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1'1 Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY ,kafoaiSka hg;g m;a ùu
,kafoaiSka wdishdjg meñKSu
16 jk ishjfia § mD;=.SiSka wdishdfjka f.k .sh l=`Mnvq we;=`M fjf<`o
øjH mD;=.d,fha ,sianka jrdfha § ñ, § .;a ,kafoaiSyq tajd hqfrdamd rgj,g
úlsKSfï fjf<`o jHdmdrhla f.k .shy' ,kafoaiSkaf.a uõrg jQ ´,kaoh tl,
iamd[a[hg hg;a rgla jYfhka mej;=Ks' iamd[a[jreka frdaudkq lf;da,slhka
jQ w;r ,kafoaiSyq frmrudÿ Nla;slfhda jQy' wd.ñl jYfhka o fï fomsßi w;r
u; .egqï mej;s fyhska ,kafoaiSka iamd[a[hg tfrysj ksoyia igkla wdrïN lr
;snqKs' fï w;r iamd[a[fha rcq jQ fojk ms,sma rdcH Wreuhlaa wkqj mD;=.d,fha;a
rcq njg m;a jQ fyhska ,kafoaiSkag tfrysj lghq;= lsÍug Tyqg wjia:dj ,enqKs'
tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka ,kafoaiSka ,sianka jrdhg meñKSu fojk ms,sma rcq úiska
;ykï lrk ,È' fufia ,kafoais keõj,g ,sianka jrdhg meñKSug fkdyels ùu
fya;=fjka Tjqkaf.a fjf<`odug wjYH l=̀Mnvq we;=`M fjf<`o øjH ,nd .ekSug
kï tajd ksIamdokh flfrk wdishdjg meñKSu yer fjk;a u.la ,kafoaiSkag
fkd;snqKs'
mD;=.SiSka wdishdjg meñK Y;j¾Ihla .; jk f;la ;uka meñfKk uqyqÿ
ud¾. mss<sn`o oekqu fiiq hqfrdamShka w;g m;aùu je,elaùug mshjr f.k we;'
tu ld,fha § mD;=.SiSkag b;d úYajdiodhl wh yereKq úg iel lghq;= ,kafoaiS"
bx.%Sis fyda m%xY cd;slfhl=g mD;=.Sis kejl wdishdjg meñKSug j;a mD;=.SiSyq
bv fkdÿkay' tfy;a ,kafoaiSyq úúO T;a;=lrejka fhoùu yd fjk;a ud¾.j,ska
1'1 rEmh ¡ fmrÈ. ´,kao fjf<`o iud.fï ^VOC& ,dxPkh
2fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
1595 j¾Ih muK jk úg mD;=.SiSka wdishdjg meñfKk keõ ud¾. fy<s lr
.;ay' fï wkqj 1602 j¾Ihg fmr ´,kaofha fjf<`o iud.ï lsysmhla wdishdjg
meñKs kuq;a fjf<`o øjH ,nd .ekSfï § ,kafoais iud.ï w;r u ;r.hla we;s
úh' tfia u tl u ,kafoais fjf<`o iud.ulg fyda ´,kaoh fjkqfjka wdishdfõ
lghq;= lsÍug wjYH kSs;Hkql+, n,hla ,eî fkd;snqKs' fï ;;ajh ie,ls,a,g
.;a ´,kao md,lhd 1602 j¾Ifha § ,kafoais fjf<`o iud.ï lsysmhla tl;=
fldg fmrÈ. ´,kao fjf<`o iud.u fyj;a zVOCZ iud.u msysgqù h' tu iud.u
msysgqùfï rdclSh n,m;%h wkqj ́ ,kao rch fjkqfjka wdishdfõ fjf<`odï lsÍug"
m%foaY hg;a lsÍug" n,fldgq bÈlsÍug" wdKavqldrjreka m;a lsÍug yd wod< m%foaY
md,kh lsÍug zVOCZ iud.ug n,h ,enqKs'
1602 j¾Ifhka miq fmrÈ. ´,kao fjf<`o iud.u uQ,Huh jYfhka
o Yla;su;a jQ fyhska m%n, keõ lKavdhï wdishdjg tùug ,kafoaiSkag yels
úh' fufia zVOCZ iud.u hgf;a meñKs ,kafoaiSyq cdjd ¥mf;a fn;dúh fyj;a
n;dúfha ;u uQ,ia:dkh msysgqjdf.k w.aksÈ. wdishd;sl ¥m;a yd bkaÈhdkq
fjr<nv m%foaYfha ia:dk lsysmhl iajlSh n,h f.dvke.+y' bkaÈhdkq id.rfha
;u fjf<`o n,h f.dvke.Sfï § ,kafoaiSkag wksjd¾fhka u mD;=.SiSka iu. igka
lsÍug isÿ úh'
Wvrg rcjreka ,kafoais iydh fidhd hdu
,kafoaiSka wdishdjg meñK jeä l,a .;ùug fmr 1602 j¾Ifha § fcdßia
jEka iams,an¾cka kï ,kafoais cd;sl woañrd,ajrhd keõ ;=kla iu. ,xldfõ
kef.kysr fjr<g
meñK uvl,mqjg f.dv
neiafia h' Tyq lkao Wvrgg
f.dia 1602 cQ,s udifha §
m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq
uqK .eiqKs' fuu wjêh
jk úg úu,O¾uiQßh rcq
mD;=.SiSkaf.a l%shdl,dmh
flfrys ±ä wm%idohlska miq
úh' tneúka mD;=.SiSka m<jd
yeÍu i|yd rcq ,kafoaiSkaf.a
wdOdr ,nd.ekSug leu;a;
m< lf<a h'
iams,an¾cka msg;aj
f.dia udi ;=klg muK 1'2 rEmh ¡ iams,an¾cka m<uq jk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq
uqK .eiSu3
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
miq isfn,a o j¾Ü keue;a;d m%uqL ;j;a ,kafoais ¥; msßila úu,O¾uiQßh rcq uqK
.eiSug meñKshy' fuu w¨;a ¥;hd o iams,an¾cka wh;a cd;shg u wh;a nj oek.;a
rcq uy;a yrißka uykqjr § Tyq ms<s.;a w;r" mD;=.SiSka m<jd yeÍu i|yd fomsßi
lghq;= l< hq;= wdldrh ms<sn|j idlÉPd o meje;aù h' tfy;a miq wjia:djl
rcq bÈßfha § rcqg wf.!rj jk f,i isfn,a o j¾Ü l:d lsÍu fya;=fjka Tyq
yd rcqf.a msßi w;r .egqula we;s úh' .egqfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka isfn,a o j¾Ü
wjdikdjka; f,i urKhg m;a úh' fuu isÿùu ksid mD;=.SsiSka m<jd yeÍug
,kafoais iydh ,nd.ekSfï rcqf.a wfmalaIdj ì| jegqKs'
úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.ka miq t;=udf.a ifydaorfhl= jQ fikr;a rcq n,hg
m;a úh' fikr;a rcqf.a ld,fha § ,kafoais ¥; lKavdhï folla iu`. idlÉPd
mej;s kuq;a rcq wfmalaId l< mßÈ id¾:l m%;sM, fkd,enqKs'
fojk rdcisxy rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r .súiqu
fikr;a rcqf.ka miq t;=udf.a mq;a fojk rdcisxy rclug m;a úh' t;=ud
mD;=.SiSka furáka m<jd yeÍug oeä wêIaGdkfhka lghq;= l< wfhls' fï i|yd
m%n, kdjql n,hla ysñ ,kafoaiSkaf.a iydh ,nd .ekSug rc;=ud l%shd lf<ah' ta
wkqj rcq ,kafoaiSkaf.a fmrÈ. uOHia:dkh jQ n;dúfha ksfhdað;hka iu. idlÉPd
meje;aù h' mD;=.SiSka m,jd yeÍug ;udg ,ndfok Wmldr fjkqfjka furg l=re`ÿ
fjf<|dfï whs;sh yd kef.kysr fjrf<a jrdhla ,kafoaiSkag ,nd§ug rcq tl`.
úh' tla hqfrdamSh cd;shla fjkqjg fjk;a hqfrdamSh cd;shla furgg f.kajd .ekSu
lsisfia;a u rcqf.a wruqK fkdù h' ,kafoaiSka yd rcq w;r we;s jQ idlÉPdj,
m%;sM, jYfhka 1638 uehs udifha § rcqf.a yuqodj yd ,kafoaiSka tl;=j uvl,mqj
mD;=.Sis n,fldgqj jg,k ,È' m%ydr lsysmhlska miq tys isá mD;=.SiSka mkakd
oeóug fuu fiakdfjda iu;a jQy' fuhska uy;a i;=gg m;a fojk rdcisxy rc;=ud
1638 j¾Ifha uehs udifha § u ,kafoaiSka iu. .súiqula w;aika lf<a h'
1638 .súiqfï m%Odk lreKq
mD;=.SiSka furáka fkrmd yeÍug Wvrg rcqg iydh §ug ,kafoaiSka tl`.
ùu'
mD;=.SiSkag tfrys igka i`oyd ,kafoaiSkag jeh jk uqo,a" l=re`ÿ" .ïñßia" ó
bá wdÈ fjf<`o øjH ,nd§u u.ska mshùug rcq tl`. ùu'
we;=ka yer Wvrg fiiq fjf<`o øjH ñ, § .ekSfï taldêldß whs;sh
,kafoaiSkag ,nd§u'
rcq woyia lrkafka kï mD;=.SiSkaf.ka w,a,d .kakd n,fldgqj, ,kafoais
yuqodj k;r lrùug tl`.ùu'
4fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
mD;=.SiSka fkrmSfï igka iy uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ,kafoais n,h msysgqùu
1638 j¾Ifha .súiqfuka miqj mD;=.SiSka furáka fkrmd yeÍug ;j;a
jir 20la .; úh' tu ld,fha § mD;=.SiSka hgf;a mej;s ;%sl=Kdu,h" ó.uqj"
.d,a," l`M;r" fld<U" ukakdru yd hdmkh we;=`M fiiq n,fldgq hg;a lsÍug
,kafoaiSka yd Wvrg yuqodfjda lghq;= l<y' ;%sl=Kdu,h yd ó.uqj n,fldgq
hg;a lsÍfuka miqj rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r u; .egqï we;s úh' ,kafoaiSka ;ukag
jdisodhl m%foaYj, n,fldgq w,a,d .;a miq 1638 j¾Ifha .súiqu mßÈ rcqg Ndr§ug
lghq;= fkdlsÍu tu ;;ajhg fya;= úh'
,kafoaiSka uq, isg u w;sYh lmá wkaoñka rcq iu. lghq;= fldg we;'
1638 .súiqfï tla j.ka;shlg wkqj mD;=.SiSkaf.ka w,a,d .kq ,nk n,fldgqj,
zz,kafoais yuqod k;r l< hq;= jkafka Wvrg rcq leu;s kï muKsZZ hk woyi
mej;sh;a" ,kafoaiSyq tu j.ka;sh wu;l fldg lghq;= l<y' ta wkqj ;uka
w,a,d.;a n,fldgqj, rcqf.ka fkdúuid ,kafoaiSyq ;u Nghka k;r l<y' ó.uqj
yd .d,a, l=re`ÿ nyq,j jefjk m%foaY jQ fyhska tajd rcqg Ndr fkd§ ;uka i;=j
;nd .ekSug ,kafoaiSyq lghq;= l<y' fuu u;fNaoh ksid n,fldgqj, isák
fiajlhkag jegqma f.ùu rcqf.a j.lSula fkdjk nj rc;=ud lshd isáfha h' ta w;r
b,a,d isá hqO úhoï f.jk ;=re n,fldgq rcqg mjrd Èh fkdyels nj ,kafoaiSyq
o lshd isáhy' fufia fomlaIh w;r u;fNaoh l%ufhka W.% úh' tfy;a fld<U
we;=̀M n,fldgqj,ska mD;=.SiSka m,jd yeÍug ,kafoais iydh wjYH jQ neúka fojk
rdcisxy rcq fndfyda bjis,su;aj lghq;= l< nj fmfka'
1'3 rEmh ¡ .d¨ fldgqj
5fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
fï w;r fcrdâ y,a*aÜ kï fifkúhd hgf;a úYd, ,kafoais yuqodjla
,xldjg meñKshy' bka Yla;su;a jQ ,kafoaiSyq mD;=.SiSkaf.ka fld<U fldgqj
w;am;a lr.ekSug Wia ìïj, ld,;=jlal= iú fldg fldgqj jegÆy' y,a*aÜ
fifkúhd flfrys m%idohg m;a rdcisxy rc;=ud Tyqg uy;a ie,ls,s olajd úYd,
yuqodjla o igkg tù h' ñka uy;a wirKNdjhg m;a mD;=.SiSyq hg;a nj m%ldY
fldg fld<U fldgqfõ h;=re ,kafoaiSkag Ndr ÿkay'
tf;la .d¨ fldgqfõ isg l%shd;aul jQ ,kafoaiSyq t;eka isg fld<U fldgqj
jvd;a Yla;su;a lr th ;u uQ,ia:dkh njg m;a lr .;ay' fuh o 1638 j¾Ifha
.súiqu kej; lvlsÍula jQfha h' fï ksid rdcisxy rcq fldamhg m;a úh' ,kafoaiSka
1658 j¾Ifha ukakdru o bka miq hdmkh yd l,amsáh o w,a,d .ekSu;a iu.
,xldfõ uqqyqÿnv m%foaYj, tf;la meje;s mD;=.Sis md,kh wjika úh' w,a,d.;a
n,fldgq ,kafoaisyq ;uka w; u ;nd .;ay' ,kafoaiSkaf.a wruqK mD;=.SiSka hgf;a
mej;s m%foaYj, Tjqkaf.a n,h msysgqùu nj rcq f;areï.;a miq ,kafoaiSkag w;am;a
lr .; yels N+ñh wju lsÍfï Wmdhla rcq l%shd;aul lr we;' ta wkqj mD;=.SiSka
hgf;a mej;s ,kafoaiSka w;am;a lr .ekSug bv ;snQ m%foaY /ila Wvrgg wE`od
.ekSug rc;=ud lghq;= lf<a h' rcqf.a tu Wmdh ksid ,kafoaiSkag w;am;a lr .;
yels jQfha mD;=.SiSkag jvd wvq N+ñ m%foaYhls' ,kafoaiSyq fld<U" .d,a," ud;r"
ó.uqj" l,amsáh" ukakdru" hdmkh" ;%sl=Kdu,h" uvl,mqj wd§ m%foaYj, n,fldgq
bÈ l<y' tn`ÿ m%Odk n,fldgqj,g wu;rj w,suxlv" fmaÿre ;=vqj" lhsÜia wd§
ia:dkj, l=vd n,fldgq /ila o Tjqka úiska bÈ lrk ,È' mD;=.SiSka fjkqjg
tjeks u fjk;a hqfrdamSh cd;shla f.kajd .ekSu ksid zbÕ=re § ñßia .;a;d jeks
hZ hk m%ia:dj msre<la we;s ù ;sfí'
,kafoaiSska Wvrg rdcH iu`. meje;ajQ iïnkaO;d
furg foaYmd,k n,hla f.dvk.df.k isá mD;=.SiS" ,kafoais" bx.S%is
hk hqfrdamd cd;Ska w;=ßka Wvrg rdcH iu. jeä ld,hla hym;a in`o;djla
mj;ajdf.k .sh cd;sh ,kafoaiska fõ' mD;=.SiSka Wvrg rdcOdksh iïnkaOfhka
wkq.ukh lf<a wdl%uKldÍ m%;sm;a;shls' uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ish n,h msysgqjd oYl
folla .; ùug;a fmr bx.%SiSyq Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a l<y' tfy;a ,kafoaiSyq
1658 - 1796 ld,fha § Wvrg rcq iu`. ¥; in`o;d meje;aùu" ,sms yqjudre lr
.ekSu" wdÈfhka iduldñ in`o;djla mj;ajdf.k .sh w;r wjia:dj ,enqKq úg tu
rdcOdksh wdl%uKh lsÍug;a miqng fkdjQy' fï ksid ,kafoaiSka yd Wvrg in`o;d
w;r lsishï úÑ;%;ajhla oelsh yels h'
fojk rdcisxy rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r mej;s in`o;d
mD;=.SiSka furáka fkrmd yeÍug II rdcisxy rcq ,kafoaiSka le`ojd.;a
kuq;a 1638 - 1658 w;r ld,fha § mD;=.SiSkaf.ka w,a,d .;a m%foaY ,kafoaiSka
6fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
rcqg Ndr fkd§u ksid fomlaIh
w;r u;fNao we;s jQ wdldrh óg
by; § i`oyka flßK' 1658 - 1675
ld,fha furg ,kafoais m%;sm;a;sh
fufyhjQ ks,Odßkag Wvrg
rdcOdksfha Yla;sh .ek ksis
wjfndaOhla fkd;snqKs' fï ksid
uqyqÿ u.ska yd f.dvìñka tu
rdcOdksh fldgq lsÍfï wruqKq
we;sj 1659 - 1668 ld,fha § tf;la
Wvrg hgf;a mej;s kef.kysr yd
niakdysr fjr<nv m%foaY lsysmhla
,kafoaiSka úiska w,a,d .kakd ,È'
,kafoaiSskaf.a fuu wdl%uKldÍ l%shd
.ek ksYaYíoj isá fojk rdcisxy
rc;=ud 1670 j¾Ifha isg yeu me;a;lska u Tjqkag myr §ug mgka .;af;a h'
rdcisxy rcqf.a fufyhùu msg Wv/áhka t,a, l< m%ydr fl;rï Yla;su;a yd
laIKsl ù o h;a 1658 j¾Ifhka miq ,kafoaiSka w,a,d .;a ish¨ u m%foaY mdfya
Wv/áhkaf.a fulS m%ydr ksid Tjqkag wysñ úh' rdcisxy rcqf.a fuu m%ydr ud,dj
Wvrg hqoaO Yla;sh ms<sn`oj kshu wjfndaOhla we;s lr .ekSug fuka u Wvrg
iïnkaO ,kafoaiSkaf.a bÈß m%;sm;a;sh ilia lr .ekSug o WmldÍ jQ nj fmfka'
f.dvìfï § Wv/áhka ,kafoaiSka iu. lrg lr igka lsÍug iu;a nj;a Wvrg
m%foaY w;am;a lr .ekSug .sh fyd;a mD;=.SiSkag fuka fl<jrla ke;s hqoaOhlg
uqyqK§ug ;ukag;a isÿ jk nj;a fuu m%ydr ud,dj;a iu. ,kafoaiSyq f;areï
.;ay' tys m%;sM, jYfhka Wvrg rdcH iïnkaO lsishï f.!rj iïm%hqla; ìhlska
hq;=j tys rcjreka iu. yels ;rï iduldój lghq;= lsÍug ,kafoaiSyq lghq;=
l<y'
Wvrg ,kafoais ¥; in`o;d
m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.a ld,fha isg Wvrg rdcOdksh yd ,kafoaiSka
w;r ¥; in`o;d mej;=Ks' fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha § wju jYfhka ,kafoais
¥;hka wg fofkl= j;a jßka jr rcq uqK.eiS we;' fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha
isÿ jQ ,kafoais ¥; .uka w;r 1656 j¾Ifha § fckr,a fcrdâ y,a*aÜ rcq uqK
.eiSu b;d jeo.;a wjia:djls' fï jk úg mD;=.SiSka furáka fkrmd fkd;snQ
w;r ,kafoaiSka yd rcq w;r;a u;fNao mej;=Ks' rcqf.a wdrdOkfhka Wvrgg
.sh ,kafoais ¥;hd rc;=ud úiska b;d f.!rjfhka ms<s.kakd ,È' Wv/áhka b;d
w,xldr fmryrlska fckr,ajrhd le`ojdf.k .sh nj ,kafoais jd¾;dj, oelafõ'
y,a*aÜf.a wdpdrYS,S;ajh yd f.!rjdorh ms<sn`oj rc;=uka o fnfyúka i;=gg m;aj
we;'
1'4 rEmh ¡ hdmkh fldgqj
7fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
fojk rdcisxy rcqf.ka miqj fojk ú,O¾uiQßh"
Y%S ùrmrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy yd Y%S úchrdcisxy hk
rcjrekaf.a ld,j, § o fun`ÿ ¥; .uka isÿ úh' fuu
ld,fha § rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r u; .egqï we;s jQ úg o
lvj;a jid oeóu wdÈfhka fomd¾Yajh w;r in`o;d m`Mÿ
jQ úg o ¥; .uka ixúOdkh flreKs' fun`ÿ ¥; .ukaj,
§ fndfyda úg wdKavqldrjrekaf.a ,sms rcq fj;g bÈßm;a
flreKs' rcqf.a ¥;fhda o we;eï wjia:dj, my; rgg
meñK ,kafoaiSka uqK .eiqKy'
¥; .ukaj, § fomd¾Yajh ;E.s fNda. yqjudre lr
.ekSu" iqyo;ajh m< lsÍu" ¥;hkaf.a b,a,Sïj,g wfkla
md¾Yajh weyqïlka §u yd fomd¾Yajh w;r mj;sk .eg¨
idlÉPd lsÍu wdÈhg jeo.;a ;ekla ,enqKs' ,kafoais
wdKavqldrjrhd yd rcq uqK .eiSu ÿ¾,N isÿùula neúka
fomd¾Yajfha woyia tla;eka ùug fun`ÿ ¥; .uka yd
,sms yqjudreùï fnfyúka M,odhs úh' fojk rdcisxy rcq
,kafoaiSkag ,sms ,sùfï § ;ud ,xldfõ wêrdchd nj
i`oyka lf<a h' ,kafoaiSka o tn`ÿ ,sms .kqfokqj, § rcq
;%S isxy,dëYajr hehs kdñlj fyda i`oyka lr we;' rcq
,kafoaiSkag ,sms ,shk úg zug fiajh lrk ys;j;a ,ka
foais cd;shZ jeks mdG fh¥ w;r ,kafoaiSka o rcqg ,shQ
,sms wjika lf<a zTn jykafiaf.a iqjp lSlre fiajlZ hk
mdG fhdod .ksñks' ,kafoais ¥;hka lsysm fofkl= Wvrg rcq yuq ùu .ek jeo.;a
f;dr;=re lsysmhla my; igykska oelafõ'
,kafoais ¥;hka Wvrg rcq yuq jQ wjia:d lsysmhla
j¾Ih Wvrg rcq ,kafoais ¥;hd ¥; .ukg fya;=j
1602 m<uqjk
úu,O¾uiQßh rcq
fcdßia jEka
iams,a n¾cka
fjf<`o lghq;= ms<sn`oj rcq iu.
idlÉPd lsÍu i`oyd
1656 fojk rdcisxy rcq fckr,a fcrdâ
y,a*aÜ
rcq neyeolsk f,i ,enqKq wdrdOkh
yd tjlg mej;s .eg¨ idlÉPd lr
.ekSu
1688 fojk
úu,O¾uiQßh
rcq
l,ka w,ania rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r kj .súiqula
we;s lr .ekSu .ek idlÉPd lsÍu
1721 Y%S ùrmrdl%u
kf¾kaøisxy rcq
fld¾fka,shia
gel,a
rcqf.a ìij ñh hdu .ek ,kafoaiSkaf.a
fYdalh m%ldY lsÍu
1'5 rEmh ¡ fojk rdcisxy rcq
8fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
¥; .ukaj, § ;E.s fNda. yqjudre lr .ekSu
^1656 j¾Ifha fckr,a fcrdâ y,a*aÜf.a ¥; .uk weiqßka&
iduldó m%;sm;a;sh yd .egqïj,ska je,lSu
1687 j¾Ifha § fojk rdcisxy rcq ñh.sh miq Tyqf.a mq;a fojk
úu,O¾uiQßh rcq n,hg m;a úh' msh rcqf.ka Wreu jQ rdcHh wdrlaId lr .;a
fu;=uka ,kafoaiSka iu. ñ;%YS,sj lghq;= fldg we;' fomd¾Yajh wkq.ukh l<
l%shdud¾. lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
my< nqreufhka Wmiïmod NslaIQka f.kajd .ekSug ,kafoais keõ ,nd §u
msá.,a fldar,fha l=re`ÿ ;e,Sug ,kafoaiSkag mkjd ;snQ ;yku bj;a lsÍu
rcqf.a l=re`ÿ" mqjla" we;=ka fjf<`o iud.u u.ska ñ, § .ekSug tl`. ùu
fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.ka miq t;=udf.a mq;a Y%S ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy
rcq n,hg m;a úh' fu;=ud l=Kavidf,a l=udrhd kñka m%lgj isáfha h' fuu
wjêfha § ,kafoaiSka iu`. meje;s iduldó iïnkaO;d flfuka m¨ÿ jk isÿùï
lsysmhla we;s úh' fï ld,fha § Wvrg rcq l,amsáh" mq;a;,u jeks jrdhka yryd
mqjla" we;=ka yd we;ao< bkaÈhdjg hjñka jeä jYfhka fjf<| lghq;=j, kshe<S
we;' fuh ;ukag uy;a mdvqjla f,i ie,l+ ,kafoaiSyq ish¨ jrdhka jid oud Wvrg
fjf<|dug ndOd meñKjQy' Bg m%;spdr jYfhka rcq o ish m%foaYh yryd we;=ka
f.khdu ;ykï fldg l=re`ÿ we;=¿ l=¿nvq j¾. yd Wvrg ksmojk wdydr j¾.
,kafoaiSkag úlsKSu i|yd Wv/áhkag ;snQ bvlv wyqrd ±ó h'
,kafoais ¥;hd rcqg ,nd ÿka ;E.s rcq ,kafoais ¥;hdg ,nd ÿka ;E.s
mD;=.SiSkaf.ka w;a lr .;a fldä
wYajhka fofofkl=
m¾ishdkq ÿkq B;, lÜg, folla
i`ÿka oej
m¾ishka neg¨jka fofofkl= yd ;j;a
i;=ka lsysm fofkl=
rka ud,hla
uqoaola
rka md jeiqï n`okhla
9fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
fï jk úg ,kafoais md,kh meje;s m%foaYj, úiQ ckhd ,kafoaiSkaf.a
l%shdud¾. .ek l,lsÍ isá nj fmfka' Tjqka úiska mkjk ,o mSvdldÍ nÿ;a" nÿ wh
lrkakka úiska m%udKhg jvd uqo,a wh lsÍu;a" l=re`ÿ ;,kakkag uqyqK§ug isÿj
;snQ n,j;a wiykldÍ ;;ajh;a ksid ck;djf.a l,lsÍu jeä úh' fuu ;;ajh
ksid ,kafoais md,k m%foaY lsysmhl ler,s flda,dy, mek ke.sK' ,kafoaiSyq ish
n,h fhdod ler,s uev meje;ajQy'
Y%S ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rc;=ud o uq,a rcjrekaf.a isß;a wkq.ukh
lrñka ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjkaa kdhlal¾ jxYsl l=ußhl f.kajd w.ìij lr.;af;a h'
fï ksid u fndfyda kdhlal¾ jxYslhka Èjhskg meñKs w;r Tjqyq rcfha Wiia
;k;=re o ,ndf.k Wvrg mÈxÑj isáhy' rcjdif,a o Tjqkaf.a n,h jeä fjñka
meje;sfha h'
1739 j¾Ifha § Y%S ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rcq ñh.sh w;r t;=udg
mq;=ka fkdisá ksid kdhlal¾ jxYsl w.ìijf.a ifydaorfhl= Y%S úch rdcisxy hk
kñka rdc;ajhg m;a úh' fï wkqj m<uq úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.ka werô rc mrïmrdj
ksudjg m;a úh'
,kafoaiSka Wvrg wdl%uKh lsÍu
Y%S úch rdcisxy rcqf.ka miq 1747 j¾Ifha § t;=udf.a kdhlal¾ jxYsl
ìijf.a ifydaorhd lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy kñka isyiqkg m;a úh' fu;=ud tjlg
mßydkshg m;aj ;snQ nqÿiiqk k.d isgqùug ld¾hka rdYshla isÿ lf<a h' je,súg
irKxlr ysñfhdaa fï i|yd rcqg wkqYdikd ,ndÿkay' rc;=ud ,kafoaiSkaf.kaa keõ
,ndf.k Wmiïmodj f.k tau i|yd ishï foaYhg ¥; lKavdhula msg;a lf<a h'
1'6 rEmh ¡ ´,kao fid,aodÿjka ±lafjk is;=jula
10fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
ta wkqj Wmd,s ysñhka m%uqL NslaIQka msßila fuys jevujd 1753 j¾Ifha § ,xldfõ
Wmiïmodj msysgqù h' t;eka isg j¾;udk ishï ksldh wdrïN úh'
l%s' j' 1762 muK jkúg Wvrg rdcHh yd ,kafoaiSka w;r kej;;a
.egqï we;s jQ nj fmfka' fï ksid ,kafoaiSkag úreoaOj fjk;a cd;shlf.a Woõ
,nd.ekSug rcq Wkkaÿjla ±laù h' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1762 j¾Ifha § fcdaka
mhsnia kï bx.%Sis cd;slhd Wvrg rdcHhg ¥;hl= f,i meñKsfha h' ñka ìhg
m;a ,kafoaiSyq nerka jeka tla wdKavqldrjrhdf.a fufyhùu u; fiakdxl yhla
ud¾. yhlska hjñka Wvrg wdl%uKh l<y' fuu fiakdxl tllg j;a uykqjr
k.rh wi,g j;a meñKSug Wv/áfhda bv fkdÿkay' Wv/áhkag yqre mqreÿ
igka l%u fhdod .ksñka t,a, l< m%ydr ksid wirK jQ ,kafoaiSyq n,dfmdfrd;a;=
iqkaj my; rgg meñKshy' fuu mrdcfhka jeä l,la .;ùug fmr 1765 j¾Ifha
§ ,kafoaiSka úiska kej; jrla Wvrg wdl%uKh lrk ,È' fuu wdl%uKfha §
fomlaIhg u n,j;a ydks isÿ úh' 1765 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß udifha § ,kafoaiSka
uykqjr k.rhg we;=`M jQ fyhska rc;=ud wdrlaIdj m;d y`.=rkafl;g m,d
.sfha h' uykqjr k.rh w,a,d .;a ,kafoaiSka bÈßm;a l< fldkafoais ms<s.ekSug
rc;=ud tl`. fkdù h' j¾Id iuh wdrïN ùu;a iu. f,v frda. yd Wv/áhkaf.a
m%ydrj,ska fyïn;a jQ ,kafoaiSyq wdmiq meñKshy'
jir lsysmhla fkdlvjd mej;s .egqï ksid fï jk úg kej; iduhla we;s
lr .ekSug rc;=ud leue;af;ka isáfha h'
tfia u kdhlal¾ jxYslhkaf.a yeisÍï ksid ro,jreka fuka u fn!oaO
NslaIQka jykafia,d w;r o l,lsÍula mej;=Ks' fï nj ±k.;a rc;=ud iduh
fjkqfjka ,kafoaiSka fj; ¥;hka heù h' bka m%fhdack .;a fuu wjêfha isá
,kafoais wdKavqlre jQ úf,ï me,la ,kafoaiSkag jdis iy.; fldkafoais ud,djla
bÈßm;a lf<a h' rcqg tajdg tlÕ ùug isÿ jQ w;r l%s' j' 1766 § j.ka;s 25lska hq;a
.súiqula w;aika lf<a h' tu .súiqfï j.ka;s lsysmhla my; mßÈ h'
fuu .súiqu wkqj Wvrg rdcHh Èjhskla ;=< msysá Èjhskl ;;ajhg m;a
úh' .súiqfuka fkdfnda l,lg miqj tys wd§kj rcqg wjfndaO jkakg úh'
1766 .súiqfï j.ka;s lsysmhla
hdmd mgqk" ukakdru" l,amsáh" fld<U Èidj" .d¨ fldar,h yd
;%sl=Kdu,h wjg m%foaY ,kafoaiSkag wh;a h'
uqyqÿnv isg rg ;=<g isxy, .õjl m%udKh ,kafoaiSkag wh;a h
11fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
uqyqÿnv m%foaY kej;;a ;uka fj; ,ndfok f,i rcq b,a,d isáh o ,ka-
foaiSyq thg weyqïlka fkdÿkay' uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ;u md,kh ;yjqre l< Tjqyq
tu m%foaYj, lDIsl¾udka;h yd l=re`ÿ jeùu ÈhqKq lsÍug o mshjr .;ay'
1766 j¾Ifha we;s lr .kakd ,o .súiqu ksid Wvrg rcq yd ,kafoaiska w;r
u;fNao jeä fjñka mej;=Ks' ,kafoaiSyq .súiqfï we;eï fldkafoais lv lrñka rcqg
wh;a m%foaYj,g ¨Kq iemhSu ;ykï l<y' ñka Wvrg jeishd uy;a wiSre;djlg
m;a úh'
lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.ka miqj 1782 j¾Ifha § t;=udf.a ifydaorhd
rdcdêrdcisxy kñka rcq njg m;a úh' 1796 j¾Ifha § bx.%SiSka ,xldjg meñKs
w;r ,kafoaiSkag myr § bx.%SiSka Tjqkaf.ka m%foaY w;a lr .ekSu;a iu. ,xldfõ
,kafoais md,kh wjika úh'
1'2 ,kafoaiSkaf.a md,k" wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl lghq;=
,kafoaiSkaf.a md,k ixúOdkh
,kafoaiSka fjf<`o iud.ula jYfhka ixúOdkh ù isá fyhska ´,kaofha
isá zVOCZ iud.fï wOHlaI uKav,h wdishdfõ ,kafoais md,k m%foaY ms<sn`oj
;SrK .;a by< u uKav,h úh' ´,kaoh yd wdishdj w;r mej;s úYd, ÿr m%udKh
ksid tf;la ,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s m%foaY md,kh lsÍug 1609 j¾Ifha § fjf<`o
iud.u úiska n;dúhg wdKavqldrjrfhla m;a lrk ,È' Bg miq n;dúhdkq
wdKavqldrjrhdf.a iydhg WmfoaYl iNdjla o m;a flreKs'
Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ,kafoais n,h ia:dms; ùfuka miq furg md,k
lghq;= i`oyd fjf<`o iud.u úiska fjk u wdKavqldrjrfhl= m;a lrk ,È' tfia u
Tyqf.a iydhg o furg isá ,kafoais ks,Odßkaf.ka iukaú; úfYaI iNdjla m;a
flreKs' ,xldfõ ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd yd iydhl iNdj n;dúhdkq ks,Odßka
hgf;a mej;sh;a furg isá wdKavqldrjrhdf.a yelshdj yd fm!reIh wkqj wjYH
wjia:djl § Rcqj u ´,kaofha isá wOHlaI uKav,fhka Wmfoia ,nd .ekSug
yelshdj ;snqKs' tl, Y%S ,xldj" n;dúh yd ´,kaoh w;r .ukd.ukhg l,a .;
ùu;a ikaksfõok lghq;=j, ÿIalr;d wdÈh;a ksid furg isá wdKavqldrjrhdg
yÈis lghq;= wdÈfhys § iajdëk ;SrK .ekSug wjia:dj ,eìK'
furg isá ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhdg yd Tyqf.a WmfoaYl iNdjg ,xldfõ
,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s m%foaY md,kh lsÍug n,;, ;snqKs' ta wkqj wod< m%foaYj,
mßmd,k lghq;= f.k hdu" nÿ wh lsÍu" ks,Odßka m;a lsÍu" bvï m%odkh wdÈh
12fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
isÿ lsÍug yels úh' wdKavqldrjrhd WmfoaYl iNdfõ ;SrKj,g wkqj lghq;=
lf<a h'
Èjhsfka ,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s m%foaY m%Odk fldgia ;=klg fnod ;snqKs'
tajd fldudkavß hkqfjka o ye`Èkafõ'
fld<U fldudkavßh
,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd hgf;a fuh md,kh úh' fld<U" l`M;r" ó.uqj
we;=<;a uqyqÿnv m%foaY yd yxje,a," w`.=rejdf;dg u,ajdk n,fldgq msysá rg
we;=<; m%foaY fï hgf;a mej;=Ks'
.d¨ fldudkavßh
.d¨ fldudkavßfha lghq;= i`oyd fjk u fldufodarejrfhl= m;a lr
;snqKs' fnka;r .f`.a isg uvl,mqj olajd uqyqÿnv m%foaY yd Bg wh;a rg we;=<;
fmfoia fuu fldudkavßh hgf;a mej;sK'
hdmkh fldudkavßh
hdmk fldudkavßh o fjk u fldufodarejrfhl= hgf;a mej;=Ks' mq;a;,ug
W;=f¾ isg fjr<nv ;Srfha hdmkh olajd hdmkhg wh;a m%foaY yd kef.kysr
fjrf<a uvl,mqj olajd ,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s m%foaY hdmk fldudkavßhg wh;a
úh'
.d,a, yd hdmkh fldudkavßj, fldufodarejreka fofokd fld<U
wdKavqldrjrhd hgf;a lghq;= l< hq;= hehs ms<s.ekSula mej;sh;a m%dfhda.sl
jYfhka ish lghq;=j, § Tjqkag iajdëkj l%shd lsÍug wjia:dj ;snqKs'
wdKavqldrjrhd yd fldufodarejrekag my<ska mej;s mßmd,kh isú,a
md,kh" yuqod md,kh yd fjf<`o wxYh jYfhka fldgia ;=klg fn§ ;snqKs'
isú,a md,kh i`oyd tla tla fldudkavßh hgf;a o Èidjkshla mej;sKs' Èidjkshka
fldar,j,g fnod fldar, m;a;=j,g fnod ;snqKs' Èidjksfha úúO fiajd Ndrj
uqo,sjre yd úodfkjre isáhy' Èidjksfha lghq;= yeisrùfï j.lSu Èidj
Ndrfha mej;=Ks' ,kafoaiSkaf.a yuqod ixúOdkh yuqod lms;dkajreka hgf;a isÿ
úh' fjf<`o wxYh i`oyd Tm¾ yQ*aÜ ^fcHaIaG fjf<kaod& yd Tyq hgf;a yQ*aÜuka
^bvï wdodhï Ndr ;eke;a;d& jYfhka ;j;a ks,OdÍka m;a lr ;snqKs' fï wkqj
,kafoaiSka hgf;a md,k lghq;= ixúOdkh ù ;snQ wdldrh my; igykska fmkakqï
flf¾'
13fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd hgf;a fld<U fldudkaavßh ;=< mej;s fuu
mßmd,k jHQyhg iudk ;;ajhla fiiq fldudkavß ;=< o fldufodarejreka hgf;a
l%shd;aul úh' ,kafoaiSka hgf;a isú,a md,k lghq;= ixúOdkfha § Èidfjjrhdg
jeo.;a n,hla ysñ úh' fldudkavß ;=kg Èidfjjre ;sfofkla jQy' Èidfj ;k;=r
i`oyd ,kafoais cd;slhka m;a flreKq w;r isú,a md,kfha my< ;k;=re i`oyd
foaYSh ks,Odßka fhdojd .eksK' fldard<" uqo,s" úodfka" .ïuq,doEks jeks ;k;=re
fuka u hdmk m%foaYfha Ndú; jQ wêldß" lxldkï" Wvhd¾ jeks merKs ks, kdu
tfia fhdod .;a idïm%odhsl foaYSh ks,Odßkag WodyrK fõ'
wêlrK lghq;=
,xldfõ j¾;udkfha l%shd;aul jk kS;s ix.%yfha fldgila jk frdau
,kafoais kS;sh ,kafoaiSkaf.ka ,o odhdohls' ,kafoaiSka úiska ,xldfõ meje;s foaYSh
VOC iud.fï wOHlaI uKav,h
fldufodare.d,a,
isú,a md,kh yuqod lghq; =yuqod lghq;yuqod lghq; fjf<`o wxYh
lms;dkajre
uqo,sjre^úúO fiajd&^úúO fiajd&
úodfkjre^l=re`ÿ ;,kakkaf.a&
uqo,s$w;=fldard,
.ï uq,doEksjre
fldard,
Èidfjjrhd Tm¾ yQ*aÜfcHaIaG fjf<kaod
yQ*aÜukabvï wdodhï Ndr
fldufodrehdmkh
n;dúfha wdKavqldrjrhd yd WmfoaYl iNdj
Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavqldrjrhd yd WmfoaYl iNdj
^fld<U&^fld<U&^fld<U&^fld<U&
14fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
kS;s yd isß;aúß;aj,g .e<fmk f,i frdau-,kafoais kS;sh ixialrKh fldg
,xldfõ l%shd;aul lrk ,È' ,kafoaisyq fuys meje;s ffk;sl wdh;k m%fhdackhg
.;a w;r kj Widú moaO;shla o y`ÿkajd ÿkay' tu Widú moaO;sh my; mßÈ h'
rdoa jeka ciaáÜ$- uydêlrKh
fuh ,kafoais wêlrK moaO;sfha by< u Widúh úh' tys m%Odkshd yq*aÜ
woañksia;d¾ kñka ye|skaù h' wmrdO kvq úi|Su fuys m%Odk ld¾h úh' fuu Widú"
fldudkavß ;=fkys u msysgqjd ;snqKs'
isú,a rdoa -$- isú,a Widúh
isú,a rdoa fyj;a isú,a Widúh ,kafoais md,kh wdrïNfha isg u fld<U"
.d,a," hdmkh hk fldudkavßj, msysgqjd ;snqKs' ßlaia fvd,¾ 120g wvq w,dN
iïnkaO isú,a kvq o újdy iïnkaO kvq o fuu Widúj, úNd. úh'
,Eka rdoa$- bvï Widúh-
,Eka rdoa fyj;a bvï Widúh fld<U" .d,a," hdmkh" ;%sl=Kdu,h"
uvl,mqj" ud;r hk uOHia:dkj, msysgqjd ;snqKs' Èidfõjrhd fuu Widúj,
iNdm;sjrhd úh' foaYSh ck;djg ir, tfuka u úhoï wvq" myiq wêlrK l%uhla
f,i fuu Widú l%uh we;euqka úiska y`ÿkajkq ,nhs'
msial,a Widú$ Èidfõ Widú$ .ïm;s Widú
,kafoais wêlrK moaO;sh ;=< my< u Widú f,i fuu Widú l%shd;aul
úh' mßmd,k lafIa;%fha my< ks,OdÍka jQ .ïuq,doEks" úodfk" uqo,s" fldard, jeks
foaYSh ks,Odßkag o ;u ;k;=rej,g wod< iq`M wêlrK n,;, ;snqKs' hdmk
m%foaYfha o ck;dj w;r mej;s idïm%odhsl kS;s Í;s" kS;s jYfhka ilia fldg
Ndú;hg .eksK'
,kafoaiSkaf.a wd¾Ól lghq;=
Y%S ,xldfõ ;uka hgf;a mej;s m%foaYj,ska Wmßu wd¾Ól jdis ,nd .; yels
mßÈ ,kafoaiSyq ish wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul l<y' ,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s fiiq
wdishd;sl m%foaYj,ska ,efnkjdg jvd bia;rï l=re`ÿ furg ksIamdokh jk nj
Tjqyq oek isáhy' tneúka l=re`ÿ j.dj" l=re`ÿ ieliSu yd fjf<`odu iïnkaOfhka
,kafoaiSyq úfYaIfhka Wkkaÿ jQy' uq,a ld,fha iajdNdúlj jkfha jefjk l=re`ÿ
iajfoaYslhka ,jd ;,jd .ekSug fhduq jQ ,kafoaiSyq miqj fld<U" l`M;r" w¨;a.u
yd ud;r jeks m%foaYj, l=re`ÿ j.d l<y' mD;=.SiSkaf.a ld,fha isg l=re`ÿ tla
15fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
/ia lsÍu yd fjf<`odu i`oyd mej;s uynoafoa fomd¾;fïka;=j ,kafoaiSka úiska
fjk u lms;dkajrfhl= hg;g m;a fldg jvd ld¾hlaIu lrk ,È' l=re`ÿ ;e,Su
yd tla/ia lsÍug idïm%odhsl rdcldÍ Y%u l%uh fhdod .ekssK' l=re`ÿ ;,kakkaf.a
kï f,aLk .; fldg Tjqkaf.ka Wmßu fiajh ,nd .ekSug ,kafoaiSyq l%shd l<y'
jeäysá l=re`ÿ ;,kafkl= ksYaÑ; l=re`ÿ m%udKhla iud.ug jd¾Islj fkdñf,a
;,d Èh hq;= úh' fufia l=re`ÿ fjf<`odfuka ,kafoaiSyq w;súYd, ,dNhla ,enQy'
l=re`ÿ yereKq úg mqjla" uq;=" we;ao<" .ïñßia" idÈlald" tkid,a" ó bá jeks
øjH yd we;=ka fjf<|du u.ska o ,kafoaiSyq wdodhï bmhQy' óg wu;rj bvïj,ska
wh l< nÿ o fudjqyq jeo.;a fldg ie,l+y' bvïj, whs;sh yd wh l< hq;= nÿ
wd§ úia;r we;=<;a f;daïnq kñka ye`Èkafjk f,aLk úfYaIhla mD;=.SiSka ilia
fldg ;snqKs' ,kafoaiSyq th ;j;a úêu;a lrñka mjq,a" bvï yd mdi,a jYfhka
f;daïnq ^Thombo& j¾. ;=kla ms<sfh, l<y' mjq,a f;daïnqjl .ul jdih lrk
mjq,aj, úia;r oelaúK' bvï f;daïnqjl .fï mjq,aj,g wh;a bvïj, úia;r"
jeú,s j¾. yd iud.ug wh úh hq;= nÿ uqo, wdÈh oelaúK' mdi,a f;daïnqjl
.fï foudmshkaf.a kï" orejkaf.a Wmka Èk" mdi,a yer.sh Èk yd fjk;a .ul
mÈxÑhg .sfha kï ta Èk wdÈh i`oyka flßKs'
f;daïnq ieliSu u.ska .ul jeishka .Kk" bvï yd j.djka ms<sn`o úia;r
wdÈh ,nd .ekSfuka iud.ug wh lr .; yels nÿ yd ,nd .; yels fiajh ms<sn`o
f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug ,kafoaiSkag yels úh'
iy,a yd frÈms<s wdÈh úfoaYj,ska wdkhkh lsÍfuka fjf<`o iud.ug
jeh jk uqo,a wvq lr .ekSu i`oyd fuka u furg mßyrKhg fyda fjf<`odug
fhdod .; yels foa ksmoùfuka wu;r wdodhï ,nd .ekSu msKsi o ,kafoaiSSSyq
lghq;= l<y' Bg WodyrK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
uq;=rdcfj, wiajeoa§ug lghq;= lsÍu
fhdaO jej yd lka;f,a jej wd§ jeõ m%;sixialrKh lsÍu u.ska ù ksIamdokh
jeä lsÍug W;aidy lsÍu
Wla" .ïñßia" tkid,a" fldams" u,afnß" bkaäf.da wdÈ j.djka ÈhqKq lsÍu
,kafoaiSkaf.a bvï f;daïnqjl i`oyka jQ lreKq
r;au,dfka .u" fodka nia;shka wmamqydñg whs;s fodU.yj;a;
bvu" fmd,a .ia .Kk 195 hs' wh úh hq;= noao ßlaia fvd,¾ 1
iaghsj¾ 24 hs'
16fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
frÈ úùu" frÈ idhï lsÍu" W¿ .fvd,a jeks l¾udka; ÈhqKq lsÍu
yeñ,agka we< jeks we< ud¾. bÈ fldg tajd NdKav m%jdykhg fhdod
.ekSu
hdmk m%foaYfha ÿïfld< j.d lrùu yd ;,a .ia l`oka jYfhka wmkhkh
lsÍu
iudc yd ixialD;sl lghq;=
wd.ñl m%;sm;a;sh
frmrudÿ wd.u ,kafoaiSkaf.a wd.u úh' uqyqÿnv m%foaY w;am;a lr.;a
miq ish wd.u tu m%foaYj, m;=rejd yeÍu i|yd Tjqyq l%shdud¾. /ila wkq.ukh
l<y¦ ck;dj frmrudÿ wd.ug yrjd .ekSu msKsi ´,kaofhka foaj.e;sjreka
f.kajd .;ay' ,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s fld<U" .d,a, jeks m%foaYj, fuka u hdm-
kfha wÉpqfõ,s yd udkïldvq jeks m%foaY /il ,kafoaiSka bÈ l< foajia:dk fyda
tajdfha kgnqka j¾;udkfha § mjd olakg ,efí'
1'7 rEmh ¡ yeñ,agka we<
17fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
wOHdmk lghq;=
wd.ï m%pdrh lsÍu i|yd biaflda, kï wdh;k úfYaIhla ,kafoaiSyq
wdrïN l<y' .ï lsysmhla i|yd tl mdi,la wdrïN fldg ta m%foaYfha orejka tu
mdi,g meñKSu wksjd¾h flßKs' orejkaf.a uõ niska wOHdmkh ,nd ÿkafka h'
frmrudÿ wd.fï hdÉ{dj,g mdi,a úIh ud,dfõ m%Odk ;ekla ,eî ;sìKs' óg
wu;rj iajNdIdj" ix.S;h" foajO¾uh wd§ úIhka b.ekajQ w;r úêu;a úNd.
l%uhla o wrUk ,È' mdi,a mÍlaId lsÍug Tjqyq ks,Odß lKvdhula m;a l<y'
hqfrdamShkaf.a orejka i|yd fjk u mdi,a wdrïN flßK' fld<U msysá fiufkaßh
u.ska ,kafoais NdIdfjka Wiia wOHdmkh ,ndÿkafka h' tfia u hdmkh yd
ukakdru m%foaYj, o ,kafoaiSka úiska mdi,a bÈ lrk ,È' fufia mdi,a u.ska
flreKq wOHdmkh u.ska o rcfha ;k;=re yd kïnqkdu u.ska o yels;dla ÿrg
ck;dj ;u wd.ug yerùug ,kafoaiSyq l%shd l<y'
l%s' j' 1739 § uqøK hka;%hla ,kafoaiSka uq,ska u furgg f.k wd w;r
tu.ska nhsn,fha Wmqgkhla uqøKh lr fnod yereKs'
,kafoais md,kfha iudc yd ixialD;sl n,mEï
,kafoaiSyq j¾I 138l muK ld,hla ,xldfõ uqyqqÿnv m%foaY md,kh l<y'
,kafoais md,kh ksid ,dxflah iudchg yd ixialD;shg isÿ jQ n,mEï fndfyda
wxY Tiafia úuid ne,sh yels h' tajd my; mßÈ fláfhka úuid n,uq'
frdau .Dyks¾udK Ys,amh wkq.ukh lrñka biaf;damamqj" fid,aorh" l=¨kq
yd Wia jy, fh¥ ksjdi bÈ lsÍu
1'8 rEmh ¡ ,xldfõ ´,kao .Dy ks¾udK
18fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'
úúO wdydr j¾. rdYshla y`ÿkajd §u WodyrK - flala" wÉpdre" fldlsia
Widú l%uh y`ÿkajd §u
furg iudchg n¾.¾ ^,xis& ck;dj tl;= ùu
isxy, yd fou< NdIdj,g ,kafoais jpk úYd, m%udKhla tl;= ùu'
my; i`oyka jpk Bg WodyrK fõ'
.Dyks¾udK yd
.Dy NdKAv
kS;s l%uh yd
Widú
fjk;a
fid,aor
;rmamq
nd,al
cfka,
ldur
biaf;damamq
bial=remamq
w,audß
fkd;dßia
f;da,al
fjkafoais
biaflda,
l=ú;dkais
lkaf;dare
Tmamq
nQo,a
1'9 rEmh ¡ ´,kao ms̀.dklaa iy ldishla
19fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'