Date post: | 21-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
View: | 212 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Turfgrass & LandscapeInsects & Mites
(an evening workshop)
David J. Shetlar, Ph.D.The “BugDoc”
The Ohio State University, OARDC & OSU Extension
Columbus, OH
© December, 2004, D.J. Shetlar, all rights reserved
Turfgrass Insect Activity in 2004
• White Grubs - continued patchy, significant increases across Ohio.
• Billbugs – masked by rain!
• Chinch Bugs – showing up more in high quality, Kentucky bluegrass lawns.
• Caterpillars (sod webworms/ cutworms/ armyworms) – generally down because of rain.
Grub Complex –
May/June Beetle green June beetle
European chafer masked chafer
Japanese beetle Oriental beetle
Asiatic garden beetle
Ataenius Aphodius
Grub Complex – Changing each year!
Grub Complex –
May/June Beetle green June beetle
European chafer Japanese beetle
Masked chafer Oriental beetle
Asiatic garden beetle
Ataenius
Japanese Beetle –
Japanese beetle adult skeletonizing leaf
Mating cluster of beetles in turf
Identifying Grub Species
Japanese beetles have a V-shaped pattern!
Japanese Beetle Life Stages –
egg 1st 2nd 3rd pupa adult instar larva
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Japanese Beetle Annual Cycle
Masked Chafers –
Pair of masked chafers at night on turf
Masked chafer eggsnewly laid (below)48 hours in moist soil (above)
Identifying Grub Species
Masked chafers have no pattern!
European Chafer –
© H. Niemczyk
European chafer adults swarming to tree at dusk for mating
Adult
Identifying Grub Species
European chafers have Y-shaped anus& two rows of bristles that diverge at anus.
Y-shaped anus with two rows of bristles.
Oriental beetle adults can vary considerably in color, but most specimens have two darker spots on the pronotum. They commonly feed on flowers during the night.
Asiatic garden beetles are small, brownish beetles with an iridescent sheen. The adult nibble on the edges of various leaves and the larvae are most common near flower beds.
Identifying Grub SpeciesOriental beetle has two rows of small spines, 12-15 in number.
Asiatic garden beetle has vertical anus & broad U-shaped spine pattern.
Ranked Efficacy of White Grub Insecticides1976 – 2003a
–
rate ave range % of testsInsecticide lb.ai./a. % control # tests % control below 70%
Carbaryl 8.0 70.4 41 13-100 39(=Sevin)
Chlorpyrifos 4.0 54.6 32 0-96 59 (=Dursban)
Permethrin 0.26 32.3 7 0-54 100Trichlorfon 8.0 77.6 91 0-98 19 (=Dylox, Proxol)
a Data from ESA publications (1977-2003) & Ohio testing using masked chafer and Japanese beetle data where label timing recommendations were used and at least 4.0 grubs per sq.ft. were found in checks.
Clothianidin0.4 97.0 1 97 0 (=Arena)0.3 100 1 100 0
Halofenozide 1.5 91.1 63 10-100 13 (=MACH2) 2.0 93.1 36 56-100 6Imidacloprid 0.3 93.6 78 58-100 6 (=Merit) 0.4 86.3 3 82-89 7
Comparison of Grub Insecticide Efficacyby
Time of Application
Halofenozide 1.5 88.4 (7) 94.4 (23) 88.3 (20) 89.6 (19) 77.7 (27)(=MACH2) 2.0
Imidachloprid 0.3 69.8 (12) 90.6 (18) 94.5 (23) 94.5 (27) 94.2 (34)(=Merit) 0.4 62.0 (1) 88.0 (1) 89.0 (1) 82.0 (1) ---
Clothianidin 0.3 --- --- 100 (1) --- 97.0 (1)(=Arena) 0.4 --- --- 97.0 (1) --- ---
Trichlorfon 8.0 --- --- --- 62.2 (5) 77.7 (19)
rate ave % control (#tests)Insecticide lb.ai./a. May June July to Aug 16 to Sept 10
a Data from ESA publications (1977-2003) & Ohio testing using masked chafer and Japanese beetle data where label timing recommendations were used and at least 4.0 grubs per sq.ft. were found in checks.
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Japanese Beetle Annual Cycle
Traditional Control TimingPreventive-Early Curative Timing
Billbugs
Bluegrass Billbug, Sphenophorus parvulusHunting Billbug, S. venatus vestitusPhoenician (=Phoenix) Billbug,
S. phoeniciensis ChittendenRocky Mountain (=Denver) Billbug,
S. cicatristriatus Fahraeus
Blugrass billbug adultHunting billbug adult
Denver billbug adult Phoenician billbug adult
Bluegrass Billbug
Adult and larva
Larva in crown
Billbug or Hairy Chinch Bug Damage??
Billbug Diagnosis – Use the “tug test”
Bluegrass Billbug Life Cycle in Ohio
1999 Ohio Billbug CurativeTreatment
Scotts 3.2% diazinon on 28-4-6 4.00 87.5
Ortho Diazinon (5%G) 4.36 58.3
Ortho Dursban (1%G) 0.87 16.7
Intercept H&G (0.1% deltamethrin) 0.13 16.7
Spectricide 3X (0.25 permethrin) 0.27 45.8
4.36 68.8
MACH2 2LTI 1.50 20.8
% ControlRate
appl - 11 Jun; Wooster, OH; read - 30 Jun(19DAT); 24.4 BBs/sq.ft. check
0.10 20.8
VIGRO 3.34% diazinon on 28-4-6
0.2%G Bifenthrin
1999 Ohio Billbug PreventiveTreatment % ControlRate
0.13
1.50
1.50
0.06
0.26
0.40
0.20
DeltaGard 0.4SC 67
81
89
81
100
96
81
MACH2 2LTI
MACH2 2LTI
Scimitar 0.88GC
Meridian 25W
Merit 75WP
appl - 6May; Columbus, OH; read - 25June(48DAT); 32.0 adults/sq.ft. check
Meridian 25W
Date Appl
7 May
7 May
11 Jun
7 May
7 May
7 May
11 Jun
2000 Ohio Billbug Preventive Test
Treatment % ControlRate
4.36Diazinon 3.34G 92
0.1Talstar Fert 0.2G 72
0.1Talstar PL 0.2G 69
0.13Tempo 0.1G 67
4.0Diazinon 3.2G 95
appl - 16 May; Wooster, OH; read - 5July; 24.7 larvae/sq.ft. check
2001 Ohio Billbug Preventive Test
Treatment % ControlRate
0.2Talstar 0.147G 64
0.272Permethrin 0.25G 32
0.087Tempo 0.1G 50
4.0Diazinon 3.2G 68
0.1Talstar 0.086G 43
appl - 24 May (late preventive); Wooster, OH; read - 12July; 17.8 larvae/sq.ft. check
0.4Merit 0.5G 86
1.5MACH2 1.5G 36
Hairy Chinch Bug Life Stages
egg 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th normal winged short winged instar nymphs adult adult
Hairy chinch bugs in thatch
Hairy chinch bug adults -long wing & short wing forms
Hairy chinch bug life cycle in Ohio with damage and control windows
weeks
# o
f in
sect
s/ s
q. ft
OctoberSeptember,August,J uly,J une,May,April,
OctoberSeptember,August,J uly,J une,May,April,
250
200
150
100
50
0
250
200
150
100
50
0
VariableAdultsNymphsEggs
Populations of the Hairy Chinch Bug 2004
2000 FL Southern Chinch Bug Control
Treatment
Talstar PL 0.2G 0.10 99
1000.26 “
860.13 “
980.20Meridian 0.33G
690.09DeltaGard 0.1G
861.00Dursban 1G
Rate% Control
appl. 7 Sep., Boca Raton, FL; 515.1 scb/sq.ft. checks @ 6 DAT; St. Augustinegrass
6DAT
2001 Ohio Hairy Chinch Bug Control
Treatment
Merit 75WP 0.3 92 96
900.3 87Arena
830.1 63Tempo Ultra
980.1 98Talstar SC
780.4 81Arena
220.2 0Tempo 20WP
Rate% Control
appl. 30 Aug., Springboro, OH; 943.5 & 418.6 hcb/sq.ft. checks @ 7, & 14 DAT
7DAT 14DAT
2002 OH Hairy Chinch Bug Control - LC
Treatment
LC0.04G-18 0.035 70 80
780.035 78LC0.04G-25
380.035 72LC0.04G-27
940.1 97Talstar EZ.2G
720.035 63LC0.04G-26
550.035 83LC0.04G-28
Rate% Control
appl. 27 Aug., Dublin, OH; 240.0 & 224.2 hcb/sq.ft. checks @ 8, & 16 DATLC = lambda-cyhalothrin (=Scimitar) formulations
8DAT 16DAT
750.035 84LC0.04G-29
2002 Ohio Hairy Chinch Bug Control
Treatment
Merit 75WP 0.3 65 80
320.2 29Arena
580.25 54DPX-150SC
520.1 69Talstar EZ.2G
270.3 79Arena
100.2 81Meridian 25WG
Rate% Control
appl. 27 Aug., Dublin, OH; 70.2 & 312.5 hcb/sq.ft. checks @ 3, & 15 DAT
3DAT 15DAT
2003 OH Hairy Chinch Bug Control - Misc
Treatment
Merit 75WP 0.3 58 67
620.4 78Merit 75WP
710.4 86Arena G
900.1 95Talstar EZ.2G
660.3 87Arena G
680.4 49Spinosad G
Rate% Control
appl. 18 Sept., Pickerington, OH; 592.8 & 377.5 hcb/sq.ft. checks @ 6 & 13 DATLC = lambda-cyhalothrin (=Scimitar) formulations
6DAT 13DAT
410.4 67Spinosad NAP
2003 OH Hairy Chinch Bug Control - Comb
Treatment
Talstar EZ 0.2G 0.1 86 98
860.2 99Talstar EZ 0.2G
890.15+0.15 98TalstarF+Merit2
520.3 72Merit 0.5G
800.2+0.2 99TalstarF+Merit2
Rate% Control
appl. 25 Sept., Pickerington, OH; 183.3 & 232.7 hcb/sq.ft. checks @ 6 & 14 DAT
6DAT 14DAT
2004 OH Hairy Chinch Bug Control – Clothianidin (Arena) & Facin (botanical)
appl. 25 Aug., Pickerington, OH; 132.9, 260.4 & 263.1 hcb/sq.ft. checks @ 7, 14 & 28 DAT
Treatment Rate% Control
7DAT 28DAT14DAT
Arena 50WP 0.2 95 100100
1000.3 100Arena 50WP 97
960.3 100Arena 0.5G 100
980.2 100Talstar EZ.2G 98
940.2 100Arena 0.5G 98
908.5oz/M 99Facin 85
8110oz/M 71Facin 64
2004 OH Hairy Chinch Bug Control – Alternate Products – Spinosad, Azadirachtin, Facin
appl. 22 July, Pickerington, OH; 44.0, 44.0 & 56.9 hcb/sq.ft. checks @ 7, 14 & 21 DAT
Treatment Rate% Control
7DAT 21DAT14DAT
Spinosad 0.3G 0.4 95 6571
960.6 34Spinosad 0.3G 60
560.1 71Azatrol 0.1G 63
940.2 100Talstar 0.115G 90
850.05 71Azatrol 0.1G 52
568.5oz/M 87Facin 85
5810oz/M 77Facin 92
2004 OH Hairy Chinch Bug Control – Imidacloprid + Bifenthrin Combo & Acetamiprid
appl. 25 Aug., Pickerington, OH; 212.8, 212.8 & 274.1 hcb/sq.ft. checks @ 7, 14 & 21 DAT
Treatment Rate% Control
7DAT 21DAT14DAT
Acetamiprid 0.18 95 9999
960.28 100Acetamiprid 100
990.1 99Talstar One F 98
990.2 + 0.16 100Merit + Talstar 100
980.36 100Acetamiprid 100
990.2 100Talstar One F 100
910.3 100Merit 2 95
Cutworms & Armyworms(Noctuidae)
Cutworms
Black Cutworm Agrotis ipsilonBronzed Cutworm Nephelodes miniansVariegated Cutworm Peridroma saucia
ArmywormsCommon Armyworm Pseudaletia unipunctaFall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperdaYellowstriped Armyworm S. ornithogalli
Black cutworm damage spots on short-cut bentgrass.
Black cutworm larva feeding at night.
Black cutworm larvae the morning after treatment with insecticide.
The true armyworm, often called the common armyworm, has dark and light colored stripes and a )-(-mark on the head.
The adult armyworm is a simple buff color with a diagnostic small white spot on each wing.
Armyworm larvae can seemingly eat turf down to the thatch “literally over night!”
Fall armyworm egg mass on tree leaf. FAW egg mass on post.
FAW larva showing white Y-mark on head.
FAW adult male.
Sod Webworms
True Sod Webworms [Crambinae]
Tropical Sod Webworms [Pyralinae]
Bluegrass WW P. teterrellaLarger SWW Pediasia trisectaWestern SWW Tehama bonifatellaStriped SWW Fissicrambus mutabilisCorn Root Webworm Crambus caliginosellusVagabond Crambus Agriphila vulgivagella
Tropical SWW Herpetogramma phaeopteralis
Sod WebwormsSpring damage
Larva and frass
Adult bluegrass webworm
Cranberry Girdler(=subterranean sod webworm)
Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zeller)
Notes: This pest is technically a crambid type sod webworm, but it has a very different larval behavior. The larvae tend to feed on the stems and crowns of turf, when large, rather than feeding on leaves. Infested turf tends to die in irregular patches, often at the time that white grubs would be causing similar damage. In thick turf, the dead canopy can be pulled back to reveal considerable amounts of straw colored frass pellets on the soil/thatch surface. With grubs, the entire turf canopy with the thatch can be pulled back to reveal grubs in the soil/thatch interface.
Cranberry girdler adults are small crambids with distinctive bands of silver scales along the wing tip. The adults tend to fly from late June through much of July. There is only one generation per year.
Cranberry girdler larvae have the typical
sclerotized plates that all sod webworms have,
but the plates are the same color as the rest
of the integument. Therefore, the typical
spots are not apparent!
Turf Caterpillar ControlsInsecticide Rate % Control # Tests
OrganophosphatesDiazinon 5.5 94.0 4Dursban 1.0 98.7 18Dylox/Proxol 8.0 87.3 4Orthene 5.0 92.3 4
CarbamatesSevin 4.0 96.8 5Turcam 2.0 89.7 3
Turf Caterpillar ControlsInsecticide Rate % Control # Tests
PyrethroidsAstro 0.04 100.0 2DeltaGard 0.08 94.5 2Scimitar 0.02 96.8 5Tempo 0.10 97.6 21
SpinosynConserve 0.3 90.1 6
Turf Caterpillar ControlsInsecticide Rate % Control # Tests
ChloronicotinoidMerit 0.3 48.5 7
Molt Accelerator (growth regulator)MACH2 1.0 86.5 7
NematodesS. carpocapsae 1.0 bil 89.6 7H. bact. 0.5 bil 67.0 4
Insect and Mite Activity in 2004
• Still suffering from borers because of plant stresses – white pine weevil continues to spread.
• Cool-season pests continued through summer – esp. mites.
• Rain washed away most honeydew, masking aphids and scales.
• Invasions continue!
Borers Continue – Agrilis species
Bronze birch borer
Emerald Ash Borer
Discovered in Detroit area, now in over 1000 square miles in southeastern Michigan. Infestations found in Toledo area, far northwestern Ohio, and in Columbus area in November!
Watch for declining ash trees – tops dying out downward. If D-shaped holes are present, then emerald ash borer is likely the only cause! Larger, round or oval holes are from other native borers.
More information? – http://ashalert.osu.edu
Borers Continue – Bark Beetles – mainly conifers
Borers Continue – White Pine Weevil – white pine & SPRUCE
Borer Insecticides
Traditional• Dursban• Lindane• DiSyston (disulfoton)• Cygon (dimethoate)• Bidrin injection• Orthene injection
(Professional only)
Alternatives• Tempo, Talstar
(Onyx), Deltagard, Scimitar, Astro
• Merit injection (beetles only!)
• Flagship? (nursery)• ???
X
X
??
Borer Control Approaches
Cultural –Use plants that are not prone to borer attack!Plant health care – plants in good growing
conditions can usually repel borer attacks.
Avoid Plant Damage – damaged plants are prone to attack.
Biological –Usually not effective because they attack
after infestation.
Caterpillars – The Gypsy Moth
Caterpillars – Fall Webworm, Mimosa Webworm, Bagworm
Caterpillar Insecticides
Traditional• Dursban• Sevin• Orthene
(Professional only)• Malathion
Alternatives• Tempo, Talstar,
Deltagard, Scimitar, Astro
• Conserve• Merit (???)• Flagship? (nursery)• Bt• Soaps or Oils
X
Cool-Season Pests – Spruce Spider Mite – inactive most of summer!
MiticidesTraditional• Kelthane• Morestan• Cygon• Orthene ?
(Professional only)
Alternatives• Avid• Hexygon (eggs & larvae
only, spider mites only)• Floramite (spider mites
only)• Sanmite (spider mites
only)• Conserve• Pyrethroids??• Soaps or Oils
X
X
??
Pine tortoise scale mature females on stem.
Pine needle scale second instar nymphs and male “pupae” on needles.
Pine needle scale females. Note pinkish eggs at end of scale test (shell) and a settled crawler at upper left.
Group of pine needle scale settled crawlers (tan) and a couple of fresh crawlers (pinkish) in color.
Scale Control (crawlers)
Traditional• Diazinon• Dursban• Sevin• Orthene (Professional
only)• Malathion• Cygon• DiSyston (disulfoton)
Alternatives• Tempo, Talstar,
Deltagard, Scimitar, Astro
• Merit (soft scales)• Flagship (nursery)• Soaps & Oils
X
X
??
Black Vine Weevil ManagementWhat’s Lost?
Ficam (Turcam)Orthene (professional only)
What are the Alternatives?
Merit! (home owner product available, apply to soil, NOT mulch, not for adults!)
Pyrethroids for Adults
DiSyston (disulfoton) (home owner products available, BVW not named on label, apply to soil!)
Halofenozide (MACH2) 2850Diacylhydrazine (molt accelerating compound, induces molt)
Spinosads (Conserve) 3783-5000Spinosad (synaptic stimulation nicotinic acetycholine sites)
Fipronil (Chipco Choice) 97Phenylpyrazoles (GABA receptor disruption)
New Insecticide LD50s
Azadirachtin A & B (Azatrol, Neem, etc.)>3540
Tetranortriterpenoid (ecdysone blocker; antifeedant)
Imidacloprid (Merit) 450Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
Thiamethoxam (Meridian) 1563Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
New Insecticide LD50s
Clothianidin (Arena) >5000Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
The Neonicotinoids
Acetamiprid (TriStar) 217Pyridylmethylamine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
Dinotefuran (Safari) >2000Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
BYGL OnLine – weekly update of Ohio nursery, landscape and turf pests
The P.E.S.T. Newsletter
available from:
Ohio Nursery & Landscape Association72 Dorchester SquareWesterville, OH 43081
614-899-1195800-825-5062
Come visit the BugDoc at:
http://bugs.osu.edu
Shameless Advertisement!
Destructive Turf Insects,2nd Edition
available from:
Lawn and Landscape Media Group
4012 Bridge AvenueCleveland, OH 44113
800-456-0707 (Lori Skala)
Visit:
www.lawnandlandscape.com