voter Cards Dont Signal Fraud, Ocial Says, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, J. 19,5; B, supra 11; G B, Fraud or Bumbling, Voter Problems Still Unnerving toPublic, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, J. 3, 5; P F J F IP E F (5) [ Preliminary Findings], ://../16/.; B F, supra 18; W H H, supra 18.

195 B F, supra 18; W H H, supra 18.

196 K, supra 18; Legislative Audit Bureau, supra 81, 5.

197 K, supra 18.

198 Legislative Audit Bureau, supra 81, 3-35.

199 D U, FBI Questions Ocial in Milwaukee County Jailhouse Voter Drive, Milwaukee J. Sen-tinel, O. 8, .

B, supra 16; G B M M, Review Indicates 278 Felons Cast Ballots Il-legally in State, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, M. 18, 5; Preliminary Findings, supra 19; Legisla-tive Audit Bureau, supra 81; B F, supra 18.

1 B, supra 16; B M, supra ; Legislative Audit Bureau, supra 81, 5-51; B F, supra 18.

D N, Federal Charges Filed Against Tree Voters, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, J 3, 5;Felon Says He Voted Illegally, supra 19; R J. E, Woman Accused o Voter Fraud in WaukeshaCounty, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, O. 1, 5; DOJ E F P, supra 16;

W, supra 118; Sz, supra 81; S Sz, Vote Fraud Charge Dismissed, Milwau-kee J. Sentinel, D. 8, 5; D N,2 Plead Guilty to Election Crimes, Milwaukee J. Sen-tinel, F. 13, 6; B, supra 6; E L I U, In 5-Year Eort, Scant Evidenceo Voter Fraud, N.Y. imes, A. 1, 7.

3 B, supra 16; B M, supra ; D N, Felon Charged in Vot-ing Case, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, N. 1, 6.

G B, Police, FBI Join Investigation into Possible Election Fraud, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, J.7, 5.

5 Id.; B K, supra 81; Preliminary Findings, supra 19; G B, 9 MayHave Voted in 2 Cities, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, A. 1, 5; Legislative Audit Bureau, supra 81, 6, 5; B F, supra 18.

6 B K, supra 81; N, Federal Charges Filed Against Tree Voters, supra ; B, supra ; B, supra 81; Sz, supra 81; S, supra 81.


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6

7 G B, Loopholes in Voting System a Symptom o its Openness, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, J. 6,5; B, supra 5; L B, supra 81; B, supra ; Legisla-tive Audit Bureau, supra 81, 5.

8 Preliminary Findings, supra 19; Legislative Audit Bureau, supra 81, 6; B F, supra 18.

9 B F, supra 18; Legislative Audit Bureau, supra 81, 5.

1 B, supra 7; Preliminary Findings, supra 19.

11 B, supra 7.

1 B K, supra 81.

13 B K, supra 81.

1 Legislative Audit Bureau, supra 81, 6; B F, supra 18.

15 W, supra 118.

16 K, Deputy Registrar May Have Violated State Election Law, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, S.3, ; K, Racine, Kenosha Voter Application Fraud Alleged, Milwaukee J. Sentinel,O. 8, ; Preliminary Findings, supra 19; B, supra .

17 R MC,Judge Trows Out Plea Agreement in Voter Registration Fraud Case, Racine Journalimes, J , 5; N,2 Plead Guilty to Election Crimes, supra ; D N,Woman Gets Probation in Fraud Case, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, O. 3, 6; K M, ElectionFraud Conviction Overturned, Racine Journal imes, A. 5, 7.

18 B, supra ; B, supra 11; G B, Some Sites Show Huge Vote Gaps,Milwaukee J. Sentinel, F. , 5; Preliminary Findings, supra 19; G B, Error NetsBush 100 Extra Votes, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, J 8, 5; W H H, supra 18, 59, 76-79, 9-95, 17-18.

19 D D, wo More Arrested in ire Slashing Case, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, N. 7, .

G B,Artison Resigns as Election Director, Milwaukee J. Sentinel, M. , 5.

1 B, supra .

W H H, supra 18, 17.

3 Preliminary Findings, supra 19; W S E B, R F G E-- 11//, ://165.189.88.185/.?=19=7.


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Te Machinery o Democracy: Protecting Elections in an Electronic WorldLAWRENCE NORDEN AND ERIC LAZARUS

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(7)

F ,

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At New York University School o Law

Date post:	08-Apr-2018
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