TSUNAMI DISASTER 2004 AND VULNERABILITY
ASSESMENT MAPPING IN CUDDALORE REGION
USING GIS D. Ravi
Geospaz, Chennai
Email id: [email protected]
1
Contents
Abstract 3
List of Tables 4
List of Maps and Diagrams 5
Key Terms 6
1.0 Introduction 8
2.0 Problem and Scope of Study
2.1 Problem Statement 10
2.2 Scope of the Study 10
2.3 Choice of the Study Area 11
2.4 Objectives and Methodology 12
2.5 Limitations of the Report 12
3.0 Study Design
3.1 Introduction 13
3.2 Data Products 13
3.3 Database Design 15
3.4 Map and Mapping 15
3.5 Attribute Data 20
4.0 Tsunami Disaster: The Nature of the Region and
Occurrence of the Disaster
4.1 Introduction 21
4.2 Administration and people 21
4.3 Coastal Villages of Cuddalore District Map 21
4.4 Coastal Cuddalore -Administrative Division Map 21
4.5 Coastal Cuddalore- Villages Map 22
4.6 Coastal Cuddalore -Tsunami Disaster Map 22
2
5.0 Tsunami Disaster: Assessment of Vulnerability
5.1 Introduction 26
5.2 Coastal Cuddalore -Contour Map 26
5.3 Coastal Cuddalore –Digital Elevation Map
5.4 Coastal Cuddalore -Tsunami Hazard Map 26
5.5 Coastal Cuddalore Villages – 27
Tsunami Vulnerability Map
5.6 Coastal Cuddalore Villages – 27
Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Map
5.7 Coastal Cuddalore Riverside Villages– 28
Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Map
5.8 Coastal Cuddalore Tsunami Disaster– 30
Vulnerability Assessment Map
6.0 Summary and Conclusion 38
Bibliography and references 43
Notes 45
3
ABSTRACT
The natural disaster such as a Tsunami hazard can not be controlled. The
necessasity for a quick rescue management after a Tsunami disaster has initiated the use of
GIS Technique in the rescue/disaster management. In the wake of, the great Indian Ocean
Tsunami hazard on 26th December 2004. The study of mapping the disaster and
vulnerability assessment was carried out for the coastal Cuddalore in Tamilnadu and to
present the bird’s eye view of the Tsunami affected and vulnerable areas.
The Tsunami Disaster Mapping was done using the Tsunami affected
villages/towns of coastal Cuddalore on 26th Dec 2004, published in the official web site of
Cuddalore. The Tsunami disaster Map was overlayed with thematic map layers of Villages,
rivers, canals, national and state highway. The Overlayed disaster map shows a
macroscopic view of the Tsunami affected features. Tsunami Hazard zone mapping was
based on inundation level in (meter) contour. The spot height digitized and interpolated
from the Toposheet was used inundation level mapping. The hazard zone map and village
population data from the primary census abstract -2001 were used for Tsunami
vulnerability mapping and assessment.
The coastal Cuddalore boundary base map (Part of Cuddalore district) within
10Km from the coast was digitized from the Taluk maps of 1:63360 scale, and spot height
maps from the Toposheet of 1:50,000 scale using GIS software. The Tsunami affected
villages were point digitized and manually demarcated to get the Tsunami disaster map.
The spot height was IDW interpolated for 1 meter contour interval to get the
inundation Map. The 1 M contour interval Inundation map was edited to 0-1, 1-3, 3-5,
>5M zones. As the Intensity of the Tsunami hazard is proportional to the Inundation level.
The inundation zones of 0-1, 1-3, 3-5, >5M were weighed as low, medium, high and very
high hazard zones respectively. The Vulnerability to Tsunami decreases with the increase
in Terrestrial elevation. So, the hazard zones 0-1, 1-3, 3-5, >5M were weighed as very
high, high, medium and low respectively to get the Tsunami vulnerability map.
As the study area consists of rivers draining into the sea. The Villages along the
river banks were relatively highly vulnerable to Tsunami hazard due flooding than the
other villages. The river side villages Vulnerability was mapped using the buffering
technique. The rivers were buffered to 1km radius and vulnerability zoned. The village
map layer with its attribute population data from the PCA-2001 was spatially joined to
carry out the vulnerability assessment.
LIST OF TABLES
Table No Description Page No
Table-1 Tsunami Affected Villages of Cuddalore on
26th December 2004 40
Table-2 Tsunami Vulnerable Coastal Villages of Cuddalore 41
Table-3 Tsunami Vulnerable Riverside Villages of Cuddalore 42
5
LIST OF MAPS AND DIAGRAMS
Figure Title Page No
Fig - 1 The Location of 26 Dec 2004 Earthquake Epi – center 09
Fig - 2 Study Design 14
Fig – 3 GIS output for Coastal Cuddalore Villages Tsunami
Vulnerability Assessment 35
Fig – 4 GIS output for Coastal Cuddalore Riverside Villages Tsunami
Vulnerability Assessment 36
Map -1 Coastal village of Cuddalore district map 23
Map-2 Coastal Cuddalore- Administrative division map 24
Map-3 Coastal Cuddalore-Villages map 24
Map-4 Coastal Cuddalore-Tsunami affected villages 2004 24
Map-5 Coastal Cuddalore –Tsunami Disaster Boundary Map 24
Map-6 Coastal Cuddalore- Tsunami Disaster map 25
Map-7 Spot heights Map 31
Map-8 Coastal Cuddalore- contour map 31
Map-9 Coastal Cuddalore Digital elevation map 31
Map-10 Coastal Cuddalore –Tsunami Hazard map 32
Map-11 Coastal Cuddalore- Tsunami Vulnerability Map 32
Map-12 Coastal Cuddalore- Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Map 32
Map-13 Coastal Cuddalore- Rivers map 32
Map-14 Coastal Cuddalore- Rivers Buffer map 33
Map-15 Coastal Cuddalore: Rivers - Tsunami Vulnerability map 33
Map-16 Coastal Cuddalore Riverside Villages–Tsunami Vulnerability
Assessment Map 33
Map-17 Coastal Cuddalore Roads and Railways –Tsunami
Vulnerability Assessment Map 33
Map-18 Coastal Cuddalore Tsunami Disaster –Vulnerability
Assessment Map 34
6
Key Terms
Disaster Management
The necessary action plans and actions before and after the disaster.
Disaster Assessment
The disaster assessment refers to the assessment of effect of the disaster and
estimation of damages of the affected villages/area and community in terms of loss and
region modifications.
Geographical Information System (GIS)
System of computer hardware, software, and procedures designed to support
capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of spatially referenced
data for solving complex planning and management problems relating to spatial analysis
and management
Hazard
Hazard is a condition or a process (natural or anthropogenic) of environment,
which can exert an adverse influence on human life, properties or activities.
Hazard Zone
The hazard zone is the areal extent of a region, where the hazard had striked or may
strike. The intensity of the hazard is classified relating to zones of, high, medium low and
very low impacts.
Natural Disaster
A serious Disaster, damaging effect on human life, property or activity which
results from the impact of a Natural hazard that has exceeded its critical limit(s).
Tsunami
Tsunami (soo-NAH-mee) is a serious of waves with a long wavelength and period.
Time lapse between crests of the wave can vary from a few minutes to over an hour.
Tsunami waves are usually generated by any large, impulsive displacement of sea bed.
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Tsunami Hazard
The hazard caused due to Tsunami to the terrestrial elements.
Tsunami Hazard Map
The Tsunami Hazard Map is based upon the terrestrial elements exposed to the
scenario, defined in terms of affected villages.
Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Map
The Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Map is based on the Hazard Prone Zones,
defined in terms of possible damages caused to villages based on past experiences and/or
land cover physical profile and hydrological conditions of the area.
Vulnerability Assessment
Based on the expected Tsunami Hazard the exposed terrestrial elements in terms of
villages, people and economic landscape are assessed for likely consequences and
classified as low, medium, high and very high impact areas.
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1.0 Introduction
The Sumatra earthquake in the India Ocean with a magnitude of 9.0 on Richter
scale, at 26th December 2004, with its epicenter located south west of Sumatra Island
(3.29N, 95.98E) is the fifth largest earthquake since 1900 Note1. The earthquake appears to
have disturbed a water column of nearly 100 x 70 x 1.5 Km volume, resulting in a unique
Indian ocean Tsunami Note2 engulfing the Indian Ocean coastal rim of the countries, such as
Indonesia, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka and far west as Somalia in East Africa. The
inundation on the coastal stretches is as much as 2 km in some cases and the worst affected
being the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Southern part of the east coast of India. Tidal
measurements at the Port Blair, Chennai and Visakapattinam indicate surge heights of 1.5
to 5.5 m above mean sea level with a maximum height near karaikkal and Nagapattinam.
The Tsunami Waves reached Indian Coast at about 2-2.5 hr after the earthquake
subduction. The sea level transgression was 200 to 800 m in Tamilnadu margin of the east
coast of India. The Tsunami waves reached Tamilnadu shelf approximately 2 hr after the
earthquake that occurred around 06.29 hr (IST) at Sumatra Island on 26 Dec 2004 4.
The southern part of the eastern continental self of India from karaikal in the south
(approx.11oN) to Viskapatnam in the north (approx. 18oN) was affected by the Tsunami
surge, however, the Tamilnadu shelf, in particular the Nagapatinam – Cuddalore parts was
worst affected, run-up heights in this part are as much as 5.2m (Nagapattinam) with
inundation to a distance of 800m into the interior. Nearly fifty one villages got damaged in
the Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluks. In Cuddalore Taluk 60,669 people got affected in
27 villages and in Chidambaram Taluk 99,704 people got affected in 24 villages.
9
Fig – 1
The Location of 26 Dec 2004 Earthquake Epi – center
Source: http://www.dri.ne.jp/e/index.html
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2.0 Problem and Scope of Study
2.1 Problem Statement
Any natural Hazard results to a disaster depending upon its magnitude of the
impact. Natural hazard such as a under sea earthquake may cause a Tsunami hazard to the
coastal land region resulting in a disaster, damaging property and people. Since such type
of natural hazards cannot be controlled, they can be monitored and precautionary/safety
planning can be done along the coastal regions to safeguard from the damages.
The assessment of Tsunami impact over the people and property was important for
planning the relief actions. Hence the requirement for the Tsunami Disaster Mapping to
identify the Tsunami affected areas after the disaster and mapping the Tsunami Vulnerable
village before for planning purpose were the essential exercises for managing future
disasters.
2.2 Scope of the Study
The Tsunami Disaster in Coastal Cuddalore region on 26th Dec 2004 caused the
necessity for an effective disaster program for the relief actions. The immediate Tsunami
disaster data available were the Tsunami affected villages through various government and
non-governmental sources. Using GIS technique the affected village statistical data can be
used to demarcate spatially the Tsunami affected village’s boundary and suitable disaster
management program can be quickly and easily developed. In combination with other
thematic maps such as road maps, rail maps, school maps, and Toposheets etc it was
possible to plan the accessibility and shelter to the affected people.
The Tsunami vulnerability map was used to identify the vulnerability of villages/
village population to Tsunami. In the Tsunami vulnerability map, the intensity of Tsunami
was classified as hazard zones based on the inundation level in meter (contour). The
Tsunami vulnerability assessment map assesses the vulnerability of villages, Road and
Railways using Tsunami vulnerability map.
The study of Tsunami Disaster Mapping and Vulnerability Assessment for Coastal
Cuddalore was carried out by spatially locating the affected areas with their population
data. The Spatial analysis was carried out using Geographical Information System (GIS)
technology. Hence the study provides an interactive means to identify the disaster regions
and Tsunami vulnerable areas by map querying. The output maps can be used to spatially
visualize the affected areas and vulnerable areas.
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2.3 Choice of the Study Area
The Coastal Cuddalore was one of the worst affected region due to 2004 Tsunami
Disaster. The Coastal Cuddalore – a part of Cuddalore within 10 Km from the coastline,
with a long coastline of about 57.5 Km, comprising parts of Cuddalore, Kurinjipadi and
Parangipettai coastal blocks affecting 87,284 adults and children and 7,546 families in
Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluk on 26th Dec 2004 Tsunami. The coastal Cuddalore has
a gently sloping coastal topography with river streams draining into Bay of Bengal in
Indian Ocean. It receives 102 mm of Average Normal Rainfall and the annual temperature
ranging from 37.70 C to 20.20 C. The coast has suffered losses due various natural
calamities as earthquake, cyclone and Tsunami. The proneness of the sea hazard was due
to its gentle sloping topography. The coast has developed a unique mangrove forest at
Pichavarm at the confluence of river and sea water at Pichavaram which considered to be
buffering the Tsunami effect during the recent Tsunami attack on the coast. A seaport is
also located at the mouth of the rivers Gadilam and Uppanar. The district has well
developed road and Railway connecting the major Towns and villages. Economically it has
activities such as fishing, agriculture, production and mining industries.
The Cuddalore District was located on the east coast of Tamilnadu in Indian
peninsula. The Cuddalore district covers an area of 3,678 Sq.Km with total Population of
22, 80,530 (Male Population of 11, 48,729 and Female Population of 11,31,801) in
2001.The revenue administrative divisions consists of 6 revenue Taluks (Cuddalore,
Panruti, Chidambaram, Kattumanarkoil, Virudhachalam, Titagudi), 32 revenue firkas and
896 Revenue Villages. The rivers such as Gadilam, Ponnaiar, Vellar, Malathar, Uppannar,
Khan Sahib Canal, Paravanar and Kolidam drain into Bay of Bengal in this area.
The study area was well connected with national highway networks (NH45A) and
state highways connecting Cuddalore Town to other parts of Cuddalore district. The
Cuddalore Town was well connected with broad and meter gauge rail networks.
2.4 Objectives and Methodology
1. Preparation of base map, incorporation of Tsunami disaster areas and compilation
of attribute information using GIS.
2. Implementing GIS analysis and mapping the assessment of Tsunami Vulnerability.
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The data Products for the study area collected were converted to digital format and
stored in GIS. The stored data’s were converted as spatial and non spatial data. The
Tsunami Disaster Mapping and Vulnerability Assessment analysis was carried out and the
results were presented as maps and tables. The study was limited to Hazard zoning the
study area based on inundation level in (m) contour. The Assessment of Tsunami
Vulnerable villages was based on hazard zone.
2.5 Limitation of the Report
The inland inundation of Tsunami waves were controlled by various parameters
such as coastal profile, topography, landscape and coastal features such as lagoons, river
estuaries, mangrove forests etc. This study was limited to the effect of Tsunami based on
inundation level in (m) contour. The Coastal Cuddalore vulnerability to Tsunami was
limited to the assessment of villages with their population data.
The report was limited to the study of mapping the Tsunami Disaster on 26th of
December 2004 and assessment of vulnerability of villages based on the secondary data.
The data’s were demonstrative in nature and does not convey any real ground truth as they
lack ground survey reports. The study was carried out to demonstrate the GIS capability in
mapping the Tsunami Disaster and demarcation of hazard zones based on the inundation
level in (m) contour to have a bird’s eye view of the vulnerability classification of the
villages. The study reveals better, the understanding of the statistical data in the form of
maps. Hence further study on the evaluation of the Tsunami Disaster and hazard was
possible.
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3.0 Study Design
3.1 Introduction
The damages caused due to Tsunami Disaster and its effects on the natural/cultural
features and lives create the necessity for the quick assessment of the damages caused the
immediate relief action to be carried out and for planning purpose.
The study design was based on the statistical data and maps, for the demonstration
of Tsunami disaster mapping and Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment using Geographical
Information technology (GIS). The data products used were Toposheets of 1:50,000 scale,
Taluk maps of 1:63360 scale, census data of 2001 and Tsunami affected villages from
official Cuddalore web sites. The disaster mapping not only represents the affected villages
due to Tsunami but also identifies the Tsunami vulnerable village based on inundation
level (m) contour.
The paper maps were converted into digital maps in various GIS formats to carry
out the mapping for Tsunami Disaster on 26th dec 2004 and the Tsunami vulnerability
assessment for Coastal Cuddalore. In GIS the digital database was built up as spatial and
aspatial data for the study area. The database was built up as vector files and raster files.
They were compiled and integrated using the GIS software to carry out the analysis. The
mapped disaster and the analyzed results were presented as maps and tables. Flow chart
depicting the study design is given in the Fig - 2
3.2 Data Products
The scanned Toposheets bearing the No:58M/10&14, Tamilnadu (South Arcot),
First Edition 1971, Scale -1:50,000. Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluk maps at the scale
of 1:63360 and Cuddalore District map at a scale of 1:250000 were used to digitize the
digital maps.
The population data are collected from the census department as Primary Census
Extract -2001 in the digital form.
The Tsunami affected Villages data are collected from official web site of
Cuddalore www.tn.gov.in (Table - 1)
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Fig - 2
Study Design
Toposheets
Scanning
On-screen Registering and Digitizing and
Editing
Text Data
Key Entry/Cd,s
Tsunami Disaster Mapping
Tsunami Vulnerability Asssesment Map/Table
Tsunami Disaster Boundry Demarcation
Data Merging
Data Editing and Conversion
Contour Map from Elevation Data
Hazard Zone Mapping Spatial Joining
Study Area Base Map
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3.3 Database Design
The database was built up on the GIS platform as spatial and aspatial data. The spatial data
(maps) were created by on –screen digitizing the geo referenced scanned paper maps and stored
as vector and raster files in the digital format. The geo referencing refers to the registering of the
scanned maps to geographical co-ordinate (Latitude and Longitude) using GIS software’s. The
aspatial data or the attribute data such as population data for villages can be added to the spatial
data (Maps).
The data products such as scanned Toposheets and Taluk maps in JPEG format and census
data in digital formats were used as input data in GIS. The Toposheets and the Taluk maps were
Geo-referenced in Arc GIS Software. The base maps were digitized from the Toposheets and the
Taluk maps and saved in shapefile. The digitized base maps were built on the basic GIS features
as point, line and polygon shapefile. The shapefiles were corrected for digitized errors and
converted to coverage model in Arc info workstation software for further analysis. The attributes
to the shapefile were keyed in from the printed text matters. The Primary Census Abstract -2001
data in the excel format is converted to .dbf format and used in GIS for joining the attribute to the
shapefile.
3.4 Map and Mapping
(a) Geo referencing the scanned maps:
The Scanned Toposheets and Taluk maps in the jpeg format are geo-referenced using Arc
GIS software in the geographic coordinate system. The geo-referencing was done by loading the
Toposheet No: 58M10&14 in Arc GIS using the geo-referencing tool. The four corners of the
Toposheet were taken as tics/ control points for registering in the geographic coordinate system.
Using the above mentioned method other Toposheets and the Taluk maps were geo referenced.
Only four tics were used for geo-referencing because, the study area selected from the Toposheet
and the Taluk maps were of small portion to have negligible displacement/distortion on the
digitized maps.
(b) Digitizing and Mapping
The base maps were digitized in basic GIS features as point, line and polygon features.
The thematic maps were on – screen digitized in Arc GIS using the Toposheets and Taluk maps.
The digitized vector layers in the shapefile format were used for mapping the disaster and for
16
analyzing the assessment of Tsunami vulnerability. The various Bases maps and thematic maps
digitized and analyzed were listed below:
Map 1 Coastal village of Cuddalore district map
The outline of the Cuddalore district was digitized from the scanned geo-referenced
Cuddalore district map of 1:250000 scale and stacked with Coastal Cuddalore- Administrative
Division Map (Map-2). Coastal Villages of Cuddalore District Map shows the outline of the
Cuddalore district with the coastal village’s boundary within 10 km from the coastline.
Map 2 Coastal Cuddalore- Administrative division map
The Revenue village boundaries were digitized as line features from the scanned geo-
referenced Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluk maps as shapefile. The shapefile was edited for
digitizing errors and converted to polygon feature shapefile in Arc info workstation. The Village
Id No and names of the Revenue villages were added to the attribute table by key board entry.
The population data for the Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluk was extracted from the Primary
census abstract 2001 in excel format and village Id No was entered by keying. The population
data in excel format was then converted to .dbf format and stored. In the Software the population
data in .dbf format is opened in the table menu in Arc view Software and joined to the Coastal
Cuddalore -Administrative Division Map attribute table.
Map 3 Coastal Cuddalore-Villages map
The Villages and hamlets from the Toposheets, Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluk were
point digitized. Village names and ID No were added as attribute data. Population data in the .dbf
format was opened in the Arc View tables menu and joined to the village attribute table
Map 4 Coastal Cuddalore-Tsunami affected villages 2004
The 39 Tsunami affected villages shown in Table -1 were point digitized from the
georeferenced Toposheet and Taluk maps were created by digitizing the affected villages from
the Toposheet and Taluk maps. The map -2 showing the village boundary and map -14 showing
the rivers were stacked over to get Map-4.
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Map 5 Coastal Cuddalore –Tsunami Disaster Boundary Map
From Coastal Cuddalore-Tsunami affected villages 2004 (Map-4) the Tsunami affected
villages were demarcated by line digitizing the boundary of the Tsunami disaster by connecting
the affected villages. The map -2 was stacked over to get map -5.
Map 6 Coastal Cuddalore- Disaster Map- 26th Dec 2004
The Tsunami affected villages were digitized as point features in the Tsunami affected
villages map from the scanned geo-referenced Toposheets, Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluk
maps. Using the Tsunami affected village’s map, the Tsunami disaster Boundary map (Map-5)
was line digitized demarcating the villages manually by joining the peripheral village points from
the coastline. The Coastal Cuddalore: Administrative Division Map (Map-2) and Tsunami
disaster boundary map (Map-5) were staked to get the Tsunami Disaster map (Map-6).
Map 7 Spot heights Map
The Spot heights from the Toposheets 58M 10&14, 5813 and 58M15 were point digitized
and the elevation in meters was keyed in to spot heights attribute table. The coastline was point
digitized at equally spaced intervals and the spot values were entered as 0 M and stored as Point
shapefile. The elevation in the spot height map ranges from 0 meters (mean sea level) to 20
meters in the study area.
Map 8 Coastal Cuddalore- Contour map
The spot height shapefile was used to interpolate the spot height values by IDW
interpolation method with a contour interval of 1 M and base contour as 0. The interpolation
generates a grid file showing the contour with 1 M interval. The contour lines were edited
manually by deleting the contour line other than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 and 15 M. The contour line
editing was done to avoid the clustering of the contours and to have visual harmony to the map.
The contour map was stacked over the Coastal Cuddalore -Administrative Division Map (Map-
1).
Map 9 Coastal Cuddalore Digital elevation map
This map was created using surfer software from the spot heights and the lat – long l
values of spot height shapefile. From the spot height shapefile the lat- long data for the spot
values were extracted by running the script in the script window for the spot height shapefile in
18
the Arc View window. This generates the lat – long values for the spot heights in the attribute
table. The attribute table of the spot height shapefile was exported as * .txt format. The *.txt was
used in the Surfer program to post the spot heights and to have a 3D of the coast. The output map
was the digital elevation model of the Coastal Cuddalore.
Map 10 Coastal Cuddalore- Tsunami Inundation Level Map
The Tsunami Inundation level map was prepared from the contour map showing the
Tsunami Inundation level in Meter contour.
Map 11 Coastal Cuddalore -Tsunami Hazard map
The Coastal Cuddalore Hazard map (Map-11) was the classified inundation contour map
created by classifying the inundation level values from as 0 to1 M , 1-3 M , 3-5 M , >5 m. The
Hazard classification range was labeled in the attribute table as 0 to 1 m as Very low, 1-3 m as
low, 3-5 m as medium, >5 m as high in the Tsunami hazard map (Map-11).
Map 12 Coastal Cuddalore- Tsunami Vulnerability Map
The Tsunami Vulnerability map was the reclassified map of Tsunami hazard Map (Map-
11) showing the highly vulnerable areas to Tsunami Hazard were the low-lying areas from the
coast and low vulnerable areas were the high–lying areas from the coast. The Tsunami
vulnerability zones were classified as
1. Low Tsunami Vulnerable Zones (Very high Tsunami hazard zones),
2. Medium Tsunami Vulnerable Zone (High Tsunami hazard zones),
3. High Tsunami Vulnerable Zone (Medium Tsunami hazard zones) and
4. Very High Tsunami Vulnerable Zone (low Tsunami hazard zones).
Map 13 Coastal Cuddalore- Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Map
The villages are point digitized and their names were added in the attribute table (Map-3).
The village points spatially joined to the Hazard map (Map-11) and the results are mapped and
attributes were tabulated showing the village vulnerability to Tsunami as very high, high,
medium and low. The population data was added to the polygon Administrative Division map
(Map-1) by joining the census (.dbf) to the attribute table. The Administrative Division map
(Map-1) and the village map (Map-3) are spatially joined. The resultant Tsunami Vulnerability
19
Assessment Map (Map-13) and the attribute table of village point shows the Tsunami
vulnerability of villages with population data.
Map 14 Coastal Cuddalore- Rivers map
The part of rivers such as Malathar, ponnair, Uppanar, Parava, Gadilam, Vellar, Kolidam
and Khan ShabibCanal were digitized from Toposheet within the study area and labeled. The
map-1 was stacked to produce the output map.
Map 15 Coastal Cuddalore- Rivers Buffer map
The rivers map (map- 14) was used to create the buffer map by running buffer wizard in
the Arc View software with 1 km radius.
Map 16 Coastal Cuddalore Rivers –Tsunami Vulnerability Map
The rivers buffer map (map-15) and the Tsunami vulnerability map (map-12) was
overlayed using the intersection tool in the Arc View geo processing wizard.
Map 17 Coastal Cuddalore Riverside Villages–Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment
Map
The river map (Map-14) for the Coastal Cuddalore was carried out by digitizing river
main streams and labeled in the attribute table. The river streams are buffered to 1Km radius and
the map was then clipped using Map-1 to get the rivers buffer map (Map-15). The Tsunami
vulnerability map (Map-11) and rivers buffer map (Map-15) were overlayed using intersection
operation to get the river vulnerability map (Map-16). The costal Cuddalore village map (Map-3)
and the river vulnerability map (Map-16) are spatially joined to get the coastal Cuddalore
riverside villages – Tsunami vulnerability map (map-17).The assessment map shows the villages
vulnerable to Tsunami within the 1 Km radius of the river on either side.
Map 18 Coastal Cuddalore Tsunami Disaster –Vulnerability Assessment Map
The coastline was buffered to 1 Km radius and clipped to map-1 and stacked over
the maps-1, 3, 4 and 5.
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3.5 Attributes Data
The attribute data’s such as the names of the villages with their ID no were keyed in to
the map-3 attribute table. The population data as primary census abstract of 2001 from the census
department was collected in the form of CD. The population data in excel format from the CD
was converted to *.dbf format and added to the tables menu in Arc View. The *.dbf table was
joined to the village Administrative map (Map-1).
21
4.0 Tsunami Disaster: The Nature of the Region and Occurrence of the
Disaster
4.1 Introduction
The Coastal Cuddalore was the one of the worst affected region in the Tamilnadu during
the Great Indian ocean Tsunami attack on 26th Dec 2004. The Earthquake occurred at a
magnitude of 9.0 on Richter scale with epi-center located southwest of Sumatra Island. The
Tsunami Waves reached Indian Coast at about 2-2.5 hr after the earthquake subduction that
occurred around 06.29 Hr (IST). The sea level transgression was 200 to 800 m in Tamilnadu
margin of the east coast of India. The surge heights of 1.5 to 5.5 m above mean sea level with a
maximum height near karaikkal and Nagapattinam was indicated.
The coastal topography of Coastal Cuddalore was gradually sloping with river estuaries
and unique coastal feature of mangrove forest along its southern part.
4.2 Administration and people
The Coastal Cuddalore consists of part of Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluks. They are
further subdivided as administrative divisions consisting of villages. There were 363
villages/Hamlets within the Coastal Cuddalore. The major towns such as Cuddalore (old Town
and New Town), Porto-Nova Parangipettai), Cuddalore Port and Pichavaram were located along
the coastline of Cuddalore District.
4.3 Coastal Villages of Cuddalore District Map
The Coastal Cuddalore consisting coastal villages of Cuddalore District was represented
as a part of Cuddalore District. The coastal Cuddalore extends approximately to 10 Km from the
coastline. The Cuddalore District was surrounded by Pondicherry and Villupuram in the north,
Perambalur and Ariyalur in the west, Nagapattinam in the South and Bay of Bengal in the east.
4.4 Coastal Cuddalore -Administrative Division Map
The map represents the administrative division boundary of the coastal Villages.
The northern part of the Coastal Cuddalore has Cuddalore Town and Cuddalore port with
surrounding small village villages of Cuddalore Taluk. The southern parts of the Coastal
Cuddalore with major towns such as Porto- Nova and Pichavaram in Chidamadaram Taluk have
elongated village boundaries along the coastline.
22
4.5 Coastal Cuddalore- Villages Map
The Map represents the villages and hamlets as point features inside the village boundary
map. There were 363 villages located within the coastal Cuddalore. The fishing villages were
located along the coastline of Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluk. Along the Southern part of the
region the villages were sparsely located near the Pichavaram mangrove forest.
4.6 Coastal Cuddalore -Tsunami Disaster Map
The 39 Tsunami affected villages of Coastal Cuddalore were mapped to identify the
disaster boundary. From the demarcated disaster boundary it is evident that the boundary extends
upto approximately 10 kms from the coastline. This was contrary to the transgression distance of
Tsunami waves during the 2004 Tsunami attack. Hence the Villages away from 1 km distance of
the coastline such as Uchimedu, Thiyagavali, Thiruchopuram, Kayalpattu, Adarmulipalayam,
Silambimangalam, Manambadi, Killai, Uttamacholamangalam, Pichavaram,
Thandavarayacholaganpettai, Thirkalipallai (Kil) and Jayamkondapatinam were affected by the
flooding of rivers such as Malathar, Paravanar. Uppanar, Gadilam, Vellar, Khan Shahib Canal
and Kolidam.
23
Map -1
24
Map-2 Map-3
Map-4 Map-5
25
Map - 6
26
5.0 Tsunami Disaster: Assessment of Vulnerability
5.1 Introduction
The vulnerability of villages to Tsunami disaster was based upon the experience of the
Tsunami disaster mapping of the 2004 Tsunami attack and from the models developed using the
Inundation based hazard zoning (1). The assessment of villages vulnerable to a future attack for
Coastal Cuddalore region was mapped using the hazard zone classification. The hazard zones
were based on the Tsunami Inundation level (M) contour of the coastal terrain. The spot heights
values of the terrain from the Toposheets were used to map the contour elevation and digital
elevation model. The contour elevation map was reclassified and contour intervals were edited to
get the Tsunami Hazard map.
5.2 Coastal Cuddalore -Contour Map
The Coastal Cuddalore was gradually sloping from west to east towards the coastline in
Chidambaram Taluk and relatively steep sloped in Cuddalore Taluk. In Cuddalore Taluk
Cuddalore Town, Pachayankuppam, Tiyagavalli, Thiruchchepuram and kudikadu are relatively
steep sloping (0-20 meters), when compared to (0-2 meters) in Chidambaram Taluk villages like
kayalpattu, Andarmullipalayam, Periapattu, Silambimangalam, Villiyanallur, kothatai,
Ariyaghosti, Parangipettai, killai, Pichavaram, Thandavarayacholaganpettai and Thiruazhipalai
(kezh).
5.3 Coastal Cuddalore - Digital elevation map
The elevation of the region was represented in the 3D view as a digital elevation model.
The elevation in Meters and the Extent of the region in decimal degrees were used for this model.
Some of the coastal villages were posted to have the coastal view of the region. The inner part of
the region shows that the major part of the northern coastal Cuddalore was relatively located at a
higher altitude than the southern part.
5.4 Coastal Cuddalore -Tsunami Hazard Map
The impact of Tsunami waves to the terrestrial features were highly related to the
terrestrial elevation of the coast. Hence the Tsunami Inundation level based on Terrestrial
elevation was used to classify the Tsunami hazard. As the Tsunami wave inundation along the
coast was dependent on the coastal elevation i.e. the coast with higher elevation was less affected
27
when compared to the coast with low elevation from the mean sea level. The Tsunami wave
propagates first towards the low lying areas as compared to the higher elevation areas. Hence the
process of Tsunami inundation based on the terrestrial elevation was used to classify Tsunami
hazard Zones. The Tsunami hazard zone in the Tsunami hazard map (Map-10) was based on the
terrestrial elevation classification
The Coastal Cuddalore hazard map shows the Tsunami hazard zones of low hazard zone
(0-1m), Medium hazard zone (1-3m), High hazard zone (3-5m) and very high hazard zone (>
5m). The 0-5 m zones falls within 1.2 km from the coastline in Cuddalore Taluk between
Cuddalore Port and Ponniyankuppam. At southern part of Chidambaram Taluk the 0-5 meter
zones falls between Chinnur to Sattapadi and extends up to 11.8 km from the coastline in Coastal
Cuddalore. The major part of the northern Coastal Cuddalore falls under Very high hazard zone
(> 5m) and the major part of the southern Coastal Cuddalore falls under high Hazard zone (3-5
m).
5.5 Coastal Cuddalore Villages –Tsunami Vulnerability Map
The Tsunami Vulnerability map shows the highly vulnerable areas to Tsunami Hazard
were low-lying areas from the coast and low vulnerable areas were the high–lying areas from the
coast. The Tsunami vulnerability zones were classified as
1. Low Tsunami Vulnerable Zones (Very high Tsunami hazard zones),
2. Medium Tsunami Vulnerable Zone (high Tsunami hazard zones),
3. High Tsunami Vulnerable Zone (medium Tsunami hazard zones) and
4. Very High Tsunami Vulnerable Zone (low Tsunami hazard zones).
5.6 Coastal Cuddalore Villages –Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Map
The vulnerability of villages to Tsunami was based on the Tsunami hazard zones. The
high hazard zones were classified as low vulnerable zone and low hazard zones as high
vulnerable zones. The villages are classified using the Tsunami vulnerability map were tabulated
and presented in Table-2.
In Coastal Cuddalore there were 363 villages located within 10 km from the coast of
which 33 villages were very highly vulnerable, 31 villages were highly vulnerable, 112 villages
were medium vulnerable and 187 villages were low vulnerable to Tsunami. The 33 villages that
were highly vulnerable were located within 1.7 Km and 3.2 Km from coast at Cuddalore and
28
Chidambaram Taluk respectively.The very high vulnerable areas have a total population of
23,758, with minimum village population of 409 in Subbaualpadi and maximum population of
8,111 in Pachyankuppam.
High vulnerable areas have a total population of 43,341 with minimum village population
of 397 in Radhavilingam and maximum village population of 5,053 in Thiyagavallai. The major
towns Killai and Parangipettai with a total population of 9,899 and 20,912 respectively were also
located in high vulnerable zone. Cuddalore town with a total population of 158, 634 and
Annamalai Nagar with a 16,062 total population were located in the medium vulnerable zone.
The total population of medium vulnerable zone was 262,601 with a minimum village population
of 248 in Nagapanur and maximum population of 5,253 in Silambimangalam. The low
vulnerable area has a total population of 19,279 with minimum village population of 45 in
Ponnaiyankuppam and maximum village population of 8,421 in Valadambattu. Padrikuppam
town with a population of 16,075 was located in this low vulnerable zone.
5.7 Coastal Cuddalore Riverside Villages–Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment
Map
The Coastal Cuddalore has rivers such as malathar, upanar, parvanar, vellar, gadilam and
Kolidam draining into Bay of Bengal. These rivers get flooded due to Tsunami causing damage
to the adjacent villages located on the river banks. The vulnerability of the riverside village’s
during Tsunami was classified based on the terrestrial elevation of the villages. The vulnerability
of villages lying within 1 Km radius from river stream was mapped, tabulated and presented
Table -3 and Map-17.
During a Tsunami hazard, the rivers draining along the coast gets flooded. The flooding
of river starts from the coast line and moves towards inland. The riverside Vulnerability of
villages due to Tsunami for the Coastal Cuddalore region was assessed based on Tsunami
Vulnerability hazard zoning. The riverside villages within 1 Km on either side of rivers such as
Gadilam, Malathar, Paravanar, Upannar, Khan Sahib canal, Ponniar, Vellar and Kollidam
draining into bay of Bengal were assessed for Tsunami Vulnerability are tabulated and presented
in Table-2.
There were 120 riverside villages located within 1 km from river banks in Coastal
Cuddalore of which 14 were very highly vulnerable, 25 highly vulnerable, 37 medium
vulnerable and 44 were low vulnerable
29
Along Malathar there were totally 5 villages vulnerable within 1 Km radius, of which 2
villages namely Sivanathapuram and Sathikatupalayam were highly vulnerable and 3 villages
were medium vulnerable.
Along Ponnaiar there were totally 14 villages vulnerable within 1 Km radius, of which 3
villages were Very highly vulnerable viz., Subavpalvadi, Kandakkadu and Devanampatnam, 3
villages were highly vulnerable and 8 low vulnerable villages.
Along Gadilam River there were totally 13 villages vulnerable within 1 Km radius of
which 2 villages namely Vanarapalayam and Chellankuppam were medium vulnerable and 11
low vulnerable villages.
Along Uppanar River there were totally 38 villages vulnerable within 1 Km radius of
which 4 villages were Very highly vulnerable Viz., Cuddalore Port, Sothikuppam, Rajpalayam
and Sonagankupam, 9 villages were highly vulnerable, 18 villages were medium vulnerable and
7 low vulnerable villages.
Along Paravanar River there were totally 2 villages vulnerable within 1 Km radius
namely Sirupalayur and Kundiyamallur were low vulnerable.
Along Vellar river there were totally 13 villages vulnerable within 1 Km radius of which
1 village namely Porto-Nova (Parangipettai) was Very highly vulnerable, 2 villages were highly
vulnerable, and 10 low vulnerable villages.
Along Khan Sahib Canal there were totally 24 villages vulnerable within 1 Km radius of
which 5 villages namely Pichavaram R.F, Chittikkollai, Nedupalyam, Terku Pichavaram and
Ilantadimedu were Very highly vulnerable, 7 villages were highly vulnerable and 12 medium
vulnerable villages.
Along Kolidam River there were totally 11 villages vulnerable within 1 Km radius of
which Chinnavaikal was very highly vulnerable, 2 villages Viz., Jayamkondapatinam and
Ambigapurani were highly vulnerable, 2 villages were medium vulnerable and 6 Villages low
vulnerable villages.
30
5.8 Coastal Cuddalore Tsunami Disaster–Vulnerability Assessment Map
The map showing the Tsunami disaster boundary line clearly demarcates the villages of
vulnerable villages that are located within the 1 km radius of the coastline and the rivers during
the Tsunami attack that occurred on 26th December 2004. From this map it’s possible to identify
the vulnerability of the villages. The relief action can be taken to identify and include the villages
that were not published during the disaster. This helps us to take care of the villages as well that
are not prone to the disaster without leaving any Tsunami affected villages.
31
Map –7 Map-8
Map-9
32
Map – 10 Map-11
Map-12 Map-13
33
Map -14 Map-15
Map-16 Map-17
34
Map-18
35
Fig-3
GIS output for Coastal Cuddalore Villages Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment
36
Fig-4
GIS output for Coastal Cuddalore Riverside Villages Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment
37
6.0 Summary and Conclusion
The Coastal Cuddalore comprising 363 villages within 10 km from the coastline
with terrestrial elevation ranging from mean sea level of 0 m to 20 m was mapped for Tsunami
disaster on 26th Dec 2004. The Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment was based on the Tsunami
Inundation Level of Coastal Cuddalore. The disaster map shows the coastal villages affected due
to Tsunami, located within 1 Km from the Coastline and rivers such as Ponnaiar, Gadilam,
Uppanar, Paravanar, Vellar, Upannar, Khan Sahib Canal and kolidam. It was inferred from the
disaster map that the flooding of rivers due to Tsunami has affected the riverside villages. The
villages located approximately 1 km away from the coastline has also got affected e.g
Jayamkondapattinam 9 km away from the coastline along the banks of river kollidam in
Chidambaram Taluk.
The Tsunami hazard on 26th Dec 2004 falls under the High hazard zone as per
classification of 0-6m elevation. The Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment of villages, riverside
villages, Coastal Cuddalore with 2001 population data was carried out. The assessment shows
that, of the 363 villages with a total population of 519,949, 33 villages were very highly
vulnerable with a total population of 23,758 along the coastline within the elevation range of 0- 1
meter, 31 villages were highly vulnerable with a population of 43,341, 112 villages were medium
vulnerable with a population of 262,601 and 187 villages were low vulnerable with a population
of 190,279 to Tsunami.
The birds eye view of “The Tsunami Disaster 2004: Assessment of Vulnerability” to
villages, riverside villages, of Coastal Cuddalore was presented as map. The assessment shows
that 33 coastal villages within 1 km from the coastline and 120 riverside villages within 1 km
radius from the rivers of Coastal Cuddalore were vulnerable to Tsunami than the other villages.
The results from the Tsunami disaster map shows that the villages within the 1 km from the coast
and villages within the 1 km radius of the rivers and canal were worst affected due to Tsunami on
Dec 2004. The results from the Tsunami vulnerability assessment were mapped for macroscopic
view of the disaster. The Vulnerable village population data were presented as tables as well as
GIS output. The disaster and vulnerability maps can be used for further analysis and rescue
management with other thematic layers such as safe shelter places and network maps.
38
Table -1
Tsunami Affected Villages in Cuddalore on 26th December 2004
S.No Names
1 Andarmullipalayam 2 Ayampettai 3 Chinnavaikal 4 Chinnur 5 Chittirapettai 6 Devanampatnam 7 Gunduvuppalvadi 8 Jayamkondapatinam 9 Kayalpattu 10 killai 11 Komarapettai 12 Manambadi (Chidram) 13 Mudaslodai 14 Mulukkuturai 15 Nallavadu 16 Nanamedu 17 Nanjanlingampettai 18 Pachchaiyankuppam 19 Periyakuppam 20 Pichavaram 21 Portonovo 22 Pottai Odai 23 Pudukuppam 24 Pudupettai 25 Rajappetta 26 Redddiyarpettai 27 Samiyarpettai 28 Silambimangalam 29 Singarathope 30 Sonagakuppam 31 Sothikuppam 32 Subavpalvadi 33 Tandavarayacholaganpettai 34 Thiruchopuram 35 Tirukkalippalai(kil) 36 Tiyagavalli 37 Uchimedu 38 Uttamacholamangalam 39 Velangirayanpettai
Source: www.tn.gov.in
39
Table-2
Coastal Cuddalore- Tsunami Vulnerable Villages
Note: Table-2 Data Continues for 363 Villages. The 50 Villages data has illustrated above.
NO Village/Hamlet Tsun_Vuln NO Revenue Village LEVEL TRU TOT_P TOT_M TOT_F 1 Muttupalayam Medium 1 Adinarayanapuram VILLAGE Rural 728 380 348 2 Vallovanattam Low 3 Ayatturai Low 4 Ayatturai Low 5 Agaram Low 2 Agaram VILLAGE Rural 4956 2511 2445 6 Palli Odai Low 7 Sangalikuppam Low 8 Arasnkuppam Low 9 Arasankuppam Low 10 Sriniivasapuram Low 11 Akalimmapuram Low 3 Akgatimmapuram VILLAGE Rural 810 407 403 12 Alamelumangapuram Medium 4 Alamelumangapuram VILLAGE Rural 400 195 205 13 Alappakam Low 5 Alappakkam VILLAGE Rural 1031 505 526 14 Nagakulam Low 6 Ambalavanampettai VILLAGE Rural 3629 1787 1842 15 Ambalavanampettai Low 16 Appayanpet Low 17 Ambigapurani Medium 7 Ambigapuram VILLAGE Rural 583 309 274 18 Andarmullipalayam Medium 8 Andarmullippallam VILLAGE Rural 3194 1649 1545 19 Annappanpettai V.High 20 Nayanakuppam High 21 Muttulingaredipettai V.High 22 Atmanandapuram Medium 23 Annamalai Nagar Medium 9 Annamalai Nagar (TP) TOWN Urban 10062 4357 5705 24 Thiruvankulam Medium 25 Andikuppam Low 10 Annavalli VILLAGE Rural 4318 2174 2144 26 Valicheripalayam Low 27 Annavalli Low 28 Anukkambattu Low 11 Anukkambattu VILLAGE Rural 2115 1065 1050 29 Muthaiyalpetai Low 30 Sattankuppam Low 31 Arisiperiyankuppam Low 32 Mavadipudur Low 12 Arisipperiyankuppam VILLAGE Rural 1189 590 599 33 Karaiyeravittakuppam Low 34 Toppirappu Medium 13 Ariyakoshti VILLAGE Rural 2730 1334 1396 35 Ariyaghosti Medium 36 Chinnur V.High 37 Pudupettai V.High 38 Arumuludevan Medium 14 Arulmozhidevan VILLAGE Rural 990 517 473 39 Chinna Andikuppam Medium 40 Nalla Andikuppam Medium 41 Ayipuram Medium 15 Ayipuram VILLAGE Rural 1828 919 909 42 Anikaranchathiram Medium 16 B.Mutlur VILLAGE Rural 2959 1443 1516 43 Tamboaikuppam Medium 44 Tettimedu Medium 45 Mutlur(Bhuvanagiri) Medium 46 Adivrahanallur Medium 17 B.Adhivaraganallur VILLAGE Rural 2827 1410 1417 47 Vadakuppam Medium 48 Chellancheri Low 18 Chellancheri VILLAGE Rural 2874 1430 1444 49 Edapalaiyam Low 50 Thulukkanginatam Low 51 Chidambarathanpettai Medium 19 Chidambaranathanpettai VILLAGE Rural 632 323 309 52 Kumudamedu Low 21 Chinnakanganankuppam VILLAGE Rural 428 232 196 53 chinakakanakuppam Low 54 Chinnakummatti Medium 22 Chinnakummatti VILLAGE Rural 2225 1101 1124 55 Chittalapadi Medium 23 Chittalappadi VILLAGE Rural 713 357 356 56 Vadakuteruvu Medium 57 Chokkankolai Low 24 Chokkankollai VILLAGE Rural 548 299 249 58 Kotwal Choultry Medium 25 Cuddalore (M) TOWN Urban 158634 80012 78622 59 Chellankuppam Medium 60 Cuddalore Port V.High
40
Table – 3
Coastal Cuddalore: Riverside Villages – Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment S.no Villages Vzon BufferDis Rivers
1 Chellankuppam Medium 1 Gadilam.R
2 Vanarapalayam Medium 1 Gadilam.R
3 Anicut Low 1 Gadilam.R
4 Kuttapakkam Low 1 Gadilam.R
5 Otteri Low 1 Gadilam.R
6 Padirikuppam Low 1 Gadilam.R
7 Pudur Low 1 Gadilam.R
8 Tirumanikkuli Low 1 Gadilam.R
9 Tiruvendipuram Low 1 Gadilam.R
10 Totti Low 1 Gadilam.R
11 Udaramanikam Low 1 Gadilam.R
12 Vanamadevi Low 1 Gadilam.R
13 Vilvarayanattam Low 1 Gadilam.R
14 Pichavaram R.F V.High 1 Khan sahib
15 Chittikkollai V.High 1 Khan sahib
16 Nedupalyam V.High 1 Khan sahib
17 Terku Pichavaram V.High 1 Khan sahib
18 Ilantadimedu V.High 1 Khan sahib
19 Vadaku Pichavaram High 1 Khan sahib
20 Pichavarm Ext High 1 Khan sahib
21 Chinna Pichavaram High 1 Khan sahib
22 Kanakkarpatu High 1 Khan sahib
23 Kil perambai High 1 Khan sahib
24 Arasamedai High 1 Khan sahib
25 Thiruvasalodai High 1 Khan sahib
26 Natarajapuram Medium 1 Khan sahib
27 Vasaputur Medium 1 Khan sahib
28 Vadakuteruvu Medium 1 Khan sahib
29 Chittalapadi Medium 1 Khan sahib
30 Metuteruvu Medium 1 Khan sahib
31 Gavampatu Medium 1 Khan sahib
32 Tirukalipalai(Mel) Medium 1 Khan sahib
33 Varadur Medium 1 Khan sahib
34 Sivapuri Medium 1 Khan sahib
35 Pettai Medium 1 Khan sahib
36 Thiruvankulam Medium 1 Khan sahib
37 Annamalai Nagar Medium 1 Khan sahib
38 Chinnavaikal V.High 1 Kolidam.R
39 Tirukkalippalai(kil) High 1 Kolidam.R
40 Alakkudi High 1 Kolidam.R
41
Table-3 Contd…..
Coastal Cuddalore: Riverside Villages – Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment
S.no Villages Vzon BufferDis Rivers
41 Jayamkondapatinam Medium 1 Kolidam.R
42 Ambigapurani Medium 1 Kolidam.R
43 Nadalpadugai Low 1 Kolidam.R
44 Kutturi Low 1 Kolidam.R
45 Kiolkundalpadi Low 1 Kolidam.R
46 Melkundalpadi Low 1 Kolidam.R
47 Kattur Ikkarai Low 1 Kolidam.R
48 Vadakarai Low 1 Kolidam.R
49 Sivanathapuram High 1 Malathar .
50 Sathikatupalayam High 1 Malathar .
51 Rangapparedipalaiyam Medium 1 Malathar .
52 Kil Alinjippattu Medium 1 Malathar .
53 Periyakattupalaiyam Medium 1 Malathar .
54 Sirupalaiyur Low 1 Paravanar.
55 Kundiyamallur Low 1 Paravanar.
56 Subavpalvadi V.High 1 Ponnaiar R
57 Kandakkadu V.High 1 Ponnaiar R
58 Devanampatnam V.High 1 Ponnaiar.R
59 Nanamedu High 1 Ponnaiar R
60 Gunduvuppalvadi High 1 Ponnaiar.R
61 Uppalavadi High 1 Ponnaiar.R
62 Periyakkanangkuppam Low 1 Ponnaiar R
63 Semmandalam Low 1 Ponnaiar R
64 Kumudamedu Low 1 Ponnaiar R
65 Sanarpalayam Low 1 Ponnaiar.R
66 Unamalaichavadi Low 1 Ponnaiar.R
67 Irandayiravilagam Low 1 Ponnaiar.R
68 Alagiyanattam Low 1 Ponnaiar.R
69 Nattampattu Low 1 Ponnaiar.R
70 Cuddalore Port V.High 1 Uppanar .R
71 Sothikuppam V.High 1 Uppanar .R
72 Rajpalayam V.High 1 Uppanar .R
73 Sonagankupam V.High 1 Uppanar .R
74 Vechikadu High 1 Uppanar .R
75 Nadar Kovil High 1 Uppanar .R
76 Tiyagavalli High 1 Uppanar .R
77 Thiruchopuram High 1 Uppanar .R
78 Tiyagavalli High 1 Uppanar .R
79 Panjankuppam High 1 Uppanar.R
80 Karikuppam High 1 Uppanar.R
42
Table-3 Contd…..
Coastal Cuddalore: Riverside Villages – Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment
S.no Villages Vzon BufferDis Rivers
81 Kusavanpattu High 1 Uppanar.R
82 Vannarapalayam High 1 Uppanar.R
83 Pachchaiyankuppam Medium 1 Uppanar .R
84 Kudikadu Medium 1 Uppanar .R
85 Alppakkam R.S Medium 1 Uppanar .R
86 Cuddalore Old Town Medium 1 Uppanar .R
87 Sembadakuppam Medium 1 Uppanar .R
88 Kambalimedu Medium 1 Uppanar.R
89 Anaiyampettai Medium 1 Uppanar.R
90 Kayalpattu Medium 1 Uppanar.R
91 Atmanandapuram Medium 1 Uppanar.R
92 Mattur Medium 1 Uppanar.R
93 Andarmullipalayam Medium 1 Uppanar.R
94 Puduchattiram Medium 1 Uppanar.R
95 Toppirappu Medium 1 Uppanar.R
96 Agaram Medium 1 Uppanar.R
97 Silambimangalam Medium 1 Uppanar.R
98 Muttupalayam Medium 1 Uppanar.R
99 Toppirappu Medium 1 Uppanar.R
100 Gopalapuram Medium 1 Uppanar.R
101 Sangilikuppam Low 1 Uppanar .R
102 Madukarai Low 1 Uppanar .R
103 Vauankuppam Low 1 Uppanar .R
104 Pundiyankuppam Low 1 Uppanar .R
105 Sonakanchavadi Low 1 Uppanar .R
106 Sembankuppam Low 1 Uppanar .R
107 Alappakam Low 1 Uppanar.R
108 Portonovo V.High 1 Vellar.R
109 Ponnotittu High 1 Vellar.R
110 Manambadi (Chidram) High 1 Vellar.R
111 Kottumedu Medium 1 Vellar.R
112 Maduvangarai Medium 1 Vellar.R
113 Tittanpalayam Medium 1 Vellar.R
114 Ambukuttipalayam Medium 1 Vellar.R
115 Mutlur(Chidram) Medium 1 Vellar.R
116 Taiyakuppam Medium 1 Vellar.R
117 Kilmungiladi Medium 1 Vellar.R
118 Amabalattadikuppam Medium 1 Vellar.R
119 Manambadi Medium 1 Vellar.R
120 Mutlur(Bhuvanagiri) Medium 1 Vellar.R
43
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45
Note: 1 List of Major Tsunami Deaths
Year Place Deaths 1933 Tsunami, Sanrika Japan 3000 1946 Honsu, Japan Earthquake Spawan
Tsunami 2000
22 May, 1960 Along the coast of Chile Approx. 2000 17 Aug. 1976 Philippines 8000 26 Dec 2004 Off west coast of northern Sumatra,
Indonesia Approx 31000 lives lost, over 4000 missing and 1 million affected
Source: Preventive/ Protection and Mitigation from risk of Tsunami, a strategy paper, Ministry of Home affairs, Government of India.
Note 2
Tsunamis recorded along the coast of India
Date Cause Impact 31 Dec 1881 (Source: Prof Roger Bilham)
A 7.9 Richter scale earthquake beneath Car Nicobar
Entire east coast of India and Andaman & Nicobar Islands; 1m Tsunamis were recorded at Chennai.
August 1883 (Source: Dr. Arun Bapat)
Explosion of the Krakatoa Volcano in Indonesia
East coast of India was affected; 2m Tsunamis were recorded at Chennai.
26 June 1941 (Source: Dr. Arun Bapat)
A 8.1 Richter scale earthquake in the Andaman archipelago.
East coast of India was affected but no estimates of height of the Tsunami is available
27 November 1945 (Source: Dr. Arun Bapat)
A 8.5 Richter scale earthquake at a distance of about 100km south of Karachi
West coast of India from north to Karwar was affected; 12m Tsunami was felt at Kandla
Source: http://www.nio.org/jsp/indexNew.jsp