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TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech- systems.com
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Page 1: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

TV Tech Basics forNon-Linear Editors

GVExpo 2006

TV Tech Basics forNon-Linear Editors

GVExpo 2006

Eric Wenocur

Lab Tech Systems

Silver Spring, MD

[email protected]

Eric Wenocur

Lab Tech Systems

Silver Spring, MD

[email protected]

Page 2: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

2

Tutorial OverviewTutorial Overview

Elements of a Non-Linear Editing System

Monitors, Scopes and Video

Mixers and Audio

Videotape Machines

Simple Troubleshooting

Elements of a Non-Linear Editing System

Monitors, Scopes and Video

Mixers and Audio

Videotape Machines

Simple Troubleshooting

Page 3: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

3

NLEVTR Storage

Mixer

SpeakersVideo Mon & Scopes

Typical NLE SystemTypical NLE System

Page 4: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

4

System Engineering PerspectiveSystem Engineering Perspective

Maintain Signal Quality

Accurate Monitoring What is the signal really like?

How will it look/sound elsewhere?

Flexibility

Maintain Signal Quality

Accurate Monitoring What is the signal really like?

How will it look/sound elsewhere?

Flexibility

Page 5: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

5

Monitors, Scopes & VideoMonitors, Scopes & Video

Top Four Mistakes or Misconceptions

Page 6: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

6

Monitors, Scopes & VideoMonitors, Scopes & Video

Top Four Mistakes or Misconceptions

1) Adjusting the monitor to make the picture look “right”

Page 7: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

7

Monitors, Scopes & VideoMonitors, Scopes & Video

Top Four Mistakes or Misconceptions

1) Adjusting the monitor to make the picture look “right”

2) Lack of colorbars at head of tape or sequence

Page 8: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

8

Monitors, Scopes & VideoMonitors, Scopes & Video

Top Four Mistakes or Misconceptions

1) Adjusting the monitor to make the picture look “right”

2) Lack of colorbars at head of tape or sequence

3) Program not referenced to Bars

Page 9: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

9

Monitors, Scopes & VideoMonitors, Scopes & Video

Top Four Mistakes or Misconceptions

1) Adjusting the monitor to make the picture look “right”

2) Lack of colorbars at head of tape or sequence

4) Incorrect levels and other errors in the picture

3) Program not referenced to Bars

Page 10: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

10

Why Bars & Tone Matter!Why Bars & Tone Matter!

How does anyone know what

YOUR show is supposed to look like?

And furthermore…

How does anyone know what

ANYTHING is supposed to look like?

Page 11: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

11

Why Bars & Tone Matter!Why Bars & Tone Matter!

We know what colorbars are supposed to look like(they have been defined by Standards).

Establish a known reference for Content(which includes the conditions at the time)

Use for setting up tape playback toproduce the desired result

Useful for verifying proper operation of equipment and systems

We know what colorbars are supposed to look like(they have been defined by Standards).

Establish a known reference for Content(which includes the conditions at the time)

Use for setting up tape playback toproduce the desired result

Useful for verifying proper operation of equipment and systems

Page 12: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

12

The Monitor as a ToolThe Monitor as a Tool

Apply a known good signal

Set up the monitor

Leave it alone!

Apply a known good signal

Set up the monitor

Leave it alone!

Page 13: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

13

Simple Monitor SetupSimple Monitor Setup

Use known correct SMPTE Bars (composite)

Set desired ambient light

Set controls back to Presets

Adjust brightness (black level) for correct Pluge

Adjust chroma and phase in “blue gun” mode

Set contrast for moderate intensity

Use known correct SMPTE Bars (composite)

Set desired ambient light

Set controls back to Presets

Adjust brightness (black level) for correct Pluge

Adjust chroma and phase in “blue gun” mode

Set contrast for moderate intensity

Page 14: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

14

Where to get test signals?Where to get test signals?

Facility test generator

Non-linear editor

Many newer VTRs

Professional cameras

Facility test generator

Non-linear editor

Many newer VTRs

Professional cameras

Page 15: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

15

Other Monitor ControlsOther Monitor Controls

Page 16: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

16

So…So…

How do we know if the

TEST SIGNAL is good?

Page 17: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

17

Waveform Monitor/VectorscopeConventional & Rasterizing

Waveform Monitor/VectorscopeConventional & Rasterizing

Page 18: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

18

Waveform Monitor & Vectorscope

Waveform Monitor & Vectorscope

Measure luminance and chrominance levels

Find appropriate black or white levels,appropriate saturation, check hue

Display color-balance information(for color-correction)

Find flaws in video, track downsystem problems

Measure luminance and chrominance levels

Find appropriate black or white levels,appropriate saturation, check hue

Display color-balance information(for color-correction)

Find flaws in video, track downsystem problems

Page 19: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

19

Waveform MonitorWaveform Monitor

Page 20: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

20

VectorscopeVectorscope

Page 21: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

21

Recommended LevelsRecommended Levels

Keep luma between 7.5 and 105 ire

Keep chroma between -20 and 100 ire

Rules are most stringent for conventionalbroadcasting and anything on satellite

Use common sense…

Keep luma between 7.5 and 105 ire

Keep chroma between -20 and 100 ire

Rules are most stringent for conventionalbroadcasting and anything on satellite

Use common sense…

Using composite scopes…

Page 22: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

22

Typical NLE Video Signal PathTypical NLE Video Signal Path

NLEVTR

Signals could be composite, Y/Ccomponent, SDI…

Page 23: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

23

Video Signal FormatsVideo Signal Formats“F” Cable:

RF (cable TV)“F” Cable:

RF (cable TV)

RGB Set:Component Analog

RGB Set:Component Analog

BNC Cable:Analog & Digital

Video

BNC Cable:Analog & Digital

Video

Y/C Cable:S-Video

Y/C Cable:S-Video

Page 24: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

24

Critical Video Connection RulesCritical Video Connection Rules

Video signal lines must terminatein 75-ohms at the end of the run!

You cannot passively “split” or “combine”video signals!

You can passively “loop” signals betweendevices, but must terminate at end!

Video signal lines must terminatein 75-ohms at the end of the run!

You cannot passively “split” or “combine”video signals!

You can passively “loop” signals betweendevices, but must terminate at end!

Page 25: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

25

Possible NLE Video Signal PathPossible NLE Video Signal Path

NLEVTR

Note: VTR signal loops through monitor

Mon

A B

Term

Page 26: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

26

Typical Monitor Rear ViewTypical Monitor Rear View

Page 27: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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Some CommonVideo System Problems

Some CommonVideo System Problems

No termination or double-termination(watch those switches and terminators)

Two signals feeding same input(improperly using passive loop-thrus)

Component cable mixup (Y, R-Y, B-Y)

Component mode error (YRB vs. RGB)

No termination or double-termination(watch those switches and terminators)

Two signals feeding same input(improperly using passive loop-thrus)

Component cable mixup (Y, R-Y, B-Y)

Component mode error (YRB vs. RGB)

Page 28: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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Video UnterminatedVideo Unterminated

Page 29: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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Video Double-terminatedVideo Double-terminated

Page 30: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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Component Cable MixupComponent Cable Mixup

CorrectCorrect R-Y & B-Y SwappedR-Y & B-Y Swapped

Page 31: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

31

A few words aboutReference, Genlock and Timing

A few words aboutReference, Genlock and Timing

Reference signals are used to make equipmentproduce output signals in sync with each other.

Reference is about playback, not recording;the recording device always locks to its input signal.

To “genlock” means locking a device to a reference signal.

“Timing” is about the relationship between two devices that both feed a third device (such as cameras feedinga switcher).

There is NO “timing” in a standalone NLE system!

Having devices locked to a common reference is highlyrecommended, but not critical in most cases.

Reference signals are used to make equipmentproduce output signals in sync with each other.

Reference is about playback, not recording;the recording device always locks to its input signal.

To “genlock” means locking a device to a reference signal.

“Timing” is about the relationship between two devices that both feed a third device (such as cameras feedinga switcher).

There is NO “timing” in a standalone NLE system!

Having devices locked to a common reference is highlyrecommended, but not critical in most cases.

Page 32: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

32

Mixers & AudioMixers & Audio

Top Three Mistakes or Misconceptions

Page 33: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

33

Mixers & AudioMixers & Audio

Top Three Mistakes or Misconceptions

1) Incorrect signal levels between equipment

Page 34: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

34

Mixers & AudioMixers & Audio

Top Three Mistakes or Misconceptions

1) Incorrect signal levels between equipment

2) Monitoring incorrect or mixed-up signals

Page 35: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

35

Mixers & AudioMixers & Audio

Top Three Mistakes or Misconceptions

1) Incorrect signal levels between equipment

2) Monitoring incorrect or mixed-up signals

3) Distortion and other problems in audio

Page 36: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

36

Basic Mixer SectionsBasic Mixer Sections

Input ChannelsProcess signals entering mixer(input jacks, mic preamp, equalizer, channel fader)

Buses & OutputsCombine signals together and send out(bus assign, bus master level, output jacks)

MonitoringControls speaker volume and what is heard(mon source select, speaker select, speaker volume)

Input ChannelsProcess signals entering mixer(input jacks, mic preamp, equalizer, channel fader)

Buses & OutputsCombine signals together and send out(bus assign, bus master level, output jacks)

MonitoringControls speaker volume and what is heard(mon source select, speaker select, speaker volume)

Page 37: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

37

Basic Mixer SectionsBasic Mixer Sections

Monitor

Section

Output Bus

Masters

Aux Bus

Masters&

Misc.

Input Channel Strips

Page 38: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

38

Mixer Flow #1Input Channels

BusesOutputs

Mixer Flow #1Input Channels

BusesOutputs

Page 39: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

39

Mixer Flow #2Input Channel

Aux Send with Pre/Post SelectBuses & Outputs

Mixer Flow #2Input Channel

Aux Send with Pre/Post SelectBuses & Outputs

Page 40: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

40

Mixer Flow #3

Added MonitorSection

Mixer Flow #3

Added MonitorSection

Page 41: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

41

Issues with Audio ConnectorsIssues with Audio Connectors

The same types of connectors are often usedfor different types of signals(eg: XLRs for both mic and line level).

Some connectors look similar but aren’t(eg: 2- and 3-conductor phone plugs).

Preponderance of unbalanced “consumer” connectors (RCA phono plug) on gear.

The same types of connectors are often usedfor different types of signals(eg: XLRs for both mic and line level).

Some connectors look similar but aren’t(eg: 2- and 3-conductor phone plugs).

Preponderance of unbalanced “consumer” connectors (RCA phono plug) on gear.

Page 42: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

42

Common Audio ConnectorsCommon Audio Connectors

Phone plugsPhone plugs

Terminal Block

Terminal Block

XLR plugsXLR plugs

RCA plugRCA plugMini plugMini plug

Page 43: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

43

Audio Operating LevelAudio Operating Level There are roughly three categories of audio operating level:

Mic, Line and Speaker.

“Line” has a wide range of levels in usebetween equipment.

Professional equipment line levels are typically10-20 dB higher than consumer or “prosumer”.

Pro level is often referred to as “+4”Consumer level is often known as “-10”

It is not wise to connect these devices together without proper interfacing to compensate!

There are roughly three categories of audio operating level: Mic, Line and Speaker.

“Line” has a wide range of levels in usebetween equipment.

Professional equipment line levels are typically10-20 dB higher than consumer or “prosumer”.

Pro level is often referred to as “+4”Consumer level is often known as “-10”

It is not wise to connect these devices together without proper interfacing to compensate!

Page 44: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

44

Connectors & Signals ChartConnectors & Signals Chart

Page 45: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

45

Typical Mixer ConnectionsTypical Mixer Connections

Aux Sends

SubBusOuts

TapeIns/Outs

MainBusOuts

CRMonOuts

Input Channels

Channel InsertLine Input

Mic Input

Page 46: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

46

A Word about Phantom PowerA Word about Phantom Power

48 volts DC used to power condensor microphones

This voltage can damage other equipment.

Unless you are using a condensor micLEAVE IT OFF!

48 volts DC used to power condensor microphones

This voltage can damage other equipment.

Unless you are using a condensor micLEAVE IT OFF!

Page 47: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

47

Possible NLE Audio Signal PathPossible NLE Audio Signal Path

NLEVTR

Mixer

Input Channels

Output Buses

Monitoring

Page 48: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

48

VTR to Mixer to NLEVTR to Mixer to NLE

NLEVTR

Mixer

Input Channels

Output Buses

Monitoring

Page 49: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

49

NLE to Mixer to VTRNLE to Mixer to VTR

NLEVTR

Mixer

Input Channels

Output Buses

Monitoring

Page 50: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

50

Possible NLE Audio Signal PathPossible NLE Audio Signal Path

NLEVTR

Mixer

Input Channels

Output Buses

Monitoring

Page 51: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

51

Interfacing Consumer GearInterfacing Consumer Gear

VHS

Mixer

Input Channels

Output Buses

Monitoring

Use TAPE Outsto feed VHS or DVD-R

(same signal as Main Outs but correct level)

Page 52: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

52

Audio MeteringAudio Metering

Why does the same audio

look different

on

different meters?

Why does the same audio

look different

on

different meters?

Page 53: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

53

Uh oh…Uh oh…

Page 54: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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Audio MeteringAudio Metering

Mechanical analog or bargraph?

Where is “0”? Different for analog and digital applications.

How large is the scale range? Meters vary from 23dB to 60 or 80dB scales.

How quickly does the meter respond to changes in audio? Ballistics can be average, peak, PPM, etc.

Mechanical analog or bargraph?

Where is “0”? Different for analog and digital applications.

How large is the scale range? Meters vary from 23dB to 60 or 80dB scales.

How quickly does the meter respond to changes in audio? Ballistics can be average, peak, PPM, etc.

Page 55: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

55

Audio Metering AnalogAudio Metering Analog

Analog audio will distort when level is too high, but the effect is usually gradual.

Analog meters were designed to show average levels around 0VU.

There is usually 10-20 dB left above 0VU before distortion.

Tone should be at 0VU.

Analog audio will distort when level is too high, but the effect is usually gradual.

Analog meters were designed to show average levels around 0VU.

There is usually 10-20 dB left above 0VU before distortion.

Tone should be at 0VU.

Page 56: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

56

Audio Metering DigitalAudio Metering Digital

Digital audio has an absolute upper limitwhich is called Full Scale.

Digital meters read in terms of dBFS (decibels under Full Scale)

Maximum possible level is at 0 dBFS.

Tone is usually at about -20 dBFS so there is 20dB of headroom before overload.

Digital audio has an absolute upper limitwhich is called Full Scale.

Digital meters read in terms of dBFS (decibels under Full Scale)

Maximum possible level is at 0 dBFS.

Tone is usually at about -20 dBFS so there is 20dB of headroom before overload.

Page 57: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

57

Typical Audio FlawsTypical Audio Flaws

Clipping and other distortion

Excessive noise beneath audio

Tonal imbalance

Channel phase reversal

Audio/video lip-sync errors

Clipping and other distortion

Excessive noise beneath audio

Tonal imbalance

Channel phase reversal

Audio/video lip-sync errors

Page 58: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

58

Balanced andUnbalanced Connections

Balanced andUnbalanced Connections

This has nothing to do with “sonic balance.”

Balanced audio connections cancel out noise picked up on the cable.

Balanced typically uses two signal wires and a shield, connectors have three terminals.

Balanced is usually also “pro” (+4) level.

You can connect balanced and unbalanced together but it requires knowledge!

This has nothing to do with “sonic balance.”

Balanced audio connections cancel out noise picked up on the cable.

Balanced typically uses two signal wires and a shield, connectors have three terminals.

Balanced is usually also “pro” (+4) level.

You can connect balanced and unbalanced together but it requires knowledge!

Page 59: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

59

Videotape MachinesVideotape Machines

Top Four Mistakes or Misconceptions

Page 60: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

60

Videotape MachinesVideotape Machines

Top Four Mistakes or Misconceptions

1) Wrong format / wrong deck

Page 61: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

61

Videotape MachinesVideotape Machines

Top Four Mistakes or Misconceptions

1) Wrong format / wrong deck

2) Failure to begin with controls in PRESET

Page 62: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

62

Videotape MachinesVideotape Machines

Top Four Mistakes or Misconceptions

1) Wrong format / wrong deck

2) Failure to begin with controls in PRESET

3) Failure to set up playback to Bars

Page 63: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

63

Videotape MachinesVideotape Machines

Top Four Mistakes or Misconceptions

1) Wrong format / wrong deck

2) Failure to begin with controls in PRESET

3) Failure to set up playback to Bars

4) Screwing with menus and switches

Page 64: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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Videotape FormatsVideotape Formats

Legacy Analog:

VHS, S-VHS, Hi-8

3/4” (U-matic), 1”

Betacam, Beta SP

Legacy Analog:

VHS, S-VHS, Hi-8

3/4” (U-matic), 1”

Betacam, Beta SP

Page 65: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

65

Videotape FormatsVideotape Formats

Legacy Digital:

D-1, D-3 (component)

D-2 (composite)

Legacy Digital:

D-1, D-3 (component)

D-2 (composite)

Page 66: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

66

Videotape FormatsVideotape Formats

Digital Betacam Family:

Digi Beta

Betacam SX

Betacam IMX

Digital Betacam Family:

Digi Beta

Betacam SX

Betacam IMX

Page 67: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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Videotape FormatsVideotape Formats

Other Current Digital:

D-5

D-9 (Digital-S)

Other Current Digital:

D-5

D-9 (Digital-S)

Page 68: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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Videotape FormatsVideotape Formats

DV-based:

DV, mini-DV

DVCam

DVCPro 25/50/100

DV-based:

DV, mini-DV

DVCam

DVCPro 25/50/100

Page 69: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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PVW-2800 Internal ViewPVW-2800 Internal View

Cassette ElevatorCassette Elevator

Video & AudioCircuit BoardsVideo & AudioCircuit Boards

Control & Misc.Circuit Boards

Control & Misc.Circuit Boards

Video Head DrumVideo Head Drum

Audio HeadsAudio Heads

CapstanCapstan

Threading MotorThreading Motor

Page 70: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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VTR SystemsVTR Systems

Video processing

Audio processing

Capstan servo -- controls tape movement

Drum servo -- controls head drum

Video processing

Audio processing

Capstan servo -- controls tape movement

Drum servo -- controls head drum

Page 71: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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VTR ServosVTR Servos

Lock to Reference input during playback

Lock to Record input during recording

Internal TBC (timebase corrector) may lock differently than servo system

Lock to Reference input during playback

Lock to Record input during recording

Internal TBC (timebase corrector) may lock differently than servo system

Page 72: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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VTR Tape TracksVTR Tape Tracks

Longitudinal Audio TracksLongitudinal Audio Tracks

Longitudinal Control TrackLongitudinal Control Track

Helical Video TracksHelical Video Tracks

Longitudinal TC TrackLongitudinal TC Track

Similar for analog or digital formatsSimilar for analog or digital formats

Page 73: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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VTR Recording ModesVTR Recording Modes

E/E (electronics-to-electronics) -- passes input signals through to output

Hard (crash) Record -- erases and records all tracks at once, no sync with previous recording

Assemble Record -- erases and records all tracks, but picks up in sync with previous recording

Insert Record -- only erases and records selected tracks (control track must be present!)

E/E (electronics-to-electronics) -- passes input signals through to output

Hard (crash) Record -- erases and records all tracks at once, no sync with previous recording

Assemble Record -- erases and records all tracks, but picks up in sync with previous recording

Insert Record -- only erases and records selected tracks (control track must be present!)

Page 74: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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VTR Front PanelVTR Front Panel

Audio Level Controls& Meters Transport

Controls

Editing Controls

Remote Select

Timecode Display & Menus

Timecode Controls may be various places!

Page 75: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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VTR Rear Panel ConnectorsVTR Rear Panel ConnectorsAnalog Audio I/O

d

dd

d

d

Analog VideoInputs

Analog VideoOuputs

Remote ControlAnd Misc.

Digital AudioI/O

Digital VideoI/O

Page 76: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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Menus & Special SwitchesMenus & Special Switches

Ref Auto/Manual: Set to AUTO

Audio input 600-ohm terminations: Set to OFF

Audio input level: Set to HIGH

Ref Auto/Manual: Set to AUTO

Audio input 600-ohm terminations: Set to OFF

Audio input level: Set to HIGH

If your VTR has any of the followingswitches on the back…

If your VTR has any of the followingswitches on the back…

Page 77: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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Menus & Special SwitchesMenus & Special Switches

When in doubtuse the Factory Default settings!

When in doubtuse the Factory Default settings!

Page 78: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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Simple TroubleshootingSimple Troubleshooting

Use good observation techniques:

Note all conditions during problem

Note conditions leading up to problem

When was the last good operation?What changed?

Be clear about meaning of words!

Use good observation techniques:

Note all conditions during problem

Note conditions leading up to problem

When was the last good operation?What changed?

Be clear about meaning of words!

Page 79: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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Troubleshooting StrategiesTroubleshooting Strategies

It pays to know how things are SUPPOSED to work.

Start with known good signals (bars and tone), good path and monitoring.

Change one thing and observe…

Swap things: cables, equipment, software

Cut problem in half

It pays to know how things are SUPPOSED to work.

Start with known good signals (bars and tone), good path and monitoring.

Change one thing and observe…

Swap things: cables, equipment, software

Cut problem in half

Page 80: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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Troubleshooting StrategiesTroubleshooting Strategies

Manuals are like GOLD!Manuals are like GOLD!

Page 81: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

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Are you a professional?Are you a professional?

Page 82: TV Tech Basics for Non-Linear Editors GVExpo 2006 Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems Silver Spring, MD eric@lab-tech-systems.com Eric Wenocur Lab Tech Systems.

Please send me feedbackon this workshop!

And visit the SMPTE boothon the exhibit floor!

Please send me feedbackon this workshop!

And visit the SMPTE boothon the exhibit floor!

Eric Wenocur

Lab Tech Systems

Silver Spring, MD

[email protected]

Eric Wenocur

Lab Tech Systems

Silver Spring, MD

[email protected]

Copyright 2006 Eric WenocurAll photos copyright their respective owners.

Copyright 2006 Eric WenocurAll photos copyright their respective owners.


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