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Tudor England
War and peace Henry V – huge success in the
Hundred Years War, much of France controlled.
Agincourt 1415 – most famous victory
1422 Henry VI – baby 1431 – Joan of Arc captured and
burned Henry VI – Man of learning but
mentally ill, founder of Eaton and Cambridge
War of the Roses 1453—Henry VI fell ill and Parliament appointed
Richard of York as temporary head Richard was forced out when Henry was better—Richard
didn’t like this Richard wanted a fight The Civil war became called the War of Roses
The Roses York = white rose; Lancaster = red rose 1461 York won—Richard’s son Edward IV took throne
until he died in 1483; then, his young son, Edward V and his brother “mysteriously”
died in the Tower of London under the watch of their uncle, Richard
Richard proclaimed himself as Richard III
Princes in the Tower
Tudor dynasty Richard III in power but many
people did not like him Henry Tudor—distant cousin of
the Lancasters rebelled against the unpopular king and killed him
Tudor was crowned King Henry VII and married Richard’s niece; thus, joining Lancasters and Yorks together and ending the War of Roses
Henry VII Prestige of the monarchy Investment in the navy Avoided conflicts and quarrels
(with Scotland, France and the nobles at home).
Better conditions for trade and business
Alliance with the Netherlands
Henry VII Strengthening of the justice
system – powerful nobles under control, restoration of the law and order.
Frugal with money. Unpopularity of the Church
(rich and demoralized) Influences of France and Spain
on the pope.
The New King (1509-1547) 1509 – Death of Henry VII Henry VIII In many respects opposite of his
father
The Divorce Married: Catherine of Aragon
(Spanish) – daughter Mary. Henry asks the Pope to divorce
Catherine and marry Anne Boleyn.
Divorce refused. Henry VIII (1509-1547) makes
himself the Head of the Church of England (1533) – The Act of Supremacy.
Brutal end Anne gave birth to a daughter,
Elizabeth but was never able to produce any sons who survived.
Eventually Henry grew tired of her. She was beheaded on charges of adultery.
The other wives 3rd Wife Jane Seymour – died in childbirth, gave him his
heir Edward VI. 4th Wife Anne of Cleves – political marriage, very
homely woman. No children. 5th Wife Catherine Howard – accused of being
unfaithful, beheaded 6th Wife Catherine Parr – not beheaded, companion to
aging King. She supposedly would sit and talk with him about times past while rubbing his feet which were stricken with gout.
Edward VI 1547 – Henry VIII died and nine year old Edward VI
became king. Dies soon.
Elizabeth 1558 - accession of
Elizabeth I (†1603). Beginning of political and colonial expansion.
Her reign is often called the Golden Age of England
Beginning Elizabeth I was born on September 7, 1533 at Greenwich
Palace, London, England. Father: King Henry VIII. Elizabeth's mother: Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn. Queen of England 1558 - 1603.
Elizabeth’s policy Similarly to her father - following Catholic doctrine but
rejecting the supremacy of the Pope. Never married. She used her single status as a policy tool. By entertaining Catholic suitors she kept Catholic
monarchs at bay, and English Catholics loyal to her government.
Developed a compromise to please the Roman Catholic and the Protestant churches
Probably she saved England from religious wars
Building an Empire The English navy defeated of the Spanish
Armada: 1588. English merchant ships challenged Spanish
ships in the seas and The first settlers were sent to America.
Legacy The English court a centre for writers,
musicians, and scholars. Francis Bacon and William Shakespeare. On March 23, 1603, Elizabeth died. She was succeeded by James I, son of Mary
Queen of Scots and her second husband, Elizabeth's cousin Lord Darnley.
The Stuart Dynasty
And Oliver Cromwell
The Stuart Dynasty
Elizabeth I dies without an heir in 1603.
Advent of the Stuart Dynasty: James I: 1603-1625.
James I ‘wisest fool in Christendom?’
Developed a belief in the divine right of king: wanted to limit the power of the Parliament.
Religion
Puritans wanted to make England even more Protestant; some Puritans left England – Pilgrim Fathers (1620)
Feared Catholic plots against him – The Gunpowder Plot (1605) – 4th November. Guy Fawkes Day
The Gunpowder
plotters
Charles I: 1625-1649
Power of the British Parliament
Powerful minority of Puritans in Parliament
English Civil War: 1642-1649 Since Charles I ruled over Scotland AND
England, there were several religions Charles I wanted ONE religion – ended up
in Civil War when the Scots rebelled War was costly and Charles needed
Parliament. Parliament hated him and wanted to limit his power Supporters of Charles I = Royalists The opposition supports Parliament =
Roundheads
More Civil War Under leadership of Oliver Cromwell, the
puritan roundheads finally won (1646) Took Charles I hostage, tried him in front of
the public and executed him The decapitation - Execution of Charles I in
1649
Oliver Cromwell 1649 he got rid of the
monarchy and established a republican form of government
Ireland revolted against Cromwell and failed – 616,000 Irish were killed by war, plague and famine
Puritan Morality Cromwell and the Puritans wanted to improve
England’s morality Abolished all “sinful” things – like theater Cromwell was tolerant of other religions
despite his deep Puritan beliefs (EXCEPT CATHOLICS)
Restoration and Revolution English get sick of military rule and after
Cromwell dies, they ask the older son of Charles I (Charles II) to rule England
Restoration of the monarchy 1660. Allowed the return of theater and sports Passed important guarantee of freedom:
Habeas Corpus “to have the body” People need to know why they’re arrested Could not be held indefinitely without trial
Restoration
James II and the Glorious Revolution James II got the throne after Charles II
died: Reign of James II (1685-1688) Everyone hated James because he was
flamboyantly Catholic, his son was raised as a Catholic.
James was eventually peacefully overthrown by his own daughter and her husband (protestants)in 1688 – The Glorious Revolution.
William and Mary ruled England
Political Changes First Constitutional Monarchy where laws
limited the ruler’s power Bill of Rights:
No suspension of Parliament’s laws No taxes w/o Parliament’s consent Freedom of speech in Parliament No penalty for complaining about the King
Political Changes Established a Cabinet Cabinet was a link between the majority party
in Parliament and the King Became center of power and policymaking
Still exists today Leader of Cabinet = Prime Minister