Solid Walling

Tutor Copy

Unit 204

Building solid walling, isolated and attached piers

This booklet covers learning outcomes 1.41.53.53.63.73.83.93.125.105,11

SOLID WALLS

What is a solid wall? - generally a wall having a thickness of 215mm (1 brick) or greater.

What are solid walls used for? -generally for strength.

State 3 examples where solid walls would be used.

1 Boundary / garden wall

2 Retaining wall

3 Inspection chambers or manholes

Solid walls can be formed by constructing a series of walls laid in Stretcher Bond, however unless these ‘skins’ are ‘tied’ together, problems could occur, such as separation or crushing together, so for strength reasons solid walls are generally constructed laying the bricks positioned as headers and stretchers, creating a wide variety of bonds.

Even though each bond has its own name they are all classed as being Quarter Bonds.

Remember, a half-bat placed at the end of a wall, creates Half Bond. Therefore what size bat would you need to place in a wall to create Quarter Bond?

A. Quarter bat

The name given to this brick bat is a:

A. Queen Closure

QUOINHEADER

QUEEN CLOSURE

COLLARJOINT

Bonding arrangement at a Quoin (English Bond)

The 2 most common solid wall bonds are:ENGLISH BONDFLEMISH BOND

ENGLISH BOND – consists of alternate courses of HEADERS and STRETCHERS.

It makes no difference whether you begin the walling by laying Headers or Stretchers.

Ideally used for walls requiring strength to resist vertical and lateral stresses.

On the elevation below, draw in the bonding arrangement for an English Bond wall 7 bricks in length.

Use a PENCIL and a RULER

English Bond

Plan of course 1

Plan of course 2

Remember - change direction, change bond

QUOIN IN

ENGLISH BOND

Plan of course 1

JUNCTION IN

ENGLISH BOND

Plan of course 2

FLEMISH BOND – consists of alternate HEADERS and STRETCHERS, on the same course. The same arrangement is created on each course.

Not as ‘strong’ as English Bond but has a more ‘pleasing appearance.

Because bricks vary in length the rear side of an English bond wall can become very ‘bumpy’

The headers in Flemish bond are dispersed more giving a ‘smoother’ finish to the rear of the wall.

Because of this it is recommended that Flemish Bond is used in preference to English Bond for walls requiring a ‘face’ both sides and where ‘strength’ is not as important.

On the elevation below, draw in the bonding arrangement for Flemish Bond.

Use a PENCIL and a RULER

Flemish Bond

If you have bonded this wall correctly you should notice that the positions of the Stretchers and Headers are symmetrical. Because of this symmetry Flemish Bond is ideal for creating ‘patterns’. (Polychromatic and Photochromatic brickwork)

Decorative patterns can be formed by :

1 Using specially Cut / patterned bricks

2 Using contrasting coloured bricks

3 Use projecting bricks

4 Use contrasting, coloured or different joint finish

Use your pencil and shade in a ‘pattern’ on the front elevation, above

Plan of course 1

Plan of course 2

QUOIN IN

FLEMISH BOND

Stopped end

Wall continues

Wall continues

Plan of course 1

JUNCTION IN

FLEMISH BOND

Plan of course 2Wall continues

Wall continues

CALCULATIONS

A half brick thick wall requires 60 bricks for every square metre.

A one brick thick wall, therefore requires 120 bricks per m ²

WALL THICKNESS BRICKS PER M²

1½ 180

2 240

2½ 300

Sometimes a solid wall, built in either English or Flemish bond, may only need one ‘fair face’ side – possibly built up to a garden banking. The Stretcher bricks, used in the rear of the wall, could be a different brick to the face – possibly a cheaper brick.Solid wall bonds can therefore have a different ratio of facing bricks and common bricks, depending on the bond to be used. If this ratio is calculated it can affect the cost of the bricks for a project.

WALL 1 BRICK THICK FACING BRICKSCOMMON BRICKS TOTAL PER M²

ENGLISH 90 30 120

FLEMISH 80 40 120

TASK 1

You have been asked, by a neighbour, to work a price out for the construction of a wall around their garden.

The wall is to be built in Flemish bond, one brick thick, 15.800m in length and 750mm high.

1.Calculate the cost of the bricks, Old World Rustics, costing £327.50 per 1,000.Add 5% for breakage and wastage and also VAT @ 17.5%

Use the following page for this task – you must show all your working out.

2. When you visit the site you notice that due to their being an existing wall on the adjoining property only one side of the new wall will be seen. This now means that you will be able to use common bricks, instead of facings, to the rear of the wall. Calculate a revised price for the same wall, substituting the stretcher bricks to the rear for concrete commons @ £ 119.00 per 1,000. Add 5% for breakage and wastage and also VAT @ 17.5%

TASK 2

The wall is to be built in Flemish bond, one brick thick, 15.800m in length and 750mm high

Use the following page for this task – you must show all your working out.

These bonds are a variation of English Bond and Flemish Bond and not as the

name suggests necessarily to be used for work in or round gardens.

The 2 main Garden Wall bonds are :-

ENGLISH GARDEN WALL

FLEMISH GARDEN WALL

GARDEN WALL BONDS

English Garden Wall Bond

Draw in the arrangement for this brick bonds, on the elevation below :-

Describe the arrangement of the bricks for ENGLISH GARDEN WALL

Flemish Garden Wall Bond

Draw in the arrangement for this brick bonds, on the elevation below :-

Describe the arrangement of the bricks for FLEMISH GARDEN WALL

These 2 bonds use less headers than English Bond and Flemish Bond and are therefore a weaker type of construction.

WALL 1 BRICK THICK

FACING BRICKS

COMMON BRICKS

TOTAL PER M²

ENGLISH GARDEN WALL 73 47 120

FLEMISH GARDEN WALL 67 53 120

Refer to your calculations on Page 12 and produce a price, for the same wall, using the two Garden Wall Bonds.

YOUR CALCULATIONS

Using research techniques find TWO other bonds that can be used for solid walling.Show these bonds on the elevations, below :-

BOND

Using research techniques find TWO other bonds that can be used for solid walling.Show these bonds on the elevations, below :-

BOND

PROTECTING SOLID WALLS FROM DAMAGE BY THE EFFECTS OF THE

WEATHER

Builders are required to minimise the ingress of water into a wall and any subsequent damage caused especially from the effects of frost and ice.

Rising damp is prevented by the insertion of a horizontal damp proof course (D.P.C.), placed ideally at 150mm above the finished ground level.

The ideal material to use on an external solid wall for a horizontal D.P.C would be :2 course of Staffordshire Blue Brick

External walls must also be protected from dampness from above, such as rain. There are a variety of methods used to do this, such as :-

Brick on edge (B.O.E)

Coping

Capping

A BRICK ON EDGE (B.0.E.)

Bricks for this should be hard-burnt, dense, engineering quality.

An ideal type of this brick would be a: Staffordshire Blue BrickTo minimise the ingress of water, mortar joints must be Solid

A well-constructed B.O.E. will prevent rainwater entering the top of the wall. However the rainwater will run down the wall and cause the wall faces to become excessively damp.

To prevent this action, details are formed, such as :-A TILE CREASING-consists of 2 courses of roofing tiles (ideally Rosemary tiles), bedded in mortar, bonded and projecting over both sides of the walls face.OVERSAILING COURSE/S-Same as for Tile Creasing, only using bricks.

Neatly sketch and label end elevations showing the above 2 details.

Protecting work from damage

Think about what damage can be done to your work

and how can you protect it?

Discuss in groups

Damage Protection

Damaged cills or features Cover with a hard wearing material or special cill covers

Rain Plastic sheeting

Frost Hessian

Mortar Clean working platforms

Dust, muck or mud Sweeping up and hosing down

Wind Supporting walls using props, not building too high and backing all work up.

Accidental Signs to let people know work is taking place and barriers.

Sketch / label and describe 3 methods to help stop the end brick, on a B.O.E. being loosened, over time.

METHOD 1 METHOD 2 METHOD 3

DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION

DRAWING DRAWING DRAWING

COPINGS-Units designed for the purpose of shedding water from the top of a wall – an alternative to a B.O.E.

Can be made from :-

A. Concrete Coping

B. Stone Coping

C. Bull nosed Brick

D. Cant Brick

Copings can be flat (paving slab) but are more efficient at shedding water if the upper surface is inclined.

There are 2 distinct shapes used :-

1. SINGLE WEATHERED

2. DOUBLE WEATHERED

Draw and label both types, laid in position on top of a solid wall.

SINGLE WEATHERED DOUBLE WEATHERED

REINFORCED BRICKWORK

Masonry is strong in compression but weak in tension. The interaction of different materials such as brick, mortar, renders and settlement of foundations can all induce stresses in masonry, which can result in cracking. The changes in weather and temperatures also can have an effect on walling.Sometimes it may be necessary to design a wall for a specific purpose e.g. a retaining wall to hold back large amounts of ground. A cheaper way than just thickening the walls width could be to insert reinforcement in between the brickwork courses.

Expamet type brick reinforcement (mesh)

Steel Welded Rod type (Bricktor / Brickforce)

Both these types of reinforcement offer an effective method for resisting both horizontal and vertical stresses than can be placed on masonry.

Any joints / laps must comply with the manufacturer’s recommendations - usually 225 mm

WELDED FABRIC

QUETTA BOND (also known as Earthquake Bond)

For maximum efficiency the vertical reinforcement bars

should be cast into the concrete foundation

Reinforced Blockwork