Meeting

the

challenge

of the

tomato

leafminer

Nov. 26-28, 2013Intercontinental Hotel, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Tuta absoluta

V I R G I N I A P O L Y T E C H N I C I N S T I T U T E A N D S T A T E U N I V E R S I T Y

A n eq ua l op po r t u n i t y , a f f i r m a t i ve ac t i o n i ns t i t u t i o n

Invent the Future

Office of International Research, Education, and Development (OIRED) 526 Prices Fork Road (0378) Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 540-231-6338 Fax: 540-231-2439 www.oired.vt.edu

 Dear Participants,  It is with great pleasure that I welcome you all to this international workshop on Tuta absoluta: Meeting the Challenge of the Tomato Leafminer in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. As you are all aware, T. absoluta is of South American origin and was accidentally introduced to Spain in 2006. Since then, it has spread to most of the European and Mediterranean countries. In the last couple of years, it has invaded Senegal in West Africa and Ethiopia in East Africa.  Recognizing the impending possible leafminer invasion into west and central African countries, the Integrated Pest Management Innovation Lab in collaboration with the USAID‐West Africa Regional Office, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development (CORAF) organized a workshop in Senegal last May to sensitize scientists and administrators in these countries to the threat. The IPM Innovation Lab has again taken a leadership role in organizing this conference to raise awareness about the impending danger and to inform the authorities in countries from East Africa to South Asia.   I welcome participants from an array of institutions—international organizations, private companies, and trade organizations; and from geographically disparate locales—Europe, north, west and East Africa, South Asia, and the host country, Ethiopia.   I hope participants will take advantage of this event to network and to exchange information on the mitigation of the adverse impacts of T. absoluta through quarantine regulations, surveys, detection, identification, management, and other activities.   On behalf of Virginia Tech, I wish you all a very productive and fruitful workshop. 

  Mike Bertelsen Executive Director Office of International Research, Education and Development Virginia Tech  

 

 

 

Tuta absoluta: Meeting the challenge of the tomato leafminer Intercontinental Hotel, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tuesday, November 26, 2013 8:00 – 9:00 a.m. Registration

9:00 – 10:00 a.m. InauguralSession

Chairs:GashawbezaAyalew,EIARandR.Muniappan,IPMInnovationLabKassahunSemachew,USAIDEthiopiaMissionBrhaneGebrekidan,EthiopianAcademyofSciencesFentahunMengistu,DirectorGeneral,EIAR,Ethiopia

10:00 – 10:30 Coffeebreakandgroupphoto

10:00 – 12:00 Tutaabsoluta,anoverview Chair:GashawbezaAyalew

Areviewofwhatweknow–ShakirAlZaidi,RussellIPM

12:00 – 1:00 Lunch

1:00 – 3:00 Reportsbyparticipatinginternationalandregionalprograms

Chair:FenthunMengistuIntegratedPestManagementInnovationLab–R.MuniappanFAO–WondimagegneShiferaw/BayehMulatuSwitzerland–SustainablemanagementofarthropodsinAfricanvegetableproductionsystems:Fightingoldfoesandfacingthechallengeofanewinvasivepest–JanaCollatz

SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences–RichardHopkinsICIPE–TutaabsolutaactivitiesinNorthandSub‐SaharanAfrica:anoverview–SamiraMohamedandSundayEkesi

3:00 – 4:00 Countryreports

Chair:BrhaneGebrekidanBangladesh–ShahadathHossainBurkinaFaso–KambouGeorgesEthiopia–EndaleGebreIndia–C.DurairajIraq–NaserAbdulsahibObaidIran–BabakZahiriKenya–MonicahWaiganjoTanzania–MaulidMwatawalaUganda–S.Kyamanywa

   

Agenda

 

 

 

4:00 – 5:00 Tutaabsoluta reviewChair:R.MuniappanTaxonomyOriginanddistribution‐ StatusofTutaabsolutainSenegal–DienabaSall‐ MonitoringTutaabsolutapopulationsusingpheromonetrapsin

northernEthiopia–TesfayBelayandZeraySiyoumBiology

Confirmationofdeuterotokousparthenogenesisinthreepopulationsofthetomatoleafminer,TutaabsolutainTunisia–KaledAbbes,SamiraMuhamedFaris,andBrahimChermiti

Wednesday, November 27, 2013 All day FieldtriptoMelkassa/Koka

Thursday, November 28, 2013 8:00 – 10:00 a.m. Tutaabsolutareview–continued

NaturalenemiesQuarantineregulationsMonitoringControlmethods:‐ Mechanical‐ Cultural‐ Chemical

o Pheromonetrapsformonitoringtomatoleafminer,Tutaabsoluta intomatofieldsinEgypt–A.S.Abdel‐Razek

o EfficacyoftwomasstrappingmethodsofTutaabsolutainEgypt–SaadA.Gaffar,A.A.Taman,A.M.M.AboEl‐naga,andMahaS.Nada

o Evaluationofpheromoneluresformasstrappingofthetomatoleafminer,TutaabsolutaintomatounderopenfieldandgreenhousesinSudan–EnsafS.I.MohamedandMohammedE.E.Mahmoud

o Occurrenceandstudiesonthemanagementofthetomatoleafminer,TutaabsolutaintheCentralRiftValleyofEthiopia–GashawbezaAyalewandAbiyFekadu

‐ Biologicalo NaturalenemiesofTutaabsolutainKassalaState,Sudan–

MohammedE.E.Mahmoud ‐ IntegratedPestManagement

o ManagementofTutaabsolutainNearEastandNorthAfricancountries–KhaledAlarouchdi

10:00 – 12:00 Workinggroup(s)onpreparationofaconceptnote(s)    

 

 

 

12:00 – 1:00 Lunch

1:00 – 2:00 Continuationofworkinggroupsessions

2:00 – 3:00 Workinggrouppresentations

3:00 – 4:00 Generaldiscussion

4:00 – 5:00 Closingceremony

7:00 – 9:00 Reception

 

 

Tuta absoluta: Meeting the challenge of the tomato leafminer Intercontinental Hotel, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Al‐Jamali,NassirAgriculturalCollege,KerbalaUniversityBagdad,Iraqnassir_aljamali@yahoo.comAl‐Zaidi,ShakirManagingDirector‐RussellIPMLtdFlintshire,UnitedKingdom+441244281333+441244287010Directwww.russellipm.comTsegaye,AbebeManagingDirector EthioVegfruPLC AddisAbaba,Ethiopia etvf@ethionet.etAlarouchdi,KhaledExFAOInternationalAgriculturalExpert(IPM)ProfessorofPlantProtection‐IPMKh.alrouechdi@gmail.comAlemayehu,SintuAssistantResearcherEthiopianInstituteofAgriculturalResearch(EIAR)Ambo,EthiopiaLidubird@gmail.comAlemu,DawitDirector,AgriculturalEconomics,ResearchExtensionandFarmersLinkageProgramEthiopianInstituteofAgriculturalResearch,AddisAbaba,Ethiopiadawit96@gmail.comAyalew,GashawbezaSeniorResearchEntomologistEIAR,MelkassacenterNazareth,Ethiopiagashawbeza@yahoo.comAyana,GetachewCenterDirector,MelkassaEthiopianInstituteofAgriculturalResearchNazareth/Adama,Ethiopiagetachew_ayana@yahoo.com

Azerefegne,FerduSchoolofPlantandHorticulturalSciences,HawassaUniversity,Hawassa,Ethiopia+251911876563Bekele,EshetuPartheniumProjectAddisAbaba,EthiopiaBekele,MikyasEthiopianHorticultureProducerExporterAssociationAddisAbaba,Ethiopiamb3617@gmailBelachewWorku,AbnetOrnamentalManager‐EthiopiaBASF‐TheChemicalCompanyAddisAbaba,Ethiopiaabnet.belachew@basf.comBhanu,K.R.M.Bio‐ControlResearchLaboratoriesBangalore,Indiabhanu.krm@pcil.inBouharroud,RachidInstitutNationaldelaRechercheAgronomique,Inezgane‐Agadir,Moroccobouharroud@yahoo.frChermiti,BrahimProfessorofEcologicalEntomologyandBiologicalControlHigherAgronomicInstituteofChott‐Meriem,Chott‐Mériem,TunisiaCollatz,JanaAgroscopeReckenholz‐TanikonZurich,SwitzerlandE‐mail:jana.collatz@agroscope.admin.chDawd,MohammedEthiopianInstituteofAgriculturalResearch(EIAR)AmboPlantProtectionResearchcenterAmbo,EthiopiaMdawd2000@yahoo.com

Workshop Participants

 

 

Dinssa,FekaduFufaVegetableBreederAVRDC‐TheWorldVegetableCenterRegionalCenterforAfricaArusha,Tanzania+255272553093/2553102+255272553125Durairaj,C.ProfessorofEntomologyTamilNaduAgriculturalUniversityCoimbatore,India9698412342c_durairaj@yahoo.comEkesi,SundayICIPENairobi,Kenyasekesi@icipe.orgEtsegenet,MichaelGraduateAssistant‐DebreberhanUniversityDebreberhan,EthiopiaEmail:ashuts11@gmail.comFekadu,AbiyEthiopianInstituteofAgriculturalResearchNazareth/Adama,Ethiopiaabiyfekadu13@gmail.comGaffar,SaadExpertofBiologicalControlHeadoftheDepartmentofPestControlCentralLaboratoryofOrganicAgricultureEgypt00966562359862KSA(002)01001476832/01270707410saadbioorganic4@gmail.comGebre,EndaleDeputyCropResearchDirectorEIARAddisAbaba,Ethiopiaendale_gebre@yahoo.comGebrekidan,BrhaneBoardMemberandChairEthiopianAcademyofSciences(AgricultureWorkingGroup)AddisAbaba,Ethiopiabgebrekidan@gmail.comGebrekidan,BrhaneBoardMemberandChairEthiopianAcademyofSciences(AgricultureWorkingGroup)AddisAbaba,Ethiopiabgebrekidan@gmail.com

Gebrie,BirukMellesseKoppertBiologicalSystemsAddisAbaba,Ethiopiabmellesse@koppert.comGeorges,KambouHeadofVegetables,FruitsandTubersprogramIN.E.R.A(AgriculturalandEnvironmentalResearchInstitute)‐FARAKO‐BABobo–Dioulasso,BurkinaFasoKambougeorges2000@yahoo.frGetachew,KirubelIPMConsultantTheRealIPMCompanyAddisAbaba,EthiopiaKirubel@realipm.comGoftishu,MulukenLecturer,HaramayaUniversityHaramaya,Ethiopiamulukengoftishu@yahoo.comHopkins,RichardJamesSwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciencesUppsala,Sweden+46736509272richard.hopkins@slu.seShahadath,HossainAssistantCoordinatorIPMInnovationLabBangladeshSiteHRCBuilding,BangladeshAgriculturalResearchInstituteJoydebpur,BangladeshMshahadath67@gmail.comIsabirye,BrianE.AssistantProgrammeManagerASARECAEntebbe,Ugandab.isabirye@asareca.organdbrianisabirye@yahoo.comJenbere,YemenuEntomologistChemtexAddisAbaba,Ethiopiayemenuj@gmail.comKambo,C.M.SeniorResearchOfficer(Entomologist)KenyaAgriculturalResearchInstitute(KARI)Keugoya,Kenyacmkambo@gmail.com

 

 

Karungi,JeninahSchoolofAgriculturalSciences,MakerereUniversityKampala,Ugandajkarungi@agric.mak.ac.ugKebede,SolomonHorticulturalExpertIIIEthiopianHorticulturalDevelopmentAgency(EHDA)AddisAbaba,Ethiopiasolata.2001@yahoo.comKetema,SelamawitNationalVegetableResearchCoordinatorEthiopianInstituteofAgriculturalResearch(EIAR)Nazareth,EthiopiaYeabselam1998@yahoo.comKhanjani,MohammadDepartmentofPlantProtection,FacultyofAgricultureBu‐AliSinaUniversityHamedan,Iranmkhanjani@gmail.comKyamanywa,SamuelSchoolofAgriculturalSciences,MakerereUniversityKampala,Ugandaskyamanywa@agric.mak.ac.ugLemma,HiwotSeniorEntomologistMinistryofAgricultureAddisAbaba,EthiopiaHiwot.lemma@gmail.comMahmoud,Mohammedelnazeir,ElfadilAgriculturalResearchCorporation,Kassala&GashResearchStationSudannazeerazo@yahoo.comMarkos,FekreDeputyDirector,PlantHealthRegulatoryDirectorateMinistryofAgricultureAddisAbabaEthiopiafikrem2001@yahoo.comMathieson,RichOfficeofInternationalAffairs,VirginiaTechVirginia,U.S.Arichm@vt.eduMekasha,AbeshManager–CropProtectionProgramUpperAwashAgroIndustryEnterpriseMertiJeju,Ethiopia+251913118321

Mengistu,EsayasFarmManagerEthioVegfruFarmKoka,Ethiopiaetvf@ethionet.etMengistu,FentahunDirectorGeneralEthiopianInstituteofAgriculturalResearch(EIAR)AddisAbaba,Ethiopiafentahunmen@yahoo.comMirete,SelomonSeniorEntomologistMinistryofAgricultureAddisAbaba,EthiopiaMohamed,Ensaf,S.I.AssociatedResearchScientist(Entomologist)AgriculturalResearchCorporationShambatResearchStationKhartoumNorth,SudanEnsafmohamed1@gmail.comMohamed,SamiraA.TheInternationalCentreofInsectPhysiologyandEcologyNairobi,Kenyasfaris@icipe.orgMohammed,Abdel‐RazekAtefSayedDept.ofPestsandPlantProtectionNationalResearchCentreCairo,EgyptAbdelrazek820@yahoo.comMulatu,BayehSeniorEntomologistFAO‐ETAddisAbaba,EthiopiaBayeh.Mulatu@fao.orgMuniappan,R.Director,IPMInnovationLab(CRSP)VirginiaTechVirginia,U.S.A.540‐231‐3516Fax:540‐231‐3519rmuni@vt.eduhttp://www.oired.vt.edu/ipmcrsp/Mwatawala,MaulidDepartmentofCropScienceandProduction,SokoineUniversityofAgriculture,Morogoro.Tanzaniamwatawala@yahoo.com

 

 

Ottens,BertRalfHeadofBusinessManagementEastAfrica,E‐APE/ABASF,TheChemicalCompanyAddisAbaba,Ethiopiabert‐ralf.ottens@basf.comPaudel,SulavIPMProgramCoordinatorInternationalDevelopmentEnterprisesLalitpur,Nepalsulavpaudel111@gmail.comReda,TesfayBelayTigrayAgriculturalResearchIntituteMekelle,Ethiopiabelayreda@ethionet.etRich,MiriamDirectorofCommunicationsOfficeofInternationalResearch,EducationandDevelopment‐VirginiaTechVirginia,U.S.A.mrich@vt.eduSall,DienabaISRADakar,Senegaldieynaba_sall_sy@yahoo.frMamaneSani,MoudyDirecteurGénéraldelaProtectiondesVégétauxMinistèredel’AgricultureNiamey,NigerMoudymamanesani@yahoo.frSeyoum,EmiruAAUAddisAbaba,Ethiopiae.yeshanew@gmail.comShetty,DineshaManagingDirectorPonalabBiogrowthPrivateLimitedBangalore,Indiadgshetty@yahoo.comShiferaw,WondimagegneCropsTeamLeader,FAOEthiopiaAddisAbaba,EthiopiaWondimagegne.Shiferaw@fao.orgwww.fao.orgShimeles,NolawitMarketingmanagerGreenlifetradingAddisAbaba,Ethiopiaalehugn@gmail.com

Teshome,DereseDirector,PublicRelationDirectorateEthiopianInstituteofagriculturalResearch,AddisAbaba,Ethiopiasimerson10@gmail.comWaiganjo,MonicahCECAgricultureLivestock&FisheriesKIAMBUCountyKiambu,Kenyamonicahwaiganjo@yahoo.commonicahwaiganjo@cec.kiambu.go.keWairigu,JohnKanyingiCountryBusinessSupervisorDuponCropProtection,EastAfricaNairobi,Kenyajohn.kanyingi@dupont.comWorku,AbnetBelachewOrnamentalManager‐EthiopiaBASF‐TheChemicalCompanyBASFTradeRepresentativeOfficeAddisAbaba,Ethiopiaabnet.belachew@basf.comYesuf,MohammedNationalHorticulturalCropsResearchCoordinatorEthiopianInstituteofagriculturalResearch(EIAR)Nazareth,Ethiopiamohanarc@yahoo.com Yilma,YerasworkSeniorEntomologistMinistryofAgricultureAddisAbaba,Ethiopiayerasget@yahoo.comZahiri,BabakAssistantProfessorDepartmentofPlantProtectionBu‐AliSinaUniversityHamedan,IranFax:+988114424012bzahiri@basu.ac.irhttp://profs.basu.ac.ir/bzahiri/index.php?L=en&pc

 

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Tuta absoluta: Meeting the challenge of the tomato leafminer Intercontinental Hotel, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia   Pheromonetrapsformonitoringtomatoleafminer,Tutaabsoluta(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae)inEgyptAtefSayedAbdel‐RazekNationalResearchCentre,Dept.ofPestsandPlantProtectionEl‐TahrirStreet,Dokki12622,Cairo,Egypt.abdelrazek820@yahoo.comTutaabsolutaisaverychallengingpesttocontrol.ApplicationofpheromonetolureandkillbymasstrappinghasbeenfoundtobeeffectivetocontrolT.absolutainEgypt.Theeffectsoftrapcolor,trapdirectionandtrappositiononT.absolutacaptureswereevaluatedinthisstudy.EachtrapwasbaitedwithapheromonecapsuletypeQlure‐TUA.Withthistrapahigh‐capturerateisidealformasstrappingandreducingtheT.absolutapopulation.Masstrappingisatechniquethatinvolvesplacingahighernumberoftrapsinthecropfieldinvariousstrategicpositionstoremoveasufficientlyhighproportionofmaleinsectsfromthepestpopulation.Itiswidelyusedinconjunctionwithothercontrolmeasurestoreducepestinfestationbyminimizingthematingincidenceandthenumberofviableeggslaid.Whitepheromonetrapscaughtmoremothsthanyellow,blue,greenandredtraps.Significantdifferencesbetweenmeancatchesbywhitetrapandothercoloredtrapswereobserved.Thetrap,whenlocatedatsouthorcenteroftheinfestedarea,caughtmoremothsthanwhenlocatedatwest,eastornorth,althoughtherewasnosignificantdifferencebetweenmeancatchesateachlocation.ThecollectivecatchofT.absolutamothsbythetrapsrestedonthegroundwasmorethanthatofthetwootherpositions(50cmand100cmabovetheground)andtherewassignificantdifferencebetween0cmposition(restedontheground)andtheothertwopositions.ConfirmationofdeuterotokousparthenogenesisinthreepopulationsofthetomatoleafminerTutaabsoluta(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae)inTunisiaKhaledAbbes1,SamiraMohamedFaris2andBrahimChermiti11HighAgronomicInstituteofChott‐Mariem,UniversityofSousse,4042Chott‐Mariem,Sousse,Tunisia.2InternationalCentreofInsectPhysiology&Ecology(icipe),P.O.Box30772,Kasarani,DuduvilleNairobi,Kenya.chermiti54@yahoo.frThetomatoleafminerTutaabsoluta(Meyrick)(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae)isakeypestoftomatocropsinTunisiaandthewestPalaearcticregion.FollowingitsintroductiontoSpainin2006andsubsequentlytoTunisa,itcausedsevereyieldlossintomatocrops,especiallyduringthefirstyear,rangingfrom11to43%ingreenhouses.Intheabsenceofcontrol,cropsweretotallydestroyed.Inthebeginning,themanagementofthisinvasivepestwasextremelyproblematicduetothelackofknowledgeaboutitsbiology,itshighbioticpotential,theresistancetomanyinsecticidesandtheabsenceofsufficientlyadaptedauxiliaryfaunainthenewdispersionzones.Afewyearslater,efficientIPMprogramsweredevelopedtocontrolthismothingreenhousesandopenfieldtomatocultivations.InTunisia,theuseofinsectproofscreens,augmentativeandconservativebiologicalcontrolusingthemiridbugNesidicoristenuis(Reuter),biologicalandplantextract‐basedinsecticidesincludingBacillusthuringiensis(Bt)andNeemoilbasedproductsinadditiontopheromonemasstrappingweresuccessfullyintegratedtocontrol

Abstracts

 

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thepest.Inaddition,someautochthonousparasitoidsandpredatorswererecentlyreportedtoattackanddevelopondifferentbiologicalstagesofthispest.MasstrappingofmaleshasbeenrecognizedasoneofthemostimportantcontroltechniquesofT.absoluta.Indeed,thebiologyofthisinsectsupportsthepotentialofmaleannihilationasaneffectivecontrolmethodasitsreproductionwasconsideredtobestrictlysexual,malesemergeearlierthanfemalesandfemalesmateandmultiply.InTunisia,pheromonetrapsareconsideredtobethefirstlineofdefenceagainstthismothbothinopenfieldsandgreenhouses.Trappingofmalesisusedformonitoringandmaleannihilationpurposes.Theuseofsuper‐dosedpheromoneluresandnewtypesoftraps(Deltatraps)reducedthedensityoftrapsinopenfieldcultivationsfrom30‐40to15/ha,whichcutbackoncostandmaintenancecharges.However,CaparrosMegidoetal.(2012)reportedthepropensityofaFrenchpopulationofT.absolutatoreproduceparthenogeneticallyinlaboratoryconditionsforthefirsttime.Inthispresentpaper,wepresentproofoftheabilityofthreeTunisianpopulationsofT.absolutatoreproduceasexuallyinlaboratoryconditionswithregardstothepossibleimplicationsonIPMprogramstargetingthispest.

EvaluationofpheromoneluresformasstrappingofthetomatoleafminerTutaabsolutaintomatounderopenfieldandgreenhousesinSudan

EnsafS.I.Mohamed1andMohammedE.E.Mahmoud21ShambatResearchStationand2KassalaResearchStation,AgriculturalResearchCorporation,Sudan.ensafmohamed1@gmail.com

Thetomatoleafminer,Tutaabsoluta(Meyrick)(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae)isoneofthemajortomatopestsinSudansinceitsdetectionin2010.TheeffectivenessofTUA‐Optima,TUTA‐CAPLonglifeandTUA‐100Nloadedwith0.8,1.5and3mgofsyntheticpheromonewasevaluatedformasstrappingofTutaabsolutamales.Thesetrialswerecarriedoutintheseasonof2012/2013inKhartoumandKassalaStates,Sudanincommercialopenfieldsandgreenhousestreatedwithinsecticides.Alltestedtypesshowedcomparableperformanceintrappingmalesundereachsiteofopenfieldandgreenhousetrials.Intheopenfieldtrials,highmalepopulationanddamagetofruitswereobservedinsitessolelygrowingtomatoescomparedwithisolatedfieldsurroundedbycerealfoddercrops.Moreover,pheromoneformasstrappingininsect‐proofedgreenhousesequippedwithdoubledoorssignificantlyreducedthepercentageofminedleavesandinfestedfruitscomparedwithunprotectedones.Themasstrappingtocontroltomatoleafminerintomatofieldscouldbeincludedinintegratedmanagementprogramsandithasproventobeeffectiveinisolatedfieldsandwell‐protectedgreenhouses.

Comparisonofmasstrappingwithdeltaandpantrapsbaitedwithpheromoneonpopulationdynamicsoftomatoleafminer,TutaabsolutainEgyptGaffar,S.A.1*;A.A.Taman2;A.M.M.AboEl‐Naga2andMahaS.Nada2CentralLaboratoryofOrganicAgriculture,AgricultureResearchCenter,Giza,Egypt.1PlantProtectionResearchInstitute,AgricultureResearchCenter,Dokki,Giza.2*Correspondingauthor:saad_bio_organic@yahoo.comTheuseofsyntheticpheromonesthatinterferewithinsectmatingforpestcontrolhasbeendemonstratedinlepidopteranandotherinsects.Anexperimentwascarriedoutinthesummer2013seasoninBielladistrict–Al‐Galallia,namely,section8,Kafrel‐SheikhGovernorate,Egypt,toevaluatetheeffectivenessofdifferentpheromonetrapstocaptureTutaabsolutamalesfordevelopmentofamass

 

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trappingtechniqueandtoincorporateinsubsequentcontroltactics.Thestudyevaluatedeachtraptypeindividuallyandincombinationwithdeltaandpantraps.Thedirectionoftrapsetupinthefieldwasalsoconsidered.Trapswerebaitedwith0.5mgofT.absolutapheromoneandwater‐detergentforcaptures.Resultsindicatedthatanaverageof75.1adultmaleswerecapturedin4pantrapsplus1deltatrapand52.4capturedin5pantraps.Thedirectionofplacementtrapsplacedwest‐northwerefoundtohardlyreducethedensityoftomatoleafminerintomatoplantations.Thestudyalsoindicatedastrongrelationshipbetweenfluctuationsintrapcatchesirrespectiveofthetypeoftraptested.Thus,itispossiblethatthegeneraltrendofmothactivitycanbeassessedusinganytypeoftrap.TherewasastrongrelationshipbetweenpopulationdynamicsofT.absolutamalemothscapturedinpheromone‐baitedtrapsandcumulativeheatunitsindegrees‐days(DD´S)duringsummer2013.

Occurrenceandstudiesonthemanagementofthetomatoleafminer,Tutaabsoluta,inthecentralriftvalleyofEthiopiaGashawbezaAyalewEthiopianInstituteofAgriculturalResearch,Melkassacenter,POB436,Nazareth,EthiopiaOccurrenceofthetomatoleafminer,Tutaabsoluta(Meyrick)(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae)inEthiopiawasconfirmedfollowingheavyinfestationofthetomatofieldsintheCentralRiftValley(CRV)regionofEthiopiabytheinsectinFebruary2013.However,afteritsoccurrencewasdeclared,differentworkersengagedintomatoproductionreporteditsexistenceinthelastquarterof2012intheTigrayregionofNorthernEthiopiaandtheCRV.Initially,photographicpicturesondamagesymptomsandmeasurementsonthedifferentlifestagesoftheinsectenabledtentativeidentification,whichwaslaterconfirmedbyanIsraeliexpertusingadultspecimens.AsurveywasconductedtodeterminethepestdistributionandseverityofdamageduringthefirstweekofMarch2013inthemajortomatobeltoftheCRV.Thirteenoutof15tomatofieldswereinfestedwithdamagelevelsreachingashighas100%insomefields.Aslocallyavailableinsecticidesdidnothelptoreducethepestdamageduringperiodsofoutbreakinearly2013,therewasanurgentneedtoidentifyanduseinsecticidesasanintegralcomponentofthepestmanagement.TendifferentinsecticidesfromdifferentinsecticideclassesincludingPyrethroids,Organophosphates,Spinosyns,IGRs,andDiamideswerescreenedusingrandomizedcompleteblockdesignwiththreereplicationsatEthiovegfruandAlmetaimpexfarmsofKokaintheCRVbetweenApril/MayandAugust/September2013.FruitinfestationinplotstreatedwithDiamideinsecticideswassignificantlylower(4‐5%)followedbySpinosyns(30‐35%).Therestoftheplotssufferedgreaterfruitdamagerangingbetween80and100%.Becauseofshortgenerationtimeandhighreproductivepotential,thepestisknowntodevelopresistancetoinsecticidesfast.Hence,thestudytowardsitsmanagementshouldfocusonintegratedmanagementprimarilybasedontheuseofbiocontrolagents(predators,parasitoidsandmicrobials).

PotentialofbiologicalcontrolagentsagainstTutaabsoluta:currentknowledgeinArgentinaLuna,MaríaG.1*;Pereyra,PatriciaC.1,Coviella,CarlosE.2;Nieves,Eliana1;Savino,Vivina2;SalasGervassioNadiaG.1;Luft,Erica3;Virla,Eduardo3;Sánchez,NormaE1.1CEPAVE(CONICET‐UNLP),LaPlata,Argentina.2INEDES(UNLu),Luján,Argentina.3PROIMI(CONICET),SanMigueldeTucumán,Argentina.lunam@cepave.edu.ar

 

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Pestsuppressionthroughbiocontrolseekstomaximizetheactionofpests´naturalenemieswiththegoalofreducingpesticideuse.WediscusstherecentadvancesonseveralentomophagousspeciessuchasT.absolutabiocontrolersincommercialtomatocropsinArgentina,withtheaimtoselectspeciestomanipulatethroughaugmentativeand/orconservationbiologicalcontrolstrategies.Regardingparasitoids,wecontinueevaluatingTrichogrammaandEncarsiaspeciesaseggattackersandDineulophusphthorimaeaeandPseudapantelesdignuswaspsonlarvae.EggparasitoidsproduceslightlevelsofparasitismascomparedtoT.absoluta.ReproductivestrategiesofthekoinobiontendoparasitoidP.dignusindicatethatfemalesaremoderatelysynovigenicandrarelysuperparasitizehostsinthefield,althoughitoccursinthelaboratory.Thisinformationalongwiththatavailableontheeggproductionstrategyarecrucialforappropriatebreedingconditionsinapotentialmassrearingofthewasp,aswellastoexploitthemaximumeggloadofthefemaleforreleasingtime,optimizingT.absolutabiocontrol.ThesearchforalternativehostsofP.dignusyieldeditspresenceineggplantcropsandothernon‐cultivatedsolanaceousspeciespresentinhorticulturalfarms.TheidiobiontectoparasitoidD.phthorimaeaeisextremelysynovygenic,hasamodestfertility,killsT.absolutalarvaebyparasitizingandhost‐feeding,andrarelymultiparasitizeT.absolutalarvaepreviouslyattackedbyP.dignusinthefield,seeminglyavoidingdirectinterspecificcompetence.FieldsurveyscarriedoutinextensiveareasofArgentinarevealthatP.dignusandD.phthorimaeaecoexistintomatocrops,showingbothspecieshavedensoindependentpatternsofparasitismregardlesstheregion.Moreover,studiesinprogressaredeterminingtheabilityofareduviidspeciesofthegenusZelus,toconsumelarvaeandadultsofthepest.NaturalenemiesofTutaabsoultainKassalaState,SudanMohammedE.E.MahmoudKassalaandGashAgriculturalResearchStation,Sudannazeerazo@yahoo.comChemicalcontrolistheonlymanagementoptionappliedtocontrolTutaabsolutainSudan.Othercontroloptionsareessentialtoreducerelianceonpesticidesespeciallybiologicalcontrolagents.AsurveyconductedinKassalaStaterevealedfourparasitoidsandtwopredatorybugsassociatedwithT.absoluta.TheparasitoidsBracon(Habrobracon)concoloransMarshallandBracon(Habrobracon)hebetor(Say)(Hym.:Braconidae),Ecdamuacadenati(Risbec)(Hym.:Torymidae)andNeochrysocharisformosa(Westwood)(Hym.:Eulophidae);andthepredatorsNesidiocoristenuisReuter andMacrolophussp.(Hem.:Miridae)werereportedtobeeffectivenaturalenemies.

StatusofTutaabsoluta(Meyrick,1917)(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae)inSenegalSall,D1.,Coly,E.V1.,Niane,P.M2.,Tounkara,M3.,Ndiaye,A1.,Diatta,P11SenegaleseInstituteforAgriculturalResearch,2UniversityCheikhAntaDiopDakar(UCAD),3UniversityGastonBergerSaintLouis(UGB)InSenegal,thepresenceofTutaabsoluta(Meyrick)(Lepidoptera.:Gelechiidae)wasnotedinAugust/September2012ontomatoes(Solanumlycopersicum),thesecondmostimportantcultivatedvegetablecropafteronions,whichaccountsfor20%ofthecultivatedarea.SeveralinfestedareaswereobservedinNiayes(Dakar,Thiès,Louga,Saint‐Louis),Diourbel,Kaolackandinthesouthernpartofthecountry(Casamance).Thedetectionoftheinsectintheseareasoftomatoproductionindicatedthattheinsectwaswellestablishedinthecountry.LaboratorystudiesonthebiologyofT.absolutaconfirmedfourlarvalinstarsmeasuring1.67,3.15,5.45and6.97mm,respectively.Theegg‐hatchingratewas33.50%,larvalsurvivalratewas92.18%andadultemergenceratewas73%.AttheISRA/CDHresearchstation,theseverityofattacksofT.absolutavariedaccordingtotheplantphenologicalstage.Duringthe

 

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growthstageofthetomato(varietymongale),theseverityofattackwaslow,at10%,whereasduringfloweringandfruitingstages,theseveritywasbetween15and50%andsometimesreachingupto75%.Forty‐onedaysaftertransplanting,theseverityoftheattackdecreased.Duringthefollow‐uponthepopulationdynamicsbypheromonestrapsinthreesitesoftheregionofDakar(Malika,GolftheNorthandUCAD)atthebeginningoftherainyseason,25to160individualswerecaughtpertrap.ICIPETutaabsolutaactivitiesinNorthandsub‐SaharanAfrica:AnoverviewSamiraMohamed1andSundayEkesi11InternationalCenterofInsectPhysiologyandEcology(icipe)P.O.Box30772‐00100,Nairobi,KenyaSamiraA.Mohamed:sfaris@icipe.orgThemicrolepidopteran,thetomatoleafminerTutaabsoluta,isaveryserioustomatopest.WiththerecentinvasionofthispestinTunisiaandSudan,whereitiscurrentlydevastatingtomatoproduction,andthethreatitposestotheRepublicofSouthSudan,UgandaandKenya,theInternationalCenterofInsectPhysiologyandEcology(ICIPE),incollaborationwiththeInternationalPotatoCenter(CIP),theInstituteofBiologicalControl(JKI‐BI)oftheFederalResearchCenterforCultivatedPlantsandJuliusKühn‐Institut(JKI)inDarmstadt,proposedtodevelop,testandadaptsustainableintegratedpestmanagement(IPM)optionsforT.absolutainordertoincreasetomatoproductionandimprovetheincomeandnutritionofsmallandmediumscaletomatogrowersinthetargetcountriesofTunisia,Sudan,Kenya,RepublicofSouthSudanandUganda.TheproposedstrategicresearchtominimizetheimpactofT.absolutadamagetotomatoesincludesbio‐ecologicalstudiesandestablishingthepotentialdistributionofthepestusingecologicalnicheandphenologicalmodelstoassesstheriskofT.absolutaspreadandestablishmentunderaclimatechangescenario.Theprojectalsofocusesonresearchforpromisingnaturalenemiesinthepest’saboriginalhomeofPeruandlaterintroduction(s)intoAfrica.Additionally,theprojectwilltestandimplementprovenIPMtechnologiesasalternativestosyntheticpesticidesthatarebasedonmasstrappingandthedevelopmentanduseofattract‐and‐kill,intercroppingandbio‐pesticides.BecauseoftherapidspreadofT.absoluta,theprojectproposestostrengthentheemergencyresponseandmanagementcapabilityoftheNationalAgriculturalResearchSystems(NARS)ofhigh‐riskcountrieslikeKenya,theRepublicofSouthSudanandUganda,byconductingsystematicsurveillanceacrossthesecountriesforearlydetection,containmentandmanagementinthelikelyeventofinvasion.TechnologytransferandtrainingprogramstoenhanceNARSandfarmerappreciationofnon‐chemicalalternativestoT.absolutamanagementisalsobuiltintotheproject.CapacitybuildingofM.ScandPh.D.studentsisanintegralcomponentoftheproject.Highlightsoftheprojectactivitiesarediscussed.Evaluatingtheeffectofseedtreatmentusingplantdefenseelictorsagainsttomatoleafminer,Tutaabsoluta(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae)intomatocropinCuritiba,Brazil.1Paudel,S.,1E.G.Rajotte,2D.PZevallosand1G.W.Felton1DepartmentofEntomology,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,PA,U.S.A.2DeparmentofChemistry,FederalUniversityofParana,Curititba‐PRBrazilSeedsmaybereceptivetoplantdefenseactivatorssuchasβ‐aminobutyricacid(BABA)andjasmonicacid(JA),conferringprotectiontothesubsequentplantagainstawidespectrumofplantpathogensandinsects.WeexaminedtheeffectivenessofMethylJasmonate(MeJA)seedtreatmentonenhancingtheplants’resistanceagainsttomatoleafminer,TutaabsulatainthesouthernpartofBrazil.AlltheexperimentswereconductedinsideagreenhouseduringMarch‐April2013atFederalUniversityofParana,Curitiba‐Brazil.OurfinalresultssuggestedthatwhenlarvaefedontheplantstreatedwithMeJA,

 

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effectscouldbeseeninthelife‐cycleoftheinsects;lengtheninglarvaldevelopmentalphaseandreducingthefinalpupalweightthusgreatlyreducestheoveralldamagefromthepest.Onaverage,larvaefeedingontheleavesfromtomatoplantstook1.3daysmoretopupateincomparisonwiththosefedoncontrolplants.Similarly,larvaerearedonleavesfromthetreatedplantsshowedsignificantlylowerpupalweightincomparisonwiththoserearedontheleavesfromuntreatedones.Thus,ifsuccessfullyintegratedwithotherfacetsofintegratedpestmanagementprogram,theuseofMeJAaselicitorsofplants’defensecouldprovetobeanimportanttoolinmanagingTutaabsoluta,withoutrelyingheavilyonchemicalpesticides.MonitoringTutaabsolutapopulationsusingpheromonetrapsinNorthernEthiopiaTesfayBelayandZeraySiyoumMekelleAgriculturalResearchCenter,TigrayAgriculturalResearchInstitute,POBox258,Mekelle,Ethiopiabelayreda@ethionet.et

Tomatoleafminer,Tutaabsoluta(Meyrick),wasreportedbySudanin2012.ThenorthernregionofEthiopiabordersSudan,andtomatoleafminerisexpectedtohaveenteredEthiopiafollowingthisroute.TheinsectwasalsoseeninthenorthwesternzoneoftheTigrayregionpriortothereportofitsoccurrenceinotherpartsofTigray.Extensionexpertsobservedanincreasedseverityofdamageontomatoplantsandthatfarmerswereunabletomanagetheinsectwiththeavailableinsecticides.InNovemberof2012,theinsectwasreportedfromeasternandsouthernzonesoftheTigrayregionwheretomatoisgrownwithirrigationintheoff‐season.Theexchangeofcratesmighthaveaidedthespreadoftheinsect.Losseswerehugeamountingto100%oncertainfarms.TheextensiondepartmentdidnotrecommendinsecticidesforcommercialfarmsintheRaya‐Valley,buttheydidadvisefarmsnottoplanttomatoforcertainmonthsandcleartheirfieldsofthehostplants.Inanattempttomonitorleafminerpopulations,wetriedpheromonetrapsobtainedfromRussellIPM,UKandputthemattheMekelleagriculturalresearchcenter.TrapsusedwereTutaabsoluta–OptimaPH‐937‐OPT1.Thiscenterislocatedatanaltitudeof1970metersattheoutskirtsofMekellecity.Thetrapwaskeptinthefieldfromthe26thofApriltothe30thofSeptember2013.Thedispenserwasreplacedevery6weeks.Thenumbersofmalestrappedwererecordedevery7‐14days.Averageweeklytemperatureandrainfallwerealsorecordedinanearbymetstation,andwetriedtorelatemalecatcheswiththerecordings.Thenumberofmalestrappedrangedfrom11to250pertrap.ThehighestnumbersofmalesweretrappedinJulyandthepeakcatcheswerefromthe17thofJulytothe30thofSeptember2013.Raindidnotaffectthenumberofmalestrappedandhencetheactivityoftheinsect.Anaverageminimumandmaximumtemperatureof13and27degreesCelsiusrespectivelyseemsidealforthespreadanddevelopmentoftheinsectintheMekellearea.Pheromonetraps,therefore,dohavetremendouspotentialofintegrationwithothercontroloptions.

This event is supported by the Integrated Pest Management Innovation Lab (IPM IL), which is funded by the United States Agency for International Development and the generous support of the American people through USAID Cooperative Agreement No. EPP-A-00-0400016.

We also acknowledge the contribution of the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) and the International Association for Plant Protection Sciences (IAPPS).