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A T Y P E FAC E BY A D R I A N F R U T I G E R
1 L E T T E R
aaaarial regular, 450 pt.akzidenz grotesk, 450 pt.univers 55, 450 pt.
A B C D EF G H I J KL M N O PQ R S T UV W X Y Z
A B C D EF G H I J KL M N O PQ R S T UV W X Y Z
univers 55, 46 pt. helvetica regular, 46 pt.
≠
2 G R I D
understandingthe
gridSince the invention of book printing, Univers was the first en-tire font system to be designed with interchangeable weights, proportions, and corresponding italics. In the design of older typefaces visual alignment among such variations was not a standard consideration. For a given size of type all twenty-one variations of Univers whether light, regular, medium, bold, con-densed, expanded, or italic, had the same x-height (the height of lowercase letters without ascenders or descenders) and the same baseline. This simplified letterpress printing and increased the possibilities for visual contrast in tone, weight, width, and di-rection, available in eleven sizes for metal typesetting.
45 46 47 4855 56 57 585465 66 67 686475 7674
83
394959
8685
3 F O R M
THEPRINCEby
Nicolo Machiavelli
or they are new.The new are either entirely new, as was Milan to Francesco Sforza, or they are, as it were, mem-bers annexed to the hereditary state of the prince who has acquired them, as was the kingdom of Naples to that of the King of Spain. Such domin-ions thus acquired are either accustomed to live under a prince, or to live in freedom; and are ac-quired either by the arms of the prince himself, or of others, or else by fortune or by ability.C O N C E R N I N G H E R E D I T A R Y P R I N C I P A L I T I E SI will leave out all discussion on republics, in-asmuch as in another place I have written of them at length, and will address myself only to principalities. In doing so I will keep to the order indicated above, and discuss how such principalities are to be ruled and preserved.
I say at once there are fewer difficulties in holding hereditary states, and those long accustomed to the family of their prince, than new ones; for it is sufficient only not to transgress the customs of his ancestors, and to deal prudently with circumstances as
HOW MANY KINDS OF PRINCIPALITIES THERE ARE, AND BY WHAT MEANS THEY ARE ACQUIRED
they arise, for a prince of average powers to maintain himself in his state, unless he be deprived of it by some extraordinary and excessive force; and if he should be so de-prived of it, whenever anything sinister hap-pens to the usurper, he will regain it. We have in Italy, for example, the Duke of Ferrara, who could not have with-stood the attacks of the Venetians in ‘84, nor those of Pope Julius in ‘10, unless he had been long established in his dominions. For the hereditary prince has less cause and less ne-cessity to offend; hence it happens that he will be more loved; and un-less extraordinary vices cause him to be hated, it is reasonable to ex-pect that his subjects will be natu-rally well disposed towards him; and in the antiquity and duration of his rule
the memories and motives
that make for change are lost,
for one change
always leaves
the
toothing for a n o t h e r .
A l l s t a t e s , a l l p owe r s , t h a t h a v e h e l d and ho l d r u l e o v e r men ha ve b een and a r e e i t h e r r e pub l i c s o r p r i n c i p a l i t i e s .
Principalities are either hereditary, in which the family has been long established;
4 F U N C T I O N
There are three kinds of intelligence: one kind understands things for itself, the other appreciates what others can un-derstand, the third understands neither for itself nor through others. This first kind is excellent, the sec-ond good, and the third kind useless.
There are three kinds of intelli-gence: one kind un-derstands things for itself, the other ap-preciates what oth-ers can understand, the third under-stands neither for it-self nor through oth-ers. This first kind is excellent, the sec-ond good, and the third kind useless.
There are three kinds of intelligence: one kind understands things for itself, the other appre-ciates what others can understand, the third understands neither for itself nor through others. This first kind is excellent, the second good, and the third kind useless.
There are three kinds of intelligence: one kind understands things for itself, the other appre-ciates what others can understand, the third understands neither for itself nor through others. This first kind is excel-lent, the second good, and the third kind use-less.
There are three kinds of in-telligence: one kind under-stands things for itself, the other appreciates what others can understand, the third understands nei-ther for itself nor through others. This first kind is ex-cellent, the second good, and the third kind useless
It is necessary for him who lays out a state
and arranges laws for it to presuppose that
all men are evil and that they are always
going to act according to the wickedness of
their spirits whenever they have free scope.
It is necessary for him who lays out a state
and arranges laws for it to presuppose that
all men are evil and that they are always
going to act according to the wickedness of
their spirits whenever they have free scope.
It is necessary for him who lays out a state
and arranges laws for it to presuppose that
all men are evil and that they are always
going to act according to the wickedness of
their spirits whenever they have free scope.
It is necessary for him who lays out a state and arranges
laws for it to presup-pose that all men are evil and that they are always
going to act accord-ing to the wicked-
ness of their spirits whenever they
have free scope.
It is necessary for him who lays out a state and arranges
laws for it to pre-suppose that all men are evil and
that they are always going to act accord-
ing to the wicked-ness of their spir-its whenever they
have free scope.
U45 U55 U65 U75 U85
U86 U76 U66 U56 U46
12 pt. type, 14.4 pt. leading, 108 pt. line length, standard tracking
Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spoken of the more important ones, the others I wish to discuss brieflffllflfly under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have suc-ceeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches.
Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spoken of the more important ones, the others I wish to discuss brieflffllflfly under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches.
Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spoken of the more important ones, the others I wish to discuss brieflffllflfly under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as of-ten as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any dan-ger in other reproaches.
Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spo-ken of the more important ones, the oth-ers I wish to discuss briefly under this gen-erality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other re-proaches.
THAT ONE SHOULD A V O I D B E I N G DESPISED AND HATED
THAT ONE SHOULD A V O I D B E I N G DESPISED AND HATED
THAT ONE SHOULD A V O I D B E I N G DESPISED AND HATED
Now, concerning the characteristics of which men-tion is made above, I have spoken of the more im-portant ones, the others I wish to discuss brieflffllflfly under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches.
Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spoken of the more important ones, the others I wish to dis-cuss brieflffllflfly under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches.
Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spo-ken of the more important ones, the oth-ers I wish to discuss brieflffllflfly under this gen-erality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other re-proaches.
Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spo-ken of the more important ones, the oth-ers I wish to discuss brieflffllflfly under this generality, that the prince must con-sider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches.
8 pt. type, 8 pt. leading, 198 pt. line length , -30 pt. tracking8 pt. type, 9.6 pt. leading, 198 pt. line length, standard tracking
5 E X P E R I M E N T A L
Be-s i d e s this,
one cannot by fair
dealing, and without
injury to others, satisfy
the nobles, but you can satisfy
the people, for their object is more
righteous than that of the nobles, the latter
wishing to oppress, while the former only desire
not to be oppressed. It is to be added also that a
prince can never secure himself against a hostile people,
because of their being too many, whilst from the nobles he can
secure himself, as they are few in number. The worst that a prince
may expect from a hostile people is to be abandoned by them; but from
hostile nobles he has not only to fear abandonment, but also that they will rise
against him; for they, being in these affairs more far-seeing and astute, always come
forward in time to save themselves, and to obtain favours from him whom they expect
to prevail. Further, the prince is compelled to live always with the same people, but he can
do well without the same nobles, being able to make and unmake them daily, and to give or take
away authority when it pleases him. Therefore, one who becomes a prince through the favour of the
people ought to keep them friendly, and this he can easily do seeing they only ask not to be oppressed by him.
But one who, in opposition to the people, becomes a prince by the favour of the nobles, ought, above everything,
to seek to win the people over to himself, and this he may easily do if he takes them under his protection. Because
These principalities are liable to danger when they are passing from the civil to the absolute order of government, for such princes either rule personally or through magistrates.
In the
latter
case
their g
over
nmen
t is w
eake
r and
more
insec
ure, be
cau
se it re
sts entirely on
These principalities are liable to danger when they are passing from the civil to the absolute order of government, for such princes either rule personally or through magistrates.
In th
e latter
case th
eir gov
ernme
nt is w
eaker
and m
ore ins
ecure,
becau
se it re
sts ent
irely on t
he goodwill of those citizens who are raised to the magistracy, These principalities are liable to danger w
hen they are passing from the civil to the absolute order of g
over
nmen
t, f
or s
uch
prin
ces
eith
er r
ule
personally or through mag-
If you remember the shape of your spoon at lunch, it has to be the wrong shape. The spoon and the letter are
tools; one to take food from the bowl, the other to take information off the
page…When it is a good design, the reader has to feel comfortable because the
letter is both banal and beautiful.
a d r i a nf r u t i g e r
designer, univers type face