Day 9 IntellectualProperty
CopyrightUSvLaMacchiaNoElectronicTheftAct
TheBerne
Convention
FairUseDoc
trine
Intellectual Property is: 0 Theintangiblecreativework,notitsparticularphysicalform0 Valueofintelligenceandartisticworkcomesfromcreativity,ideas,research,skills,labor,non-materialeffortsthecreatorprovides0 Protectedbycopyrightandpatentlaw0 Globalcopyrightagreement:(1886):signatorycountriesagreetoenforcecopyrightviolationsacrossborders(adoptedinUS:1988)
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Berne Signatory Countries
3"BerneConventionsignatories"byUser:Conscious-Ownwork.ThisWilewasderivedfrom:BlankMap-World6.svgBerneConvention.png.LicensedunderCCBY-SA3.0viaCommons-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berne_Convention_signatories.svg#/media/File:Berne_Convention_signatories.svg
IP History in (mostly) the US 0 1790Wirstcopyrightlaw:termof14years0 1831:termextendedto28years0 1886Berneconventionsignedbyfoundingcountries(notUS)0 1909CopyrightAct:term28years,possiblerenewal+280 1976and1980copyrightlawrevisedtoincludesoftwareanddatabasesthatexhibit"authorship"(originalexpressionofideas),includedthe"FairUseDoctrine”,life+50years
0 1982high-volumecopyingbecameafelony0 1988:USsignsBerneagreement0 1992makingmultiplecopiesforcommercialadvantageandprivategainbecameafelony
0 1998:termlife+70years0 FYI:MickeyMousecopyrightedin1928.
Textbookp.185-1864http://artlawjournal.com/mickey-mouse-keeps-changing-copyright-law/
Copyright holder rights: 0 U.ScopyrightLaw(Title17ofU.S.Code)givescopyrightholder
1. Tomakecopies2. Toproducederivativeworks,suchastranslations
intootherlanguagesormoviesbasedonbooks3. Todistributecopies4. Toperformtheworkinpublic(e.g.music,plays)5. Todisplaytheworkinpublic(e.g.artwork,
movies,computergames,videoonaWebsite)Textbookp182
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0 DigitaltechnologyandtheInternetmakecopyrightinfringementeasierandcheaper.0 NewcompressiontechnologiesmakecopyinglargeWiles(e.g.graphics,videoandaudioWiles)feasible.0 SearchenginesmakeWindingmaterialeasier.0 Peer-to-peertechnologymakestransferringandsharingWileseasier.
and… à6
CopyrightCrisis
0 BroadbandconnectionsmaketransferringWileseasierandenablestreamingvideo.0 Miniaturizationofcamerasandotherequipmentenableaudiencememberstorecordandtransmitevents.0 Scannersallowustochangethemediaofacopyrightedwork,convertingprintedtext,photos,andartworktoelectronicform.0 Newtoolsallowustomodifygraphics,videoandaudioWilestomakederivativeworks.
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Points of View § Weshouldrecognizethat“theproblem”looksdifferentfromdifferentperspec8ves.§ Consumers?§ Writers,singers,ar8sts,actors?§ Entertainmentindustry?§ Amateurs?§ Scholars?
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US v. LaMacchia 0 TookplaceinMAin19940 21yearoldstudentatMITsetupabulletinboardsite(“Cynosure”)andencouragedotherstouploadcopyrightedgamesandsoftware.TheWileswerethentransferredtoanothersite(“Cynosure2”)fromwhichuserscoulddownloadallthematerial.0 Lossestocopyrightholdersvaluedatover$1,000,000.0 Chargedwithwirefraud,becausehiscopyrightviolationstookplaceoverwiredcommunication.
9http://fraud.laws.com/wire-fraud/united-states-v-lamacchia-1994
0 CopyrightviolationsmustbebroughtundertheCopyrightAct.0 1992CopyrightActrequiresWinancialgainbypiratestocountasinfringement.0 LeMacchiadidn’t-inanciallybene-itfromcopying/distributingmaterial,socopyrightlawsatthetimedidn’tapply.
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Laws
madeitafelonytowillfullyinfringecopyrightbyreproducingordistributingoneormorecopiesofcopyrightedworkwithatotalvalueofmorethan$1,000withina6monthperiod
ClosedLeMacchiaLoopholebecauseoffendersdidnothavetoJinanciallybeneJitinordertobecharged.
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§ Fourfactorsconsidered1. Purposeandnatureofuse–commercial(lesslikely)ornonprofitpurposes
2. Natureofthecopyrightedwork3. Amountandsignificanceofpor8onused4. Effectofuseonpoten8almarketorvalueofthecopyrightwork(willitreducesalesofwork?)
§ Nosinglefactoralonedetermineswhat’sfair§ Notallfactorsgivenequalweight,variesbycircumstance
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Justification? 1. Ican’taffordtopayforthisbook/song/movie.2. Thecompanyisalarge,richcorporation.3. Iwouldn’tbuyitattheretailprice,they’renotlosingasale.4. IcouldlendafriendaCD,Ishouldbeabletomakethema
digitalcopyofcontent.5. MyactionsareinsigniWicantcomparedtopeoplemakinga
livingoffofpiracy.6. Everyonedoesit.7. Iwanttouseasonginmyvideo,butIdon’tevenknow
wheretogotogetpermission.8. I’mpostingthiscontentforfree,Ijustwantpeopletoenjoy
it.
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