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TUNG SHIN HOSPITAL
Content
Introduction 1
Fast Facts 2-3
History 4-7
Founder of Tung Shin Hospital 8-9
Architecture Style 10-21
Building Materials 22-28
Building Construction 29-32
Architecture Components 33-51
Conclusion 52
Reference 53
Introduction
Kuala Lumpur is the capital city of Malaysia, it is located within the heart of Selangor state. There are mountains
bordering the city except in the East, this is why Kuala Lumpur and its adjoining areas are called the ‘Klang Valley’.
Kuala Lumpur literally means ‘muddy capital’ in Malay, because of its establishment in the confluence of the Klang
and Gombak rivers. At the time, the rivers were rich in tin metals, due to industrial growth, the demands of tin
increases, attracted Chinese workers from China came to Kuala Lumpur to work in tin mining industry.
During the British colonial period which was in 1857 to 1957, the tin miners often embroiled in gang welfare,
disrupting the peace and stability of the tin trade, The British authorities decided to appoint a Chinese captain, called
‘Kapitan’ to administer the area and ensure its order. Under the leadership by the third Kapitan, Yap Ah Loy, Kuala
Lumpur transformed into a prominent commercial hub in Selangor.
Chinese population increased as tin industry was glory at the time, mining activities were always in
higher risk, medical care at the time was very much needed, this leads to the formation of one of
the earliest traditional Chinese medical clinic in Klang Valley, Pooi Shin Tung, which was the
foundation of Tung Shin Hospital. As time passed, Chinese workers started to stay permanently in
Kuala Lumpur, formed families and businesses of their own. Pooi Shin Tung no longer able to
handle the increased of medical needs, therefore it transformed to Tung Shin Hospital to serve the
increasing Chinese community.
Kuala Lumpur during British Colonial Period
Chinese Tin Mining Workers
1
Address:
Tung Shin Hospital, 102, Jalan Pudu, 50200 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah
Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Tung Shin Hospital consists of five main parts, there are the Lee Yan
Lian Building, the Haw Par Building, the Welfare Building, the Chinese
Medical Department and the New Loke Yim Ward.
The nearby landmarks are Menara Maybank, Low Yat Plaza, Swiss-Inn
Kuala Lumpur, Menara Olympia, Menara MDIF, Lanson Place Bukit
Ceylon Service and Menare Kek Seng.
New Lee Yan Lian Ward
Haw Par Building Welfare Building
Chinese Medical Department Building
Site plan of Tung Shin Hospital
Fast Fact- Location of Tung Shin Hospital
New Loke Yim Ward
Jalan Bukit Bintang
Jalan Pudu
Puduraya Bus Terminal
Tung Shin Hospital
Location of Tung Shin Hospital in Kuala Lumpur
2
The Old Welfare Building was originally built to form a Male Healthcare Department. It consists of two
bungalows, one was named as East Building and the other is West Building. Due to the malfunction
of the two bungalows, they were demolished on 1959 and built New Welfare Building. Previously, the
New Welfare Building was the place for the tradition Chinese medical department, Beijing and Nan Jing
Chinese Department and Chinese medicine pharmacy. Now, It is where the library and staff offices
placed.
Haw Par Building
Haw Par Building is the oldest building in Tung Shin Hospital. Haw Par Building’s
function was changed throughout the years of its existence. At the early 1930,
It was built as a grand hall. Then, Haw Par Building’s function was changed to
Chinese medical outpatient department, office, staff hostel and western medical
department. Now, it become the medical staff hostel and the Chinese
medical library.
Welfare Building
New Lee Yan Lian Ward
The Old Lee Yan Lian Ward was built on 1974. It functions as the western medical department. The
New Lee Yan Lian Ward was built at 1989. So that, the western medical department shifted to the new
Lee Yan Lin Ward and the Old Lee Yan Lian Ward functioned as staff hostel until it was demolished at
2002.
Fast Fact- Function of The Main Buildings In Tung Shin Hospital 3
Tung Shin Hospital has been witnessed the development of Kuala Lumpur
and Malaysian Society for the passed 222 years. In 1880, as Kuala Lumpur
was made the administrative centre of Selangor state under British rule,
the colonial government at the time not able to provide adequate
healthcare service to the increasing population in the city.
Therefore, Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng, the last Chinese Kapitan of Kuala
Lumpur from 1889 to 1902, sponsored a private clinic named Pooi Shin
Tung in Jalan Petaling. Pooi Shin Tung was the foundation of Tung Shin
Hospital, it provided traditional Chinese medical service for the poor and
mainly Chinese mining workers, it also provided funeral assistances.
Pooi Shin Tong Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng
By 1890s, population grew rapidly in Kuala Lumpur with its neighboring mining area following the
development of mining industry, commerce and infrastructure. As a result, Chinese population rose
to about 40,000, more people searched for treatment at Pooi Shin Tung. Through the discussion with
Chinese merchant Loke Yew, Kapitan Yap decided to to turn the private clinic into a community
hospital so it could provide better resources to improve their service quality to the community.
Loke Yew
History of Tung Shin Hospital 4
The proposal to reorganize Pooi Shin Tong had widely supported by contemporary community leaders, such as Loke Yew, who started the donation activity by raising RM1,000, later
was joined by Wong Hup Lee, Wong Hup Loong, Ko Siew Soon, Chan Sow Lin and others. In the end, a donation of more than RM10,000 was raised, Pooi Shin Tung converted from
private run clinic into community run institution, and it was officiated as Tung Shin Hospital, a non-profit organization.
The Selangor Journal reported in details in pages 89, 95, 96 and 97 about the grand opening of Tung Shin Hospital on November 22, 1895 by Mrs Rodger, the wife of the Acting Resident.
Tung Shin Hospital in the early years
Kapitan Yap Loke Yew Yap Loong Hin Liang Xiang Ting Huang Bao Zhi
Chan Tuch Chee Qiu Man
Liew Kwong Hon Datuk Chong Tan Sri Lee Tan Sri Dato’ Lee Tan Sri Dato’ Teo
Presidents of Tung Shin Hospital
History of Tung Shin Hospital 5
In 1881, the first Chinese medical
clinic, Pooi Shin Tung was formed
by Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng. It was a
private clinic which operated first
at a shophouse located at Jalan
Petaling and moved to its current
premise in Jalan Pudu. It serves
the mainly the poor and chinese
mining workers.
Pooi Shin Tung 1881
1891 Tung Shin Hospital
By 1890s, Chinese population in Kuala
Lumpur grew rapidly until about 40,000
as its neighboring mining areas rose due
to the development of mining industry.
Kapitan Yap Kwan seng decided to change
Pooi Shin Tung into a community hospital
to improve its resources quality for the
people. In 1891, Tung Shin Hospital was
formed with the financial support by Loke
Yew, Wong Hup Lee, Wong Hup Loong, Ko
Siew Sun, and Chan Sow Lin.
New Wards n.d.
1917 Ward One
One of the earliest
department building of
Tung Shin Hospital.
Sponsored by Mr. Cheong
Yoke Choy.
The old Loke Yim Ward was a female
ward, it was funded by Kuala Lumpur’s
established miner and banker Mr Liew
Weng Chi in remembrance of his
mother, Madam Loke Yim. This one
storey building was demolished during
1950’s and the new two storeys Loke
Yim Ward was built later at the same
location.
Old Loke Yim Ward 1933
Old Loke Yim Ward
Mdm Loke Yim
Early years of Tung Shin Hospital
Mr Cheong Yoke Choy
1935 Haw Par Ward
Funded by Mr Aw Boon Haw
and Mr Aw Boon Par. It is
located at the main
entrance of Tung Shin
Hospital, it is the oldest of
all the existing building. It
was once a grand hall,
medical department and
library, but it is now the
medical staff’s hostel.
Har Par Ward Then
Har Par Ward Now
Occupied by Japanese Army 1942-1945
Premise Returned 1950
Timeline of Construction of Buildings In Tung Shin Hospital 6
1951 Resumed Operation
As the male ward demolished on
1959, the original location was
rebuilt a new two storeys medical
ward, which is the Welfare Ward
Now. The building was funded by
the Social Welfare Lotteries
Board, donation by Hong Kong
movie tycoon brothers Rumme
and Run Run Shaw.
Welfare Ward 1961
Male Ward
Welfare Ward Then
Welfare Ward Now
1964 New Loke Yim Ward
The old Loke Yim Ward was
demolished to build the new
Loke Yim Ward. It was used as
female Chinese medical ward
at first, after that it became
ordinary ward for the Western
Medical Department in 1976
until Lee Yan Lian Building was
built. It is now the ward
keeping office.
New Loke Yim Ward
Tung Shin Hospital’s president
Tan Sri Lee Yan Lian funded to
build a three storeys building as
Western Medical Department.
As the new Western Medical
Department constructed, this
building became staff’s hostel.
This building was later
demolished in 2002.
Old Lee Yan Lian Ward 1974
Old Lee Yan Lian Ward
Tan Sri Lee Yan Lian
1986 New Lee Yan Lian Ward
This building was finished
constructed in 1988. It substitute
the Old Lee Yan Lian Ward to place
the Western Medical Department.
It consists of 11 floors and
contained of outpatient
department, specialist department,
surgery rooms, ICU, wards,
pharmacy, X-ray room and other
western medical treatments.
Present
New Lee Yan Lian Ward
Present Tung Shin Hospital
7
The formation of Tung Shin Hospital today had been gone through uncountable
processes of constructions, demolitions and renovations of the buildings it consisted.
Today, the remaining buildings that were constructed from 1900 until 1990 include the
new Lee Yan Lian Ward, new Loke Yim Ward, Haw Par Ward, and the Welfare Ward.
The architects who contributed to the designs and constructions of the buildings were cannot to be defined. However, the founder of Tung Shin
Hospital is the fifth and lastast Kapitan of Kuala Lumpur, Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng.
Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng was born in 1846 and died in 1901. In his 55 years of lifetime, he marked an important chapter in the early history of
Kuala Lumpur, Together with his contemporaries Kapitan Yap Ah Loy, Kapitan Yap Ah Sak, Loke Yew, Cheok Yeok and others, Yap Kwan Seng
helped to shape the humanistic landscape of the city. Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng
Current Tung Shin Hospital
The Founder of Tung Shin Hospital
Selangor Kwang Tung Cemetery Victoria Institution Tung Shin Hospital Tai Wah Ward Chak Kai Association
Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng is a successful miner as well as a Hakka community leader. He founded or co-founded many important institution in Kuala Lumpur, such as Selangor Kwang Tung
Cemetary, Victoria Institution, Tung Shin Hospital, Tai Wah Ward at the Pauper Hospital (forerunner of the Kuala Lumpur General Hospital), Chak Kai Association, most of them still exist today.
Jalan Yap Kwan Seng Jalan Sin Chee Kee
Even the Brickfields area got its name from the
brick factory he built there to take part in
Kuala Lumpur first redevelopment project in
the late 19th century.
Yap Kwan Seng was such prominent in Kuala
Lumpur’s history - the Jalan Yap Kwan Seng
and Jalan Sin Chee Kee (off Jalan Pudu) which
was named after his shop.
He owned tin mines, tin mining industry in Kuala Lumpur during the
British Colonial period was in its glory as a result from the industry
growth. By 1889, he employed up to 7,000 labours with tin
production outstripped that of Kapitan Yap Ah Shak. Meanwhile, as
more mine workers suffered from various epidemics and diseases,
Yap Kwan Seng established “Pooi Shin Tong” (forerunner of Tung Shin
Hospital), one of Kuala Lumpur’s earliest charity bodies, to provide
free medical care and funeral assistance.
8
Tung Shin Hospital holds on 2 special meanings in the historical context of Malaysia
Tung Shin Hospital represents the humanitarian spirit of the Malaysian society. It ensures proper healthcare for even the unprivileged. The growth of Tung Shin Hospital reflects interestingly that of Malaysian society. It started from caring for the poor in a particular ethnic group to serves people of any community from not only in Malaysia but from other countries.
9
9 7
By Sen Yih Yiing & Masoud Rmdn
CFA Voysey Cottages Style
Haw Par Ward 11-13
Architecture Style
10
Haw Par Ward
Haw Par Building is built on 1935, the oldest building among the wards in Tung Shin Hospital. It consists two levels and was functioned as a grand hall that held various events during the early years, but it is now the medical staff’s hostel. Generally, the building is rectangular in shape but its appearance is asymmetry.
The interesting features of the Haw Par Ward include the bow window in front covered with stained glasses, a large area of patio in the middle of the building, which the four sides of it are enclosed by rooms and spaces and the roof level which allows people access.
Rectangular in shape
Asymmetry in shape
Principle • Asymmetry in shape
• The shape of the building is asymmetrical because of the bow window extended out from the originally rectangle building
• Repetition • The continuous usage of stained
glasses at the bow window gives the building an attractive appearance
Elements • Colours
• The reflection of sunlight makes the colours of the stained glasses become obvious.
• Shapes • The used of circle and rectangles in constructing
the shape of the plan
Colours
Haw Par Ward Floor Plan
Arts And Crafts Movement - CFA Voysey Cottages Style 11
Architecture characteristics of Haw Par Ward
• Focused on residential idiom.
• There are numbers of rooms and spaces consisted in Haw Par Ward, suitable for
various usage such as for hostel, offices and recreation area.
• Modest size
• The size of Haw Par Ward is moderate for around 150 persons to be in, the spaces are
in the comfortable size for people to conduct their respective activities.
• Suiting user’s needs rather than stylistic and formalistic concerns
• The architecture of Haw Par Ward is quite utilize, every single spaces are well used as
dorms, recreation room and public toilets. It does not have lavish ornaments and
decorations on the exterior as well as the interior spaces.
• Desire to simplicity
• The spaces are well defined, the main spaces in Haw Par Ward such as the patio and
hostel areas are well separated. The plan and elevations design are clear and simple
without complex decorations and designs.
• Maximum window space to allow natural lightning and ventilation
• Circular bay window at the front of Haw Par Ward allow a large amount of sunlight to
penetrate in, the use of stained glasses allow the shadow formed to be various of
colours, adds aesthetic visual texture to the interior spaces. The used of jalousie
windows enhance the ventilation in Haw Par Ward, keep the air circulation constant
and allow fresh air to filled up the environment.
• Two storey foyer as main pivot of horizontally arranged frame emphasis
• Haw Par Ward is a two storey building. At the interior of Haw Par Ward, there are four
sides of two storeys hostels framing the patio in the centre.
12
Although Haw Par Ward was built in 1935, but by analyzing all these architecture characteristics of Haw Par Ward, they are all similar to the architecture style by
C.F.A Voysey (pioneer of the modern movement), which are one of the Arts and Crafts Movement (1880 – 1910) during the early modernism.
‘discarding the mass of useless ornaments’ – Charles Vosey
Har Par Ward 1935 Broadleys 1898
Bow Window
Lowicks 1894 Har Par Ward 1935
Modest Size
Spade House 1899 Haw Par Ward 1935
Desire to Simplicity
Comparison between Har Par Ward with C.F.A. Voysey Cottages
13
By Hon Yi Hang & Masoud Rmdn
Prairie style
Welfare Ward 15-17
Architecture Style
14
Welfare Ward
Welfare Ward was built in 1961. It was where Chinese medical departments, pharmacy and wards were placed, but now it consists of only library and mainly office used. Welfare Ward is rectangular in shape and it’s symmetrically balance.
Symmetrical
Rectangular in shape
Principle • Symmetrically Balance
• The shape of the building is symmetrically balance in both sides.
• Harmony • The building is made up of
many different sizes of rectangles such as the middle tower, the entrance and windows, this shapes harmonizes together perfectly in this building.
The central tower is higher than both its wings, forms hierarchy which attract attentions by the people, and guide the guide to walk to its entrance. There is a parking area at the centre of the building, surrounded by 3 block of 2 storeys building.
Elements • Lines
• The lines of the building are formed by looking at the vertical columns and horizontal windows and roof lines.
• Texture • The used of glasses, concrete and blocks with
the plants on the pergola give the building different textures.
Lines
Texture
Welfare Ward Floor Plan
Early Modern Architecture Style - Prairie Style 15
Architecture Characteristics of Welfare Ward
• Low horizontal lines
• The Welfare Ward consists on 2 storeys, which is the shortest among the
modern buildings consist in Tung Shin Hospital.
• Broad open spaces instead of strictly defined forms
• The forms in Welfare Ward is U-shape with simple and obvious which consists
only rectangular in both its elevations and plans. There is a large area at the
center of the building , 3 sides of the open area is enclosed by 2 storeys offices
and rooms, and the centre open space connects the Welfare Ward With the
New Chinese Medical Department which is located behind.
• Distinction between the interior spaces and the surrounding terrains.
• The semi-private and private areas in the welfare Ward is clearly separated by
boundaries such as walls and rooms .
• Unornamented exterior.
• There is not much ornaments and decoration on the building. The decorative elements
only the pergola, glasses and hollow blocks as ventilation medium and decorative
element. Not carvings decorations are on the building.
• Ribboned Window
• There are a continuous row of windows located at the second floor of the building, give
the building maximum sunlight to penetrate in.
16
By concluding all the research on the features of the architecture in the Welfare Building, Welfare Ward is a modern architecture influenced by the Prairie Style (Late 19th –
Early 20th) from Early Modernism.
Falling Water 1935 Welfare Ward 1961
Low Horizontal Line
Welfare Ward 1961 Heurtley House 1902
Ribboned Window
Robie House 1910 Welfare Ward 1961
Distinction between interior space and surrounding terrains
Comparison between Welfare Ward with Prairie Style architectures
17
By Sen Yih Yiing & Masoud Rmdn
Brutalism
New Lee Yan Lian Ward 19-21
Architecture Style
18
New Lee Yan Lian Building
The New Lee Yan Lian Building is where the western medical department placed now. It was
used to replaced the old Lee Yan Lian Building to placed he department as it constructed in
1986.
The New Lee Yan Lian Building is also rectangular in shape because of the shape is easy to
function and it can be full utilized especially for hospitals. And It also symmetrically balanced.
Symmetrically Balance
Rectangular in shape
Principle • Hierarchy
• The middle building is the highest of all the buildings in Tung Shin, and from side, it looks pop up and attention catching
• Emphasis • The colour of the middle
tower is darker than the side wings’ walls, makes the middle tower to be the focus point of the building
The New Lee Yan Lian Ward Is the highest ward in Tung Shin Hospital. This building consists of
elevators and it is enclosed into an opaque rectangular shape building.
Elements
• Colour
• The colour used on the middle tower and on
the side wings are different which makes the
middle building to be more stand out.
• Lines
• This building consists of 11 floors with
distinctive balcony and floor lines
Colours and Lines
New Lee Yan Lian Ward Floor Plan
Mid 19th Century Modern Architecture Style - Brutalism 19
• Lack of ornament
• There are no carvings and decoration applied on the building, just the usage of
different wall materials to for the texture of the building,
• Emphasis on rectangular forms and horizontal and vertical lines
• As we can see, the shape of new Lee Yan Lian Ward was straight to the point, as it is
an edgy rectangle and to be detailed, there a smaller rectangle in between 2 longer
rectangles that formed the building.
Architecture characteristics in New Lee Yan Lian Ward
• Flat roofs
• The roof used is flat on the side wings but at the middle tower, the roof is slightly
tilted to make some difference between the middle tower and the side wins.
• Generous used of glass
• Glass is a main element in this building, from the ceiling to the ground floor, there are
a lot of glass had been used to make as the gazing. The glass makes the building to
look modernistic and less opaque.
• Use of modern materials and systems
• The materials used in constructing the building are all factory manufactured, such as
steels, glass, alumnium composite and bricks.
• Emphasis on graphically expressing in the external elevations
20
The appearance of Lee Yan Lian is simple but elegant as the used of mainly glass, low toned colour and a very distinctive shapes of rectangular. Therefore, we concluded that
this building is influenced by Brutalism architecture(1950s – 1970s) which was from mid – century modernism.
Comparison between New Lee Yan Lian Ward with Brutalism architectures
New Lee Yan Lian Ward 1986 Unite d’Habitation 1952 Western City Gate 1980 New Lee Yan Lian Ward 1986
Emphasis of rectangular forms
Hubert H. Humphrey Building 1977
Generous used of glass
New Lee Yan Lian Ward 1986
Use of modern materials and systems
21
By Cheah Eugene
Stained Glass 23
Mosaic Ceramic Tiles 24
Terracotta 25
Glass Block & Iron Grill 26
Wire Mesh and Metal Grill Sliding Door 26
Concrete Paver Block 27
Aluminium Composite Panel Cladding 28
Building Materials
22
Haw Par Building
was built as a hall in 1935, it
was converted into Chinese
medical out-patient clinic,
office, hostel and western
specialist center. Materials were
still in partially good condition
but still need some
maintenance in the future.
Buildings materials were used
during neoclassical and pre-war
era. Most of the buildings
designed differently because
were construct in a limited
period of time due to pre-war.
Because of this, it was mostly
focus on simple Arts and Craft
materials that are found locally.
The previous paint of the
and cathedral and even
decorated the windows of
private houses. Usually the
glass was fired, the
silver stain turned a yellow
color that could range from
lemon to gold. Stained glass
was usually used to make
windows, so that the light
would shine through the
painting, its one of the most
widespread forms of painting.
Stained glass was usually used
to make windows, so that the
light would shine through the
exterior colours to create lights
inside. The stained glass is very
strong and long lasting if well
maintained. The building use a
very simple plain stained glass
window and its still in a very
good condition.
building was pale white and
undergo renovation once before.
The main construction for the
building are bricks and concrete.
The Welfare Building is
constructed in 1959 and
completed 3 years later. The main
construction materials for the
building are bricks, concrete and
terracotta roof tiles with Prairie
style. Lee Yan Lian Ward was
completed in July 2005. The old
ward was demolished in 2002 for
the new building. The main
construction for the building are
bricks, cement, concrete. During
the Gothic period and the
Renaissance period, stained glass
was one of the foremost
techniques of painting practiced
in Europe especially on church
Haw Par Building
Stained Glass 23
Mosaic ceramic tile has
been using since before
Renaissance period. ceramic tiles
have been seen using in the
pyramids, the ruins of Babylon,
and ancient ruins of Greek cities.
Decorative tilework was invented
in the near east, where it has
enjoyed a longer popularity and
assumed a greater variety of
design than anywhere in the
world. During the Islamic period,
On the left: Ceramic tiles in Haw Par
all methods of ceramic tile
decoration were also used in
mosque. Mosaic ceramic tiles are
used on the floor and stairs of the
building. It have advantages
compare with other materials. It is
harder and stiffer than steel, more
heat and corrosion resistant than
metals, and also less dense than
most metals and alloys. There are
plenty of their raw materials and
not costly. Ceramic tiles display a
wide range of properties
which facilitate their use
in many different product
areas.
Welfare Ward
Welfare Ward
Haw Par Ward
Mosaic Ceramic Tiles 24
Terracotta is a ceramic material
that has been used for building
construction and decorative arts since
ancient times in cultures around the
world till now. The material is made
from natural clay, which gives it a
characteristic reddish-brown color. The
color of the material varies slightly
depending on the clay used. Terracotta
may be glazed for extra durability or to
provide color. It is a waterproof and very
sturdy material there are also many
ancient sculptures and decorative items
made from it are still in excellent shape.
to be glazed in a wide variety of colors,
including finishes that resemble stone
or metal patina. Terracotta is not costly
and glazing increases its durability and
helps it retain its original look. The
material is also resistance to water and
fire. Its also popular that can preserve a
very long material life if well taken care.
Terracotta roof tiles used for the
building is a barrel shape roof tiles that
gives the roof line a look off texture and
flow. Its one of the refinement and
classical style for the building.
Terracotta roof tiles is one of the
quality and beauty tiles and is a very
old materials till modern days. Clay
has long been the traditional roof tile
material, as terracotta provides both
strength and insulation against
temperature and weather. The Gothic
revival style of architecture in the
19th century has been using
terracotta, and the material became
increasingly used for structural
elements such as walls and
decoration. It is also lighter than
stone, and modern methods allow it
Welfare Ward
Haw Par Ward
Terracotta 25
Glass block was widely
use in American Art Deco
Movement period. There are
various type of design
especially for tall buildings or
private use. is a versatile
material that can be used for a
variety of purposes. Thus
allowing a limited amount of
light to enter the space. The
material were normally used to
produce both walls and floors
because of its thickness. It has
a very strong resistance to fire
and thickness. Its also can last
many years as a building
material.
Iron grille come from the
medieval period, use of ironwork
for decorative purposes became
more common. Iron was used to
protect doors and windows of
valuable places from attack from
raiders and was also used for
decoration as can be seen at
Cathedral and buildings. Armour
also was decorated, often simply
but occasionally elaborately. From
the 16th century onwards, iron
Small wire mesh added to the top of the small
window to prevent insects from entering the
room. Its also part of the materials to allow warm
air to escape the room.
became highly ornate
especially in the Baroque
and Rococo periods.
However, till modern time,
iron are less focus on
decorative instead of
protection. It has less
maintenance but will rust
easily if were not paint
properly or in contact with
water several times.
Metal grille sliding door
are used for the entrance
to the second floor of the
Welfare Building provides
a strong security and not
easy to break in. Its also
have fire resistance and
easy to maintain, even
easier to use. Commonly
use for shops entrance
during post-war time in
Malaysia. Material itself
includes aluminum,
metal, steel, and etc
depends the range of
budget for the structure.
Welfare Ward
Welfare Ward
Welfare Ward
Welfare Ward
Glass Block, Iron Grill, Wiremesh & Metal Grille Sliding Door 26
Concrete paver block is first
established in Central and South
America in the mid 1960s. Soon,
the material were introduced to
other countries such as Britain,
Canada, Australia and many more
for the great demand of growth.
The benefits of the material is to
reduce the flood overflow during
rainy days and erosion problem,
such as the Welfare Ward and the
Haw Par Ward is located at lower
ground level, most of the rainwater
come from the upper level will
accumulate at both areas,
therefore, the usage of concrete
paver blocks is ideal.
Concrete paver blocks are
commonly used in exterior
flooring. They are made from
concrete and colourings, then
molded into different shapes.
These concrete blocks do not wear
out easily and are fire resistance.
The reason it is used in the areas in
the hospital like the centre of the
Welfare Ward and also the
pathway in the Haw Par Ward as
they are mainly used for
transportation purposes, parking
and also people circulation. As
mentioned, they’re very durable
and can cope with abrasion.
Centre of the Welfare Ward
Pathway outside the Welfare Ward Centre of Haw Par Ward
Concrete Paver Block 27
The New Lee Yan Lian Ward was renovated around 2008 by adding up the aluminium composite panel claddings on the middle tower. Before the renovation, the ward was all plain by only using only white paint as the finishing of the wall. The building looks plain and unattractive before.
Aluminium composite panel cladding are one of the cladding that added for the building's decoration and also protect the building from harsh weather and temperature. During pre-war period, cladding on building are starting to expand after seeing how paint bonds to aluminum fuselages on World War II.
The material only apply for the front elevation of the New Lee Yan Lian Ward to make the middle tower to become the focus point of the whole building by using different materials to create different textures to the building. The building now not only can be protected from harsh weather as it is located on the hill and it is the highest point of Tung Shin Hospital, it will receive most of the harsh weather such as strong wind, sunlight exposure, rain and thunder.
New Lee Yan Lian Ward before renovation
New Lee Yan Lian Ward after renovation
ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANEL CLADDING
Aluminium Composite Panel Cladding 28
By Michael Kon Keen Yih
Introduction to Tung Shin Construction 30
Lee Yan Lian Ward 30 Welfare Ward 31 Haw Par Ward 32
Building Construction
29
A bold expansion programmed for Western Medical
Department was initiated in 1985. This 10 storey
block with a total built-up area of 240,000 sq. feet
was finally completed in 1989. It has a bed capacity
of 238.
Tung Shin Hospital in its early years.
In 1881, Tung Shin hospital was established
and in a shop lot at Petaling Street and was
converted into a hospital than shifted to a
new address which is the current location
( Jalan Pudu)- Kuala Lumpur. It first started
as a clinic then 3 major building was build
on the site itself. (Ward One), (Loke Yew Ward)
(Haw Paw Ward).
Lee Yan Lian Construction in the early 80’s . Tung Shin Hospital
president Tan Sri Lee Yan Lian donated half a million dollars to
the Western in-patient ward. The philanthropist held a belief:
money like fertilizers, needed to be widespread to be useful.
The early flat roof construction
Old Lee Yan Lian’s Construction
Introduction of Construction Method
Lee Yan Lian Ward
30
The Welfare Building in the sixties with its green field, which was later replaced by a three level car park.
The Welfare Building (also known as Welfare Ward) has its construction
started in 1959 with $234,000 donation by the Social Welfare Lotteries Ward.
It was officiated by Datuk Ong Yoke Ling, then the official welfare minister. In
12 December 1961 after its completion in the same year. The Chinese Medical
Department is operating in this second largest of the hospital’s existing
building.
Welfare Building
One-Way Joist Slab
A joist or ribbed slab is cast integrally with as series of closely spaced joists, which
in turn are supported by a parallel set of beams. Designed as a series of T-beams,
joist slabs are more suitable for the longer spans and heavier loads than one-way
slabs.
31
A structure of the city notable for its historical and architectural value, the Haw Par Building was
named after Mr. Aw Boon Haw and Mr. Aw Boon Par, the Singaporean tycoon brothers, with whose
donation it was built in 1935. Mr. Aw Boon Haw came to Kuala Lumpur to officiate it in 2 February
1936. The Haw Par Building (also known as the Haw Par Ward), locate at the hospital main entrance,
is the oldest of all existing building. It is now used as medical staff hostel and the traditional Chinese
medicine library.
As you can see, there’re holes on the walls for
ventilation and natural day lighting is used on the
design which is very common throughout the early
modernism time.
Concrete masonry foundation walls
The Haw Par building started using the
concrete masonry walls after the 90’s
construction method as it’s more cost saving
and easily handled in small units and does
not need any formwork.
The Haw Par Ward Building 32
By Hon Yi Hang
Ribbon Window 34
Casement Window 35
Jalousie Window 36
Circular Bay Window 37
Floor To Ceiling Window 38
Architecture Elements & Components
33
Vertical ribbon window can only be found at the front
elevation of the Welfare Building. Vertical ribbon windows
is a long row of vertical windows. Vertical ribbon windows
are used to enhance the connection between the interior
and the exterior. It also serves the same purpose as the
horizontal ribbon window. Stained glass was applied on
the circular bay window and ribbon window in order to
enlarge the function of the window.
Horizontal ribbon window is applied around the Welfare Building. Horizontal
ribbon window is a long row of windows separated by vertical posts, called
mullions. Horizontal ribbon windows can be used up high on a wall. It often
used to bring in the natural lights to brighten up the interior. Windows installed
near the ceiling are called clerestory windows. In the row of windows, some
are fixed whereas some of them are movable.
Bluish green stained glass was applied on the ribbon window in order to enlarge
the function of the window.
Vertical Ribbon Window
Horizontal Ribbon WIndow
Bluish Green Stained Glass
Windows- Ribbon Window
Vertical Ribbon Window
Horizontal Ribbon Window
34
Casement Window
A casement window usually referred to window that is attached
to its frame by one or more hinges. Hinge at the top part of the
window is referred as awning window and the hinge at the bottom
is called hoppers.
They are used singly or in pairs within a common frame. Casement
windows are used at the central of the welfare building. It is often
used to promote good air entry and ventilation.
Casement and Transom Window
Casement and transom window is the combination
Of few casement windows. Casement and transom
window has the function same as casement
window but it is stronger compare to the single
casement window.
Casement and Transom Window Paired Casement Window
Single Casement Window
Windows- Casement Window 35
Jalousie window covered the whole Har Par building and part of the
Welfare Building. Jalousie window, also known as louvre window which is
formed by parallel glasses or wooden set in a window frame. The louvers
are linked together in a track in order to be open or shut in the same order.
It allows ventilation through the entire window and maximizing the cooling
and natural ventilation.
Jalousie window also can remain open during heavy rain.
As the glass louvers are protruding outwards, rain water
are refrain from entering through the windows. Hence,
ventilation still can be maintained during heavy downpour.
The jalousie window of the Welfare Building
The jalousie window of the Haw Par Building
Windows- Jalousie Window 36
At the front elevation, the circular bay window is divided into
three parts; each part is formed by a combination of three vertical
windows. As the front elevation of Har Par building was facing the
entire hospital and the main road, provides a good panoramic view
of the surrounding and a source of natural lightning to brighten the
interior.
Whereas, the semicircular part at the back elevation is fully
covered up with seven rows of horizontal circular bay window.
Circular bay window is applied to maximize the penetration of
sunlight. At the same time, it can also provide a spacious interior .
Circular bay window is built in semicircular shape which
can be found at the front and back elevation of the
Haw Par building.
Front Elevation
Back Elevation
Windows- Circular Bay Window
Different colour of stained glass also applied on the circular bay
window to make it look more attractive.
Stained glass in different colour
37
Floor-to-ceiling windows are applied on the whole New Lee Yan Lian
Ward. It is a type of large window which can allow the light enter the
interior from multiple angles. Meanwhile this window is used to linked
the interior with the external surrounding by providing a good visualization
from the Inside.
Floor-to-ceiling window of the New Lee Yan Lian Ward
Windows- Floor- to- Ceiling Window 38
By Ling Yuan Ming
Metal Grille Sliding Doors 40
Louvered Doors 40
Steel Doors With Grid Form 41
Doors with Glass Panels 41
Aluminium Glass Doors 42
Stairs 43
Architecture Elements & Components
39
Metal Grille Sliding Doors Louvered Doors
Also known as retractable steel doors,
they have existed since the early 20th
century and have been widely used from
within spaces to the main door of shop lots.
This type of door provide maximum
ventilation, vision and also lighting, not
forgetting protection. The skeletal structure
enables people from within to see what is
on the outside. They come in various sizes
and can fit to almost all openings.
Additional design on a normal door,
louvered doors have diagonal pieces that
create openings. The diagonal strips are
meant for ventilation, especially for places
which have limited spaces while
maintaining privacy and security, not
forgetting a little bit of natural lighting.
The metal louvered door is usually used
for mechanical storages such as pumps,
generators and others.
The wooden ones are more often used
for individual spaces such as rooms. In
this hospital, a small clinic.
The main entrance of Haw Par Ward – After
opening hours, these doors will close from
both sides. Doors are fully opened in the
image above.
Retractable metal door used to separate the
hallway and the main area. Doors semi
closed (Bottom third from the left)..
Doors shut entirely when the higher floor is
not in service or at night (Bottom second
from the left).
Doors 40
Steel Doors with Grid Form
Available and started using
from the late 19th century to
the early 20th century. The
main use of grid form barriers
is for safety purposes. They
are installed both on ground
and also high rise balcony and
usually seals the entire
opening, leaving an usable
door space. They play their
role well by preventing break-
ins. It is the first line of
defense that doesn’t require
power supply or regular
maintenance.
Doors with Glass Panels
On the left :
Welfare Ward – Hallway Door
Haw Par Ward – Hallway Doors
On the left: Use of grid form
grills from the door to ceiling
and also fully-grilled door
with a padlock.
On the right :
Main entrance into the recreation
club, Welfare Ward
A classic solid wooden door with
additional glass panel. Started
using since the very early 20th
century to not only increase
visibility but also enhances the
door aesthetically. It also helps in
natural lighting of the spaces
inside.
Above : Wooden door with a
single glass panel opening to a
clinic
This type of door is widely
used for these purposes as
steel is widely used and is
easy to obtain at that era.
Both the Welfare Ward and
Haw Par Ward uses this type
of door despite their
construction gap.
Above :
Wooden door with two glass panels,
above and below each other
Doors 41
Aluminum Glass Doors
Aluminum is founded in the 19th century but is
not widely used as it is too expensive and is hard
to obtain until WWII. During that time, there was
mass usage of aluminum. After WWII, new and
faster methods are found to obtain aluminum
and it is widely used after that as it is light but
very strong and durable. Besides, its clean look
does not require additional refurbishment.
Glass was discovered very early but the production was
too dearly. In 1959, Pilkington Brothers made float glass, a
much cheaper and stronger glass.
Glass and aluminum combined doors are used as
they look classy, the silver colour of aluminum and
the reflection from the glass. The glass allows full
penetration of sunlight and vision. It used in many
places such as doors, windows and balustrades.
This type of doors are usually used at places which
are welcoming and wanting people to know what is
inside.
However, the combination of glass and aluminum for
making doors and also windows has begun since the
1890s.
Above : Brown aluminum giving a different
feeling, looking secure.
Most left : An entrance to the receptionist
counter, double door with handles - Haw Par
Ward
Middle : Side entrance to the ward
Doors 42
The entrance to the Haw Par Ward is
located slightly above the ground with three
flight of stairs (Image 1). Build in 1935, the
step stairs has existed for more than 3000
years since the 18th Dynasty (1320BC). Even
though step stairs are considered old, they are
implemented here in this building.
The stairs is covered by a block of hollow
core concrete bricks, providing vision,
ventilation and also natural lighting during the
day, not forgetting privacy.
Stairs is one of the oldest building in the
architectural history. It is believed that the first
appearance of stairs is 6000BC. From that
moment, stairs has evolved tremendously from
carved wooden trunk to cantilevered glass stairs
now. The Modern Era, reinforced concrete stairs
has started being used since the late 19th century
and can be seen in both Haw Par and Welfare
Ward. The surface is covered with ceramic tiles to
enhance the stairs aesthetically.
Image 1
The stairs in the Welfare Ward belongs to
the half landing type of stairs. One is present
at each side of the building. The interior can
be seen on the panoramic picture above.
Stainless steel is also present to provide
walking support for the elderly and also the
patients.
Stairs 43
By Sen Yih Yiing
Wooden Pergola 45
Awning 46-47
Air Vents 48
Roofing 48-49
Columns 50
Fencings 51
Architecture Elements & Components
44
For centuries, pergolas had been served as shade and shelter for the people during inclement weather. The pergola is the earliest open-air lattices with supporting
pillars and it is covered with climbing vines and fruit bearing tress. Their popularity rose during the Renaissance.
Pergola
Pergola in Modern Architecture – Ancher House by Sydney Ancher (1955)
“roof dissolves into a pergola at the southern side of the building, which becomes an architectural
feature of the garden. The original drawings show pergolas bridging the space between the house
and the northern courtyard wall and extending from the verandah roof to the garden”
Shadings- Pergola
Ancher House
Wooden Pergola
Pergola is a garden feature which forms a shaded walkway, passageway, or sitting area or vertical posts or
pillars that usually support cross-beams and sturdy open lattice.
The material of the cross beam above the pergola are wood beams painted with white paint for weather
protection, as n insulator and also to prevent corrosion.
Wood is used in pergola because it adds aesthetic natural material to the concrete building, and fits perfectly
for the environment of the garden-like passageway, gives walkers a fresh feeling when then walk through it. Welfare Ward
The complicated arrangement of vines grew on the pergola forms a natural shading element which
blocks the penetration of sunlight, allows the temperature of the passageway to be lower and the
environment can be more comfortable
The irregular shapes of the shadows formed add virtual texture to the environment, make the
pathway to has a patterns of natural lightings that can lightened up the pathway.
45
The usage of awning was most well known in the colosseum during ancient Rome. Awning was also
called the Velarium which was a Latin name given for the retractable, panelled, awning, its purpose
was to provide shade for the spectators who watched the gladiatorial games in the blistering sun
and heat of Ancient Rome.
Awnings in Modern Architecture – LNEC Building (1946)
by P. Pardal Monteiro
An example of usage of awnings in modern architecture can be seen in the
LNEC main building in Lisbon, Portugal.
The LNEC main building was built in 1950, it is one of the most
representative examples of the extension of Portuguese Modernism. Its
modernist features include the long symmetric façade, high doors and
ceilings.
The picture on the most right shows eight of the seventy two tilted yellow
awnings on the south façade of the building. The awnings are used during
the summer season and removed in winter. LNEC Main Building Awnings at the
south facade
Awnings in Colosseum
Shadings- Awnings 46
Concrete Awning Welfare Ward
Aluminum Awning New Lee Yan Lian Ward
Concrete Awning
Concrete awning is used at the entrance of Welfare Ward. Because patients are
delivered in front of the entrance, the awning can protect the patients from rain and
sun.
The advantage of concrete awning is that it is weatherproof and long-lasting. It required
less maintenance and it can efficiently provides weather protections to the people.
Aluminium Awning
The sidewalk and each levels of French windows at the new Lee Yan Lian Ward used aluminium
awning as shading.
Aluminiums are light in weight and corrosion resistance. Alumium awning is used as it is hard
wearing for external covering, it is used to control light penetration, radiant heat that enable the
temperature of the interior to be lower and cool.
Shading- Awnings 47
Air Vents
Ventilation and efficient air circulation is important for a hospital to keep the air constantly fresh and
prevent contagion of bacteria.
The air vents used in Welfare Ward are the pierce blockwall, which are made of hollow bricks, while
Haw Par Ward used the less decorative ventilation openings.
The concrete air vents not only ensure the hospital to stay hygienic, allow hot air to transfer out to
keep the interior cool, but they also act as ornaments for the building. They make the building to
look more aesthetic and less opaque.
Haw Par Ward
Welfare Ward
Polycarbonate Roofing
Polycarbonate roofing is high performance rooflighting, it has high impact strength, lightweight, thermal and
weather insulation.
The semi-transparent polycarbonate roofing used at the patio allows moderate sunlight to penetrate in,
lightened up the building so the open space in the interior will not seem humid and dark.
The polycarbonate roofing prevent rain water from entering the interior of the building, so water will not
accumulate at the grooves on the floor, eliminate the risk of slippery and mosquitoes growing. The fans
installed allows ventilation in the closed patio.
Haw Par Ward
Shading- Roofing
Ventilation- Air Vents
48
Flat Roof
Flat Roof
Flat Roof
Arched Roof
Hip Roof
Skillion Roof
Haw Par Ward
Welfare Ward
New Lee Yan Lian Ward
Flat Roof
Flat roof is widely used in the buildings of Tung Shin Hospital. Flat roof is easier to construct and
generally more accessible.
But this type of roof requires constant maintenance because debris will gather on it with nowhere to
go.
Arched Roof
Arched roof prevents rainwaters and debris from accumulating on it, less maintenance needed, and it
is typically only used on a portion of the building, as seen in Haw Par Ward, it is used only at the
balcony area. It definitely adds a great aesthetic touch to the architecture.
Hip Roof
Hip roof is similar to the pyramid roof, but the difference is that the four sides of hip roof meet at a
ridge or a flat spot.
Hip roof is architecturally more practical as there is virtually no change for water accumulation as the
four sides are angled. Moreover, it is less vulnerable to high winds and can be used in all types of
climates.
Skillion Roof
This type of roof is a single sloping roof surface. The skillion roof used in the New Lee Yan Lian Ward
makes the building in the middle stands out from it’s side wings which are made of flat roof, adds a
slight visual effect to the building.
Type of Roof 49
Interior Columns
The buildings commonly used open plan as their design, which is one of the well known characteristics
of modern architecture proposed by Le Corbusier in his 5 points of architecture. Concrete columns are
shown in the interiors of the buildings that shows the open plan, provides the flexibility for the spaces
arrangement. It also allows larger open space for the high circulation of people in the hospital.
New Chinese Medical Ward
New Loke Yim Ward
Exterior Columns
The exterior columns are in rectangular and circular in shapes, the material of the columns are
also concrete, as concrete is good in strength, enable to withstand higher pressure and
durable.
The exterior columns act as a safety element as they form a boundary to guide people to walk
within the safe area and lead them to their destinations.
The exterior columns also make the building to look less solid as them form an open public
space and promotes ventilation and penetration of natural sunlight.
Welfare Building
Vertical Elements- Columns
Le Corbusier’s 5 Points of Architecture
Pilotis Roof Garden Free Façade Ribbon Window Free Plan
50
Concrete and Plants Fencing New Lee Yan Lian Ward
Plants Fencing Welfare Ward
Concrete Fencing
Concrete fencing is used at the New Lee Yan Lian Ward for safety purpose. Concrete has long durability,
corrosion resistance and it is chemical resistance too.
Green plants are planted on the concrete fencing to provide safety to the people on the sidewalk. It
also add up the variation of colours and textures to the environment so the surrounding will not be
only covered by manufactured materials but also has a taste of natural elements.
Plants Fencing
As the Welfare Ward is located on a small slope, the plants fencing functions the same, as it ensure
people safety and form borders that guide people to walk on the correct path. The plants fencing
makes the environment to be peaceful and fresh and the mood of the people walking by can also be
enlightened.
Vertical Elements- Fencings 51
Tung Shin Hospital had been standing at Kuala Lumpur from 1881 until today. It watches the changes
of Kula Lumpur’s environment, surrounding and also the transformation of Kuala Lumpur’s
architectures. Tung Shin Hospital been through countless of renovation, demolition and rebuild, most
of the buildings remained in Tung Shin Hospital are influenced by early modern architectures. Tung
Shin Hospital didn’t abandoned the important history and special features of their architectures, in
fact, they renewed it, maintained the historical building as well as make them functionable until today
so that people can actually experience the unique charm of the remaining historical modern
architectures.
Conclusion 52
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FAO Corporate Document Repository. (n.d.). Agriculture and Consumer Protection, Wall, [Website] Retrieved from
http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e0j.htm
Fontoynont, M. (2013) Daylight Performance of Buildings, Retrieved from
http://books.google.com.my/books?id=QWJ9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169&lpg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false
Kathryn, K. (2014). Idea Books, 10 Different Types of Roofs For Your Home, [Website] Retrieved from http://www.houzz.com/ideabooks/113065/thumbs/10-
different-types-of-roofs-for-your-home
Kuala Lumpur History Guide. (n.d.). Kuala Lumpur Information, Kuala Lumpur History, Location, Information, [Website] Retrieved from http://www.kuala-
lumpur.ws/klhistory.htm
American EDU. (n.d.)TED Case Study, Tin Mining In Malaysia – Present And Future, [Website] Retrieved from http://www1.american.edu/ted/tin.htm
Tung Shin Hospital. (2014). Tung Shin Hospital, Overview, [Website] Retrieved from http://www.tungshin.com.my/about-us/overview/
Tung Shin Hospital. (1962). Tung Shin Magazine, Kuala Lumpur, Tung Shin Hospital.
Tung Shin Hospital. (1982). Tung Shin Hundred Years Magazine, Kuala Lumpur, Tung Shin Hospital.
References 53
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE BUILDING & DESIGN
Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Klang Valley
Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture
ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY 2 [ ARC 60203] Project 2: Web Book
Student Name:
Cheah Eugene 1001GH77034
Hon Yi Hang 0318473 Ling Yuan Ming 0318758 Masoud Ramedani 0317820 Michael Kon Keeh Yih 0300478 Sen Yih Yiing 0318890