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Groundwater Management for Water and Food Security and
Importance of Cooperative Irrigation Managements in Turkey
International Conference on Policies for Water and Food Security in Dry Areas
24th to 26th of June, Cairo, Egypt
Presenter: Metin TÜRKER, Ph.D
Deputy General Director
Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock
TURKEY
Contents
• Introduction
• Agricultural Sector
• Water and Land Resources in Turkey
• Groundwater Policy, Organization, Investment
• Groundwater Management
• Challenges on Groundwater Use – Learned Lessons
• Good Experiences
• Recommendations
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Geographic Location of Turkey
Total Population 75 Million
Rural Population 17 Million (23%)
Urban Population 58 Million(75%)
26 °- 45 ° eastern longitudes36 ° - 42 ° northern altitudes
Land Use Area Mha %
Agricultural land 38,2 49,1
Farm (Cultivated) land 24,5 31,5
Natural grass land 14,6 18,8
Forest land 21,5 27,6
Settlement and others 3,5 5.0
Total 77,8 100.0
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Agricultural Sector In Turkey
74 million domestic, 30 million tourist
Living region
Employment
Food Production
Row material
Export
23 % of population lives in rural
6,1 million employees (25 %),
11% of all export share (16 Billion $)
3622 $
For Industry such as textile, sugar industry,
Agriculture is an economic sector
Income4
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TURKEY
• is self-sufficient country in terms of food
• exports many agricultural products such as cereals, pulses, industrial crops, sugar, nuts, fresh and dried fruits, vegetables, olive oil, and livestock products.
• is the top producer of hazelnut, cherries, fig, apricot, quinces and pomegranates
• has an estimated total of 12,054 plant species, whereas the total number of species in Europe is 12,500.
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Agricultural Structure and Production
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Land
Total area : 78 million ha
Agricultural area : 24,5 million ha
Arable land : 18,4 million ha
Economically Irrigable area : 8,5 million ha
Irrigated area (2012) : 5,5 million ha
Rate : 65 %
Water
Surface water : 98 Billion m3
Groundwater : 14 Billion m3
Total available Water (net) : 112 Billion m3
Land And Water Resources
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AGENCIES(investor)
Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs
(large scaled irrigation)
Ministry of Interior Affairs
(small scaled irrigation)
Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock(production & productivity)
DSIGroundwater Dep.
Local Agencies &
Authorities
TRGMIrrigation Systems
Irrigation Works in Turkey
• Agencies Responsible for Irrigation, Development and Management
Private Sectors – NGO’sWater User Associations & Irrigation Cooperatives
TAGEMAgricultural
Research and Policies
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Groundwater Policy and Implementations
Groundwater Explanation
Status belongs to Public (state)
Legislation 167 numbered «Groundwater Law»
Conditions of use Permission of well is compulsory (to search, use and development)
Investments Public investment for beneficiariesTransfer to WUORepayment for investment 15 years
Operation andmaintenance
Water User Organizations (Irrigation Cooperatives and Water User Associations)
Supports Investment and production supports by government
Irrigated% 65
To be irrigated
% 35
Irrigation Development
• Irrigable Area(Econ.) 8,5 Mha• Total Irrigated Area 5,6 Mha
Dams53%
Lake7%
Low Dams
3%
River18%
Groundwater
19% Irrigation Water Resources
• Groundwater 19 %• Surface water 81 %
SOURCE: DSİ 2012
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Groundwater Availability
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3hm3
hm3
hm3 hm3
hm3
hm3
Safe yield groundwater 13,7 Billion m3
(% 13)
Allocations final stage
No problem allocations
Allocations completed
• 25 hydrological basin
• 30 agricultural basin
• 200 > plate
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Reserves and Allocation
Operating Reserve (yearly) : 13,7 Billion m3
Groundwater Allocations : 13,0 Billion m3
Allocation Ratio : 95 %
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7,2 Billion m3 52 %5,9 Billion m3
43%
0,7 Billion m3 5 %
Irrigation
Domestic and ındustry
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organizations units wells irrigated area (ha)
rate%
Irrigation Cooperatives 1.400 11.368 456.709 82
Combined Irrigations (WUO’s) 28 1.692 84.982 15
State agriculture enterprises (TİGEM) 25 342 16.140 3
Total 13.402 557.831 100
In addition;
195.000 certified
deep groundwater
Wells (250.000 ha)
> 700.000 Agricultural holdings Source: DSİ 2012
Groundwater Irrigations (GWI)
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Irrigation Cooperatives
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• To establish a cooperative - 7 farmers• To benefit from state investment - at
least 15 farmers• General Assembly (all members)• Board of Directors (elected member)• Supervisory Board
Investment period
Operation Period (12 years)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Esta
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of
coo
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Drilling wells
Pumps
Electrification
Irrigation network
Transfer3 years No pay
cost of the investment is paid back in 12 equal installments without interest
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Konya Closed Basin2005,4 hm3
Kızılırmak1332,1 hm3
Yeşilırmak579 hm3
Susurluk1519,4 hm3
West Blacksea412,2 hm3
East Blacksea435,6 hm3
Çoruh20 hm3
Aras204 hm3
Van148,2 hm3
Tigris-Euphrates2789,2 hm3
Asi304,5 hm3
East Mediterranian
70,5 hm3
Antalya526,3 hm3
Burdur89,5 hm3
Akarçay182,1 hm3Gediz
248 hm3
Susurluk575,1 hm3
K. Ege221,9 hm3
Marmara205 hm3
Meriç-Ergene
498,2 hm3
Less critical watersheds
Non-Critical watersheds
Critical watersheds
95 % of the groundwater reserves have been allocated, no more groundwater
Effects of Global Climate Change on agriculture, Drought treats water use and increases the food crisis. Irrigation is necessary for increasing yields of products, Food production 2/3 is realized from irrigated areas.
Challenges on Groundwater
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Problems - Groundwater Use
Overpumping (decrease of groundwater level)
Network water losses
Salt water inclusion into coastal aquifers
Operation and production issues
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2
3
4
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Solutions and Experiences-1
Overpumping
- Uncontrolled and over irrigation- Decrease of groundwater level
1• water metering
systems• Controlled
irrigation
In all public and private wells,water metering system will have to beinstalled until 2015(legislation 2012)
To protect groundwater quality and quantity,
To balance the recharge – discharge in aquifer
To control use of water according to allocation,
To manage production during drought season
To ensure sustainable management of groundwater,
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88 % Gravity Irrigation 12 % Piped Irrigation Half of them is over the age of 30
Fragmented and scattered parcels (Appr. 10). Parcel size (not enough) to reach to canal directly (less than 50%)
Parcel is not suitable for mechanization
2• Modern
Irrigation Systems
• Land Consolidation
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Solutions and Experiences-2
Network water losses
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299 000 ha65%
160 000 ha35% Open canal
irrigation area
Pressured irrigation area
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Irrigation Networks-Transformation pressurized irrigation networks
2-a
2004 - Decision of piped irrigation network (DSİ)
2006 - Modern irrigation systems are supported by the
RDS programme (50 % grant) - TRGM
Solutions and Experiences-2
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% 30-80 water saving
% 20-50 yield increase
% 40 energy saving
% 50 fertilizer % 30 saving chemicals.
Subject Total Area (da) Farmers
• Collective Pressure Irrigation Systems (75 % Grant)
539 279.236 55.603
• Support for Irrigation Machine&Equipment ( 50 % grant)
6.424 398.022 6.316
• Individual support from Banks 3.350.000 144.000
General Total 6.963 4.027.258 205.919
2006-2012 – 206.000 farmers have been supported by RDS Programme
400 000 ha has been irrigated by modern irrigation systems.
Thus, primarily of water and other inputs has been saved largely
Irrigation Supports by the MoFAL (2006-2012)
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2-b
Solutions and Experiences-2
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Why Land Consolidation? LC. is key;2-cTo solve social and physical infrastructure problemsTo decrease public investment costs
Without land consolidation With land consolidation
Channel network Road and channel network
Investment cost decrease - 40 %
Irrigation efficiency increases (from 60% to 90%)20
Solutions and Experiences-2
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Indication Map of the Old Cadastral Status
Old Parcels:
11.342 Unit
New Parcels:
2.745 Unit
Parceling Map after the Consolidation
Before After
27 ------ 1 peace23------- 1 21 ------- 1 20 ------- 1
Denizli Tavas Büyükkonak Land Consolidation Project (1050 ha)
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Year Kisecik Irrigation 2.475 ha
WellUnit
Flow l/s
Workinghours
Out flowm3
Rate %
1999 Gravity Irrigation System 45 2.365 74.273 14.583.022
2009 Piped Irrigation System 46 1.725 68.416 9.681.290 34
2010 Consolidation + PipedIrrigation System
40 35.064 5.253.177 45
groundwater saving ratio 64
Source: Irrigation and Consolidation Project of Karaman Kisecik (2011)
LC + Pressurized Irrigation System and Water Saving
64 % savings in water use
Yields of products increased by 2-3 times
Operating expenses came down by 50 %
Energy costs decreased
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Solutions and Experiences-2
2-d
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Karaman Merkez Kisecik LC + Modern Irrigation Project (2750 ha)
Average parcel size1,61 ha 3,61 ha
Direct access to the irrigation line
61 % 100 %
Consolidation and modern irrigation system ensured 64 % of water saving
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Distribution of the suitable areas for land consolidation in Turkey
The areas can be consolidated 14,0 Million ha- Irrigated areas 8,5 Million ha- Dry areas 5,5 Million ha
GAP (2008-2013) A.P.2 Million ha will be
consolidated (80 % completed)
KOP Action Plan700.000 ha will be
consolidated
The LC of 5,5 million ha will provide a significant amount of water savings
New strategy;is basin based and multipurpose land consolidation projects
1961-2002 450.000 ha2003-2012 2.503.000 haTotal 2.952.000 ha
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Solutions and Experiences-2
Land Parcel Information System
According to data;• Agricultural parcels : 30 million• Agricultural holdings : 3.1 million• Average land size : 6 ha• Parcels per capita : 10 parcel
Agricultural parcels were digitized and Land Parcel Information System (LPIS) was established
Farmer Register System
Location dataParcel data (class, str, slope, dry, irrigated )Ownership dataUsage data ….
identification number of each parcel
to monitor the parcel based production and supports
Solutions and Experiences-22-e
Irrigation Networks will be digitalized It will be integrated with Land Parcel Information System
and Farmer Registry system Irrigation will be controlled parcel based
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Solutions and Experiences-2
Main CanalIrrigationDrainageHydrant
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Salt water inclusion into coastal aquifer3
During drought and lack of precipitation
It can be seen increase the rate of salt in some coastal plains
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Solutions and Experiences-3
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Electricity charges are very high (15-30% of cost)
Monitoring and evaluation for irrigation networks
Deficit-limited irrigation during drought
Production Systems Changes
Water harvesting
Drought-resistant varieties
Zero Tillage
Good agricultural practices
Organic farming
Solutions and Experiences-4
4-a Operation and production issues
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Risk Management in Agriculture (Good Experiences)
Turkish Agricultural Insurance System (TARSİM)• Crop Insurance • Greenhouse Insurance• Livestock Insurance• Poultry Insurance• Aquaculture Insurance
Drought Action Plan (2013-2017)
Agricultural Research Master Plan (2010-2015)
• hail
• storm
• flood
• fire, EQ
• landslide
• quality loss
• frost (fruits)
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Solutions and Experiences-4
Operation and production issues4-b
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Recommendations
• Groundwater reserves should be currently monitored and evaluated
• Modern irrigation systems which provides water saving
• Land consolidation should be constructed with modern irrigation systems
• Institutional capacity of water users should be increased,
• Production planning should be prepared with respect to water capacity
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Government supports well-managed collaborative programs for sustainable agricultural water management and food security
Thanks for listening Questions, comments and suggestions are welcome
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Historic Peninsula, Istanbul