SUBSTRUCTURE: - Lower portion of building

Transfer the load

Foundation

Functions of Foundation: - 1. Reduction of load intensity2. Even distribution of load3. Provision of level surface4. Lateral stability5. Safety against undermining6. Protection against soil movements

TYPES OF FOUNDATION: -

1. SHALLOW FOUNDATION

2. DEEP FOUNDATION

Shallow Foundation: - 1. Spread Footing: -

2. Combined Footing: -

3. Strap Footing

4. Mat or Raft Footing: -

Failure of Foundation: - Non-uniform settlement of subsoil and masonry Horizontal movement of the soil adjacent to structure Alternate swelling and shrinkage in wet and dry cycles of the seasons Lateral pressure due to lateral movement of earth tending to overturn the structure Lateral escape of soil Roots of trees and shrubs