Caribbean Open Data Management Communitypresents
An Overview of DRM / CCA Decision-Making and Role of Spatial Data
(Tuesday, November 12, 10:00 am OECS Time)
Presenters• John Knowles – The Nature Conservancy
• Justin Locke – World Bank
Caribbean Open Data Management Community
Monthly Webinar Serieshttps://collaboration.worldbank.org/groups/caribbean-
open-data-management
Caribbean Disaster Risk Management & Climate Change Adaptation:
Data to Decision Making Workshop
Average Annual Losses as a % of GDP Source: Germanwatch, 2012
A Region at Risk
Losses from disasters are fiscal shocks, which often result in budgetary deficits & increased debt
Belize - 1961
Dominica - 1979
St Lucia - 1980
Jamaica - 1988
AB - 1995 Dominica - 1995
St. Kitts & Nevis - 1995
St. Kitts & Nevis - 1998
Grenada - 2004
Guyana - 2005
St Lucia - 2010
0%
100%
200%
Select Damages from Disasters as a % of GDP
Hurricanes:David & Freder-
ick
Hurricane:Allen
Hurricane:Hattie
Hurricane:Luis
Hurricane:Georges
Hurricane:Ivan
Flood Hurricane:Tomas
Hurricanes:Luis & Mar-
ilyn Hurricane:Luis
Hurricane:Gilbert
Data to Decision Making
NHS-0144-2DM-4N
Problem Definition
Decision Making
Visualization & Interpretation
Data Need Identification
& Data Development (Field Collection)
Data/Risk Analysis
Hazard Vulnerability FunctionsExposure
Risk Analysis is Data Intensive
Risk Analysis Output
Challenges Persist
• Not enough data to carry out relevant analysis
• Existing data not readily available
• Numerous data format
• Poor or questionable data quality
• Scale of the data not sufficient
• Metadata non-existent or scant
• Lack of a data sharing mechanism
• Lack of capacity to generate and/or interpret risk analysis
Building Capacity to Perform the Data to
Decision MakingContinuum
Open Data for Resilience
The Open Data for Resilience Initiative (OpenDRI) is a global partnership that aims to encourage and facilitate the sharing and use of climate and disaster data to enable more effective decision-making by providing the rationale, technical assistance, and tools for data sharing.
Climate ChangeAdaptation
Immediate damage assessment
Scenario analysis for emergency
preparednessInfrastructure Design
Territorial planning Visualization of hazard and risk
Data/Risk Analysis
Set of Tools to Assist Decision Making
Seismic hazard map Landslides hazard map Flood hazard map
Land Use Planning and Zoning
DAY
Scenario Analysis for Emergency Preparedness - # of injured
NIGHT
Specifications for Infrastructure Design
Stru
ctur
al
Mea
sure
s
Non-Structural Measures
The Caribbean Cannot Build its’ Way Out of Risk
Immediate Damage Estimation
Damage Distribution Calculation
Surface Response Spatial
Distribution
Physical damage
Human losses
• Working with governments in the OECS
• Complementing existing efforts
• Building partnerships at a global level and with regional institutions like the CCRIF & UWI
• Making the case for open data
• Participatory technical assistance
• Free open source software & tools
• Community of Practitioners
Working Together
A Global, Country-Led Effort
Regional Institutions
UWI DRRC
Seismic RCGovernments
MDBs/Donors
Education
Capacity
Data Management
CDEMACCRIF
Communities
Overview of DRM/CCA decision-making and role of spatial data
Climate Change Adaptation• The UNFCCC defines it as actions taken to help communities and
ecosystems cope with changing climate condition. • The IPCC describes it as adjustment in natural or human systems
in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.
• The UN Development Program calls it a process by which strategies to moderate, cope with and take advantage of the consequences of climatic events are enhanced, developed, and implemented.
• The UK Climate Impacts Program defines it as the process or outcome of a process that leads to a reduction in harm or risk of harm, or realization of benefits associated with climate variability and climate change.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
DRM DRR CCA
Community-based disaster risk management/reduction
Disaster PreparednessResponse capacity
Stockpiling Temporary shelters
Capacity development of national/local
authorities and communities
Livelihood protection
Life-saving measures
Early warning/early action
Urban Planning• Construction
norms
• Socio-economic stabilization
• Livelihoods
Income diversification
Greening the economy
Environmental protection
Natural resource management
Time
Adapted from: http://www.iom.int/Template/migration-climate-change-environmental-degradation/interactive-factsheet/index.html
Food security
Water security
Public health
Livelihoods
Coastal zones
Land
Adaptation Thematic Areas
Policy/planning
Capacity building/awareness
Information management
Investment decisions
Practices/resource management
Adaptation Processes
Adapted from UNDP
Adaptation Dimension
• Adaptive capacity – building the capacity for a population to adapt provides a foundation for anticipating and adjusting to climate conditions that will continue to change
• Adaptive action – adaptive capacity must be applied to specific decisions and actions to directly reduce or manage the biophysical impact to CC or actions may address non-climatic factors contributing to vulnerability
• Sustained development – successful sustainable development in spite of continuing changes posed by climate change
The definition of EBA from the Convention on Biological Diversity :• “Ecosystem-based adaptation may be described as the use of ecosystem management
activities to support societal adaptation. Ecosystem-based adaptation identifies and implements a range of strategies for the management, conservation, and restoration of ecosystems to provide services that enable people to adapt to the impacts of climate change. It aims to increase the resilience and reduce the vulnerability of ecosystems and people in the face of climate change. Ecosystem-based adaptation is most appropriately integrated into broader adaptation and development strategies”
Definition
Broadening the climate adaptation toolkit to include protecting and restoring natural resources to help people
Ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) is a viable and cost effective way to reduce the vulnerability of human communities to climate change impacts and ensure the sustainability of our limited natural resources
Hypothesis
Source: CBD, second ad hoc technical expert group on biodiversity and climate change, second meeting, Helsinki 18-22 April 2009; Document: UNEP/CBD/AHTEG/BD-CC-2/2/6, 27 May 2009
In the context of TNC’s work, this means:• EBA is the protection, sustainable management and restoration of natural
systems to help human communities respond to climate change and to adapt to adverse impacts
• EBA is:– A critical part of overall climate adaptation and climate-ready development strategies
that include a suite of climate change adaptation responses, typically involving multiple sectors
– A practical example of the benefits of conservation and restoration for human communities in the face of climate change
– An opportunity to align conservation objectives with development objectives• EBA is not:
– Simply an attempt to “climate proof” biodiversity in our sites or build climate resilience into conservation planning
– A repackaging of our existing work to be more appealing to funders
EBA projects must:
1. be implemented in a climate change-vulnerable place with socio-economically vulnerable communities and biologically significant ecosystems
2. address and offer solutions to specific human vulnerabilities to climate change
3. engage key communities, decision-makers, stakeholders
• Coasts present a stark intersection of human needs and climate change effects
• Coastal adaptation is more than one third of the total adaptation cost(1)
• Coastal ecosystems include marshes, mangroves, coral and bivalve reefs, seagrasses, barrier islands and dunes which provide multiple and essential benefits to communities and have already been seriously lost and degraded. This measurably affects benefits to humans and the ability of these systems to help humans adapt
– Both the impacts of climate change and potential responses to them have the potential for further degrading these systems and reducing or eliminating essential services to vulnerable human communities
• In the Caribbean, flooding is of particular concern because a majority of people reside within a narrow coastal strip. A significant amount of tourism and fishing also occurs along this same strip.
Source: (1) “The Costs to Developing Countries of Adapting to Climate Change,” World Bank Aug 2010; (2) “Convenient Solutions to an Inconvenient Truth: Ecosystem-based Approaches to Climate Change.” Environment Department, The World Bank, June 2009; America’s Climate Choices: Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change, National Research Council
Coastal and Marine EBA
Mainstreaming of Coastal EBA• Enhance the understanding of and capacity to implement EBA
through building the scientific and economic foundation, decision support tools and approaches and policy guidelines for EBA
• Execute projects like “At the Water’s Edge”
• Assist local communities with EBA by providing EBA guidelines and best practices documentation and outreach
• Increase awareness and influence policy and public funding to incorporate EBA into policies and standards
• Engage the hazard mitigation community (FEMA, insurance agencies, etc.) to use EBA approaches to jointly achieve hazard mitigation and conservation objectives
Grey Infrastructure• Seawall• Revetments
Coastal Defense
Spectrum of Adaptive Action
Ecologically Active (Grey) Infrastructure
http://www.econcretetech.com/
Grey Infrastructure• Seawall• Revetments
Ecologically ActiveInfrastructure (Grey/Green Infrastructure)
Coastal Defense
Spectrum of Adaptive Action
http://inhabitat.com/moma-exhibit-offers-real-solutions-to-nyc-rising-tides/
http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/projects/
Turenscape
Turenscape
Grey Infrastructure• Seawall• Revetments
Ecologically ActiveInfrastructure (Grey/Green Infrastructure)
Eco engineering
Coastal Defense
Multiuse Design• Ecosystem services
• Coastal defense• Recreation• Providing food
• Climate adaptive coastal management• DRM/DRR
Green Infrastructure• Vast mangrove tracts• Barrier reef• Large dune systems• Littoral forest – coral
reef complex - beach
Spectrum of Adaptive Action
Com
mun
ity V
ulne
rabi
lity
Low
Hig
h
Ecosystem base adaptation
Adaptation Decisions Being Made
Nationally• Integrated Coastal Zone Management/National
Adaptation Programmes of Action• What is the potential loss and where?• How much loss can be averted and with what actions?• Where can adaptation actions be placed?Locally• How adaptation sites are designed?• How the community capacity and awareness is
increased?
Role of Spatial Data
• Underpins and facilitates adaptation work• Outcome/output is not a GIS product
• Multi-sector/themed layers needed– Assess risk and vulnerability– Raise awareness– Site EBA locations
• Communicates issues of scale• Mapping ecosystem services
Caribbean Open Data Management Communitypresents
An Overview of DRM / CCA Decision-Making and Role of Spatial Data
(Tuesday, November 12, 10:00 am OECS Time)
Presenters• John Knowles – The Nature Conservancy
• Justin Locke – World Bank
Caribbean Open Data Management Community
Monthly Webinar Serieshttps://collaboration.worldbank.org/groups/caribbean-
open-data-management
Caribbean Open Data Management Communitypresents
An Overview of DRM / CCA Decision-Making and Role of Spatial Data
Presenters• John Knowles – The Nature Conservancy
• Justin Locke – World Bank
Caribbean Open Data Management Community
Monthly Webinar Serieshttps://collaboration.worldbank.org/groups/caribbean-
open-data-management
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