TTCPUninhabited Air Vehicle SystemsPresentation to NDIAPaul Pace Chair AER TP-6

Thank You for Inviting Me to Palm Springs

History of TTCP UAV Activity19981999200020012002Pan-TTCP UAVs in the Battlefield WorkshopAER AG-1UAV Systems & TechnologiesJSA AG-8 UAV ConceptsAER TP-6 Uninhabited Air SystemsUAV Concept of Use WorkshopsUAV Technology Assessment WorkshopGlobal Hawk Studies

AG-8 WorkshopEarlyTacticalStrategicFutureCONOPS?time

Issues Arising from Pan TTCP UAV ConferenceWhat are the most promising & likely future military applications of UAV technology? (Future CONOPS) What are the technical issues associated with future coalition operation of UAVs? Into what UAV-related technology areas should the TTCP R&D investment be directed?

AG-8 ApproachHow do we identify UAV Critical Capability Needs and the Critical Technologies likely to solve them?Two ways:(1) Experimental Approach(2) Operational Analysis Approach

AG-8 ActivityApril, June, Nov 1999 Development of critical technology assessment methodology2000 Global Hawk overflight of Canada (date TBD) May 2000 - Washington DC Pan-TTCP UAV Technology Assessment Workshop.May 2001 - Wrap-up, Adelaide (Observers to Global Hawk overflights of Australia)

(1) AG-8 Methodology to Determine Critical UAV Technology(2)(3)(4)(5)

Potential Concepts/CONOPSCapability RequirementsCapability Gaps

Critical TechnologiesTechnology Priorities

Concepts of Use WorkshopHigh Intensity Conflict ScenarioHunting and killing Surface-to-surface Missile (SSM) systemsHigh Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) UAVUnmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV)Operation Other Than War (OOTW) ScenarioAttacking time critical targetAir Launched UAV (ALUAV) with manned aircraftTactical UAV

Scenario 1 - High Intensity Conflict(System Concept = HALE + UCAV vs SSM)

Technology Assessment WorkshopHeld May 16-18, 2000 in Washington DC.46 Military and civilian technical experts from 4 nations.Representation from DREs, Air SP, D Mar Strat, Army Doctrine, NRC.3 syndicates discussing all 4 scenarios.Common themes emerged and clear vision of technology challenges and priorities for R&D.All UAV concepts determined to be of high military value, but cost and risk are high.

Technology Ratings291615131075543222105101520253035Automatic Target RecognitionRobust Network CommunicationsAutonomous Situational AwarenessAll weather Imaging (Radar, mmWave, Fopen, Bistatic, synthetic presentation)Automatic Mission PlanningSensor Data FusionHyper Spectral Imagery and LADARFlight/Airspace Management and DoctrineSurvivability Technologies and DoctrinesSensor ManagementSystems Integration and OptimizationWeapons GuidanceLow cost Technologies applied to sensors and airframesFlight Control AlgorithmsRed: Significant R&D requiredYellow: Continued R&D will probably get us thereGreen: will happen with minimum investment

SURVEY BASED ON AUVSI DATA Spring 2003

Chart1

Design (Inc. Propulsion)0.1860465116

Autonomy0.1782945736

Operations0.1705426357

C3 + Networking0.1705426357

Airspace Integration0.0697674419

Sensors + Visualization0.0620155039

Test & Evaluation0.0542635659

Missions0.0465116279

UCAV0.0387596899

HR & Training0.023255814

Occurance

UAV Research Areas

Sheet1

Design (Inc. Propulsion)0.186046511624

Autonomy0.178294573623

Operations0.170542635722

C3 + Networking0.170542635722

Airspace Integration0.06976744199

Sensors + Visualization0.06201550398

Test & Evaluation0.05426356597

Missions0.04651162796

UCAV0.03875968995

HR & Training0.0232558143

129

Sheet1

Occurance

UAV Research Areas

Sheet2

Sheet3

JSA AG-8 RecommendationsAutomated Target Detection/RecognitionAutomated Mission PlanningAutomated Dynamic Mission and Flight ManagementAll Weather ImagingBattlespace ConnectivityUAVs in Urban Operations

TTCP AER TP-6 Summary

The Strategic Technology Drivers for Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Systems Include Autonomy Communication Bandwidth Data and Information Fusion Secondary Strategic Technologies Include Performance (Payload, Range, Maneuverability, Agility) Survivability Affordability Safety Mission Effectiveness Sustainability System

Research StrategicDirection Autonomy Bandwidth Fusion

Operational usage topics including roles, aircraft usage and life expectations, operational environments including threats, worldwide conditions, maintenance or other logistic support constraints, etc. Airspace integration issues In-service feedback on design, operation and ownership i.e. capability limitations, cost / manpower drivers, in-field repair needs, reliability /maintainability, ops requirements, etc.

Roles envisaged for r/w UAVs and hence design drivers. Mission requirements drive vehicle design. Provide warfighter requirements for small to micro UAVsPAN AER UAV Guidance RequestsWay Ahead

Pan TTCP UAV Requirements Workshop

Small/Micro UAVs and Urban Operations

Allied Participation

Experimentation Support & Cold Weather Field Testing

HNeT neural processing algorithms

Small Observer Program

DRDC, CFEC, CIC

DERA

Turret see-through panoramic vision

Combination of EO/IR and HRR radar, UAV integration

Automatic target detection recognition and tracking

Enhanced Surveillance System

Concept of OperationPanoramic ImageNIIRS 3-5NIIRS 6-8 targetTargetmarkedtrackedUAVImage

Small UAV LAV IntegrationAutomated TargetDetection TrackingRecognition

Ground Target Identification

MSTAR SARImagery

Receiver Operating Conditions (ROC)

Fraction of target images declared targets (Pd) Fraction of confuser images declared targets (Pfa)MSTAR Baseline

Detection of Humans in IR Imagerytrain HNeT torecognize humansresponse recall

Chart1

10.994041

10.993882

11.00679

10.994792

11.01138

11.00948

11.0005

11.00507

10.981952

10.990894

10.89457

11.0096

10.983922

10.991843

10.989373

10.963908

0-0.0417196

00.0583259

0-0.00132243

00.0335818

00.0778978

00.0091917

00.0788874

0-0.0132196

0-0.051696

0-0.0414466

00.0232522

00.00357389

0-0.00782608

00.308577

0-0.0293045

0-0.0193307

0-0.0673157

00.0170061

00.326276

00.0723337

0-0.0307981

0-0.00949889

00.00956867

00.0288901

0-0.0132946

0-0.0721404

00.0319262

00.0244092

00.00899047

00.00605211

00.0457183

0-0.0165193

00.0544105

0-0.00919093

00.0293822

0-0.0317352

0-0.157161

0-0.0306022

00.0166569

00.0141022

0-0.0360166

00.0335863

00.0219769

0-0.0394587

00.0268018

0-0.0471568

00.0143388

0-0.0110694

0-0.0169528

0-0.0313553

00.0611352

00.00460715

00.0204268

00.0199209

00.154346

00.0104037

00.133018

00.0196603

Sample

Response

IR human results

Desired[1]HNeT[1]Error[1]

10.9940410.00595903

10.9938820.0061183

11.00679-0.00679231

10.9947920.00520825

11.01138-0.0113828

11.00948-0.00948381

11.0005-0.000500798

11.00507-0.00506926

10.9819520.0180476

10.9908940.0091055

10.894570.10543

11.0096-0.00960457

10.9839220.016078

10.9918430.00815749

10.9893730.0106272

10.9639080.0360917

0-0.04171960.0417196

00.0583259-0.0583259

0-0.001322430.00132243

00.0335818-0.0335818

00.0778978-0.0778978

00.0091917-0.0091917

00.0788874-0.0788874

0-0.01321960.0132196

0-0.0516960.051696

0-0.04144660.0414466

00.0232522-0.0232522

00.00357389-0.00357389

0-0.007826080.00782608

00.308577-0.308577

0-0.02930450.0293045

0-0.01933070.0193307

0-0.06731570.0673157

00.0170061-0.0170061

00.326276-0.326276

00.0723337-0.0723337

0-0.03079810.0307981

0-0.009498890.00949889

00.00956867-0.00956867

00.0288901-0.0288901

0-0.01329460.0132946

0-0.07214040.0721404

00.0319262-0.0319262

00.0244092-0.0244092

00.00899047-0.00899047

00.00605211-0.00605211

00.0457183-0.0457183

0-0.01651930.0165193

00.0544105-0.0544105

0-0.009190930.00919093

00.0293822-0.0293822

0-0.03173520.0317352

0-0.1571610.157161

0-0.03060220.0306022

00.0166569-0.0166569

00.0141022-0.0141022

0-0.03601660.0360166

00.0335863-0.0335863

00.0219769-0.0219769

0-0.03945870.0394587

00.0268018-0.0268018

0-0.04715680.0471568

00.0143388-0.0143388

0-0.01106940.0110694

0-0.01695280.0169528

0-0.03135530.0313553

00.0611352-0.0611352

00.00460715-0.00460715

00.0204268-0.0204268

00.0199209-0.0199209

00.154346-0.154346

00.0104037-0.0104037

00.133018-0.133018

00.0196603-0.0196603

IR human results

Sample

Response

Small UAV Multiple FOV Imaging

Detection and Identification of Small Targets

EO PAYLOADS Video Imagery to Ground Control Station HiRes Still Images Stored On Board UAV LoRes Thumbnails (Still Images) to GCS HiRes Image to GCS (~ 5 minutes delay) WWW Dissemination of Images in NRT Fixed Orientation Cameras (with Zoom) LOS: Range & Control Link ~ 60km BLOS: Data & Control Link ~ Iridium

Basic ApproachGeolocate Emitters using multiple UAVs (This may require multiple types of payloads in a sequenced/scheduled manner)Cue UAV platform fitted with other (EO) sensors to identify.EmitterEmitterEmitterSensor

TTCP Advanced Sensor Package

real-time processing advanced ATR advanced EO sensor 220 LB payload auto target detection auto target tracking stealth Chem/bio detection acoustic sensor weapons compatible ACN

Good afternoon.

SLIDE 2

As you know, Canada has had a mixed interest in UAV systems over the last 20 years, with the only serious considerations being their use in Army tactical roles. Even that project, UASTAS, has yet to be funded.

UAVs had their beginnings in WW2 and the Vietnam war.UAV technology has progressed rapidly in the last 5 years.

Shorter range tactical UAVs have paved the way for long-range long-endurance strategic UAVs. Yet we in Canada have still avoided any serious consideration of these advanced UAVs and how they may contribute to CF capability.

Now the technical community is developing Unmanned Combat UAVs and thinking of micro UAVs in the future.

In this briefing we will provide a technical overview of a very recent development in UAVs the United States Air Forces High Altitude Endurance UAV Global Hawk.

Through the collaborative opportunities of the TTCP (US, Can, UK, Aus) we have been provided with the opportunity to work with the USAF in a joint experiment involving Global Hawk flying over Canada.

GH is flying but is not yet in production. Global Hawk is what is known as an Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrator. Its development started in 1995 by Defence Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) in response to capability deficiencies identified in the Gulf War, where the field tactical commanders had difficulty obtaining timely intelligence, reconnaissance information and battle damage assessment.

Global Hawk is an example of how technology is changing the modern battlefield.

HNeT was trained on a series of IR images of humans in various scenarios and countertrained against the background and other objects such as the dog. The total number of training images was not very large (only about 30) but the results indicated that all of the humans could be detected with no false alarms. I suspect that this would be typically the case for images similar to the ones shown above. Degraded images or partial obscuration of the human would require additional training. For the above test HNeT was trained on 70% of the data and tested on 30% in a random fashion. On a small sample of this size I was not able to produce a ROC curve. For the above examples, the HNeT cell required only about 50 memory elements and it would be capable of processing thousands of frames per second on a Pentium class machine.The results indicated that further testing is justified. Images from the actual IR camera (at least we should know the specifications of the camera) could be obtained in realistic scenarios and a statistical analysis of the results could be produced.The Aerosonde miniature Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), which has a wingspan of 2.9m, is Australian-made and was the first UAV to fly across the Atlantic Ocean. The UAV was originally designed to take meteorological observations and typically has a flight endurance of more than 30 hours and a range of over 300 km, when flown with its meteorological payload.

Above figure puts payload/endurance/range numbers into geographic perspective. 2kg payload is assumed.The black line represents - when UAV launched from Darwin it canl fly to the black line and remain on station for 12 hrs before returning to Darwin.Similarly for the other lines.