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Chapter 20: The Indian Wars
Section 1: Changes in Indian Policy
American Indian Relations
•Early 1860s: Indian raids common
•Frontier open to attack as men and soldiers fight in Civil War
•Plains Indians see opportunity to westward expansion
American Indian Relations
•Federal troops arrive at end of war
•Not enough troops to go around
•October 1865: Federal commissioners negotiate peace treaty
American Indian Relations
•Treaty of the Little Arkansas—treaty under which Comanche & Kiowa leaders agreed to settle on a Panhandle reservation
•Reservation never created
American Indian Relations
•Kiowa & Comanche renew attacks
•People move to safer areas
•Frontier line pushed back east
American Indian Relations
•During the 1860s the frontier in Texas sometimes fell back under pressure from American Indian raids
The Treaty of Medicine Lodge
•1867: federal government attempts to negotiate a new treaty
•Treaty of Medicine Lodge—agreement of 1867 that required the Plains Indians to move onto a reservation in the Indian Territory
The Treaty of Medicine Lodge
•Terms:
–Gifts of blankets, clothing, & weapons
–3 million acres for reservation in Indian Territory
–Buildings, tools, & money
The Treaty of Medicine Lodge
•Terms:
–Stop raiding
–Stay on reservations
–Take up farming
The Treaty of Medicine Lodge
•Satanta—Kiowa leader who refused to accept reservation life and died in prison
Satanta
The Treaty of Medicine Lodge
• Some Indians honored the treaty, others remained determined to roam the plains
The Peace Policy
•1869: President Grant established Board of Indian Commissioners
•Quakers—members of the Society of Friends, some of whom became Indian agents to help prevent war
The Peace Policy
•Government hoped Indians would make living by farming
•Reservation life was difficult and food was often scarce.
•Poor soil
The Peace Policy
•Government food supplies insufficient
•Goods sent by government were illegally sold and never arrived
•Buffalo hunters entered reservations
Civil War Reconstruction Treaty of Little Arkansas
Treaty of Medicine Lodge
Effects Effects Effects Effects