Turn of the Century America:

1898 – 1910

Spanish – American War: 1898

Causes of the War:1. Cuba struggling with Spain…

Cuba wants independence2. Reports of Spanish atrocities

Yellow Journalism by Hearst & Pulitzer3. De Lome Letter

Letter from Spanish Minister critizing President McKinley & the United States4. February 15, 1898: The sinking of the “Maine”

258 AMERICIANS DIE

“Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain”

President McKinley hesitates… But gives Spain an ultimatum

1. fighting in Cuba must stop2. Negotiate with Cuba for Cuban self-

government3. Abolish all concentration camps

Teddy Roosevelt says we need to attack NOW… Roosevelt orders US Navy into the Pacific to get ready for WAR!

On April 9, Spain agrees to United States ultimatum However McKinley still asks Congress to declare war on Spain to intervene for Cuba’s independence

April 11, 1898 the US declared WAR on Spain

April 19: Teller Amendment = United States is just given help to Cuba… When Spain leaves Cuba so will the USA

Spanish – American War Begins…

First fighting will take place in the Philippines… May 1, 1898

Commodore George Dewey will defeat and destroy

the Spanish Fleet in 6 hours (only 1 US death)

Spanish – American War

In June & July of 1898 USA invades Cuba

General W. R. Shafter in chargeFighting begins on June 24, 1898

Major Battles: 1. Teddy Roosevelt & his Rough Riders take San Juan Hill2. Spain loses the rest of its Navy at the Battle of Santiago Harbor

Spain Surrenders on August 11, 1898United States lose 3,289 men (379 in combat)Spain over 55,000

The United States Received:Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines, (Wake

Island) Takes 3 years for US to control

Philippines It ends USA isolationism

Cuba received: Independence (US gets Guantanamo Bay)Spain received: $20 million

ALSO: United States becomes a World & Colonial Power Dr. Walter Reed & Dr. Jesse Lazear figure out

“Yellow Fever”This was the USA’s 1st war of interventionSecretary of State Hay calls it “a splendid little

war”

President McKinley’s Assassination

When: September 6, 1901Where: Buffalo, New York at the Pan-American ExpositionWho: Leon Czolgosz (from Detroit)Why?: "I killed President McKinley because I done my duty. I didn't believe one man should have so much service and another man should have none."

Death of President McKinley

McKinley told his doctors, “It is useless, gentlemen, I think we ought to have prayer.” Later, as he faded, McKinley whispered the words to the hymn, "Nearer, My God, to Thee."

President McKinley, died because of infection and gangrene.

President McKinley died on September 14, 1901 at 2:15 a.m.

Theodore Roosevelt is now President of the USA

America’s youngest President

President McKinley’s Funeral McKinley’s Grave

The jury took only half an hour to convict Czolgosz. On September 26, Czolgosz was sentenced to death.[He was immediately taken to Auburn State Prison to await execution.

According to one account, Czolgosz expressed remorse on his way to Auburn, saying, "I wish the people to know I am sorry for what I did. It was a mistake and it was wrong. If I had it to do over again I never would do it. But it is too late now to talk of that. I am sorry I killed the President."Czolgosz was executed by means of electrocution on October 29, 1901. His last words are variously reported as, "I killed the President for the good of the laboring people, the good people. I am not sorry for my crime but I am sorry I can't see my father"; or, "I killed the President because he was the enemy of the good people—the good working people. I am not sorry for my crime."

Turn of the Century America: 1900 – 1910

Progressive Era:A reform movement which sought to remove injustices& hardships caused by the industrial society…

What is it????1. Broad cultural vision2. Cluster of moral & humanitarian goals3. Political reforms

Progressives believed in PROGRESS… they believed that Social Darwinism & Laissez-faire did not work, that government could and should play an important role in removing injustices…

Progressive Era

Progressives had 3 major beliefs:1. Anti-monopoly2. Belief in Social Cohesion: we are not

autonomous BUT a part of a great web of social relations…

The welfare of any single person is dependent on the welfare of a society as a whole.

Everyone has a social responsibility to its people and to its society!

3. A belief in organization and efficiency The Progressive Movement began with “Crusading Journalist”

They opened the public’s eyes to social, economic and

political injustices… Teddy Roosevelt called them “Muckrakers”

Important “Muckrakers”

1. Lincoln Steffens: “Shame of the Cities

2. Ida Tarbell: “Standard Oil Trust”3. Jacob Riis: “How the Other ½ Lives”4. Upton Sinclair: “The Jungle”

They exposed: problems of child labor, ghettos, prostitution, waste, destruction of our natural resources, woman, Blacks…

Progressive Movement also brought the USA into the age of the “EXPERT”… a high value on knowledge & expertise…

They will take over all aspects of life:Building, manufacturing, professionals

Progressive Amendments added to the Constitution:

16th Amendment:

17th Amendment:

18th Amendment:

19th Amendment:

Important Woman in the Woman’s Suffrage Movement

1. Carrie Chapman Catt: President of the NAWSA National American Woman Suffrage Association

She also creates the League of Woman Voters

2. Alice Paul: More militant… went to the streets to protest… Formed the National Woman’s

Party

Civil Rights:

Court Case: Plessy v. Ferguson “Separate But Equal”

Civil Rights… 2 approaches

Booker T. Washington: Tuskegee InstituteLearn trades, gain better skills then focus on

EQUALITY

Character, not circumstances, makes the man.

I let no man drag me down so low as to make me hate him.

If you can't read, it's going to be hard to realize dreams. No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem.

Success is to be measured not so much by the position that one has reached in life as by the obstacles which he has overcome.

You can't hold a man down without staying down with him.

W. E. B. Du Bois: Demanded Equal Rights NOW!!!! Wrote the book: The Souls of Black Folk

“To be a poor man is hard, but to be a poor race in a land of dollars is the very bottom of hardships.”

“The cost of liberty is less than the price of repression.”“The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line.”“The power of the ballot we need in sheer defense, else what shall save us from a second slavery?”

“All men cannot go to college but some men must; every isolated group or nation must have its yeast, must have for the talented few centers of training where men are not so mystified and befuddled by the hard and necessary toil of earning a living, as to have no aims higher than their bellies, and no God greater than Gold.”

Difference between Washington & Du Bois

Born into slavery

Only after establishing a secure economic base, could Blacks hope to realize their other goal of political and social equality

Took a pragmatic approach to economic development

Born in the North… College Educated

Political and social rights were a prerequisite for economic advancement

Took a militant approach for equal rights

Washington

Du Bois

CULTURAL AMERICA AT THE TURN OF TURN OF THE CENTURY

Population in 1900: 76,212,168 45 States 60% still rural… 11 million farmersFewer then 150 miles of paved roads

Cultural America: 1900 – 1910 Average worker made 22 cents an hour & worked 60 hours a week… .22 x 60 = $13.20 a week $13.20 x 52 = $686.40 a year Teachers salary in 1900 = $325 a year

Average size family: 5 kidsLife expectancy: 47 years old

Leading causes of death:1. Diphtheria2. Typhoid3. Malaria4. Influenza

The common cold was deadly

Cultural America: 1900 - 1910

Technology:

18 out of every 1,000 people owned a phone

NO: 1. Radio’s 2. TV’s 3. Refrigerator 4. Electric ovens 5. Most homes had out-houses 6. Cars were for the very rich 7. No such thing as a truck or bus

Fads: Ping Pong & Speeding

In 1900…It was a Man’s World!!!!

Men ran all the businesses Men casted all the votesMen produced most of the arts & literatureMen were the masters of their HOUSES

Woman were banned from:1. voting2. clubs3. restaurants4. saloons5. could be arrested for smoking in public

For the Men: Their biggest hang-out was at the

SALOON

In 1900: over 100,000 saloons (bars) in the USA and over 3,000 different breweries

FASHSION IN THE 1900’S

Men:

Woman’s Fashion

Swim Suits

Hero’s of 1900 – 1910: People in the news…

Alice Roosevelt… Daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt

Robert Peary

April 6,1909: 1st on North Pole????

William Jennings Bryan

J. P. Morgan: King of Finances

Election of 1904

T. Roosevelt vs. Alton Parker

Both agreed on the same thingsSo campaigned turned to “Personalities”

Results of the Election of 1904

TR = 336 electoral votesParker = 140 electoral votes

TR as President (1901 – 1909)

1. Panama Canal

Panama Canal: After the French failed the USA will take on the new task

First problem with Columbia: Panama gains independence

Key People:William Gorgas vs. mosquito’s & yellow feverGeorge Goethals engineer

Cost: $380 million 43,000 labors

Biggest engineering project in history (at that time)

TR’s Foreign Policy: “BIG STICK DIPLOMACY”

“Speak softly and carry a big stick…”

TR’s “Big Stick Diplomacy”:

1. Roosevelt Corollary: TR said: “USA job to enforce the Monroe

Doctrine & to intervene anywhere in Latin America”

The Great White Fleet

2. Russo – Japanese War 1904 – 1905TR successfully negotiating peace

between Russia & Japan (fighting over Korea)

Roosevelt will win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 1st President to do so

TR’s Domestic Policy: “The Square Deal”

TR’s Square Deal…

1. Anti-trust policy: Roosevelt supported labor &

consumer rights

2. Handles Coal Strike of 1902

3. Meat Inspection Act: Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

4. Conservation

TR reserves 125 million acres of land for parks

5. Helps establish the NCAA because of violence in football

1909 – 1910: African Safari

TR kills: 5 elephants 7 hippos 9 lions 13 rhinos

After safari TR tours Europe comes back to United States and is given a hero’s welcome

Runs for President again in 1912… (Mad at Taft) creates a third party Progressive or Bull Moose

Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York

Teddy Roosevelt ranked: 5th

Major sports & entertainment events 1900 - 19101st World Series: 1903

Boston Americans defeat the Pittsburg Pirates

Baseballs biggest star: 1900 - 1910 Ty Cobb

I’ve got to be 1st all the time in everything

4,191 total hits (2nd).367 lifetime batting average

(1st)won 12 batting titles3rd all time in stolen bases

1st man to be elected into the Hall of Fame

Heavyweight Boxing

Heavyweight Champion 1899 to 1905

Jim J. Jeffries

Jeffries loses title to Jack Johnson

Champion from 1908 - 1915

College Football 1900 - 1910

Rules: 5pts = TD 1 pt for score after a TD Field Goal = 5 pts then 4 in 1904 then 3 in 1909

New regulations to stop the violence, created: NCAA

Best team of the decade:

Won the title in 01, 02, 03, 04Head Coach: Fielding Yost

1904 Olympics in St. Louis

18 disciplines, comprising 16 sports, were part of the Olympic program in 1904.

EVENTS:DivingSwimmingWater PoloArcheryTrack eventsBoxingCyclingFencingSoccerGolfCroquetRowingTennisTug-of-WarWeightliftingWrestling

Basketball & Baseball were demonstration events

1904 Olympics in St. Louis results

 Rank  Gold Silver Bronze Total

1 United States (USA) (host nation)

78 82 79 239

2  Germany (GER) 4 4 5 13

3  Cuba (CUB) 4 2 3 9

4  Canada (CAN) 4 1 1 6

5  Hungary (HUN) 2 1 1 4

6

 Great Britain (GBR) 1 1 0 2

 Mixed team (ZZX) 1 1 0 2

8

 Greece (GRE) 1 0 1 2

 Switzerland (SUI) 1 0 1 2

9  France (FRA) 0 * 0 *

10  Austria (AUT) 0 0 1 1

1904 Olympics

Some other events: greased pole climbing

rock throwingmud fighting

Other Important Events: 1900 - 1910St. Louis Worlds Fair

It covered 1,200 acres with 1,500 buildings… 75 miles of pathways62 Nations were represented… 100’s of rides & entertainment 19,694,855 people attended

1904 St. Louis Worlds Fair

New foods introduced:Ice cream conesHot dogsIced teaCotton candyPeanut butter

The Movie Industry…

The first movie: 1903 The Great Train RobberyLasted only 12 minutesProduced by: Edison Manufacturing company

Other Forms of Entertainment

The Circus: P. T. Barnum & Ringling Brothers

The AUTOMOBILE… Rich mans toy…

1904 Oldsmobile

The Ford…

The Model T… The first affordable car for the masses…

“Build a better mousetrap”

The AIRPLANE…

Orville Wright Wilber Wright

Developed idea for flight in their bicycle shop in Dayton Ohio

First Flight: December 17, 1903 Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

The first flight lasted 59 seconds and travelled 852 feet…

In 60 years….