H A W A I I H I S T ( I R 1 C A L 3 E V I E l J - . - VOL. I, NO. 10 JANUARY, 1965

THX GANMEN NONO: GBEAT EXPECTATIOI\TS OF THE EAIXLIEST JAPANESE ITJNIGLAIJTS TO HAIJAII. . . . . .I80

Roy M. S h i n s a t o

JOHN C O B : HATJAII'S F I X S T SOLDIER O F FORTUI'JE .b.........................b......... 194

David I E t t e l s o n

COlJTRIBUTOfiS AND AJJi'JOUNCEfGI\PTS.. . . . . . . . . , . . ,198 HAWAIIAN NEIIICAL EiISTORXCAL SOCIETY

TO A HAPPY AND P13LOSPEIIOUS 1965. HAY THE NEN YZAR BXNG INCIiEASED APPiZCIATIOM AND ENJOYi'iFNT OF OUIl HTSTO2JCAL HEXITAGE.. . . . . . .

IIA'YAII HISTORICAL REVIE'? VOL. I , KO. 10 1JAE:UAflY , 19 6 5

THE GAI!XI! 10YO GREAT EXPECTATIOYS OF THE EA3LIIX' JAPA:YTFSE IiI:'IGt!.A!!TS TO HA!TBII

Roy :;. S h i m a t o

Hlwaii ' s f i r s t i n t e r e s t i n t h e Japanese began i n ; arch , 1860, when t h e Fo~rhatan, an American fri:ate, met continued stron:. head~rinds on i t s voyage from Yokohms t o San Francisco and, because of a shor tace of c o a l , was forced t o s e t anchor i n Iiono- l u l u . Aboard t h e v e s s e l was t h e f i r s t o f f i c i a l Japanese e:?hassy t o t h e United S t a t e s .

In Honolulu, Robert C. Wyllie, ! I w a i i f s n i n i s t e r of f o r e i c n a f f a i r s , althou-h shaken by t h e suddenness of t h e Js3anese e n i s s a r i e s f v i s i t , vas anxious t o e rn~loy d i ? l o m t i c c o u r t e s i e s i n t h e hope of secur%in; n t r e a t y of cormerce and f r iendshi? . As t h e s e were t h e f i r s t anibassadors t o iiawaii, 5!yllie went t o extremes " . . . to make Haxaii and h e r Kin? sh ine i n t h i s moment of d i p l o m t i c tes t . ' l l To inp res s upon t h e J q a n e s e t h e s i n c e r i t y o f Hawaii's cou r t sh ip , ' J y l l i e - a m t o t h e k in? h i s ho!ne, i n order t o house t h e ambassadors i n a Eanner f i t t i n y and ?ro?er. En2 followin+: d i s l o - m t i c e t i q u e t t e t o t h e po in t , t h e f o r e i r n iq in is te r arran, ec? a r o y a l recept ion wi th a l l t h e customary f ~ r ~ x i l i t i e s , and even provided t h e Japanese a ~ b a s s a d o r s "honorary m s s p o r t s " t o t hose Cent ra l Anerican coun t r i e s throumh which they would pass on t h e i r wzy t o lTew ~ o r k . 2 The ?urpose w s s t o he lp them throuph t h e lanyuace b a r r i e r .

' l y l l i e l s a t t e n p t s t o u se t h i s chance o ~ p o r t u n i t y t o pe t a t r e a t y of f r i endsh ip and commerce f a i l e d when t h e Japanese declinec? t h e o f f e r . The reason qiven rras t h z uneconomic zitnosphere t h a t would r e s u l t f ro? an u n h l a n c e d t r a s e s i t u a t i o n , "hether V y l l i e f s e f f o r t s t o win a t r e a t y from t h e J m a n e s e 7overnment prove f o r e s i r ~ h t of t h e c o m i n ~ importance of Ja?an a s a source of l abo r and populat ion f o r Hawaii i s de- bc t ab le , The answer t o t h i s quest ion may l i e i n what he knew and sa id . Yy l l i e had been aware of t h e acute l a b o r ~ r o b l e m s i n c e t h e 1850f s , and had piven :.larnin: of a p o t e n t i a l t r a ~ e d y . He encourqed "...the i m i ? r a t i o n of rood and indns t r ious f a n i l i e s from .!herever they m a 7 come., ." and an inc rease of ~ a r r i a ~ e s , b i r t h s , and h e a l t h xeasures .

Hawaii has experimented with var ious i n d u s t r i e s and a ~ r i c u l t u r a l c ~ o p s , rtnzin.: from sandalwood, trhalin? , co t ton , tobacco, r i c e , s i l k , wheat, co f f ee , and potz toes t o sugar and pinea3ple. Hawaii has a l s o ex?erirnented with im~?ipra t ion t o n a i n t a i n h e r ~ l z n t a t i o n s and r ev ive he r I1dyin7 no?ulat ior l ' . She has hrouyht i r n ~ i y r m t s

,

f ron t h e South Seas and from China, P o r t u w e s e from t h e Azores and ; ' ade i ras , 3 r i t i s h Indians, l i o r v e ~ i a n s , Germans, S:)aniards, 'ealaysians , and A-nericans .

I n 1952, Chinese l a b o r e r s !rere inpor ted , f o l l o m d by t h e South Sea i s l a n d e r s seven yea r s l a t e r , This experinent f a i l e d t o produce s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s . The Chinese were not considered "cornate ?eonle", and l e f t t h e p l a n t a t i o n s a f t e r t h e i r c o n t r a c t s were up, t o c o n ~ e t e with t h e x h i t e s and n a t i v e s i n town. The South Sea i s l a n d e r s , althouph r e s e ~ b l i n n t h e Ha:raiians, lelct t h e p l a n t a t i o n s soon a f t e r t h e i r c o p t r a c t s rlerle up and went hone. Immimration a u t h o r i t i e s then looked f o r o t h e r sources of l a b o r supply.

Hziwaii's i s o l a t e d ~ e o p a p h i c a l pos i t ron i n t h e P a c i f i c has c r ea t ed immense l abo r ?roblens; it has , a t t h e sane tirne, czused cons iderable exper inenta t ion ~ C t h t h e var ious sources of l a b o r s u r r o u n d i n ~ t h e P a c i f i c bas in . Followin:; t h e device used i n peoplinv B r i t i s h c o l o n i a l t n e r i c a , t h e Ilavaiian l e y i s l a t u r e i n 1850 l e ~ a l - ized two forms of 13bor contract--ap~renticeshin and indentured s e r v i ~ e , ~ A Plant- e r s t Soc ie ty was oryznized i n 1864 t o hel? solvk t h e l a b o r =roblen of t h e

H A U A I I HISTORICAL PZVIEW - JANUARY, 1965 181 p3.antations. In the same year t h e l e g i s l a t u r e crea ted a bureau of immigration ". . .for t h e purpose of superintending the importation of fore ign l abore r s , and t h e introduction of immigrants ."4

Another cause of concern t o t h e Hawaiian kingdom was the steady decrease i n na t ive population. The first census, taken i n 1832, showed t h e Hawaiian population t o be 130,313. In 1850, it was found t o have decreased t o 84,165. Then, i n 1860, an alarming decrease of 15,165 within t en years caused t h e a u t h o r i t i e s such anxiety t h a t they proposed t h a t Hawaii fl...bring those t h a t wauld r e a d i l y ass imi la te with the na t ives and thereby strengthen and perpetuate t h e Hawaiian race." Hawaii's ca?tains of indust ry and t h e immigration o f f i c i a l s cooperated i n t h e r e a l i z a t i o n of t h e i r complementary object ives.

R.S. Kuykendall thought t h a t t h e idea of intl3oducing Japanese t o Hawaii a s a g r i c u l t u r a l l abore r s was t h e idea of Uyl l ie , who owned a p lan ta t ion on Kauai. He a l s o bel ieved t h a t t h i s idea was c lose ly r e l a t e d t o Van Reed's f i r s t attempt t o negot ia te a t r e a t y between Hawaii and Japan.

I n March, 1865, Wyllie, speaking more a s a p lan te r than a s a foreign minis ter , wrote t o Eugene Van Reed, an American businessman l i v i n g i n Kanagawa, Japan, who had asked t o be appointed consul general f o ~ Hawaii:

I t is my purpose t o appoint you f o r t h a t off ice. . . the r e s u l t I expect w i l l be favorable..,.We a r e much i n want of them ( l abore r s ) . I myself could take 500 f o r my own Esta tes . Could any good a g r i c u l t u r a l l abore r s be ob- ta ined from Japan o r i t s dependencies...? If so send me a l l t h e informa- t i o n you can....They w i l l be t r e a t e d well , enjoy a l l t h e r i g h t s of f ree- men, and i n our f i n e [ is lands] , under our b e a u t i f u l and salubrious c l i - mate they would be b e t t e r o f f , a s permanent s e t t l e r s than i n t h e i r own country. 5 Wyllie was thinking more i n terms of labor shortage than of preserving t h e

"dying race". But he, who supposedly or ig inated t h e idea of introducing Japanese, died i n 1865 without seeing h i s hopes mater ia l ize .

Charles de Varigny succeeded Vyl l ie a s minis ter of fore ign a f f a i r s and ca r r i ed the idea of introducing more con t rac t labor t o completion. After communicating with Van Reed about t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of acquir ing cont rac t l abore r s , and receiving a favorable r ep ly , he brought the matter t o t h e a t t e n t i o n of t h e board of immigration. Varigny on March 19, 1868, won over t h e board members i n sess ion by s t a t i n g t h a t i n h i s opinion t h e ... Japanese were more l i k e the na t ives of these i s l ands , than any o the r s

we could g e t t o immigrate here. The Japanese considered themselves of the same o r i g i n with these Natives and they c e r t a i n l y resenbled ous race very much, and t h e r e was not t h e s l i g h t e s t doubt t h a t they would most r ead i ly a ~ a l g a m a t e . 6

Hence, a reso lu t ion t h a t the balance of the board's unexpended appropriat ion of $1,925 be placed a t Van Reed's d isposal f o r the im2ortation of "...Nale and Female Immigrants, i f such can be obtained, and t h e consent of the Japanese govern- ment secured ."7

Together with t h i s idea of procuring laborers and immigrants was t h a t of con- cluding a t r e a t y of amity and commerce. Van Reed in te res ted de Varigny i n t h i s scheme. He hoped t h a t with such a t r e a t y the Hawaiian kingdom would enjoy the ad- vantages and p r iv i l eges held by t h e g rea t maritime powers. However, while e f f o r t s t o secure t h e t r e a t y were being made, t h e shogun died (September, 1866), f o r e s t a l - l i n g negotiat ions.

Van Reed, f inding t h a t he lacked the necessary powers t o negot ia te t h e t r e a t y , requested them from t h e Hawaiian government, which granted them i n Apr i l , 1867.

H A V A I I HISTORICAL REVIZW - JAYUARY, 1965 182 But the Japanese government, a s a matter of policy, objected t o persons engaged i n t rade ac t ing i n a diplomatic capacity. The Japanese a u t h o r i t i e s , though wi l l ing t o conclude a t r e a t y with Hawaii, des i red t h a t s ince t r e a t i e s between nat ions a r e i m - por tant , proper respect should be shown by t h e appointment of persons of high rank f o r t h e i r negot ia t ion .

In accordance with these wishes, t h e Hawaiian government accredi ted General R.B. Van Valkenburgh, American minis ter t o Japan, a s Hawaiian envoy f o r the purpose of s igning the t r ea ty . Van Valkenburgh accepted t h e commission bu t d i d not s ign the t r ea ty . "It was p a r t l y personal, a growing d i s l i k e f o r Van Reed, and p a r t l y nation- a l , a f ee l ing t h a t such a t r e a t y would be disadvantageous t o the United states."* The t r e a t y was delayed u n t i l 1871.

Eleanwhile, Van Reed had been ac t ive i n g e t t i n g permission from t h e Japanese governmsnt t o send l abore r s t o k t i a i i . H i s o r i g i n a l in ten t ion was t o obtain a t r e a t y of commerce and f r iendship , which he f e l t would open t h e door f o r labor em- igra t ion . This plan having made no progress, he r e so r t ed t o t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s t r a t - egy of g e t t i n g l abore r s first and negot ia t ing t h e t r e a t y l a t e r .

Van Reed succeeded i n r e c r u i t i n g 350 l abore r s f o r Hawaii a f t e r tedious t rans- ac t ions with the o f f i c i a l s of t h e shogunate, The s e l e c t i o n of the emigrants was handled by Hanbey, h i s chief a s s i s t a n t . Van Reed signed a con t rac t with him and two o the r s , Yonezo and Kumeha~hi .~ (See t h e appendix f o r t h e cont rac t ) .

Van Reed go t 350 passpor ts from t h e &ogunVs government, but a f t e r rece iv ing Varignyls l e t t e r , together with a d r a f t f o r $1,925, he found t h a t the B r i t i s h s h i p he had bargained f o r , the Scio to , was a t $10,000 f a r beyond h i s means. He decided t o look f o r a smaller vesse l . A s h i s choice, t h e barque Recife, could not ca r ry more than 180 l abore r s , he returned 170 passports . Later , having reconsidered h i s decision, Van Reed resolved t o send t h e f u l l n u d e r o r i g i n a l l y planned f o r , and chartered t h e Scio to f o r $8,900.1° This was considerably more cash than he had,

The events which followed put Van Reed i n a very embarrassing pos i t ion . Before the Scioto could leave , p o l i t i c a l developments in ter fered . In 1868, a f t e r the r e - s ignation of t h e shogun, a c i v i l war ensued between t h e adherents of t h e ex-shogun and t h e imperial forces. The l a t t e r won. On the day before the Scio to was t o s a i l , the new regime took power. Van Reed, with on ly ' l80 passpor ts , was desirous of ge t - t i n g back the 170 t h a t he had returned. A t t he request of t h e recently-seated a u t h o r i t i e s , he surrendered t h e 180 passports i n h i s possession, with t h e hope of securing 350 others . The mikado's government refused, however, a s Japan had no t r e a t y with Hawaii. I t d id o f f e r t o give Van Reed permission i f he obtained from one of the o ther t r e a t y powers a guarantee t h a t t h e l abore r s would be returned t o Japan a t t h e end of t h e i r three-year cont rac ts . Van Reed fzced a dilemma. He could abandon the 180 laborers and lose t h e amount spent so f a r , o r send them on t o Hawaii. He chose the l a t t e r course. Van Reed gave the green l i g h t t o t h e Scioto 's captain only a f t e r Japanese government o f f i c i a l s denied any compensation t o him f o r any l o s s t h a t he might have suffered. None of h i s o the r proposi t ions was acceptable t o t h e mikado's government, e i t h e r . The Scioto l e f t with t h e necessary clearance from the B r i t i s h customs house. Van Reed j u s t i f i e d h i s course of ac t ion on the ground t h a t the f a i t h l e s s n e s s and d u p l i c i t y of t h e o f f i c i a l s rendered a l l negotia- t ion hopeless. He bel ieved t h a t t h e money s ent vrauld not be refunded if he r e l i e d on the i n t e g r i t y of t h e Japanese I t is t r u e t h a t had t h e Japanese government wished t o s t o p t h e Scioto t h e r e itas ample time, a s Van Reed had informed them of h i s a l t e r n a t i v e course of act ion.

Van Reed, wr i t ing t o Varigny on Ju ly 16, 1868, s a i d regarding t h e s a i l i n g of the Scioto:

the delay of t h e Captain [Reagan] i n not being ab le t o s a i l on the morning of t h e 10th May a s agreed, enabled t h e new government under t h e Uikado t o

HAiJAII HISTORICAL EVIEr! - JANUARY, 1965 i n t e r f e r e i n z r a n t i n z t h e 170 pass?or t s , o r even allowinv any Japanese whatever t o l eave f o r Hawaii under r e l e a s e s yrantecl by t h e Tycoon. Japanese s p i e s havinz been ordered t o renove t h e men i n p a r t i e s of one o r t:ro a s i n v a l i d s and t5us by delay t o allow t h e ques t ion t o bz s e t t l e d by t h e vanishin[- of a l l on boar2.. . .12

Van Reed blamed t h e American m i n i s t e r , Van Valkenburch, f o r issuinr : a n o t i c e t h rea t en in5 a l l who n i e h t 5 e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e coo l i e t r a d e and playin- u~ Van ?.ee?'s r o l e a s a aerchant . I n t h e words of Van Reed, t h i s

appears t h e most ?reposterous and r i d i c u l o u s f r o 3 t h e f a c t t h a t a l l Ja?anese i n Pmerica a r e a t school o r t r a v e l i n ? f o r expe-ience i n every case a consumer, i n s t ead of a producer..,. i3y xrhat r i ~ h t t h e knwricm m i n i s t e r i n t e r f e r e s t o a t t r a c t t h e extreme s e n s i b i l i t i e s of t h e J a ~ a n e s e government ( w o v e r b i a l l y susp ic ious and jea lous i n t h e i r d e a l i n y :yith roreirrn Hations) t o t h e quest ion of l a b o r f o r Hawaii is beyond forthcorlin;*, and it is t o be hoped t h a t some YatFonal quest ion nay a r i s e t o l a k e h i n r e p r e t h i s course i n t h e s3ove in s t ance . l 3

A s t o t h e nurlber of l abo re r s s e n t lorward, Van ?eed t h o u t ~ h t it ". . . imyossible t o a s c e r t a i n a s they were a t l i b e r t y t o leave under e x p l i c i t o rde r s f ron me t o de t a in no Japanese on board a s n r i sone r s a z a i n s t t h e i r wish."14

The Sc io to l e f t Yokohama on ;!ay 17 , 1868, with 149 l a b o r e r s who went without pern iss ion and q a i n s t t h e d e s i r e s of t h e ~ o v e r n ~ e n t . She rnet s t o r m and r o u ~ h s e a s on t h e voyape t h a t s o threa tened t h e l i v e s of t h e adventurous group t h a t they vowed i n a covenant of brotherhood t o cooperilte i n t h e land t h a t they :.!ere approachin;.. A l l bu t t v o c u t t h e i r top-knots a s a token of apprec ia t ion z t h a v i n ~ survived t h e ordeal .

The l a b o r e r s , one of whom d ied on t h e t r i p , had been r e c r u i t e d from t h e s t r e e t s of Tokyo and ve re mostly vagabonds, c o o l i e s o r palanquin bea re r s between t h e apes of t h i r t e e n and twenty-seven. They had enyafed i n f i ~ h t i n - , gan3l ine and hiyhway rob- bery and had no i d e a where Havaii rras, bu t concluded it t o be a s f a r a s Tenjiku o r heaven--Tenjiku,indicatinz Ind ia , home 05 Suddha a n d d e s t i n a t i o n o f nan, s i z n i f i e d t h e f a r t h e s t d i s t ance one could 5 - ~ 1 5 They a l i expected t o becone r i c h .

On June 19 , a f t e r t h i r t y - t h r e e days a t s e a , t h e Sc io to , with Captain Rea-zn a t t h e helm, docked a t Eonolulu. The physician aboard was UP, D. J. Lee, t r a v e l l i n ? with t h e American merchant, :ir. A. D. ~ a u m . l ~

The l a b o r e r s not a b a r r e l o f s a l t e d f i s h a s a ~ i f t f ron t h e kiny.17 The board of immigration then took charne o f them, and they s i r z e d c o n t r a c t s of t h e sane na tu re a s those s icned with tianbey and h i s a s s o c i a t e s i x Japan. It was agreed t h a t t h e l abo re r s trould be ?aid $4.80 a month &or t h e dura t ion of t h e i r three-vear con- t r x t s ; they would a l s o ~ e t food, l o d ~ i n y and medicines. They agreed t o r ece ive $2-00 i n cash a t t h e end o f each month and a note f o r t h e o t k r $2.00. The balance due on t h e s e notes would be pa id thyouch t h e Hawaiian cnnsul peneral a f t e r t h e .?en r e tu rned t o Japan.

The board then assinned t h e c o n t r a c t s t o mp loye r s ~ rnn t in - workers. The l a t t e r paid $70.00 a man plus t h e $10.00 advance allowed e ~ c h ( t h i s had been ?a id t o Hanbey i n Tokyo t o buy c l o t h i n ? and o t h e r n e c e s s i t i e s ) . The advance vas t o be de- ducted frori monthly trarzs. The rrroup chose an o v e r a l l ileadnan, ':akin0 Tornisaburo, a l s o c a l l e d Saburo, Sablow and Szblou, t;ho rms t o be t h e i n t e r m e t e r and vas there- fo re pa id $150.00 a gear p lus l ody in l ,

The l&oFers rece ived a two-week vaca t ion t o s e e t h e " c a s t l e town of Honolulu" and were provided with a d d i t i o n a l clothin:, b lankets and h=tts. They were disap- pointed i n t h e smal l country town and d i s l i k e d Yestern food with i ts milk ?ro- ducts.18 But everywhere t h e fr . ieedly peo9le -ave then a vasn velcome. Thei r first

HA'YAII HISTORICPL E V I T ! - JA1JUAP.Y , 196 5 184 day of vork on t h e ? l s n t a t i o n , hor~ever , vas t o be a rude makeninrr t h a t s t a r t e d a barrage of c o n ? l ~ i n t s t o both t h e board of ir?r-,iffrat:on and t o J a p m .

D r . Lee had subn i t t ed h i s r e p o r t on t h e s t a t e OF h e z l t h of t h e Japanese i m - n i ~ r a n t s t o t h e boar? on June 19. Lee mentioned t h a t he had s e l e c t e d t h e ( .mu? from more than 400 app l i can t s . He s a i d it was we l l known t h a t two-thirds of t h e c l a s s re - presented were a f f l i c t e d with d i seases of t h e s k i n , o f sc rofu lous and venerea l type. He s a i d , however, t h a t most of t h e newcomers were f r e e fror?. d i sease of any kind. Several had been r e j e c t e d a s ill o r t o o o l d , bu t soye of t hese had been smuc_.r:led aboard. Lee repor ted t h a t he was p r a t i f i e d t h a t even t h e r e j e c t e d ones improved durin.: t h e voya:e. One male d ied o f an unknown cause; t hus t h e r e were 1 4 1 males, s i x f e x a l e s , and one c h i l d on a r r iva l .19 On t h e voyaTe they had anple and e x c e l l e n t food; :.rater was abundant bu t no t of t h e b e s t qua l i t y .

The Hziwaiian Gazet te o f June 24, 1868, descr ibed t h e i x i ~ r a n t s a s a "verv ~ o o d na tured and lusty-lookin,.; s e t of fellows" !d~o were favorably received by t h e l o c a l populat ion. The Gazet te s c i d t h a t "...these Japanese a r e t o be looked on i n the l i g h t of an experiment, and a few r~eefcs o r zonths a t t h e n o s t , v i l l determine whether it w i l l be advisable t o seek f o r nore of them."

The "master-servant" contracts--heevi ly i n f avo r of t h e master-once sii-ned, t he i m i g r a n t s were l e t ou t t o var ious p l a n t a t i o n s , Fi.ft:~-one went t o Ilaui, twenty- t!vo t o Kauai, and fou r t o V a l t e r :lurray Gibson on Lanai. The s i x women went along with t h e i r husbands. There were twenty-three employers, bu t t h e Haiku Sugar Co. of daui took f i f t y -one of t h e Japanese.

A p ~ a r e n t l y D r . Lee's b i l l o f h e a l t h vzs an ove r s t a t enen t ; soon complaints poured i n t o t h e board of i m n i p a t i o n fror .~ both l a b o r e r s and employers.

Complaints f i r s t came from t h e l a t t e r , Tkeo. H , 3av ies , azent f o r Kaalaea P lan ta t ion on Oahu, re?or ted some of h i s n e n r s hea l th a f fec ted adverse ly by t h e change i n c l imate . They repor ted s i c k b u t , qiven z e d i c a l a t t e n t i o n and c a r e , t hey sgeedi ly recovered with t h e exception OF one rmn, vho d ied , Through inqu i ry Davies found t h a t t h e nan had not worked nore than a q u a r t e r o f an hour, and t h a t t h e o t h e r s had spent t ime and a t t e n t i o n on him. This meant a l o s s of man-hours on t h e p lan ta- t i o n ; under such circumstances, t h e r e f o r e , he asked t h e board f o r a f u l l refund t o r e l i e v e t h e ~ l a n t a t i o n of expenses i ncu r re6 f r o n t h e o r i ? i n a l con t r ac t .

21. i:cInerny presented another i n t e r e s t i n z case t o F. ! I . Ilutchison, pres ident of t h e board of irnmizration. P!cInerny wrote t o inform t h e board of ". . .certain f a c t s in r e l a t i o n t o a Japanese named '.lakaska vhose s e r v i c e s I engaged. .. ," He conplained t h a t on a r r i v a l a t h i s house and even before , Nakaska.~ras bleeding a t t h e nose pro- fuse ly and. spoke of severe pa ins i n t h e back and shoulders . He was s o s i c k t h a t XcInerny c a l l e d upon D r . 7, Hil lebrand , vho advised him t o send IYakaskz t o The queen's Hospi ta l f o r t e n days. Gn h i s d i scharye Nakaska appeared no b e t t e r and had been i n bed, unable t o work, f e v m i s h , rind couyhin:; cont inua l ly . XcInerny judized t h a t t h e man had tube rcu los i s , and di.scoverec1 t h a t he had been s i c k du~.iny a l a r r e pa r t o f t h e passage. We a l s o asked t h e homd f o r reimbursement of t h e arcount ad- Vancec! ($70) , p lus t h e $7.50 pald t o t h e h o s p i t a l .

In De c m b e r , 1869, t h e - Hawaiian Gazet te mentioned t h e imnigrants ?ea l th : - [it] appears t o be cood: one man d i e< of consuantion s h o r t l y a f t e r h i s a r - r i v a l , two of o t h e r d i seases brou-ht v i t h ther?[woSably t h e two cases nen- t i oned above1 and one, who t h e i n t e r p r e t e r [Saburol says was insane , com- mi t t ed suicide.20

From t h e s e r e p o r t s , one can only puess t h a t gr ievances were a l s o heard by t h e hoard f ron t h e i n m i p a n t s . En9loyers took advantaue of t h e l & o r e r s l iznorance, and Sab WO'S inadequate knowledge of English aclcied t o t h e t r o u b l e , The JaFanese pro- t e s t e d a g a i n s t t h e withholding of o n e - h a l f o f t h e i r wares, and t h e board recommended

f u l l payment, a s t h e cash paid vas i n s u G f i c i e n t t o .r.eet t h e c o s t of c lo th iny and t o - bacco. They a l s o p ro t e s t sd t h e t r a n s f e r r l n n of con t r ac t s ,21 arrued over t ime l o s t on wet months, over hol idays and d e l i b e r a t e absences from work, and over r e f u s a l s t o work and running away.22 A 1 1 t h e s e d i z fe rences , i n t e n s i f i e d by t h e lan-ruaze bar- r i e r , caused t h e board t o send Tomisaburo t o Punahou t o S e t t e r h i 1 s e l f . 2 3

P. l e t t e r frorr J. Xorlon i!akee t o the board on Se~t3:'lber 29, 1868, c-ives concre te evidence of t h e t r a n s f e r r i n g of con t r ac t s : "'lr . Jones of Lahaina has t r z n s f e r r e d t h e con t r ac t s of two of h i s men t o us . T'ley do not t h ink t h i s r i g h t . ..."

The men were t o work t e n hours a 6ay on t h e ~ l a n t a t i o n and t ~ r e l v e hours i n t h e mills, 36th h a l f an hour f o r lunch. They co::nenced work a t 6 :r30 a,?., and ended a t 5:00 ?.m. They were penal ized f o r t a r < ? i n e s s (1 /4 day 's wzizes .?or t e n t o f i f t e e n minutes1 l a t e n e s s ) , f i n e d f o r each s t i c k of cane s t o l e n , and f o r unexcused absences f ro9 xork, were chaq-zed a t t h e r a t e of tiro days f o r each ?ay absent. Other s t r i c t r u l e s verc: no lia_uor o r opium; l i p h t s out and no conversat ion a f t e r 9:00 ?.n,; room inspected once a week f o r c l e a n l i n e s s ; f i n e s f o r t o o l s c a r e l e s s l y broken, l o s t , o r s t o l e n . Under such s t r e ~ u o u s and confinin- schedules , t h e f o r ~ e r c i t y nen found farm work nuch t o t h e i r d i s l i k i n z , They wrote home t o t h e i r government about t h e i r hardships, and i n 1869 t h r e e Japanese o f f i c i a l s came t o i n v e s t i g a t e condit ions.

Let u s f o r a moment t u r n back t o Captain Reagan, no t ing his conduct i n Japan and the ma t t e r o f paying him.

James Wodehouse, i n a no te t o Hutchison, p re s iden t o f t h e board o f immigration, informed him of a meeting of t h e board and t h e dec is ion unanimously agreed upon t o pay t h e Sc io to ' s master $5,900. Wodehouse conducted an inveskiga t ion and concluded t h a t

While a l t o g e t h e r n o t approving o f t h e conduct o f t h e master of t h e Sc io to , I y e t do n o t f i n d s u f f i c i e n t proof t o convict him of a v i o l a t i o n of h i s c h a r t e r p a r t y and t h a t he i s t h e r e f o r e , i n my opinion, e n t i t l e d t o t h e pay- ment.

Reagan was accordingly pa id o f f and f r e e t o go. Back i n Japsn Van Reed had h i s hands f u l l . He kept q u i e t when he f e l t he

should, and a t times t r i e d t o appease t h e Japanese government by saying t h a t a l l t h e l abo re r s s e n t t o Hawaii were being f a r b e t t e r t r e a t e d and cared f o r than they would have been had they remained i n Japan. He went s o far as t o suggest t h a t t h e govern- ment send an embassy t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e s i t u a t i o n of t h e Japanese l a b o r e r s , and of- fered himself as hostage f o r t h e s a f e r e t u r n o f t h e l abo re r s . Af t e r s e v e r a l rebuffs , he succeeded i n having t h e government send Shiroyama S e i c h i and two a t t endan t s t o Hawaii v i a San Francisco.

Van Reed emphasized t o t h e Hawaiian a u t h o r i t i e s t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n of t h e l a b o r question i n Hawaii depended much on t h e outcome of t h e Shiroyama mission. But Shiroyama, while en r o u t e , rece ived i n December, 1868, l ifkowise from t h e Japanese consul a t San Francisco and from o t h e r sources r e p o r t s o f t h e immigrants' being i n a 11 s t a t e o f rebellionf1.24 He t h e r e f o r e r e tu rned t o Japan with t h e news, leav ing h i s a t tendants t o cont inue t h e i r t r i p t o Hawaii. Van Reed's p o s i t i o n became inc reas ing ly Precarious. He f e l t t he r e p o r t u n j u s t i f i e d , and asked f o r a more competent embassy or consul t o be dispatched t o t h e i s l ands . Af te r many r eques t s and much perseverance on Van Reed's p a r t , a s p e c i a l embassy was arranged.

Wooyeno Kantoc no kami (Ueno Kantoku no kami) and liiwa Hoichi were commissioned co-envoys ex t r ao rd ina ry t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e rumors t h a t t h e Ja?anese were s t a r v i n g and s u f f e r i n g i l l - t r e a t m e n t i n Hawaii. They were a l s o t o look i n t o t h e rumor i n San Francisco t h a t Van Reed had made $70,000 by sending 150 l a b o r e r s t o Hawaii. Van Reed was f o r t u n a t e i n I l i w a ' s s e l e c t i o n , as t h e l a t t e r was an o f f i c i a l of t h e o ld government and a s i n c e r e f r i e n d of t h e American merchant.

H A W A I I HISTORICAL REVIW - JANUARY, 1965 186 The d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a t had at tended t h e Scioto a f f a i r i n Japan, the complaints of

both l abore r s and employers venting t h e i r d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n , the want of proper i n t e r - pre ters - -a l l l e d t h e Hawaiian foreign min i s t e r t o address t o Van Reed t h e view of the board o f immigration t h a t it was "...undesirable t o rece ive any more Japanese labor- e r s a t t h e present time." He requested Van Reed t o "...take no a c t i v e s t eps i n t h e matter, u n t i l he received f u r t h e r ins t ruc t ions ." Van Reed i n reply suggested t h a t a l l Japanese under con t rac t i n Hawaii wishing t o go home a f t e r serving one-half of t h e i r con t rac t s be allowed t o do so , and t h a t a l l con t rac t s be cancel led , . thus f ree- ing the Japanese laborers . 25

We now re tu rn t o t h e scene i n Honolulu a t the a r r i v a l of Wooyeno and Miwa i n l a t e Exember, 1869. They were housed i n the same builOing a s t h e first Japanese am- bassadors of 1860, t h e so-called Edinburgh House. They were c o r d i a l l y received by the king and by various fore ign diplomatic representa t ives i n Hawaii, and were shown the utmost respect and courtesy. Col. I saac H. Hooper resigned from t h e American legation temporarily t o a c t a s sec re ta ry f o r Ueno Kantoku no kaini.26

In following dzys the Japanese presented t o X n i s t e r o f Foreign Affa i rs C. C. Harris two a l t e r n a t i v e proposals. The f i r s t read:

A l l Japanese sub jec t s brought here on the Scioto who a r e now l i v i n g s h a l l

The

but

be co l l ec ted together i n Honolulu...for t h e purpose of being returned t o Yokohama, and a t t h e expense of t h e Japanese Government f o r t r anspor ta t ion from Honolulu. a l t e r n a t i v e s t a t ed : The embassy s h a l l rece ive now only a p a r t of s a i d sub jec t s , and re tu rn them t o Japan, t h e expense t o be paid by the Embassy.

In t h e c l a s s a s above named, the whole number may amount t o f o r t y persons, more o r l e s s , and cons i s t s nanely of Ileehanics, who may e l e c t t o r e t u r n home. Men unadapted by education o r hab i t s f o r t h e se rv ices a t which they a r e now employed. Also a l l t h e s i c k , deformed, and disabled.

Those Japanese sub jec t s now embraced a s above mentioned, s h a l l remain a t service u n t i l t h e expi ra t ion of t h e i r p e s e n ' t con t rac t of l abor , a t t h e end of which t i m e o r previous the re to , they s h a l l be returned t o Yokohaqa a t t h e e n t i r e expense of t h e Hawaiian Government.

Should any of t h e above named c l a s s of persons be too iil, o r from o the r unforeseen causes be unable t o embark f o r Yokohma, they s h a l l be properly cared f o r , and u l t imate ly returned by the Hawaiian Government a t i t s own expense, due no t i ce t o be given t o t h e Japanese Government a s t o the cause o r causes which may prevent such persons from being sen t a t t h e proper time with the others.27

The Japanese ambassadors a t the same time made t h e following statement: I t is the d e s i r e and purpose of t h e government of Japan t o l i v e i n terms of f r i endsh ip and good neighborhood with the Hawaiian nat ion, and t o t h a t end w i l l be pleased t o e n t e r t a i n t r e a t y rclat ions. . .but it is thought neces- sary.. . to f i r s t s e t t l e s a t i s f a c t o r i l y the matters of h i s primary mission. The Hawaiian government a f t e r some de l ibe ra t ion chose t h e second a l t e r n a t i v e ,

requested an add i t iona l clause. Thereupon Ueno signed t h e following: It is pe r fec t ly understood t h a t t h e promise on the p a r t of t h e Hawaiian Government t o r e tu rn t o Yokohama t h e Japanese laborers remaining i n t h i s country u n t i l t h e expi ra t ion of t h e i r t i n e o f se rv ice , is l imi ted by the general law of a l l na t ions and of t h i s country by the f a c t t h a t should

HAIIAII HISTORICAL REVIEW - JANUARY, 1965 any d e s i r e t o remain t h e Hawaiian Government has no au thor i ty t o compel them t o go,28

Once t h e question of the l abore r s was disposed o f , Ueno promised t o take a d r a f t t r e a t y back t o Japan and recommend it t o t h e emperor.

Ueno and Miwa were taken 0 n . a four-day t o u r of Oahu and saw f i rs t -hand t h e working condit ions on t h e p lanta t ions . Before leaving Hawaii, Ueno expressed h i s g r a t i t u d e "...in t h e name of t h e Japanese Government and se lves t o t h e Hawaiian Government and people f o r t h e i r kindness and h o s ? i t a l i t y t h a t have been s o co rd ia l ly and generously extended t o us." H e a l s o thanked Harr is f o r t h e v i s i t t o the various p lanta t ions of Oahu, aclding, "We have everywhere found our countrymen t r e l l cared for: and kindly t r e a t e d by t h e i r employers."29

Ueno was given lists o f t h e occupations of t h e men l i v i n g i n t h e i s lands , of those des i r ing t o go t o t h e U.S.A., and of those des i r ing t o r e tu rn t o Yokohama ( see appendix). Ueno's t r i p d i d not end a l l complaints--many of them petty--of laborers and employers, Also, t h e r e was d i f f i c u l t y with p lan te r s over the r e tu rn of t h e l l fortyn. Apparently, C.C. Harr is had assumed the p lan te r s would, out of p a t r i - otism, g ive up t h e required number of Japanese, but they d id not respond t o such persuasion. Instead, they asked t h a t they be refunded p a r t of t h e o r i g i n a l con t rac t payment of $70, and demanded reimbursement f o r arnounts expended f o r prison b a i l , ~ed? ' c , a l expenses, e t c . Examples of complaints follow:

R.F. Bickerton, manager of Kaalaea Plantation,on June 30, 1870, mentions "Kumatl, who was f ined $1 f o r dr iv ing the c a t t l e t o a run. Also, "Dioske", who l o s t h i s l e g and re fuses t o wear a l e g made f o r him o r t o work o r abide by h i s contract.30

A.S. Cleghorn mentions l lNi tsh i f t , who was taken from h i s employ on January 20, 1869. He had contracted venereal d isease and was l a i d up a t d i f f e r e n t times, r e s u l t i n g i n heavy medical expense. 31

Theo, H. Davies of Kaalaea Planta t ion wri tes t o Hutchison t h a t h i s average c o s t has been mate r i a l ly increased by the ,dea th of two of h i s men.

J .H . Wood i n a l e t t e r t o Hutchison wr i t e s concerning one Japanese "TOPZO", a l i a s "Tokul', i n p r o t e s t agains t h i s leaving the kingdom o r h i s employ u n t i l he f u l f i l l s the terms of h i s cont rac t o r has per- mission t o do so. The crops cannot be harvested i n time because of a shortage of hands on t h e p lanta t ion .

Others, while complaining of the expense incurred, sa id of the laborers :

Ye,..are so r ry t o l o s e t h e services of these men who have become ac- climated and accustomed t o t h e work required of them.... 3 2

This man was acquiring a s u f f i c i e n t knowledge of the na t ive language t o understand something of t h e commands given him, and would i n t h e course of time, deserved an e n t r y t o h i s c r e d i t of t h e taxes and expenses paid on h i s behalf.. . .33 Before s a i l i n g home, the ambassadors conimissioned Col. I .H. Cooper t o a c t a s

t h e i r agent i n receiving and sending t o Yolcohama t h e f o r t y Japanese l abore r s , and appointed Tomisaburo s p e c i a l agent t o look a f t e r those Japanese remaining i n t h e i s lands u n t i l t h e completion of t h e i r cont rac ts . Ueno and IiIiwa s a i l e d from Hawaii

HAWAII HISTORICAL REVIEIJ - JANUARY, 1965 188 on January 20, 1870, t o San Francisco, and from t h e r e t o Japan.

I n accordance with t h e agreement, f o r t y Japanese r e tu rned t o Japan. Thir ty- e i g h t a d u l t s were s e n t on January 29 on t h e barque R. W. blood. The remaining two were t o be s e n t vhen s e l e c t e d by Saburo ( t h e l i s ts of r e tu rnees from t h e var ious p l a n t a t i o n s a r e found i n t h e appendix).34

The r e tu rnees , a r r i v i n g i n Japan a few days before t h e a~nbassadors, caused un- p l easan t news of t h e i r t rea tment i n Hawaii t o be s e n t t o t h e p r e s s and t o p re fec t - u r a l o f f i c i a l s . They charged Hawaiian employers wi th c r u e l t y and with no t f u l f i l l - ing t h e i r con t r ac t s . They complained of working without a day o f r e s t , 06 l ack of medical t rea tment , and of having t h e i r pay withheld f o r s e v e r a l months. They ac- cused Van Iieed of breach of promise, maintaining t h a t t h e y never rece ived t h e $10 advances, a s they had been given t o Hanbey, and t h a t t hey had been imprisoned sev- e r a l times.

Although they were a cons iderable source of embarrassment t o t h e Japanese for - e ign o f f i c e and t o Ambassador Ueno, t h e testament t h a t Ueno depos i ted with t h e Japanese government s a t i s f i e d t h e l a t t e r . Eloreover, t h e Japanese r e tu rnees were those who had been a ~ t a g o n i s t i c , troublesome and unsa t i s f ac to ry . One can only r e - c a l l what Van Reed himself admitted l a t e r when he descr ibed h i s "picked menff a s being "...mere Laborers who had been picked o u t o f t h e s t r e e t s o f Yokohama, s i c k , exhausted, and f i l t h y , without c lo th ing t o cover d e c e n ~ y . ~ '

La ter some o f t h i s group, having r e a l i z e d t h e poverty-str icken l i v e s t o which they had r e t u r m d , begged Van Reed on t h e i r knees "...to have me send them hack t o Hawaii ." And f i v e of them d i d go back. Van Reed a l s o s a i d t h a t I f . . .were communi- ca t ions [ t o Hawaii] more f r equen t , q u i t e a number would leave on t h e i r own r e - s p o n s i b i l i t y ."

A s f o r t h e Japanese s t ag ing i n Hawaii (and t h e r e is disagreement a s t o t h e i r number), when t h e i r c o n t r a c t s were up i n 1871, only t h i r t e e n reques ted t o be s e n t back t o t h e i r n a t i v e land. The remnants of t h e o r i g i n a l Qnnen Nono (about 90) ap- p l i e d f o r and go t passpor t s permi t t ing then t o remain i n Hawaii. With t h e exp i r a t ion of t h e c o n t r a c t s , Tomi Saburo l e f t Hawaii f o r Ca l i fo rn i a , having decided t o h e l p h i s people t he re . And with t h e s e events an e r a of experimentation i n Japanese l a b o r c losed f o r t h e time being,

I n 1935, Y.B. Goto, coun"sy extension agent , interviewed Sentaro I s h i i on Haui. I s h i i was a t 102 years of age t h e l a s t o f t h e o r i g i n a l Gannen Hono. He was a samurai who l e f t h i s l o r d t o come t o Hawaii when he heard o f t h e search f o r labor- e r s t o work i n t h e canef ie lds . Discarding h i s sword, t h e mark of h i s c a l l i n g , he came. He had never farmed i n h i s l i f e , bu t by 1885 had worked h i s way up t o luna; i n t h a t yea r t h e next group of Japanese immigrants a r r ived . I s h i i l earned t h e Hawaiian language cp ick ly , married a Hawaiian wonan, and became a Roman Catholic--an e a r l y case of a s s i n i l a t i o n i n t o t h e new l i f e . 3 5

According t o Yukiko Himura, ill1 t h e Ganrxm I4ono eventua l ly a s s imi l a t ed i n t o t h e wider community and d id no t c o n s t i t u t e a s e p i r a t e Japanese community,36 a s d i d t h e fol lowing waves of immigrants. They were t o o few i n number t o e s t a b l i s h such a com- munity .

Setween 1868 and 1885 t h e r e was no organized migrat ion t o Hawaii by t h e Japan- ese. Those who came had been working on Amcrican whaling s h i p s and were s t randed i n t h e i s l ands . They were more o r l e s s a s s imi l a t ed i n t o t h e l o c a l l i f e .

The type of Japanese irnn,i,.-ratin-: Lar-el!? Cetemined t h e i r a s s i n i l a t i o n r a t e . The Smnen :Ion0 were n e a r l y a l l vayabands fro? an urban comiwnity i n Ja;~an and were a t t r x t e d t o emigrat ion a s a Forn of ?dventure. They were a l resdy dev ia t e s from t h e conventions and nores o: t h e o ld country. They ?rere Buddhist i n back~round , bu t r e - l i y i c n had l i t t l e t o do with t h e i r l i v e s . They were emotional d e v i a t e s from t h e

HAIIAII HISTORICAL FSXIE!I - JAKUARY, 1965 189 f x n i l i a l and conventional t i e s of t h e homeland and found it easy t o a s s imi la te with the people of d i f f e r e n t cul.tures. The 90-odd who renained i n t e r r a r r i e d , and some becane successful .

Circumstances i n Hawaii were a l s o favorable t o ass imi la t ion . A t t h e t h e of t h e i r a r r i v a l , o the r Japanese were few. Therefore, considered a s an experiment by the na t ives and o the r races and by t h e government a s wel l , they were shown nore than ordinary kindness. Records ind ica te t h a t even on t h e p lanta t ions they were t r e a t e d b e t t e r than o the r races27

The r e s u l t s of t h e so-called Great Expectations can hardly be c a l l e d so. Since t h e number of immigrants who remained vas not s i g n i f i c a n t , t h e attempt t o revive t h e d y i n ~ population enjoyed l i t t l e success, However, t h e 90 vho did s t a y married and produced offspring. Nor d id t h e P l a n t e r s t Society succeed i n i ts aim; the re were too many exaggerated complaints t o t h e board of inmigration.

The t r e a t y of amity and conmercethilt Van Reed and t h e ~ i n i s t e r of fore ign af- f a i r s sought became a r e a l i t y i n the sumner of 1871 beczuse of the success of t h e Ueno mission. This r e s u l t occurred only a f t e r many near successes and disappoint- ments. Van reed, wr i t ing t o C. C, Harr is about t h e Ueno mission, congratulated him "...on t h e favorable termination of t h e v i s i t by t h e embassy," He seeaed enthusi- a s t i c about the ?uture, and inquired tt.,.of t h e p robab i l i ty o f e s t ab l i sh inq a Japanese colony here by a Japanese Prince through a land ?rant o r by r e n t and i n what 10ca t ion .~~38 Van Reed was r e i n s t a t e d a s Consul General a t Japan a f t e r ap- proval by t h e Japanese Government and a f t e r t h e t r e a t y had been c i tned. He had resiyned i n order t h a t n e ~ o t i a t i o n s miqht have a b e t t e r chance, Van Reed died i n 1873, presumably happy i n h i s accomplishments.

Those of t h e Gannen Yono who had come t o Hawaii t o e e t r i c h quick and t o re- tu rn t o Japan a s mi l l iona i res t o impress r e l a t i v e s , f r i ends , and s w e t h e a r t s were g r e a t l y disappointed, The ones who went back t o Japan reentered t h e same over- crowded, poverty-stricken l i f e i n t h e b ig c i t y . The younm, adventuresome men who came t o Hawaii d id not f ind the g lory t h a t sometimes a c c o ~ p a n i e s such a venture, but they did f ind a new kind of l i f e among people of d i f f e r e n t customs and cu l tu re , That was qu i t e an experience i n i t s e l f ,

Since t h e i r f r i ends expected them t o r e tu rn wealthy, o r a t l e a s t conspicuously successful , t h e Gannen !lono delayed t h e i r r e t u m fron year t o year , The hardships of p lan ta t ion l i f e t r a ined them t o y ie ld t o circunstances. They had a shikata-ga- n a i at t i tude--a s o r t of it-can't-be-helped feelin:--which l e d them t o make t h e most - of the s i t u a t i o n . Then, too , language d i f f i c u l t i e s and s t range customs reduced t h e i r o r i g i n a l rebell iousness. F ina l ly , aze chanzed t h e youthful vagabonds t o qu ie t s e t t l e r s .

1. Hilary Conroy, The Japanese Front ier i n Havaii, 1868-1898 (Berkeley and LoS Angeles: University of Cal i fornia Press , 1953), p. 2.

2. -* Ib id p . 4 . 3 . Ernest K. \:akukawa, A !:istory of t h e Jananese People i n Hawaii (!Ionolulu: Toyo

Shoin, l938) , p. 16. 4, Ralph S. Kuykendall, A History of H a m i i (IJerr York: EIacmillan Co., l926),

p. 224. 5. Let ter , R. C. r l y l l i e t o Van Peed, !larch 10, 1865, Foreipn Office and Executive,

Yiscellaneous Foreizn F i l e . Archives of Havraii. 6. Le t t e r , Varigny t o board of i n m i p a t i o n , ffarch 19, 1868, I n t e r i o r D e ~ a r t n e n t ,

Immi~ra t ion F i l e , 1865-1870. Archives of Hawaii.

HPJIAII HISTORICAL REVIEkI - JiWUAR'i, 1965 190 Ralph S. Kuykendall, The E a r l i e s t J a p a ~ e s e Labor Immigration t o Hawaii, Univer-

s i t y of Hatraii Occasional Papers, No. 25 (1335), p. 7. Conroy, op. c i t . , pp. 18-19, Japanese Embassy and Japanese A ~ e n t i n Hawaii, 1970, t r a n s l a t i o n f o r C. C.

Harr is by Vooyeno Kantoc-no-kmi, Foreign Office and Executive. Archives of Hawaii.

!+lakuka~sa, ope c i t . , pp. 24-25. Van Reed t o Charles de Varigny, Ju ly 16, 1868, Department of the I n t e r i o r ,

i i iscellaneous Yo. 54 (1868-1885), Immigration-Japanese, Archives of Hawaii. Ibid. - Ib id , - Ibid. - Yukiko Kimura, ltPsychological Aspects of Japanese Immigration ,I1 Socia l Prcc?ss -

i n Hawaii, V I (1940), pp. 10-14. P a c i f i c Commercial -Advertiser, June 20, 1868, p. 3. Conroy, op. c i t . , p. 28, Ib id p. 18. = ' Report of D.J , Lee, 14,D., on t h e S t a t e of Health of t h e Inlaigrants ar r ived on

t h e 19th on t h e B r i t i s h Ship, Scioto, Department of t h e I n t s r i o r , 1868-1885, June 19, 1868. Archives of Hawaii.

Hawaiian Gazette, December 29, 1869. Department of t h e I n t e r i o r ?4iscellaneous, Immigration-Japmese, No. 16 , Bureau

o f I m i g r a t i o n , Archives of Hawaii, Ib id January 2 , 1869. -- ' Kuykendall, OD. c i t . , p , 14. Wakukawa, op. c i t . , pp. 33-35; Conroy, op. c i t . , pp. 25-26.

Conroy, op. c i t . , pp. 30-31; Makukawa, OD. c i t . , p. 36. Conroy, OD. ci t . , p. 37; Kuykendall, op. c i t . , pp. 20-21. Kuykendall, op. c i t . , pp. 21-23. I b i d f i r s t interview, Japanese enbassy & Japanese agent i n Hawaii. Archives -*

of Hawaii. Wcoyeno'to C.C, Harr is , January 19, 1870. Japanese enbassy and Japanese agent

i n Hawaii, R.F. Bickerton t o F.M. Hutchison, June 30, 1870. Department o f t h e I n t e r i o r

Iliscellaneous, Immigration-Japanese, 1868-1885. Ib id A.S. Cleghorn t o Bureau of Immigration, March 23, 1870. -* ' Ib id Sishop and Co, t o C , T. Gulick'. -* 3 Ib id Chas. Paty t o Gulick. -* C.C. Harr is t o Col, I .H . Hooper, January 31, 1870, Japanese embassy E Japanese

agent i n Hawaii. "Samurai tiho Came i n 1868 Likes Islands," Honolulu Star -Bul le t in , February 19,

1935. Kimura, op. c i t . , pp. 10-16. R. Kihara, History o f t h e Japanese People i n Hawaii, o r Hawaii Nihonjin Shi ,

p. 409. Van Reed t o C.C. Harr is , March 22, 1870. Archives of Hawaii.

APPENDIX A

Japanese Embassy & Japanese Agent i n Hawaii, 1870.

H A V A I I HISTORICAL REVIEW - JANUARY, 1965 From: Wooyeno Kantoc-no-kami To: C.C. Harr is , Xinis ter of F o ~ e i g n Affa i rs

[He re tu rns t h e "Agreement of Farmers and Laborers f o r Hawaiian Islands" drawn up i n Japanese with t r a n s l a t i o n annexed]

"Agreement of t h e Farmers and Laborers f o r Hawaiian Islaridll

Three hondred and f i f t y (350) men of farmers o r l abore r s has cont rac t f o r hawaiian i n term f o r se rv ice th ree years ( t h i r t y - s i x months) by wagges of $4 per men

The t h i r t y - s i x month w i l l be counted time they have ar r ived t o Hawaiian.

After ge t permission form the Japanese government t h e laborers w i l l be d iv id f o r 12 company ( 1 company 25 men) and two headmen w i l l be f o r one company, each headmen of the company w i l l rece ive $ 1 except h i s wagges.

One headmen o r master f o r a l l l abore r s w i l l s e t t l e d and he w i l l rece ive $150. f o r one year a s wagges included h i s feeding.

The laborers want rece ive here (Yokohama) $10 f o r one men from h i s s a i d wagges a s advance.

The taagges w i l l be d i l i v e r h a l f of t h e sum of t h e i r wagges i n every first day of t h e month i n th ree years from t h e day l e f t Yokohama and remainder ha l f w i l l be given by t h e note , Aney l abore r s want t o rece ive t h a t remainder they explain t o t h i s master through head men and remainder w i l l be hand over i n changing with s a i d note.

The remainder o f t h e i r wagges which thy have labored w i l l be d e l i v e r through t h e Hawaii Consul General i n Yokohama a f t e r they have a r r ived t o Yokohama and we s h a l l rece ive them f o r send away t o h i s home.

After they has f in i shed t h e i r term of se rv ice t h e con t rac te r w i l l send back them t o Yokohama from Hawaiian Is lands with expense of t h e Contracter, but i f t h e r e was aney berey s i c k man they w i l l remain with one helpingmen and a f t e r recovered w i l l be send back a s same way.

Be warrant and send t h e l abore r s o f f from Yokohama agreement with under signed Hanbey, the re fo re if any t roub le occur about them We s h a l l engage f o r it and w i l l not g ive aney t roub le t o the cont rac ter .

1st day 4the month (Keio 4)

To Mr. Van Reed Hawaiian Consul General

i n Japan

Yokohama Centensianai Kameya Kumehachi

Yokohama Suyehilomachi No. 3 Kuwanaya Yonezo

( s ignatures ) Yokohama Suyehilomachi Ilanb ey

Van Reed

HAWAII HISTORICAL REVIEW - JANUARY, 1965 APPENDIX B

(Archives of Hawaii, Japanese Agent, 1871)

Honolulu, May 21st 1871

To t h e Foreign Office i n t h e Gov't., H. I.

The l a t t e r i n these ncmes of Japanese Laborers, thy a r e wished going Back t o t h e Yokohana, Japan.

Yoshi Jilow yone Dai sukey Gihey Takcy Te s t u Has tu Shinckeh, He been Shuwzoa, ,, , , one ch i ld

Fuchiar H i s trife Nabu hca Hach King now s h i a bey s tu rn Gin j i l o o Takey

s i c k now i n Hospitao 9 , 9 9 3 , ¶ ¶

These names of t h e Japanese Laborers. The s ince t h e expi ra t ion of t h e i r term of se rv ice , they wished t o sojourn t o t h i s Richest and Beaut i fu l Kingdom.

1. Ma 2 , Bun 3. Kame 4. Bunji 5. Kinjilow 6. Kintaro 7. Toyo 8. Takez 9. Chosu 10. Kuma 11. Hankich 12. shuu 13. Masackeh 14. Tow 15. lJazow 16. Tome 17. Tastze 35. sh in cke5 37. Takejiro

Koo j ilow Chinw Hsn Yzne Matai

I) H i s wife Tomaz shobay Kuni Toyockch stuneez Kastu Hez m i k e chiow j i r o I c h i Madi goa Tola Kuna Juw rzva

The Sum 37 But w e have no count chi ldren

These names of t h e Laborers of Japanese they w i l l going t o United S t a t e s f o r t o learning some a r t s but by Degrees,

No. 1 Kich No, 2 Yow

HAWAII HISTORICAL REVIEW - JANUARY, 1965 3 Elastu 5 Tomo 7 Sadar 9 Toyo 11 Kune 1 3 shea hach 15 Toku 17 Toku j i l o 19 K i n j i r o 21 Kurnnz 23 sturiez 25 Ka ne 27 choo 29 shay 3 1 t e s t u 33 chezkich 35 s h i z e 37 Mino 39 Ta ik i 41 Gain 43 Kinjolow 45 Ikuw

4 Takey 6 s h i z e 8 sheaho 10 Masa 12 Tchi 1 4 Tula 1.6 Hastu 1 8 Teaz 20 Tetu za ra 22 Gensu!cey 24 Kar Ku 26 Sow 28 Mizo 30 Hez bey 32 ek ich 34 Kwkich 36 Eizh 38 Fusa 40 Kanshakey 42 Matu 44 Rionosukey 46 Kiuw

A s a sum 46

M. J. Sabluw H i s agent o f Japanese

From Archives o f Hawaii, Department of I n t e r i o r i! iscellaneous, 1868-1885:

IIemo . Oahu -

of Japanese f o r "Scioto"

Sishop and Co. ( a t Chamberlains) H. J. Nolte J . H . Wood J .H. Paty J . H . JTodehouse S a i l o r s Yome H. i l i l l ebrand D r . Hi l lebrand ( t r a n s f e r t o Kaneohe) F. lIolteno C.H. Judd 5.3. Atherton Bol les and Co. J. Eichardson Knalaea E l m t a t i o n i4cInemy A. S. Cleyhorn

IIA\IAII HISTORICAL REVIETV - JAIJUARY , 196 5 Maui J. Makee -

E . Jones Haiku Sugar Co. G r . Mahaolelua

Ka-uai Lihue P lan ta t ion D. !!. Bryde

Lanai K. :I. Gibson

Yarch 23, 1868 g i s t r i b u t i o n of Japanese f o r "Scioto"

J O H N COXE: HAWAII'S FIRST SOLDIE!? OF FORTUiJE

David Ki t t e l son

Long before t h e f i r s t miss ionar ies landed i n Hawaii-in f a c t , even before most of those pious Xew E n ~ l a n d e r s were born--Hawaiians were h i t c h i n g r i d e s on s a i l i n ? s h i p s h a l f way around t h e world. John Coxe was one such i n v e t e r a t e Polynesian t o u r i s t . Not only d id he s a i l t h e seven seas ; he portayed ac ros s Yorth America, v i s i t e d England, and wound up a s a Hudson's Bay Conpany swineherd. And i f Coxels own s t o r y can be be l i eved , he saw Caytain James Cook k i l l e d and accompanied Liho- l i h o on t h e i l l - f a t e d t r i p t o B r i t a i n .

Thousands o f 2awaiians crowded about Captain Cook on a Sunday morning i n Feb- ruary , 1779, a s he was s tabbed and beaten t o death on t h e shores of Kealakekua Bay. I n t h e mob was IJaukane, t h e spa11 son of Chief ~ananawa.1 A t f i r s t gls.nce, Coxe and Ilaukane appear t o be two d i f f e r e n t people-->taukane an - a l i i of high b i r t h , Coxe a f u r t r a p p e r who ended h i s days tending p i g s , Yevertheless , ilaukane and Coxe may we l l h ~ v e been one and t h e same.2

In 1782, when King Kalaniopuu of t h e i s l a n d o f Hawaii d ied , r i v a l s scrambled f o r h i s kingdom. Kamanawa and t h r e e o t h e r c h i e f s from t h e sunny Kona d i s t r i c t per- suaded a young war r io r named Kanehameha t o l ead t h e i r armies i n a f i g h t t o win con- t r o l of t h e i s l a n d , He d id h i s job well . 3y 1796 he had fought h i s way t o v i r t u a l c o n t r o l of t h e e n t i r e Hawaiian chain. The Kona c h i e f s were rewarded f o r t h e i r sup- po r t with ex tens ive lands and c o t pos t s on Kamehamehats advisory c ~ u n c i l . ~ La te r , when Kameharceha moved h i s headquarters t o Honolulu, h i s c h i e f s came with h i n , Nau- kane, then i n h i s e a r l y twent ies , accompanied h i s f a t h e r and probably became in- volved i n cou r t l i f e . Apparently t i r e d of t h i s , he wzs f a sc ina t ed by t a l e s of d i s - t a n t l ands t o l d by Hawaiians, who had been goin? abroad i n B r i t i s h and American sh ips s i n c e 1787. Yaukane was i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e sh ips which were s topping a t Hono- l u l u f o r provis ions .

Fiost of t h e s e v e s s e l s were American f u r t r a d e r s on t h e i r way t o t h e Northwest Coast t o ga the r p e l t s f o r t h e l u c r a t i v e Chi- t r ade . They usua l ly l e f t New England p o r t s with ske le ton crews and a t Honolulu aucmented t h e s e with Hawaiians f o r work on t h e coas t .4

I n February, 1811, John Jacob Astor1s Tonauin a r r i v e d i n Honolulu, bound f o r

t h e Columbia River t o e s t a b l i s h t h e P a c i f i c Fur Conpanyfs pos t . C a ~ t a i n Jonathan Thorne g o t a a ~ r o v a l from Kanehaneha I t o r e c r u i t i s l a n d e r s an2 s iqned on twenty-four Hawaiians, twelve For shipboard du ty and t v e l v e f o r work a t As tor ' s f u r ?os t s . The i r c o n t r a c t s c a l l e d f o r t h r e e yea r s of work i n r e t u r n f o r focd , c lo th ing , and a bonus o f one hundrei! d o l l a r s ' worth o f merchandise. 5

The a l i i , a s eager a s any commoner f o r t r a v e l and t h e hao le ' s goods, decided t o send a l o n ~ one of t h e i r own t o look a f t e r t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e i s l a n d e r s . Aaukane, a member of Pr ince Lihol ihof s r e t i n u e , was chosen t o make t h e trip.6 On board he a t t r a c t e d a t t e n t i o n because o f h i s resenblznce t o a merlber o f t h e Tonquin's crew, John Coxe. Theneafter Naukane was c a l l e d by t h a t n a ~ e . ~

The Tcnouin reached t h e mouth of t h e Columbia on a windy March day and imnedi- a t e l j l o s t e i f h t aen and two whaleboats i n t h e ~ o u ~ h trater. One of t h e pen k i l l e d was a Hawaiian. G a b r i e l Franchere, a c l e r k on t h e Tonauin-, descr ibed t h e ceresony which t h e remaining Har~a i ians perforned over t h e i r comrade. One, no t i d e n t i f i e d by nsme i n t h e account , a c t ed a s a p r i e s t and l e d t h e o t h e r s i n 5 u r i a l r i t e s . 8 Coxe (Maukane) would have been t h e l o g i c a l choice because o f h i s hiph rank and because of t h e S e t a i l e d r e l i y i o u s t r a i n i n 2 he had rece ived a s an a l i i . -

After a f e v days, f u r company o f f i c i a l s found a s i t e f o r t h e t r a d l n p pos t and rimed it Astor i? . This was t h e base o f o w r a t i o n s f o r A s t o r f s northwest f u r t r a d e . Coxe was f o r t u n a t e t o have s igned on f o r work a t As tor ia . Seve ra l months l a t e r t h e twelve Hawaiian crewmen of t h e Tonquin met dea th when Indians b l e v up t h e s h i p . By July, 1811, t h e pos t was v e l l e s t a b l i s h e d and David S t u a r t , one of t h e l e a d e r s , took a small group u? t h e Columbia t o set up o t h e r f u r pos t s .

Coxe's a b i l i t y and i n d u s t r y s e t him a p a r t from t h e o t h e r Hawaiians, and he was chosen t o accoqpany S t u a r t . The expedi t ion encountered a surveying t e r n of t h e r i v a l B r i t i s h Northwest Company. Its l e a d e r , David Thompson, took an immediate l i k i n g t o Coxe and t r aded one o f h i s own men f o r t h e Hawaiian. Coxe was r e l e a s e d from h i s con- t r a c e with Rstor and became a :lorthwest Conpany enployee. Vith h i s nev f r i e n d s , he canoed and p o r t a ~ e d h i s way ac ros s t h e f u r t r a ? p e r s f i n l and waterway system. I n 1812, Thorpson's p a r t y reached For t " r i l l i a n on t h e northwest shore of Lake Super ior , t b e iTorthw?st Cor?nanyts g r e a t in land supply depat and a rendezvous f o r t r a p p e r s and company o f f i c i a l s .9

Since r i t a i n was a t war wi th t h e United S t a t e s , t h e Northwest Con?2nyts o f f i - c e r s decided t o o u t f i t 2 s h i p i n E n ~ l a n d and send it t o s e i z e Astor ia . They chose Donald 'kTavish, John IIcDonald, Coxe, and a dozen c l e r k s and voyapeurs t o do t h e . job. l0 Coxe ; ~ e n t d o n ? a s p i l o t because he was f a v i l i a r wi th t h e danperous en t rance t o t h e Columbia liiver.I1 The p a r t y l e f t For t i.!illiam f o r 3ontreal-- then on t o Quebec, where t h e I s a a c Todd took them t o Portsnouth, England. There t h e v e s s e l was -- o u t f i t t e d a s a supyly sh ip .

Coxe and t h e Canadiens were kept busy working on t h e sh ip . A few days before it vas scheduled t o s a i l , t h e crew g o t shore l i b e r t y . Euoved up by t o o much wine and tronen, t h e b o i s t e r o u s gang comandeered a m a l l boa t and began s a i l i n p about t h e harbor. A ? r e s s d e t a i l hoarded t h e i r c r a f t and took t h e f u r t r a p p e r s and c l e r k s t o a Royal .Navy r e c r u i t i n g s h i ~ . Coxe and t h e o t h e r s ~ o t e s t e d t h a t t hey were a l r eady assiyned t o a sh ip . One o f t h e c l e r k s was pernittec ' . t o l eave ; he r epo r t ed t o ?cTavish, who pu l l ed s t r i n g s ~ r i t h t h e Por t Adniral . The s h a n ~ h a i e d grou? was re- l eased t h e next day.12

On !!arch 25 , 1813, t h e I s a a c Torlc! s a i l e d f o r Xio de J a n e i r o i n a convoy of f o r t y -- s h i p s , most of then bound f o r o t h e r d e s t i n a t i o n s . :!ot a f a s t s h i p t o begin w i th , she ca.rried a s t agge r ing load o? s u p p l i e s , She a l s o c a r r i e d a l e t t e r of narque, which c a l l e d f o r h e w i e r armament. The I s a a c Tod? l e f t Fio f o r t h e 'Jorthwest Coast i n t h e -- company of H:IS Phoebe, and Cherub on J u l y 9 , 1013.

HAFJAII HISTORICAL REVIEW - JANUARY, 1965 19 6 Company o f f i c i a l s decided t o send McDonald, Coxe, and four voyageurs ahead on

the speedier Phoebe. When they reached the Columbia, they were t o meet with o t h e r Northwest Company employees and a r r m g e f o r a concerted a s s a u l t on Astoria , backed by the Isaac Todd. The heavily-gunned Phoebe and Cherub wwe however soon ca l l ed on -- f o r o the r naval ac t ion . Coxe and the o thers t r ans fe r red , t h i s time t o the Racoon.

On October 20, 1813, while t h e Racoon's guns were being t e s t e d , powder caught f i r e and exploded. A sheet of flame swept t h e sh ip ' s deck, k i l l i n g seven men and in ju r ing twenty-six. Coxe, who was helping a t one gun, f e l l t o t h e deck before the blaze reached him. He was uninjured except f o r a severely-burned nose.13

The Racoon got t o t h e Columbia on November 30. There the t r a v e l e r s learned t h a t a pa r ty sen t overland by the Northwest Company had e a r l i e r persuaded t h e Astor- ians t o s e l l out. The B r i t i s h took formal cont ro l on December 13, 1813, and renamed the post For t George. Coxe continued t o work the re u n t i l August, 1814, when a l l of the Hawaiians a t t h e f o r t were s e n t back t o the i s l ands on e i t h e r t h e Isaac Todd o r the Colunbia.

After he returned t o Honolulu i n 1815, Coxe probably rever ted t o h i s na t ive name, Naukane.14 Although t h i s former f u r t rapper presumably stayed i n Hawaii f o r the next e i g h t years , the re i s no record of h i s a c t i v i t i e s under e i t h e r h i s English o r h i s Hawaiian name. Coxe was zbout f o r t y a t t h e time, and it is l i k e l y t h a t he intended t o r e t u r n t o a c o ~ f o r t a b l e l i f e a s a l e s s e r chief i n Prince Liholiho 's court . Although h i s wages a s a Northwest Company employee had been meager, he could have saved enough money t o l e t him l i v e i n r e l a t i v e wealth and r e s p e c t a b i l i t y a s the Americans d i d , e spec ia l ly with t h e b e n e f i t s which accrued t o him a s an - a l i i . He was well received by Karnehameha. Not only was Coxe t h e son of one of Kamehameha's c l o s e s t advisors , and a member of Liholiho's r e t i n u e , bu t he had t r ave led widely. Kamehameha urged Hawaiians t o s ign on s a i l i n g sh ips and work f o r European and Ameri- can f i rns .15 Like Peter t h e Great of I!ussia, Kamehameha was eager t o westernize h i s kingdom; well-traveled sub jec t s were good a ides i n building fore ign t r a d e and i n s trengthening t h e army and navy.

Kamehameha I died i n 1819, and Coxe rose i n s t a t u r e when Liholiho ascended the throne. 111,1823, Liholiho decided t o s a i l t o England and t h e United S t a t e s t o seek an a l l i a n c e . A par ty of twelve l e f t t h e i s lands on November 27, 1823, i n the B r i t i s h whaleship, LfAigle. The Icing, queen, seve ra l cabinet o f f i c i a l s and chiefs made the t r i p , accompanied by th ree servants--Naukane, Kaaweawea, and Kaunuhaima- lama. Although the l a t t e r were genera l ly r e f e r r e d t o a s servants o r bodyguards, they were - a l i i . Liholiho 's person ca r r i ed so much - mana t h a t i n order t o keep him- s e l f from being d e f i l e d , even h i s lowl ies t personal a t tendants had t o be of ch ie f ly rank.

Naukane o r Coxe, now near ly f i f t y , was probably chosen not f o r h i s physical a b i l i t y t o defend t h e king but f o r h i s f a m i l i a r i t y with western ways and h i s per- s o n a l t i e s with Liholiho. Coxe's t r a v e l s i n America and England made him a valuable addi t ion t o t h e party.

Liholiho 's group stopped a t Rio de Janei ro , where Coxe had previously been on the -- Isaac Todd. L'Aigle reached England on May 17, 1824, and t h e r e a f t e r the roya l par ty embarked on a round of p a r t i e s , horse racing, and concerts. On June 10, one of the c h i e f s came down with measles, and within a week a l l of t h e Hawaiians had t h e disease. Apparently Naukane's t r a v e l s had b u i l t up h i s immunity, f o r he was hardly bothered by measles. The king and queen died, however, and two o the r s remained s i c k f o r some time.

King George I V held an audience f o r the remaining Hawaiians a t Windsor Cas t le on September 11. Coxe was present a t t h i s event. l6

HAWAII HISTORICAL REVIEN - JANUARY, 1965 197 HMS Blonde was assigned t o r e t u r n t h e bodies of t h e king and queen t o Hawaii.

The s h i p a r r ived a t Honolulu i n the spr ing of 1825 with but seven of the twelve Hawaiians. Liholiho and Kamamalu were dead; John Rives, dismissed a f t e r t h e k ing 's death, was i n France; Kaunuhaimalama had died j u s t before reaching England, and Kapihe, t h e Havaiian admiral, had died on t h e r e t u r n voyage.

The Hawaiian community was suspicious of the re turning voyagers. They had f a i l e d t o p ro tec t t h e i r monarchs from harm, and $15,000 of Liholiho 's money was missing.17 I n t h i s s i t u a t i o n , Naukane proba5ly found it expedient t o leave the i s lands .

The Hawaiian s o l d i e r of for tune returned t o t h e Northwest Coast, working f o r t h e Hudson's Bay Company, which had absorbed t h e o ld Northwest Company. The f i r m ' s base of operat ions had been t r ans fe r red from Fort Geopze t o a new s i t e f a r t h e r in- land, Fort Vancouver. Coxe worked f o r a few more years; then t h e company r e t i r e d him and gave him a p l o t of land two miles below the f o r t .

To make t h e f o r t s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t , D r . John McLoughlin, the f a c t o r a t Vancouver, promoted l ives tock r a i s i n g , Coxe came out of ret i rement t o become t h e f o r t ' s swine- herd. H i s pigs grazed on t h e p la ins between Fort Vancouver and t h e Columbia near the Hawaiian's cabin. A s had s o many o the r Hawaiians who had come t o the damp l?orthwest Coast, Coxe contracted tuberculos is . He died between 1836 and 1838 a f t e r a long i l l n e s s .

The f o r t ' s chaplain, Herbert Beaver, claimed t h a t Coxe was an unbaptized heath- en, and denied t h e Hawaiian a formal burial .18 NcLoughlin respected h i s swineherd, and he was i n t h e midst of a long-standing feud with Beaver. Despite the padre, kLoughl in read the sepvices over Coxe and had hirn i n t e r r e d i n t h e f o r t ' s b u r i a l ground. l9

The v a s t p la in between Fort Vancouver and the Columbia became the Hawaiian's memorial. I t was ca l l ed Coxe!s Pla in f o r a number of years i n honor of the now- forgot ten a l i i who served both the Northwest and t h e Hudson's Bay companies s o - long and s o well.

NOTES

1. Samuei Kamakau, Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii (Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press, l 9 6 l ) , p. 256.

2. There a r e no t enough f a c t s t o i d e n t i f y Coxe pos i t ive ly a s Naukane, although Coxe's fur-trapping a c t i v i t i e s and Naukane's t r i p t o England a r e f a i r l y well docu- mented. If Coxe were i n England a s a royal a t tendant , he would have been e i t h e r Naukane o r Kaaweawea, two servants . Naulcanets l ineage accounts f o r Coxe's presence a t Kealakekua and Honolulu a few years l a t e r . Coxe claimed t o have presented arms before the King of England i n 1825. Naukane, not Kaaweawea, is s p e c i f i c a l l y men- t ioned as having met t h e king, The l i v e s of Coxe and Naukane a r e complementary enough t o make Coxe's adventure s t o r y p laus ib le .

3. Kamanawa and h i s twin brother Kameeiamoku were a l s o honored by being portrayed on the Hawaiian Kingdom's coat of arms. The twin ch ie f s stood on e i t h e r s i d e of a he ra ld ic sh ie ld holding a spear and a k a h i l i o r f e a t h e r standard. This remained t h e o f f i c i a l coat of arms u n t i l 1896, when the Republic of Hawaii re- placed these two f i g u r e s with t h e Goddess of Liberty and Kamehameha I. The s t a t e of Hawaii s e a l and coat of arms a r e e s s e n t i a l l y s i m i l a r t o t h e l a t e r version.

4. Samuel E. Norison, ItBoston Traders i n the Hawaiian f slands , 1789-4823 ," Nassachusetts H i s t o r i c a l Society Proceedings, L I V (October, 1920), p. 27.

HAldAI I HISTORICAL EVIE1.I - JANUARY, 1965 19 8 5. Gabr ie l Franchere, Narra t ive o f a Voyage t o t h e Northwest Coast of America

(New York, l 854) , p. 85. 6. John papa- I i , Fragments o f Hawaiian His tory (Honolulu : Bishop Museum

Press , 19591, p. 87. 7. Europeans and Americans found Hawaiian given names hard t o pronounce and

usua l ly gave nicknames t o Hawaiicms; t h e l a t t e r gene ra l ly took a fancy t o white men's names, adopt ing them i n l i e u o f t h e i r t r u e given names.

8. J. Neilson Barry, "An I n t e r e s t i n g Hawaiian i n Old Oregon ,I' Hawaiian Histor- i c a l Soc ie ty Report, X X X V I I I (1929), p. 21.

9. Ib id . - 10. John I.IcDonald, l 'Autobiographical Kotes, 1791-1816 ," Les Bourgeois de l a

Compagnie du Nord-Oest, ed. Louis Masson (New York: Antiquarian Press , 1960), 11, pp. 44-49.

11. Marion O1i\Jeil, "Maritime A c t i v i t i e s of t h e Northwest Company, 1813-1821," - ~~

Washington H i s t o r i c a l Guar te r ly , X X I (October, l93O), p , 248. 1 . Ib id . , p. 45. 13. I b i d p. 49.

9

14. Pe t e r Corney, Voyages i n t h e Northern P a c i f i c (Honolulu: Thrums, 18961, P O 134.

15. V a s i l i Golovnin, Tour Around t h e World...in 1817-1819 ( S t . Petersburg, 1822). Typescript o f chapters on H t t w a i i , t r a n s l a t e d by E l l a Embree, p. 49.

16. Frank Pleadwell,- Voyage t o ~ n g l a n d of King ~ i h o l i h o and Queen Kamamalu (Honolulu: S o c i a l Science Associat ion, 1952), p. 20,

17. Ibid. , p , 8. 18. Beaver e r r e d on t h i s po in t . The e n t i r 2 p a r t y of Hawaiians who re turned

from England on t h e Blonde were bapt ized aboard s h i p on Nay 1, 1825. Coxe may have he ld t o t h e t e n e t s of h i s pagan r e l i g i o n , bu t he was bapt ized ,

19. Herbert Beaver, Reports and L e t t e r s . . . ( Port land, Oregon: Champoeg Press 1959), pp. 133-134. - - -

20. Hubert H. Bancroft , His tory of Oregon {Sari F ~ a n c i s c o : His tory Co., 1884- l 8 8 8 ) , pp. 71-72,

COHTRI9UTORS PND ANNOUNCEIIENTS: Rov !.I. Shinsato i~roduced h i s 3aDer i n D r . Hunter 's d - -

c l a s s i n Hawaiian h i s t o r y ~t t h e Univers i ty of Savai i . David it-teSson. a former and valued c o n t r i b u t o r ,

i s l i b r a r i a n a t t h e Univers i ty of Xawaii's Hilo Campus ASSOCIATE EDITOR FOR THY ISLAND OF 2 U I : Krs. Paymond F. Lyons

HP-VAII HISTORICAL IJXVIES Richard A, Greer, Ed i to r

Published q u a r t e r l y by Richard A . Greer a t t h e Kameha~eha School f o r Boys, Kapalana Heights , Honolulu, Hawaii. Telephone : 814-111. Ilonths of i s s u e a r e October, January, A ~ r i l and Ju ly . f3y subsc r ip t ion 011177. Rate: $1.00 Der yea r , nostpaid.

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