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TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN(TSC)
--Dr.Meely Panda Dept. of community medicine
OUTLINE WHAT IS SANITATION?WHY SANITATION?BACKGROUNDOBJECTIVES &
STRATEGIESCOMPONENTSIMPLEMENTATIONPROJECT FUNDING
SCENARIOINSPECTION &
MAINTAINANCEASSOCIATIONS &
ANALYSISACHIEVEMENTS
WHAT IS SANITATION ?
Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes. Wastes that can cause health problems are
human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater , industrial wastes and
agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering
solutions, simple technologies, or even by personal hygiene practices.
WHAT IS SANITATION ?
"Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal
of human urine and feces. It also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions,
through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal
WHO DEFINITION…
WHY SANITATION???WORLDWIDE 3.4
MILLION PEOPLE DIE DUE TO WATER
RELATED DISEASES2.2 MILLION DIE EACH YEAR DUE TO DIARRHOEAL
DISEASES ALONE
SOUTH EAST ASIAN
REGION ACCOUNTS FOR 43%
IN INDIA ABOUT ONE MILLION
DIE EVERY YEAR
6.6% OF ALL DEATHS AND 7.2%
OF DALYs ARE LOST DUE TO DIARRHOEAL
DISEASES
DEATH DUE TO INFECTIOUS DISEASES
10%
24%
19%
19%
15%
13%
TB
Respiratory
Maternal,perinatal,nutrition
Water Related
HIV
CHILD MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH SANITATION
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
100 98
65 60
3545 40
25
62
25 30
65
100 105
120 120 122
135
%PO
P W
ITH
SAN
ITAT
ION
SEAR COUNTRIES
EFFECTS OF LACK OF SANITATION
OUTLINE WHAT IS SANITATION?WHY SANITATION?BACKGROUNDOBJECTIVES &
STRATEGIESCOMPONENTSIMPLEMENTATIONPROJECT FUNDING
SCENARIOINSPECTION &
MAINTENANCEASSOCIATIONS &
ANALYSISACHIEVEMENTS
Background OF TSC A comprehensive programme to ensure sanitation facilities in
rural areas. As a part of reform principles (1999) in which Central Rural
Sanitation Programme was restructured making it demand
driven and people centered. It follows a principle of “low to no subsidy” where a nominal
subsidy in the form of incentive is given to rural poor
households for construction of toilets.
Background OF TSC Strong emphasis on
Information, Education and Communication (IEC), Capacity Building and Hygiene Education for effective behaviour change
with involvement of PRIs, CBOs, and NGOs etc.
The key intervention areas are Individual household latrines (IHHL), School Sanitation and Hygiene Education (SSHE), Community Sanitary Complex, Anganwadi toilets supported by Rural Sanitary Marts (RSMs) and Production
Centers (PCs).
background The main goal of the programme is to eradicate the practice of
open defecation by 2012. To give fillip to this endeavor, GOI has launched Nirmal Gram
Puraskar to recognize the efforts in terms of cash awards for
fully covered PRIs and those individuals and institutions who
have contributed significantly in ensuring full sanitation
coverage in their area of operation.
OUTLINE WHAT IS SANITATION?WHY SANITATION?BACKGROUNDOBJECTIVES &
STRATEGIESCOMPONENTSIMPLEMENTATIONPROJECT FUNDING
SCENARIOINSPECTION &
MAINTAINANCEASSOCIATIONS &
ANALYSISACHIEVEMENTS
OBJECTIVES
STRATEGIES The strategy is to make the Programme 'community led' and
'people centered'. A "demand driven approach" is to be adopted with increased
emphasis on awareness creation and demand generation for
sanitary facilities in houses, schools and for cleaner environment. Alternate delivery mechanisms would be adopted to meet the
community needs. Rural School Sanitation is a major component
STRATEGIESand an entry point for wider acceptance of sanitation by the
rural people. Subsidy for individual household latrine units has been replaced
by incentive to the poorest of the poor households. Improvisations to meet the customer preferences and location
specific intensive IEC Campaign involving Panchayati Raj
Institutions, Co-operatives, Women Groups, Self Help Groups,
NGOs etc. are also important components of the Strategy.
OUTLINE WHAT IS SANITATION?WHY SANITATION?BACKGROUNDOBJECTIVES &
STRATEGIESCOMPONENTSIMPLEMENTATIONPROJECT FUNDING
SCENARIOINSPECTION &
MAINTAINANCEASSOCIATIONS &
ANALYSISACHIEVEMENTS
COMPONENTS(a) Start-Up Activities & IEC activitiesb)Solid & liquid waste management(c) Rural Sanitary Marts and Production Centersd)Community sanitary complex(e) Construction of Individual Household & institutional latrines
Start-up Activities
Includes conducting
Baseline Survey (BLS)
Project Implementation Plan (PIP),
Initial orientation and training of key programme
managers at the district level.
IEC ACTIVITIES Should be area specific and should also involve all
sections of the rural population. Mass media campaign should be taken up only at the
national and state level and not at the district level. At district level, focus should be on inter-personal communication, use of folk media and also outdoor media like wall painting & hoarding
Each project district should prepare a detailed IEC Annual
Action Plan by February of the preceding financial year, with defined strategies to reach all sections of the community.
Rural Sanitary Marts and Production Centers The Rural Sanitary Mart is an outlet dealing with the material,
hardware and designs required for the construction of not only sanitary latrines but also other sanitary facilities, such as soakage and compost pits, washing platforms, certified domestic water filters and other sanitation & hygiene accessories required for individuals, families and the environment in the rural areas.
Commercial venture with a social objective with main aim of providing materials and guidance
Production Centers are the means to improve production of cost effective affordable sanitary materials.
Construction of Individual Household Latrines
A duly completed household sanitary latrine shall comprise of a
Basic Low Cost Unit with a super structure The construction of household toilets should be undertaken by the
Below poverty line household itself and on completion and use of
the toilet by the BPL household, the cash incentive can be given in
recognition of its achievement.
Institutional Toilets in all types of Government Schools and
Anganwadis should be constructed with emphasis on toilets for
Girls.
INSTITUTIONAL TOILETS
Funding for School Sanitation is provided by the Centre and State in
the ratio of 70:30. The Central assistance per unit will be restricted
to Rs.14,000/- for a unit cost of Rs.20,000/-
In order to change the behaviour of the children from very early
stage in life, it is essential that Anganwadis are used as a platform of
behaviour change of the children as well as the mothers attending the
Anganwadis.
Central assisstance for anganwadis is Rs 3000 for a unit of Rs 5000
INCENTIVE PATTERN OF IHHL
Basic low cost unit cost
Percentage contributionGOI STATE HOUSEHOLD
BPL APL BPL APL BPL APL
Model 1: Upto Rs. 1500 (including superstructure)
60 NIL 20 NIL 20 100
Model 2: Between Rs. 1500/- and Rs. 2000/-
30 NIL 30 NIL 40 100
Above Rs.2000/- NIL NIL NIL NIL 100 100
Community Sanitary Complex
Community Sanitary Complex is an important component of the TSC.
These Complexes, comprising an appropriate number of toilet seats, bathing cubicles, washing platforms, Wash basins etc, can be set up in a place in the village acceptable to women/men/ landless families and accessible to them
The maintenance of such complexes is very essential for which Gram Panchayat should own the ultimate responsibility or make alternative arrangements .
OUTLINE WHAT IS SANITATION?WHY SANITATION?BACKGROUNDOBJECTIVES &
STRATEGIESCOMPONENTSIMPLEMENTATIONPROJECT FUNDING
SCENARIOINSPECTION &
MAINTAINANCEASSOCIATIONS &
ANALYSISACHIEVEMENTS
IMPLEMENTATION Total Sanitation Campaign requires large scale social
mobilization& so its implementation at the District level should be done by the Zilla Panchayat. However, in case Zilla Panchayat is not in existence, District Water and Sanitation Mission should implement the project.
At the state level, State Government should set up Communication & Capacity Development Units (CCDUs) for taking up state level HRD & IEC activities as well as monitoring of TSC Projects
In states where Water supply & sanitation are handled by two different departments, a separate CCDU may be set up, subject to the condition that officials handling water supply should be actively associated with this .
some term definitions Participatory rural appraisal(PRA) - methods
are used to bring instant change in the understanding and behaviour of the people by igniting sparks of awareness in their minds. This process is adopted to motivate community members through their own involvement and initiative to build and use latrines as well as bring positive changes in their hygiene and sanitation.
Shameful walk: A shameful walk, an adapted version of a classic “transect walk”, is the process of collectively visiting the places of open defecation by members of the community& organisations.
Faeces mobility mapping: In this exercise community members should realise how dangerous open defecation is by getting to know the five different faecal-oral contamination.
5 F DIAGRAM
Entry/ IgnitionPRA
· Defecation area transect· Defecation Mapping· Flow diagram· Calculation of faeces etc.
Community realization of
terrible impact of faecal-oral contamination
Self Empowered Committee formed
Identification of right
person in the community
Registration& daily monitoring
on mapEmphasize on
making areas ODF and their benefits. Spreading
messages about their
achievements Each of them covers 10 families
per day
Diagrammatic presentation of the process of igniting Community- Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)
Rationale to a marketing approach
Many people, including the poor, are willing to pay for good sanitation that will satisfy their requirements if the technology is packaged and marketed appropriately, and the supply
mechanism is easily accessible .
So how do we apply a marketing approach to sanitation???????
Market Research· Identify market research expertise · Establish and train the research team · Conduct consumer research · Conduct producer research
Programme objectives · Develop preliminary marketing mix (Product, Price, Place, Promotion)
Product identification &development
· Identify and develop marketable sanitation facilities & services (e.g. latrine technologies /options, latrine information service, latrine centre)
Set up supply mechanism
· Identify potential suppliers of latrines & other related services · Assess and develop their capacity to provide desired services · Identify and/or set place(s) where consumers can access the
sanitation services being marketed (eg toilet centres) · Work with the public sector to establish strategy for disposal of
sludge from toilets
Message and material development
· Identify partners with expertise for the design and development of marketing concepts
· Develop marketing concepts and creative design · Pre-test and refine creative design · Develop promotion strategy
Implement promotion campaign
· Produce promotion materials (e.g. posters, flyers, radio jingle, billboard)
· Launch a campaign (e.g. road show, launch event) · Run a promotion campaign for about 3 months
Monitor and feedback· Monitor the programme (spread/ response to the campaign, quality
of services provided etc) · Feedback and modify the programme as appropriate
NATIONAL SCHEME SANCTIONING COMMITTEE
NATIONAL SCHEME SANCTIONING COMMITTEE (NSSC) WAS CONSTITUTED TO APPROVE THE PROJECT PROPOSALS FOR THE SELECT DISTRICTS, AS RECEIVED
FROM THE STATE/UT GOVERNMENTS. THERE WILL BE SEVEN MEMBERS IN THE NSSC.
SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLY, MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
CHAIRPERSON
ADDITIONAL SECRETARY & FINANCIAL ADVISOR, MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
MEMBER
FOUR NON-OFFICIAL EXPERTS IN THE FIELD OF RURAL SANITATION
MEMBERS
SECRETARY IN-CHARGE OF RURAL SANITATION OF THE STATE WHOSE PROPOSAL IS TO BE CONSIDERED
MEMBER
JOINT SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLY, MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
MEMBER SECRETARY
ROLE OF PANCHAYATI RAJAs per the Constitution 73rd Amendment Act, 1992,
Sanitation is included in the 11th Schedule.Accordingly, Gram Panchayats have a pivotal role in the
implementation of Total Sanitation Campaign. They will carry out the social mobilization for the
construction of toilets and also maintain the clean
environment by way of safe disposal of wastes.
ROLE OF PANCHAYATI RAJ
Engage suitable NGOs for inter-personal IEC and training.
Contribute from their own resources for School Sanitation
over and above the prescribed amount. Act as the custodian of the assets such as the Community
Complexes, environmental components, drainage etc.
constructed under the TSC.
ROLE OF NGOs Actively involved in IEC activities as well as in
hardware activities.
Their services are required to be utilized not only for
bringing about awareness among the rural people for the
need of rural sanitation but also ensuring that they
actually make use of the sanitary latrines.
ROLE OF NGOs
Can open and operate Production Centers and Rural
Sanitary Marts.
May also be engaged to conduct base line surveys and
participatory rural appraisals specifically to determine key
behaviours and perceptions regarding sanitation,
hygiene, water use, etc.
Selection should be transparent
TSC GUIDELINES(PROPOSED)• Sanitation is a human right
• Draw learnings and incorporate in TSC
• Demand driven community led approach for total and sustained sanitation
• Village sanitation plan (includes prevention of contamination of water sources)
• Review for quality of construction and regular usage
• Toilet cost estimate and corresponding subsidy should also increased
COMMUNITY LED TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN(CLTS)
CLTS does not identify standards or designs for latrines, but encourages local creativeness. This leads to greater ownership, affordability
and therefore sustainability.
WHAT IS COMMUNITY LED TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN They are total & involve everyone in communities . Collective Community decision & collective local action are the
keys Social Solidarity and cooperation are in abundance Locally decided and don't dependent on external subsidies and
prescriptions or pressures Natural Leaders emerge from collective local actions who lead
future initiatives Don’t follow externally determined mode of development and
blue print Local diversity and innovations are main elements
Demand-led (Demand-responsive) approaches Although improved sanitation leads to improved health, people associate toilets with other benefits:
PRIVACY
LESS EMBARRASSMENT FOR VISITORS
DIGNITY!
STATUS
EASY TO USE AND MAINTAIN
SAFETY(especially for women)
LESS FLIES
AROUND COMPOUN
D
ASSETS
COMFORT & CONVENIENCE
DIFFERENCE
OUTLINE WHAT IS SANITATION?WHY SANITATION?BACKGROUNDOBJECTIVES &
STRATEGIESCOMPONENTSIMPLEMENTATIONPROJECT FUNDING
SCENARIOINSPECTION &
MAINTAINANCEASSOCIATIONS &
ANALYSISACHIEVEMENTS
PROJECT FUNDING
The Table gives the
percentage
share of the allocation (i.e.
the total
approved TSC project cost) for
different
components of a TSC
Project, the
GOI/State
share and the
beneficiary
contribution
towards each components. In the
case of Union
Territories, the State share under
the TSC will be borne by the Govt.
of India
TSC FUNDING PATTERNSl
noComponent Amount
earmarked as % of the TSCproject outlay
Contribution percentage
GOI STATE BENEFICIARY
a IEC and Start Up Activity, Motivational Awareness and Educative Campaigns,Advocacy etc.
Upto 15% 80 20 o
b Alternate Delivery Mechanism (PCs/RSMs)
Up to 5% 80 20 0
c (i) Individual Latrines for BPL/ disabled house holds (ii) Community Sanitary Complexes
Actual amount required for full coverage
60 20 20
TSC FUNDING PATTERNSl no
Component Amount earmarked as % of the TSCproject outlay
Contribution percentageGOI STATE BENEFI
CIARY
d Individual house hold latrines for APL
nil 0 0 100
e Institutional Toilets including School and Anganwadi Sanitation (Hardware and Support Services)
Actual amount required for full coverage
70 30 0
f Solid/Liquid Waste Management (Capital Cost)
Upto 10 % 60 20 20
GLOBAL SANITATION FUND
Run by the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) of the UN
Financing mechanism established to boost expenditure on sanitation and hygiene.
GSF supports other organisations’ (NGOs, CBOs, Local Govt.) implementation work by giving grants from a pooled global fund to selected organisations in eligible countries
Must be linked to national sanitation policies/strategies
Demand-led approaches, NOT supply- or subsidy-driven
First round countries includes India, Pakistan, Nepal, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Uganda, Madagascar.
OUTLINE WHAT IS SANITATION?WHY SANITATION?BACKGROUNDOBJECTIVES &
STRATEGIESCOMPONENTSIMPLEMENTATIONPROJECT FUNDING
SCENARIOINSPECTION &
MAINTAINANCEASSOCIATIONS &
ANALYSISACHIEVEMENTS
SCENARIO
1%4%
11%
3%
10% 11%14%
6%
17% 18%21.9% 22.4% 23%
27%31%
38%
45%
57%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1980
1988
1989
1990
1991
1993
1994
1996
1997
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
1980-90: Int'l Drinking Water Supply & Sanitation Decade
1986-1999: Central Rural Sanitation 1999: Launch of Total Sanitation Campaign
2003: Launch of Nirmal Gram Puraskar
SCENARIO
Fund Structure
Total Project
s Outlay
Approved Share Release of funds Expenditure Reported
Centre State Beneficiary Centre State Benefi
ciary Total Centre State Beneficiary Total
GRAND TOTAL (Rs in Crores)
17885 11094.03
4775.75
2015.77
4642.42
2562.22
1345.18 85493391.88 1880.
54894.5
46166
.
GLOBAL SPREAD OF CLTS
PRESENT SCENARIO
OUTLINE WHAT IS SANITATION?WHY SANITATION?BACKGROUNDOBJECTIVES &
STRATEGIESCOMPONENTSIMPLEMENTATIONPROJECT FUNDING
SCENARIOINSPECTION &
MAINTAINANCEASSOCIATIONS &
ANALYSISACHIEVEMENTS
MAINTENANCE Essential to train the community, particularly all the members of
the family in the proper upkeep and maintenance of the sanitation
facilities created. The maintenance expenses of individual household sanitary latrines
should be met by the households. The maintenance cost of community sanitary complexes may be
met by the panchayats/voluntary organizations. Institutions/Organizations operating and maintaining the Sanitary
complexes may charge suitable user charges to meet cost fully.
INSPECTION Monitoring through regular field inspections by officers from the
State level and the district levels . Check and ensure that construction work has been done in
accordance with the norms, the community has been involved in
construction, the latrines are not polluting the water sources and
also to check whether there has been correct selection of
beneficiaries and proper use of latrines after construction. Check whether information has been displayed transparently in
Gram Panchayat (by wall painting or special hoarding).
OUTLINE WHAT IS SANITATION?WHY SANITATION?BACKGROUNDOBJECTIVES &
STRATEGIESCOMPONENTSIMPLEMENTATIONPROJECT FUNDING
SCENARIOINSPECTION &
MAINTENANCEASSOCIATIONS &
ANALYSISACHIEVEMENTS
ASSOCIATIONS & ANALYSIS• SACOSAN III DELHI DECLARATION
• Importance to maintenance- sustenance & not just toilet building
• Importance to integrating sanitation with other programs like health and education & national rural health mission.
• Importance to alt. solutions that conserve water, protect environmental & reuse waste
• Provide range of options depending on demand and willingness to pay
ECOSAN
If we added up everyone’s faecal matter could it cover the fertilizer
requirement of the country ? -- No; but could make a significant dent for phosphorus and potash -- National food security – import of fertiliser. Ministry of Fertilizers should see the value in promoting ecosan
productive kitchen gardens. Source of fertilizer for small dry-land
farmers who have not been using chem. Fertilizer & element in local
organic biomass based manures
STUDY IN BLOCK LAKHAN MAJRA A study was done in block lakhan majra in rohtak
which was an observational cross sectional type of study conducted in between june 2009 &nov 2010 in which 8 villages were selected out of 24 villages by st
Total toilet availability was 62.1% having strong correlation with income of groups.
Similarly , in 21% cases, available toilet was never utilized.& 43.7% of them were untidy .
A study was done in block lakhan majra which is a rural field practice area attached to our dept. in rohtak .It was an observational cross sectional type of study conducted in between june 2009 &nov 2010 in which 8 villages were selected out of 24 villages by stratified random sampling technique. The results were
STUDY IN BLOCK LAKHAN MAJRA In the study maximum were hindu jats with a total availability of
70.5% toilets & non utilisation of 56% Non utilisation was maximum for jats & least for rajputs.. The most common reason for not having toilet was mainly
financial followed by lack of space & water.. Most common reason for non utilisation was preferance for Open
Defecation followed by foul smell. In anganwadi centres, only 22.6% of toilets were functioning. In schools provision of drinking water facility was 52%..Toilet
facility was provided in all of them ..There was adequate water arrangements in 89.5% of schools. But there was no closed sewerage system ..
sanitation in urban area
A CLTS approach has also been applied in urban areas. The first known case is Kalyani, a slum north of Kolkata, where exceptional political leadership galvanised people to achieve open defecation free(ODF) conditions without subsidies . In July 2008, a CLTS training of government staff based on the Kenya coast provoked meetings and action to install and strive for total sanitation in the town. In other cases, for example in Panipat District in Haryana, large semi-urban areas have been declared ODF.
SWOT ANALYSISStrengths•Committed financial resources•Programme focusing on all elements- HHL, School, Pre school, Supply chain, Communication and capacity building, incentive system•Local bodies taking lead
Weaknesses•Inadequate focus on hygiene promotion•Weak supply chain affecting post construction support•Weak monitoring system for process parameters•Lack monitoring of usage and sustainability of the toilets
Opportunities•Increased awareness among PRIs, Women groups and government officials•Successful models in all states for scaling up•No dearth of resources
Threats•Too rapid scaling up•Poor monitoring of clean village award (NGP)
NIRMAL GRAM PURASKAR
(a) Gram Panchayats, Blocks and Districts, which achieve (a) 100% sanitation coverage of individual house holds, (b) 100% schoolsanitation coverage (c) free from open defecation and (d) clean environment maintenance.
(b) Individuals and organizations, who have been the driving force for effective fullsanitation coverage in the respective geographical area
• • There are 2 application forms developed one for PRI and another for Individuals• & Organizations. These application forms are available on www.ddws.nic.in,• which can be downloaded. • • The applications should be duly scrutinized at the District Level & transferred to• • The State Government. A checklist should be filled in and• certified by the State Secretary in-charge of Rural Sanitation and forwarded to• Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development.
OUTLINE WHAT IS SANITATION?WHY SANITATION?BACKGROUNDOBJECTIVES &
STRATEGIESCOMPONENTSIMPLEMENTATIONPROJECT FUNDING
SCENARIOINSPECTION &
MAINTENANCEASSOCIATIONS &
ANALYSISACHIEVEMENTS
ACHIEVeMENTS
Currently operational in 587 districts with total budget outlay of
13000.83 crores. 4.25 crores toilets at household levels 2.8 lakhs toilets for anganwadis 13169 community sanitary complexes Intensive health and hygiene education in schools, anganwadis
and village communities.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
FUTURE PROSPECTSANGANWADI/ BALWADI CENTERS MAY BE
INCLUDEDWOMEN COMPLEXES MAY BE APPROVEDTOILETS COMPLEXES AT MARKETS, BUS
STATIONS AND COMMUNITY PLACES REQUIRED
DISTRICT MAY BE ALLOWED TO ENGAGE TEMPORARY STAFF-SCALE MAY BE FIXEDPRESENT REQUIREMENT OF FUND TO BE MET
“What is the greatest medical milestone of the last 150 years?”SANITATION
MDG 7, Target 10:
To halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without
access to safe drinking water and sanitation
We shall not finally defeat AIDS, TB, MALARIA or any infectious diseases that plague the developing nations ,until we have won the battle for safe drinking water,sanitation & basic health care……
KOFI ANNAN
references
http://tsc.gov.in/RuralSanitationNew/HomePage.aspx
http://www.tnrd.gov.in/schemes/tsc.html http://pibmumbai.gov.in/English/PDF/E2008_FP16.
http://southtripura.nic.in/presentation/tsccal.ppt http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/alldocs/8928.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation
THANK YOU