Types, Classifications and Theries of Reserach

7/25/2019 Types, Classifications and Theries of Reserach

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Methods of ResearchMethods of Research

Paradigms ofResearch

Types/ClassicationTypes/ClassicationResearchResearch


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Classication ofClassication of

ResearchResearch


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!. According to the place "here!. According to the place "here

Cond#ctedCond#cted

aa. Lab Research. Lab Researchb. Field Researchb. Field Research

c. Library Researchc. Library Research

$. According the type of data$. According the type of data

aa

. Analytical Research

. Analytical Research

b. Empirical Researchb. Empirical Research


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%.%. According to the medium ofAccording to the medium of

communication.communication.

a.a. Qualitative ResearchQualitative Research

b. Quantitative Researchb. Quantitative Research

&&. According to the time span. According to the time span

a.a. hort Range Researchhort Range Research

b. Long Range Researchb. Long Range Research


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'. According to the strategy employed'. According to the strategy employeda. (escriptive Researcha. (escriptive Research

b. )istorical Researchb. )istorical Researchc. *+perimental Researchc. *+perimental Research

,.,.According to the eld of ResearchAccording to the eld of Research

,.1. based on -- and #siness,.1. based on -- and #siness

a. P#re/asic/#ndamentala. P#re/asic/#ndamental

0 Theories0 Theories

0 Concepts0 Concepts

b. Applied Researchb. Applied Research0 (ecision maing -t#dies/Research0 (ecision maing -t#dies/Research

0 Problem -olving -t#dies2 etc0 Problem -olving -t#dies2 etc


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3.3. According to the method of dataAccording to the method of datacollectioncollection

a. E!perimentala. E!perimentalb. "on E!perimentalb. "on E!perimental

# $bservational# $bservational

# urvey tudies# urvey tudies

14.14. According to the Analytical Techni5#esAccording to the Analytical Techni5#es

a. tatistical Inferencea. tatistical Inferenceb. imulationb. imulation

c. %odel Buildingc. %odel Building


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11. According to the method of11. According to the method of

reasoningreasoninga. Inductive Researcha. Inductive Research

b. &eductive Researchb. &eductive Research

1. Time (imensional1. Time (imensional

a. Longitudinal Researcha. Longitudinal Research

b. 'ross ectional Researchb. 'ross ectional Research


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rief (enitions.


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!. Action Research!. Action Research

A st#dy cond#cted to see the reaction ofA st#dy cond#cted to see the reaction of

any decision.any decision.

*+ample9*+ample9

A study to see the reaction of customers afterA study to see the reaction of customers afterand before (!ing the price tags on the goodsand before (!ing the price tags on the goodsto be sold.to be sold.

$.$. Analytical ResearchAnalytical ResearchIt includes mathematical ) statistical modelsIt includes mathematical ) statistical modelsanalyses mainly based on secondary data.analyses mainly based on secondary data.


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%. *mpirical Research%. *mpirical Research

6t is carried o#t on the basis of primary6t is carried o#t on the basis of primary

data "hich incl#des s#rveys anddata "hich incl#des s#rveys ande+periments.e+periments.

&. (escriptive Research&. (escriptive Research

6t describes the characteristics of a6t describes the characteristics of a

pop#lation or phenomenon.pop#lation or phenomenon.

6t deals "ith the ans"ers to the96t deals "ith the ans"ers to the9

;ho2 "hat2 "hen2 "here2 ho";ho2 "hat2 "hen2 "here2 ho"

5#estions rather than "hy5#estions rather than "hy

5#estions.5#estions.


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*+ample of (escriptive Research9*+ample of (escriptive Research9

-t#dy on crimes in


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'. )istorical Research'. )istorical Research

It is based on past events. -heIt is based on past events. -heans*er to the problem is pastans*er to the problem is past

oriented.oriented.

*+ample9*+ample9

Eco conditions of a/ during 0iaEco conditions of a/ during 0ia

RegimeRegime..


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,. *+perimental Research.,. *+perimental Research.

It is based to e!plain cause) e1ect)It is based to e!plain cause) e1ect)and relationship bet*een t*o orand relationship bet*een t*o or

more variables. -his research ismore variables. -his research is

future oriented.future oriented.

*+ample*+ample99

A product *ith price tag could be soldA product *ith price tag could be soldmore than *ithout it.more than *ithout it.


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3. =ongit#dinal Research3. =ongit#dinal Research

tudy of a sample on one or more than onetudy of a sample on one or more than one

occasions. It is divided into three parts.occasions. It is divided into three parts.

a. Time -eriesa. Time -eries

6n "hich the same type of info is6n "hich the same type of info is

collected on a gro#p of people or #nitscollected on a gro#p of people or #nits

for m#ltiple times.for m#ltiple times.

*+ample9*+ample9To st#dy the employees behavior beforeTo st#dy the employees behavior before

and after change in Managementand after change in Management


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14. Cross -ectional Research14. Cross -ectional Research

A study in *hich various segments of aA study in *hich various segments of a

population are sampled at a single point ofpopulation are sampled at a single point oftime.time.

A study in *hich data is collected 2ust onceA study in *hich data is collected 2ust once

over a period of time. uch study is alsoover a period of time. uch study is also

/no*n as/no*n as one shot studiesone shot studies..

*+ample9*+ample9

&ata collected from ban/ employees on the&ata collected from ban/ employees on the

basis of 3unior) enior) %ale) Female) levelbasis of 3unior) enior) %ale) Female) level

etc.etc.


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11. *+ploratory Research911. *+ploratory Research9

This type of research is #sef#l "hen theThis type of research is #sef#l "hen theresearcher lacs clear idea of the problem.researcher lacs clear idea of the problem.

6n this type of st#dy2 researcher no" so6n this type of st#dy2 researcher no" solittle abo#t the area of st#dy thatlittle abo#t the area of st#dy thathypothesis have not yet developed.hypothesis have not yet developed.

-his type of research provides us the-his type of research provides us the

general understanding of the Researchgeneral understanding of the Researchproblem.problem.

..


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1. Case -t#dy Method91. Case -t#dy Method9

A research techni,ue that intensivelyA research techni,ue that intensivelyinvestigates one or fe* situations.investigates one or fe* situations.

*+ample9*+ample9

4. 'hild labor in a/istan5 A 'ase tudy of 6hi.4. 'hild labor in a/istan5 A 'ase tudy of 6hi.

7. E1ects of motivation5 A 'ase of Faculty7. E1ects of motivation5 A 'ase of Faculty%embers at 0ABI-.%embers at 0ABI-.

8. Agriculture %ar/eting in a/istan5 A 'ase8. Agriculture %ar/eting in a/istan5 A 'asestudy of ugarcanestudy of ugarcane


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(i> bet"een 5#alitative(i> bet"een 5#alitative

and 5#antitativeand 5#antitativeresearchresearch


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Qualitative Research5Qualitative Research56t is an in0depth2 holistic6t is an in0depth2 holistic?considering all factors@ approach?considering all factors@ approach

to research foc#sing on descriptiveto research foc#sing on descriptive

data in the form of "ords2 g#res2data in the form of "ords2 g#res2graphs and descriptive statistics.graphs and descriptive statistics.


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#antitative Research9#antitative Research9

An approach of research "hereAn approach of research "herethere is a #se of an inferentialthere is a #se of an inferential

statistics.statistics.

i i B li i

tit ti B lit ti


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#antitative B #alitative#antitative B #alitative

ResearchResearch..

The di>erence is based on9The di>erence is based on9

-he 9ie* of Reality-he 9ie* of Reality

Research QuestionResearch Question ample i:eample i:e

Research -oolsResearch -ools

&ata Analysis&ata Analysis Quality of ResearchQuality of Research


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i.i. #antitative Research#antitative Research

ii.ii.#alitative Research#alitative Research

a.a. The vie" of realityThe vie" of reality

i.i. It vie*s reality as absolute truth basedIt vie*s reality as absolute truth basedon proven facts and evidences.on proven facts and evidences.

ii. It believes in multiple 2udgment) opinionii. It believes in multiple 2udgment) opinionor feelings *hich e!ists in people;sor feelings *hich e!ists in people;s

perception.perception.


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b.b.Research #estionResearch #estion

i. Research is started *ith set of hypothesis.i. Research is started *ith set of hypothesis.

ii. %ay start *ith the set of ,uestions.ii. %ay start *ith the set of ,uestions.

C. -ample -i7ei. Sample size should be large.

The larger the sample size, the better the

chances of generalizing results.

ii. Sample size is not the problem. We can

even have one student as a case study.


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(.(.Research ToolsResearch Tools

i. tructured intervie*i. tructured intervie*

< $bservation< $bservation

< Questionnaire< Questionnaire

< urveys< urveys

ii. $pen ended Intervie*ii. $pen ended Intervie*

< $bservation< $bservation

< Questionnaire< Questionnaire

< urveys< urveys


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*.*. (ata Analysis(ata Analysis

i.i. 9ariables are amenable to statistical9ariables are amenable to statistical

analysis.analysis.

ii. -he analyses is sub2ective=oneii. -he analyses is sub2ective=one

sidedsided

interpretation and analysis etc.interpretation and analysis etc.


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Types/Classication ofTypes/Classication of

ResearchResearch Two Paradigms of Research

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Descriptive ResearchHistorical ResearchExploratory ResearchInductive ResearchDeductive Research

Longitudinalross!sectional*mpirical ResearchAnalytical Research

"asic Research


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Theories of ResearchTheories of Research



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4.4.InterpretivistInterpretivist

2. Empiricist2. Empiricist

3. Feminist3. Feminist


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1. Interpretivist

Phenomenologist $ym%olic

nthropology'

Interpretivist

;hen people have di> meaning to apartic#laraction2 it is interpretive.

*+ample9 6nterpretation of 6slam by -hiasand -#nis.


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1.A. Phenomenologist

Theorists believe that the practitioner/s

"ho is/are involved in the activity may beright depending "hat val#es he or sheattaches "ith the activity.

*+ample9

1. ather sacrices for the "ellbeing ofda#ghter Dational geographicE.


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1.b. -ymbolic?Anthropology@

-hey believe that *hen there is (!ed=same=on-hey believe that *hen there is (!ed=same=one

meaning of any activity) it is symbolicmeaning of any activity) it is symbolicresearch.research.

E!ample5E!ample5-ra>c signs=signals-ra>c signs=signals


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()*) Positivism

&linguistic'

()+ Realistic Theory

()( ,rounded -ethodology

! .%servation

! Participant .%servation &clinic patients'

2 E i i i t2 E i i i t


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.1. Positivism ?ling#istic@

This ideology is based on empiricalevidence i.e it is observable and can betested.

The methodology based on empiricalevidence and "hich is observable and can betested

They #se more testable and 5#antiabletools.

*mpiricists believe that -- can not beregarded as science beca#se it relies on

people "ho give s#bjective ?onesided/biased@ ans"ers "hich can changefrom time and place.

( ( ,rounded -ethodology &Deductive and Inductive'


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()( ,rounded -ethodology &Deductive and Inductive'

! .%servation

! Participant .%servation &clinic patients'

,rounded TheoryA research method in "hich the theory is developed from the data2rather than the other "ay aro#nd. That maes this is an ind#ctiveapproach2 meaning that it moves from the specic to the moregeneral.

This approach is a 5#alitative research method that #ses asystematic set of proced#res to develop an ind#ctively derivedgro#nded theory abo#t a phenomenonF.

A systematic research methodology in the social sciencesdeveloped

by the sociologists arney Glaserand Anselm -tra#ssemphasi7inggeneration of theory from data. Their collaboration in research ondying hospital patients led them to "rite the booAwareness of Dying. 6n this research they developed the constantcomparative method later no"n as Gro#nded Theory.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Glaserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Strausshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness_of_Dyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness_of_Dyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Strausshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Glaserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science


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()+ Realistic Theory/ $ocial #ction Theory

Research which is %ased only on o%servations)

Researchers nd problem2 loo atits e>ects2 and nd sol#tion.

*+ample9;orld an Team "ater/sociali7ationE

Pro%lem0 lac1ing of water

Effects0women travel lot to find water

$olution02ater at door step


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FeministFeminist

They believe that every research hasThey believe that every research hasbeen done from male perspective andbeen done from male perspective and

they ignore the female perspective bythey ignore the female perspective by

employing female as passive object.employing female as passive object.


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Types, Classifications and Theries of Reserach

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