Tuberculosis

Ivan Štironja Mentor: A. Žmegač Horvat

• Honoré de Balzac• Alber Camus• Franz Kafka• Voltaire• Frederic Chopin• Niccolò Paganini• Alexander Graham Bell

• John Henry Doc Holliday• René Laënnec• Immanuel Kant• Florence Nightingale

"Captain among these Men of Death" (John Bunyon 1660) White Death White Plague Consumption Tuberculosis...

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

- Gram positive, obligate aeorobe, facultative intracellular pathogens- Slow-growing - generation time 12-18 hours- Hydrophobic with high lipid content in cell wall- "acid-fast bacilli“- transmission primarily by aerosol route but also through gastrointestinal tract

• MDR-TB (Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis):bacteria resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin

• HIV/AIDS

• granulomatous inflammatory disease caused by mycobacteria, usually attacks the lungs (pulmonary tuberculosis – 75%), but can also affect:– CNS– lymphatic system– circulatory system– genitourinary system – gastrointestinal system– bones (Pott’s disease) and skin

• tubercle (Lat. tuber-knot) – granuloma made of macrophages, T-lymphocytes , B-lymphocytes and fibroblasts surrounding the central caseous necrosis

Symptoms

• chronic cough• blood-tinged sputum• fever • night sweats• weight loss• weakness or fatigue

Diagnosis

• identification of the causative organism in a clinical sample (sputum)

• PPD test (Mantoux tuberculin test)• X-rays

Treatment

• BCG vaccination (Baccillus Calmette-Guérin)

• first-line anti-TB drugs: isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide

• second-line anti-TB drugs: rifabutin, ethionamhide

• long-term treatment

• World TB day - March 24

• 15 billion US$

References

• Patologija, Damjanov, Jukić, Nola, Med. naklada, Zagreb,2008.

• Medicinska bakteriologija i mikologija, Kalenić, Mlinarić-Missoni i sur., Zagreb, 2005.

• internet