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Types of Chemical Reactions
3221.3.1, 3221.3.2
TargetsTLW covert word equations to symbolic, vice versa.
TLW Identify the reactants, products, and types of different chemical reactions: composition, decomposition, double replacement, single replacement, combustion.
Polyatomic IonsMost polyatomic ions are negatively charged!!
Notice you have 2 polyatomic ions with a positive charge:
NH41+
H3O1+
Acids, Bases, and Salts
As a rule, acids contain an H atom in a compound that can be lost to form an H+ ion.
OH- (hydroxide) is basic.
Salts usually form between a metal and a halogen (recall that halogens are known as salt-formers)
Common AcidsHydrobromic acid HBrHydrochloric acid HClHydrosulfuric acid H2S
Hydrofluoric acid HF
Naming AcidsBinary Acids-contain hydrogen and one other element-hydroelementic acid
H2S hydrosulfuric acid
HBr hydrobromic acidTertiary Acids (Oxyacids) found in Chem. Cruncher-named after element other than oxygen and hydrogen (*notice polyatomic ions)
H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid
HClO3 chloric acid HClO2 chlorous acid
HClO hypochlorous acid
Identifying acids and bases from other compounds
HCl (aq) hydrochloric acid HCl (s) hydrogen chlorideHBr (aq) hydrobromic acid HBr (s) hydrogen bromideHF (aq) hydrofluoric acid HF (s) hydrogen fluoride
(aq) dissolved in water(s) solid(l) liquid(g) or ↑ gas∆ heat has been added↔ reversible reaction
aqueous sodium chloride reacts with aqueous lead (II) nitrate to yield a lead (II) chloride precipitate and
aqueous sodium nitrate
aqueous barium nitrate reacts with sulfuric acid [H2SO4(aq)] to yield a barium sulfate precipitate and
nitric acid [HNO3(aq)]
silver nitrate reacts in solution with potassium chromate to yield a silver chromate precipitate and soluble potassium
nitrate
solid calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid [HCl(aq)] to yield aqueous calcium chloride, carbon
dioxide gas, and liquid water
aqueous zinc chloride reacts with dihydrogen monosulfide gas to yield a zinc sulfide precipitate and
hydrochloric acid
Combustion
• Chemical reaction in which oxygen (O2) reacts with another element forming carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
C10H8 + 12 O2 10 CO2 + 4 H2O
Synthesis
• A chemical reaction in which two or more simple compounds combine to form a more complicated one
A + B AB
8 Fe + S8 ---> 8 FeS
Decomposition
• Chemical reaction in which a complicated compound breaks down into two or more simpler compounds
XY X + Y
2 H2O ---> 2 H2 + O2
Single Displacement
• Chemical reaction in which one element trades places with another element in a compound
A + XY AY + X
Mg + 2 H2O ---> Mg(OH)2 + H2
Double Displacement
• A chemical reaction in which the anions and cations of two different molecules switch places, forming two entirely different compounds
AB + XY AY + XB
Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI ---> PbI2 + 2 KNO3
Acid-Base• Special kind of double displacement reaction that
takes place when an acid and base react with other.• The H+ ion in the acid reacts with the OH- ion in the
base, resulting in the formation of water.
HA + BOH H2O + AB
HBr + NaOH ---> NaBr + H2O
Guch’s Handy Checklist: Follow this series of questions. When you can answer “yes,” STOP!!!
1) Does your reaction have oxygen as one of it's reactants and carbon dioxide and water as products? If yes, then it's a combustion reaction 2) Does your reaction have two (or more) chemicals combining to form one chemical? If yes, then it's a synthesis reaction 3) Does your reaction have one large molecule falling apart to make several small ones? If yes, then it's a decomposition reaction 4) Does your reaction have any molecules that contain only one element? If yes, then it's a single displacement reaction 5) Does your reaction have water as one of the products? If yes, then it's an acid-base reaction 6) If you haven't answered "yes" to any of the questions above, then you've got a double displacement reaction
Practice
1) NaOH + KNO3 --> NaNO3 + KOH
2) CH4 + 2 O2 --> CO2 + 2 H2O
3) 2 Fe + 6 NaBr --> 2 FeBr3 + 6 Na
4) CaSO4 + Mg(OH)2 --> Ca(OH)2 + MgSO4
5) NH4OH + HBr --> H2O + NH4Br
6) Pb + O2 --> PbO2
7) Na2CO3 --> Na2O + CO2