TSDM-12TSDM-12Congress
Source: NWC Faculty edited by Dr. Coty Keller
04/21/23 1NWC/TSDM
Global ElementsGlobal ElementsU.S. ElementsU.S. Elements
State / Local
PolicyPolicyDecision/ActionDecision/Action
ComplexComplexInteractionsInteractions
Congress Executive/Interagency
JointStaff
COCOMs
DoD
Media
Others
States
SovereigntyInt’l Law / NormsReligion IdeologyCulture
Media
Non-StateActors
Others
Authority/Authority/ResponsibilityResponsibilityMissionMissionResourcesResources
KnowledgeKnowledgeIndividualIndividualInstitutionalInstitutional
Staff EnvironmentStaff Environment
LeaderLeader
BossBoss
Staff OfficerStaff Officer
NGOs
Nations
Org.Org.BehaviorBehaviorCultureCultureFiltersFilters
ProcessProcessOp. FactorsOp. FactorsStructureStructure
Public
IGOs
LawSocietyCulture
Services
Congress is important in all Military Decision-making
04/21/23 2NWC/TSDM Dr. Coty Keller
Congress and the Constitution
JMP Elements:JMP Elements:
• AuthorityAuthority
• MissionMission
• Structure
• Process
Article I: All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States…
Congress Shall….• Represent
• Legislating, Lawmaking
• Tax & Spend
• Declare War
• Raise & Support Armies
• Provide & Maintain a Navy
• Oversight and Investigations
• Propose Amendments to the U.S. Constitution
• Advise and Consent (Senate)
• Impeach and Remove Federal Officials
• Make Laws as Necessary & Proper…
• AuthorityAuthority
• MissionMission
• Structure
• Process
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House-Senate Makeup
House• 435 members• Based on population• 2-year terms• 25 years old, 7 year
citizen• Salary: $165,200+• Formal• More Partisan
Senate
• 100 members• 2 per state• 6-year terms• 30 years old, 9 year
citizen• Salary: $165,200+• Casual, “The Club” • Less Partisan
• Authority
• Mission
• StructureStructure
• Process
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Congressional Leaders
Senate Majority Leader
President Pro Tempore
Minority Leader Minority Leader
House Speaker
Majority Leader
Harry Reid (D-NV)
Daniel Inouye (D-HI)
Nancy Pelosi (D-CA)
Eric Cantor (R-VA)
Mitch McConnell (R-KY)
John Boehner (R-OH)
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CONGRESSIONAL STAFFCONGRESSIONAL STAFF
KnowledgeKnowledgeIndividualIndividual
InstitutionalInstitutional
Personal StaffPersonal Staff Professional Professional StaffStaff
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How a Bill Becomes a LawHow a Bill Becomes a Law
Bill Is Introduced in The Senate
Bill Is Introduced in The House
Referred to House
Committee
Changes Voted on by Full Committee
Referred to Senate
Committee
Referred to Subcommittee
Referred to Subcommittee
Changes Voted on by Full Committee
Full Senate Debate and
Vote
Full House Debate and
Vote
Conference Committee
House Approves
Senate Approves If the President signs the bill, it
becomes public law
Rules Cmte
Rules Cmte
Parliamentarian Speaker
• AuthorityAuthority
• Mission
• Structure
• ProcessProcess
• Products
ProcessProcessOp. FactorsOp. Factors
StructureStructure
America’s Love Hate Relationship with Congress
‘10 - 85%
‘10 - 84%
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CONGRESS AND THE MILITARY
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• Article I, Section 7 – All Bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.
• Article I, Section 8 – The Congress shall have the power to...
•provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States.
•Declare War
•To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money shall be for a longer Term than two Years
•To provide and maintain a Navy
•To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces
•Provide for calling forth the Militia to execute laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions
•To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia
•To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States or in any Department or Office thereof.
The Constitution Gives Congress the Authority to Regulate the Military
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Clash of Organizational Cultures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0CprVYsG0k&feature=related
“Congress does not understand the military well and the converse is also true.” Admiral William Crowe
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Federal Budget Process & Products(No Military Programs are funded without Authorization & Appropriation Bills)
Budget CommitteesHouse Budget Committee
Senate Budget Committee
Concurrent Budget Resolution
Authorization CommitteesSenate Armed Services Committee
House Armed Services Committee
Defense Authorization Act
Appropriations CommitteesSenate Appropriations Committee
House Appropriations Committee
Defense Appropriations Bill
Conference CommitteesResolve Differences
Establish limits on broad spending categories for the Authorization / Appropriation Committees and monitors them to ensure caps are not exceeded
Approve programs –allow them to exist– and detail policy and funding objectives. Does not commit funds but may set funding expectation
Provide funds necessary for authorized defense spending programs
Reconciles House & Senate bills
• AuthorityAuthority
• Mission
• Structure
• ProcessProcess
• AuthorityAuthority
• Mission
• Structure
• ProcessProcess
Source: CSBA 2010
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Service HQ LL Staff• Authorizing Cmtes + all other inquiries
• Appropriations Cmte-specific staffers
Specified CommandSpecified Command
Unified CommandUnified Command
CAG / personal staff
CAG / special staff / personal staff
Often only small staff and one part of larger portfolio, most active around hearing time for posture statements, etc. (spring)
Handle all Congressional inquiries and requests – requires larger staff (@80-100 per Service)
Asst Sec of Defense for Legislative Affairs (ASD-LA)
• Responsible directly to the SecDef
• Manages, controls, directs + monitors communications and activities Congress and elements of DoD, including OSD, JCS, Armed Services + Defense Agencies
Legislative Liaison HierarchyKnowledgeKnowledge
IndividualIndividualInstitutionalInstitutional
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Chief of Legislative AffairsRear Admiral Tom Copeman
KnowledgeKnowledgeIndividualIndividual
InstitutionalInstitutional
http://www.navy.mil/navydata/people/ola/ola.html
The Chief of Legislative Affairs (CLA) is the Secretary of the Navy's principal staff assistant for discharging the legislative functions and responsibilities of the Department of the Navy (DoN), with the exception of liaison with the Appropriations Committees, which is, by law, vested with the Comptroller of the Navy. CLA directs the Office of Legislative Affairs and reports directly to the Secretary and to Chief of Naval Operations.04/21/23 16NWC/TSDM
Take Aways
• Congress directly impacts everything DoD does and procures or hopes to do or procure; How
• Congress operates distinct from the Executive Branch;
• Understanding how Congress functions and why it functions that way is essential to effective decision and policy support
04/21/23 NWC/TSDM 17