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TUDORS AND TUDORS AND STUARTSSTUARTS
TUDORS AND TUDORS AND STUARTSSTUARTS
AP Review IIAP Review IIAP Review IIAP Review II
Henry VIIHenry VII Became the first Tudor in 1485 after the
War of the Roses He rebuilt England’s commercial ventures
and expanded the wool trade to Europe Improved tax collection Avoided costly foreign wars Had two sons: Arthur and Henry
Prince ArthurPrince Arthur Older brother to Henry VIII Married Catherine of Aragon He dies in 1502, just six months after his
marriage to Catherine
Henry VIIIHenry VIII
Not quite 18 when his father died
Handsome, intelligent, lively, rich
Renaissance man Assertio Septem
Sacramentorum Defender of the faith
Not interested in statecraft but war (the sport of kings)
Empson and Dudley - executed Huge differences between him and his father Valois kings of France:
Louis XII (1498-1515) Francis I (1515-47) Hapsburgs of Spain:
Charles V HRE (1515-56)
1511 Papacy, Spain, and Venice formed the Holy League - invited Henry - who attacked France
1512 Henry invades France but disastrous 1513 Henry invades again - wins Battle of the Spurs and gets
Tournai Scots sign “Auld Alliance” with France English defeat the Scots at Flodden Field, King James IV is
killed James V is the new king, Queen Margaret (Henry’s sister) is
regent for the boy
Henry decides to make peace with France His sister Mary marries Louis (52) who dies a year later 1520 Spain and France are back at war Henry meets Francis at the Field of the Cloth of Gold 1522 Henry allies with Spain against France Charles V defeats Francis at Pavia in Italy in 1525 and
controls the pope
Thomas WolseyThomas Wolsey Vain, arrogant, and corrupt -
continually accepted bribes - second richest man in England
1527 Henry is concerned with the validity of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
Leviticus declared a man who married his brother’s wife would be childless
Henry had been 18, Catherine 24 but only one surviving child - Mary
Henry worries about succession and has an illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond
Between 1525-7 Henry falls for Anne Boleyn - Catherine is 40
Henry asks Pope Clement VII for an annullment
Dispensations for monarchs were common but Clement has 4 problems:a) Charles V (Rome)b) Charles and Catherine are related (nephew)c) Papal infallibility (Julius II)d) Lutheranism
Wolsey fails the king and dies in disgrace
Clergy in Tudor England were not really respected Resented by the people and the lower clergy Resentment increased when money went to Rome Earlier breaks had been avoided:
a) criticism of the papacy was political not religiousb) 14th century kings had been treated well by the pope
Henry regarded the church as a barrier to good government
Clergy could demand to be tried by a court of clergy
1529 Henry summoned Parliament Initially, Henry hoped to scare the pope
Late 1532 Catherine was moved from Whitehall and Anne put in her place
Anne became pregnant 1533 Henry and Anne
were secretly married
1533 - Act in Restraint of Appeals - king sovereign in England, no more appeals to the pope
1534 - Act for the Submission of the Clergy - Henry was supreme head of the clergy and the Church in England
Ended the independence of the clergy
1534 - Act of Supremacy acknowledged the king as supreme head of the English Church on earth
An Act of Succession declared the throne should go to the children of the king and Anne
Sir Thomas More was executed for not taking the oath In 1536 Henry dissolved the small monasteries 1539 the dissolved the rest Transition to Protestantism was easy with no Catholic
strongholds to protest The people accepted these changes surprisingly well 1536 - Pilgrimage of Grace amounted to little
The people were hostile to Rome and the dogma remained basically the same
1539 - Six Articles defined the dogma of the new church but, largely Catholic
Henry had created an absolute system of rule but had also ensured the end of absolutism
In England the king would have to work with Parliament, i.e. the House of Commons, in making legislation
Daughter of king Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
Henry divorced Catherine She still remained loyal to him and the
Catholic faith
Maid of honor to Catherine Secretly married In 1536, charged Anne of adultery Beheaded on May 19, 1536
Jane SeymourJane Seymour Died shortly after giving
birth to his son King Edward VI
“Flander’s mare” Cromwell was disgraced
and executed Marriage annulled
Anne of ClevesAnne of Cleves
Catherine HowardCatherine Howard In 1542, convicted
of adultery Henry had her
executed
Brought order and unity to the disturbed family
Outlived Henry
Catherine ParrCatherine Parr
Catherine of Aragon: divorced: Mary Anne Bolyn: beheaded: Elizabeth Jane Seymour: died: Edward Anne of Cleves: divorced: ugly Catherine Howard: beheaded Catherine Parr: survived
Edward VIEdward VI Only son of Henry Became king at nine 1549- Cranmer introduces
the Book of Common Prayer for all services
Died from several sicknesses in 1553
Mary TudorMary Tudor Became queen after Edward
died Devoted Catholic Nicknamed “Bloody Mary” Married Philip II of Spain
she was 38 he was 27 Very unpopular 1554 Wyatt Rebellion -failed
ElizabethElizabeth Became queen of England in
1558 Highly educated Used her authority for the
common good of her people “Virgin Queen” 1563 Thirty-nine Articles -
basic tenets of the Church 1588 - Armada
Hulton-Deutsch CollectionHulton-Deutsch Collection
Philip II (r 1556-1598)Philip II (r 1556-1598)Philip II (r 1556-1598)Philip II (r 1556-1598) Son of Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor‘universal monarch’
Given controlof the westernHapsburg empire
1580 united the peninsula by addingPortugal
Hardworking
Cautious, Suspicious Catholic Married Mary I, his cousin El Escorial Outlived 4 wives
The Problems for SpainThe Problems for Spain
Habsburg Empire 1560Habsburg Empire 1560Habsburg Empire 1560Habsburg Empire 1560
By 1560, Calvinism was a strong, militant minority in most of the cities in the Netherlands.
Lutheranism had posed no serious threat to Spanish rule.
Calvinism is what worried the Spaniards.
The Netherlands were slit up into seventeen provinces under Spanish rule.
These provinces possessed a large middle-class population.
Calvinism appealed to the middle classes with an emphasis on any form of labor well done.
It took deep root among financiers in Amsterdam and people in the northern provinces.
Working-class people were also converted, partly because their employers would hire only other Calvinists.
In 1559 Philip II appointed his half-sister, Margaret as regent of the Netherlands.
She pushed Philip’s orders to wipe out Protestantism.
She introduced the Inquisition.
Charles V had steadily increased taxes in the Low Countries
When Margaret raised taxes even more, fanatical Calvinists, mostly from the poor class, went on a rampage.
On March 3, 1568, fifteen hundred men were executed
Even Margaret was sickened and resigned For 10 years, civil war raged in the
Netherlands between Catholics and Protestants and between the seventeen provinces and Spain
In 1576, the 17 provinces united under the leadership of Prince William of Orange
Philip II then sent his nephew, Alexander Farnese, duke of Parma, to make the revolt come to an end.
Farnese arrived with an army of German mercenaries, a great knowledge of the geography, and a perfect plan
Many cities in the south fell, including Bruges and Ghent
And finally Antwerp fell, the financial capital of northern Europe
Calvinism was forbidden in these areas and Protestants had to either convert or leave
The ten southern provinces remained under the control of the Spanish Habsburgs
The seven northern provinces were led by Holland and formed the Union of Utrecht
In 1581 the provinces declared their independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
Philip II considered himself the international defender of Catholicism and did not want these provinces to become independent.
England had allied with the new seven provinces because if they were defeated, they knew that they would be next
Elizabeth put £250,000 and 2,000 troops into the Low Countries.
Philip prepared his vast fleet of ships to sail from Lisbon to Flanders, fight off Elizabeth’s navy if necessary, and escort his barges across the English Channel.
‘la felicissima armada’‘la felicissima armada’ In 1588 an armada of
150 ships was constructed.
Most of the ships were Spanish but some were from Portugal and Naples.
It was the largest fleet ever seen in Europe.
Once the armada joined forces with the Duke of Parma, they would invade England.
After the invasion England would be brought under Spanish Catholic rule.
May 9 1588, led by the Duke of Medina Sidonia, the armada arrived at English Channel and they solidified a crescent formation.
The strict formation would be hard for the English to break.
However, the English had superior ships, designed by John Hawkins, that were faster and carried more weaponry.
The English intended to sail around the armada and destroy any stragglers.
The armada pushed forward and anchored at Calais.
That night the English sent in fire ships to scatter the armada.
The aid expected from the Duke of Parma never arrived.
Without any support the armada was forced to spend too much time in the Channel.
It was not the English that defeated the Spanish but a violent storm.
The Spanish couldn’t find any safe harbors and many men starved as the wrecked ships limped back to Spain
This defeat prevented Philip II from re-imposing unity on western Europe
England was never conquered and the Netherlands borders remained the same
StuartsStuarts
1603-17141603-1714
CONSTITUTIONALISMCONSTITUTIONALISM
France, Prussia, Russia - absolute states England, Holland - constitutional states Constitutionalism is limiting the govt. by law
(may be written or unwritten) May be monarchies or Republics This is not democratic (no franchise for all) Yet England would experience the last of the great
Religious Wars
The Cromwell sandwich:James I, Charles I, Cromwell, Charles II, James II
After Elizabeth died in 1603 she was succeeded by James I, who was also king of Scotland.
Henry VII’s daughter, Margaret Tudor married James IV of ScotlandI
James VI
Mary, Queen of Scotsm. Lord Darnley
IJames VI
1603 James I (Stuart) replaced Elizabeth (Tudor)
Believed he was only responsible to God and had control over everything which conflicted with the principle of due process
Wrote The True Law of Free Monarchy wanted freedom from government, churchmen, and customs
James was a divine right monarch (accountable only to God) who had forced the rough Scots to agree
James was excited about controlling a country with six times the revenue of Scotland
England was glad of a young king who had experience and was based on the European model.
Even though he was gay James also had two sons which assured the line of succession.
James looked much better than the old queen who had modeled herself on her father
“wisest fool in Christendom” He could not live with the financial constraints of
Parliament House of Commons governed the royal finances The members of the Commons were better educated than
in previous govts. 1614-21 he ruled without Parliament 1618 the start of the Thirty Years’ War Frederick of Palatinate was James’s son-in-law But England was anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish
Charles I (1625-29) more insensitive than his father
Charles I (1625) tried to rule without Parliament and it almost crippled the country
Parliament didn’t trust Charles and wouldn’t give him money
George Villiers – the earl of Buckingham became more influential
Protestant but valued the ceremonies of Catholicism He continually demanded money from Parliament
until they refused He forced a loan and arrested 76 people who
refused to loan him money 1628 Charles still needed money so he was forced to
recall Parliament
Petition of Rights:a) king couldn’t borrow without consent of Parliamentb) couldn’t arrest without due process
The Stuarts tried to copy the French absolutist, but they erred when they taxed the nobility
Many people believed the Reformation had not gone far enough
Wanted to purify the Anglican Church of Catholic influences
Most English were Calvinists, most zealous were Puritans
James I and Charles I gave the impression of being sympathetic to Catholicism
Charles supported archbishop of Canterbury William Laud’s goal of religious uniformity
Laud insisted on complete uniformity with the “Court of High Commission”
Wanted to impose on the Scots:a) new Anglican prayer bookb) bishoprics
Both rejected by the Scots who rebelled Charles was forced to recall Parliament to get funds Parliament was not willing to trust the king with an army August 1640 the Scots invaded England and took
Northumberland and Durham
Charles calls Parliament but they only want to discuss religious issues
Charles disbands Parliament after 3 weeks - Short Parliament
Charles, desperate recalls Parliament Long Parliament sat from 1640-1660
1640 the Scots invaded northern England and captured Durham and Northumberland and held them for 850 pounds a day
Charles I tried to get another force This time he went to Parliament for
funding.
Parliament:a) 1641 Triennial Act - king must summon Parliament every 3 yearsb) Impeached archbishop Laudc) Abolished the Court of High Commission
Charles, fearful of an uprising, agreed 1641 the Irish Catholics also rebelled Exaggerated stories of Protestant massacres reached
London The Commons voted to raise an army and get revenge
Charles recruited army from nobility (Cavaliers) Parliament recruited an army (Roundheads) The English Civil War (1642-6) did not resolve
the problem of who would hold the power
King held the initial advantage 1642 Charles marched to London to end the war At the Battle of Edgehill Charles won an expensive victory The battle was watched by Oliver Cromwell Cromwell raised his own “New Model Army” Enforcing rigid discipline and religious zeal he became the
most successful Parliamentary leader 1643 the king looked like being successful The Battle of Newbury was a draw but the king suffered
great losses
Parliament asked Scotland for an alliance Charles sought an alliance with the Irish 1644 the Scots entered England and marched on
the Cavalier army at York 1644 at Marston Moor the royalist were badly
defeated and their hold on the north was released 1645 at Naseby the king was finally defeated 1646 Charles surrendered to the Scots
1649-1660 is the “Interregnum” or Puritan Commonwealth
Theoretically, power rested with parliament Col Pride excluded 140 Presbyterian members of
Parliament from entering and admitted only 50-60 Independents
Rump Parliament 1649 King Charles found guilty of treason 1649 the office of the king and the House of Lords
abolished
The army controlled Parliament, Cromwell controlled the “New Model Army”
“Protectorate” Cromwell’s rule was a military dictatorship 1653 Cromwell took control of Parliament i.e. the House of
Commons 140 Puritan leaders were appointed – this was the
Barebones Parliament Dec 1653 the Barebones
Parliament is over 1653-9 The Protectorate
Three groups evolved:a) Presbyterians - associated with the Church of England and Calvinb) Independents - rejected a compulsory churchc) Radical Puritansi. Fifth Monarchy - waiting for the second coming of Christii. Levellers - universal male suffrage, guarantees of popular sovereigntyiii. Diggers - agrarian communists against private property
Cromwell:a) divided the country into 12 military districtsb) The Instrument of Government gave religious freedom to all, except Catholicsc) crushed rebellions in Ireland – Wexford and Droghedad) enforced the Navigation Acts (English goods - English ships)which led to Anglo-Dutch Warse) welcomed Jews
The state:a) censored the pressb) forbade sportc) closed the theaters
Cromwell was an absolutist - died 1658
Richard Cromwell was a poor leader General Monck returned from Scotland
and recalled the Long Parliament He then forced Parliament to dissolve
itself The new Parliament of 1660 invited
Charles II to return as king
The Restoration - 1660The Restoration - 1660 Reestablished the monarchy - Charles II Both houses of Parliament were restored Law courts restored New Triennial Act
Failed in two areas• What was the attitude of the state towards
Puritans, Catholics, and dissenters?
• What was the relationship between king and Parliament?
Test Act of 1673Test Act of 1673
To enforce religious conformity those who refused to receive the sacraments of the Church of England:a) could not voteb) hold public officec) preach or teachd) attend universitye) assemble for meetings
CABALCABAL
5 advisors appointed by the king, also members of Parliament:Clifford; Arlington; Buckingham; Ashley-Cooper; Lauderdale
Gave rise to ministerial responsibilities Parliament did not give Charles enough money
to rule - but acknowledged his divine right
For £200,000, (742,000 total) Charles agrees to:a) relax laws against Catholicsb) re-catholicize Englandc) support France against the Dutch policiesd) convert to Catholicism
The people feared:a) a Catholic dynastyb) hated Louis XIV and absolutismc) hated Catholicism
The Commons passed a bill excluded Catholics for the throne Charles dissolved Parliament - the bill never passed
Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution
Charles II was made king with the same conditions as before the civil war
1660s saw England develop mercantilist policies - especially with overseas trade
The Navigation Acts increased British trade and hurt the Dutch
1652-4 Three Anglo-Dutch Wars severely hurt the Dutch
Charles II preferred Catholicism Secretly he promised to help Louis XIV (cousin)
make England Catholic for a loan
Charles had no children so his brother James II succeeded him
James appointed Catholics to high positions - contrary to the Test Act
James suspended the law at will and England feared absolutism
Charles II Mary James IIm. William of Orange
Charles ICharles I
William IIIWilliam IIIMary II AnneMary II Anne
William III + MaryWilliam III + Mary
He also declared religious freedom for all
Two events signaled revolutioni) seven bishops were arrested for not complying with the Declaration of Indulgenceii) James’s second wife produced a male heir
Wealthy English men offered the throne to James’s Protestant daughter Mary and William
Triumph of GovernmentTriumph of Government
The “Glorious Revolution” had very little blood and was the end of divine-right monarchy in England
William and Mary accepted the throne but recognized the supremacy of Parliament
The rights of the people were listed in the Bill of Rights
The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights Laws were made by parliament and could not be
suspended by the Crown Parliament had to be called at least every 3 years The Crown would not interfere with Parliament Judges would be independent No standing army in peace time English monarch must be Protestant Freedom of worship to Protestant dissenters
Feb 13, 1688, the Declaration of Rights was accepted and proclaimed by William and Mary. Declaration had three main parts: 1. an indictment of James II and his transgressions, 2. a declaration of the rights of citizens. 3. William and Mary declared King and Queen of England, with William to exercise all power during his lifetime.
John LockeJohn Locke Second Treatise of Civil Government defended the
revolution:a) People set up governments to protect life, liberty, and propertyb) If government oversteps the bounds then it is tyranny, people have a natural right to revolt
The revolution was not democratic Sovereignty rested with Parliament Parliament reflected the Upper Class Created a constitutional monarchy - the age of aristocratic
government