BRICK

• Brickwork is masonry produced by a bricklayer using bricks and

mortar.

• Typically, rows of bricks—called courses are laid on top of one

another to build up a structure such as a brick wall.

• Brick is a popular medium for constructing buildings, and examples

of brickwork are found through history as far back as the Bronze

Age.

• Parts of brickwork include bricks, beds and perpends.

• The bed is the mortar upon which a brick is laid.

• A perpend is a vertical joint between any two bricks and is usually—

but not always—filled with mortar.

• Bricks of dimensions 215 mm x 102.5 mm × 65 mm;

• Mortar beds and perpends of a uniform 10 mm.

• There are many other brick sizes worldwide, and many of them use

this same co-ordinating principle.

• The dimensions of these parts are usually coordinated such that two

bricks laid side by side separated only by the width of a perpend

have a total width identical to the length of a single brick laid

transversely on top of them.

NOMENCLATURE OF BRICK

CUTS IN A BRICK

CUTS IN A BRICK

• Occasionally though a brick must be cut to fit a given space, or to be

the right shape for fulfilling some particular purpose such as

generating an offset—called a lap—at the beginning of a course.

• In some cases these special shapes or sizes are manufactured.

Frequently used cuts are as follows:

• Three-quarter bat – stretching: A brick cut to three-quarters of its

length, and laid flat with its long, narrow side exposed.

• Three-quarter bat – heading: A brick cut to three-quarters of its

length, and laid flat with its short side exposed.

• Half bat: A brick cut in half across its length, and laid flat.

• Queen closer: A brick cut in half down its width, and laid with its

smallest face exposed and standing vertically. A queen closer is

often used for the purpose of creating a lap.

POSITION OF QUEEN CLOSER

Less frequently used cuts are as follows:

• Quarter bat: A brick cut to a quarter of its length.

• Three-quarter queen closer: A queen closer cut to three-quarters

of its length.

• King closer: A brick with one corner cut away, leaving one header

face at half its standard width.

Types of Brick Bonds

What is a Bond?

• In brick masonry, there are many techniques to stack bricks. These different arrangements are known as bricks bonds. Each bond has its own characteristics. Following are the commonly used bricks bonds. Some of the different types of brick bonds are,

1. English bond2. Flemish bond

3. Stretching bond,

4. Heading bond,

5. Garden wall bond,

6. Facing bond,

7. Raking bond,

8. Dutch bond,

9. English cross-bond,

10. Zig-Zag bond,

11. Silverlock’s bond.

12. Rat trap bond

13.Dearne's Bond

English bond

English bond:

• Consists of alternate course of headers and stretches.

•In this English bond arrangement, vertical joints in the header courses

come over each other and the vertical joints in the stretcher course are

also in the same line.

• For the breaking of vertical joints in the successive course it is

essential to place queen closer, after the first header in each heading

course.

•The following additional points should be noted in English bond

construction:

1. In English bond, a heading course should never start with a queen closer as it is liable to get displaced in this position.

2. In the stretcher course, the stretchers should have a minimum lap of 1/4th their length over the headers.

3. Walls having their thickness equal to an even number of halfbricks, i.e., one brick thick wail, 2 brick thick wall, 3 brick thick wall and so on, present the same appearance on both the faces, i .e. a course consisting of headers on front face will show headers on the back face also.

4. In walls having their thickness equal to an odd number of half brick, i.e. 1½ brick thick walls or 2½ brick thick walls and so on, the same course will show stretchers on one face and headers on the other

5. In thick walls the middle portion is entirely filled with header to prevent the formation of vertical joints in the body of the wall.

6. Since the number of vertical joints in the header course is twice the number of joints in the stretcher course, the joints in the header course are made thinner than those in the stretcher course.

.

English bond: one and a half brick

English bond: one brick

English bond: two brick

http://www.theconstructioncivil.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/3-English-bond.jpg

Flemish Bond

Flemish bond:

• Each course consists of alternate headers and stretchers.

• The alternate headers of each course are centered over the stretchers in the course below.

• Every alternate course starts with a header at the corner.

• For the breaking of vertical joints in the successive courses, closers are inserted in alternate courses next to the quoin header.

• In walls having their thickness equal to odd number of half bricks, bats are essentially used to achieve the bond.

• Flemish bond is further divided into two different types namely,

1. Single Flemish bond,

2. Double Flemish bond.

Types of Flemish Bonds

Single Flemish Bond.

•This bond is a combination of English bond and Flemish bond.

•In this work the facing of the wall consists of Flemish bond and the

backing consists of English bond in each course.

•This type of bonding cannot be adopted in walls less than one and a

half brick in thickness.

•This bond is adopted to present the attractive appearance of Flemish

bond with an effort to ensure full strength in the brick work.

Single Flemish bond: one and half brick

Double Flemish bond.

•In Double Flemish Bond, each course presents the same appearance

both in the front and back elevations.

• Every course consists of headers and stretchers laid alternately.

•This type of bond is best suited from considerations of economy and

appearance.

•It enables the one brick wall to have flush and uniform faces on both

the sides.

•This type of bonding is comparatively weaker than English bond.

Double Flemish bond: one brick

Double Flemish bond: one and a half brick

Double Flemish bond: two brick

Double Flemish bond: two and a half brick

Double Flemish bond: three brick

•In this arrangement of bonding, all the bricks are laid as stretchers.

• The overlap, which is usually of half brick, is obtained by commencing

each alternate course with a half brick bat.

•Stretching bond is used for half brick wall only.

•This bond is also termed as running bond.

•Is commonly adopted in the construction of half brick thick leaves of

cavity walls, partition walls, etc. Since there are no headers, suitable

reinforcement should be used for structural bond.

Stretcher bond

Header bond

• In this type of bonding all the bricks are laid as headers on the

faces.

• The overlap, which is usually-of half the width of the brick is

obtained by introducing a three-quarter bat in each alternate course

at quoins.

• This bond permits better alignment and as such it is used for walls

curved on plan.

• This bond is chiefly used for footings in foundations for better

transverse distribution of load.

Garden wall bond

•This type of bond is suitably adopted for one brick thick wall which may

act as a garden wall or a boundary wall.

•In garden wall bond, it is possible to build uniform faces for a wall

without much labour or expense.

• This type of bond is not so strong as English bond and its use is

restricted to the construction of dwarf walls or other similar types of

walls which are not subjected to large stresses.

•On accounts of its good appearance, this bond is sometimes used for

the construction of the outer leaves of cavity walls.

There are two types of garden wall bond,

(a) English garden wall bond

(b) Flemish garden wall bond

English garden wall bond

• The general arrangement of bricks in this type of bonding is similar

to that of English bond except that the heading courses are only

inserted at every fourth or sixth course.

• Usually the arrangement consists of one course of headers to three

courses of stretchers.

• A queen closer is placed next to the quoin header of the heading

course to give the necessary lap.

Flemish garden wall bond

• This consists of alternate course composed of one header to three

or sometimes even five stretchers in series throughout the length of

the courses.

• Each alternate course contains a three quarter bat placed next to

the quoin header and a header is laid over the middle of each

central stretcher.

Facing bond

•This arrangement of bricks is adopted for thick walls, where the

facing and backing are desired to be constructed with bricks of

different thickness.

•This bond consists of heading and stretching courses so arranged

that one heading course comes after several stretching courses.

•Since the number of joints in the backing and the facing differ

greatly, the load distribution is not uniform.

•This may sometimes lead to unequal settlement of the two

thickness of the wall.

Raking bond

• This is a bond in brick work in which the bonding bricks are laid at

any angle other than zero or ninety degrees.

• This arrangement helps to increase the longitudinal stability of thick

walls built in English bond.

• In this arrangement of bonding, the space between the external

stretchers of a wall is filled with bricks inclined to the face of the wall.

• This bond is introduced at certain intervals along the height of a wall.

• There are two common forms of raking bond ;

(a) Herring hone bond(b) Diagonal bond.

Herring-bone bond

• This type of bond is best suited for very thick walls usually not less

than four bricks thick.

• In this arrangement of brick work, bricks are laid in course inclined at

45° in two directions from the centre.

• This bond is also commonly used for brick paving.

Diagonal bond

• This bond is best suited for walls which are 2 to 4 brick thick.

• This bond is usually introduced at every fifth or seventh course

along the height of the wall.

• In this bond, the bricks arc placed end to end in such a way that

extreme corners of the series remain in contact with the stretchers.

Dutch bond

• This bond is a modification of the old English cross bond and

consists of alternate courses of headers and stretchers.

• In this arrangement of brick work, each stretching course starts at

the quoin with a three-quarter bat and every alternate stretching

course has a header placed next to the three-quarter brick bat

provided at the quoin.

English cross-bond

• This is similar to English bond and consists of alternate course of

headers and stretchers.

• However, in this bond, queen closer are introduced next to quoin

headers and each alternate stretching course has header placed

next to quoin stretcher.

• This bond is sufficiently strong and bears a good elevation.

Zig-Zag bond

• This is similar to herring-bone bond with the only difference that in

this case the bricks are laid in a zig- zag fashion.

• This is commonly adopted in brick paved flooring.

Silverlock’s bond

• This is a form of bonding brick-work in which bricks are laid on edge.

• It is economical but weak in strength and hence it is only

recommended for garden walls or partition walls.

• In this bond, the bricks are laid as headers and stretchers in each

courses in such a way that headers are laid on bed aid the

stretchers are laid on edge forming a continuous cavity.

• A brickwork pattern similar to English bond except that each

stretcher is a bull stretcher.

• Same as rat-trap bond.

Rat Trap bond

• Rat trap bond is a brick masonry method of wall construction, in

which bricks are placed in vertical position or laid on edge instead of

conventional horizontal position and thus creating a cavity (hollow

space) within the wall.

• The height of each course in case of a brick size 230x110x75 mm,

will be 110 mm plus mortar thickness such that the shiner and

rowlock are visible on the face of masonry as shown below.

• This gives the wall with an internal cavity bridged by the rowlock.

• This cavity adds an added advantage as it adds a Green building

feature of help maintain improved thermal comfort and keep the

interiors colder than outside and vice versa and an appropriate

option as against conventional solid brick wall masonry.

• The Rat trap bond construction

is a modular type of masonry

construction.

• Due care must be taken while

designing the wall lengths and

heights for a structure.

• The openings and wall

dimensions to be in multiples of

the module.

• Also the course below sill and

lintel to be a solid course by

placing bricks on edge.

• The masonry on the sides of the

openings also to be solid as will

help in fixing of the opening

frame..

Dearne's bond

• Dearne's bond substantially observes the same pattern as English

bond, but uses shiners in place of stretchers.

THE END