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PLATO: (427-347BC) The nature of man is seen in the metaphysical
dichotomy between the body and soul.
The body is material; it cannot live and moveapart from the soul; it is mutable and destructible.
The soul is immaterial; it can exist apart fromthe body; it is immutable and indestructible.
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Plato contends that the soul is a
substance because it exists and can exist
independently of the body; nevertheless,
it is temporarily incarcerated in the body.
What leads Plato to say this is his
conviction that the soul existed prior to thebody.
Plato concludes that man is a soul using
a body.
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Plato believes that virtue is knowledge
and the source of knowledge is virtue.
It is not abstract but concrete
knowledge, not theoretical but practical
knowledge.
Man must know what is good so that hemay do so.
Plato elaborated this by illustrating the
four cardinal virtues: wisdom, courage or
fortitude, temperance and justice.
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Man is a knower and a possessor
of an immortality of the soul. Plato believes that the body dies
and disintegrates.
The soul continuous to live foreverafter the death of the body.
The soul migrates to the realm of
the pure forms.
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1. Rational part located in the head,specifically in the brain. This enablesman to think, to reflect and to draw
conclusions and to analyze.2. Appetitive part located in the
abdomen. It drives man to
experience thirst, hunger, and otherphysical wants.
3. Spiritual part located in the chest.It makes man assert and experience
abomination and anger.
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Plato believed that the rational part of
the soul is the most important and thehighest.
For Plato, is it the rational part that
specifically distinguishes man from the
brutes. Man can control his appetite and self-
assertion of spirit through Reason.
For example, when a person is hungryand yet, he does not eat the available
food because he knows or doubts that
it has poison.
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Plato contends that there is something in
the mind of the person that leads him to
crave for food and another thing that prohibitshim from eating the poisoned food.
The principle which drives the person to eat
the food is what he calls Appetite while the
principle which forbids the person to eat the
available food because it is poisoned is
Reason.
Reason for Plato controls both Spirit andAppetite.
When this happens man will have a well-
balanced personality.
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Man is a rational animal.
Unlike his master Plato, Aristotlemaintains that there is no dichotomy
between mans body and mans soul.Body and soul are in a state of unity.
In this unity, the soul acts as the
perfect or full realization of the bodywhile the body is a materialentitywhich has a potentiality for life.
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Per se, the body has no life.
It can only possess life when it is united
with the soul.
In this regard, Aristotle speaks of man as
a single essence composed of body
and soul(as mans matter and formprinciples).
Mans body matter and mans soul
form.
That is why he speaks of soul as thebodys perfect realization because form
for him is the perfect realization of
matter.
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Man as a rational animal He is not the center of the universe.
The focal point is the cosmos.
Man is only a part of the universe.
Aristotle believed that mans actions
and endeavors are motivated by thepossession of the good.
There are many goods. For Aristotle, the very goal of human life
is happiness.
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Kinds of soul1. Vegetative soul plants possess this. It
feeds itself, it grows and it reproduces.2. Sensitive soul exists in animals. It
feeds itself, it grows, it reproduces and ithas feelings (particularly pain andpleasure because it has a nervous system).
3. Rational soul exists only in man. It
assumes the functions of the vegetativeand sensitive souls. It is capable ofthinking, reasoning, and willing. Man ishigher than the brutes, animals and
plants. Man is capable of thinking andud in .
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