TYPES OF TYPES OF PRODUCTION PRODUCTION

PROCESSPROCESS

Types ofproduction

Intermittent production

Continues production

Mass and flow production

Project production

Process production

Job production

Batch production

Intermittent ProductionIntermittent Production

– Production system is Production system is flexibleflexible

– Design of the product Design of the product can be change time to can be change time to timetime

– We can adjust We can adjust production system production system according to the orderaccording to the order

Characteristics of Intermittent ProductionCharacteristics of Intermittent Production

General purpose General purpose machines and equipment machines and equipment are usedare usedVariety of the product Variety of the product can be producecan be produceProduction is not Production is not continiouscontiniousProcess layout is adoptedProcess layout is adoptedVolume of production is Volume of production is smallsmallProduction is as per the Production is as per the customer ordercustomer order

Project ProductionProject ProductionSingle assignment job is thereSingle assignment job is thereComplex in natureComplex in natureThis system is for specific time This system is for specific time periodperiodSpecific expenditure is thereSpecific expenditure is thereAll the operations are carried All the operations are carried out in a fixed position layoutout in a fixed position layoutExamples are: - ships, Examples are: - ships, locomotives air crafts, roads, locomotives air crafts, roads, building, spacecrafts.building, spacecrafts.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics of of Project ProductionProject Production

Short life cycleShort life cycle

Fixed position layoutFixed position layout

Involvement of Involvement of different agenciesdifferent agencies

Job ProductionJob ProductionProduction is done for Production is done for the small no. of product the small no. of product at a timeat a time

Product is made on the Product is made on the specific orderspecific order

Products are produce in Products are produce in a small quantity and as a small quantity and as per the customer per the customer requirementrequirement

Examples are: - Repair Examples are: - Repair shops, tailor shops hair shops, tailor shops hair dressersdressers

Advantages of Job ProductionAdvantages of Job ProductionFlexibleFlexibleHigh profits marginsHigh profits marginsGeneral purposes General purposes machines are usedmachines are usedIt meets the individual It meets the individual requirementrequirementNegligible chances of Negligible chances of losslossProduction can be Production can be started easilystarted easilyRequires less money for Requires less money for productionproduction

Disadvantages of Job Disadvantages of Job ProductionProduction

Little scope for Little scope for improvement in improvement in productionproduction

Requires high trained Requires high trained and skilled man powerand skilled man power

Need large investment Need large investment for the raw materialfor the raw material

Batch ProductionBatch ProductionProduction is done for the Production is done for the no. of identical itemsno. of identical items

Most of items are Most of items are repeated with time repeated with time intervalsintervals

Also known as Quality Also known as Quality productionproduction

This type of production is This type of production is adopted by the medium adopted by the medium size factoriessize factories

Batch ProductionBatch ProductionProduction is done to meet Production is done to meet specific demandspecific demandBreak down of the machine do Break down of the machine do not affect the production as not affect the production as other machines can be used.other machines can be used.Operations or the production Operations or the production can be shifted to the other can be shifted to the other machines.machines.Examples are: - Paint Examples are: - Paint Industries, pharmaceuticals, Industries, pharmaceuticals, ready made garments and ready made garments and chemical industries, bakeries, chemical industries, bakeries, education.education.

Advantages ofAdvantages of Batch ProductionBatch ProductionUse of general purpose Use of general purpose machinesmachines

Easy schedulingEasy scheduling

Requires less skilled Requires less skilled labor in comparison to labor in comparison to job productionjob production

Scope of improvementScope of improvement

Production rate is highProduction rate is high

Requires less capitalRequires less capital

Disadvantages ofDisadvantages of Batch Batch ProductionProduction

Difficulty in the Difficulty in the selection of the batch selection of the batch size.size.Cost of sales and cost Cost of sales and cost of distribution is moreof distribution is morePoor work Poor work Organizational Organizational DifficultyDifficultyRequires highly skilled Requires highly skilled laborlaborCost of sales and the Cost of sales and the cost of advertisement cost of advertisement are as compare to mass are as compare to mass production.production.

Continious ProductionContinious ProductionIn this type of production the In this type of production the large no. of identical items large no. of identical items are produce and is known as are produce and is known as continious production continious production system.system.In this the production is In this the production is carried out throughout the carried out throughout the day.day.Plant facilities are fully Plant facilities are fully engagedengagedSequencing of operations is Sequencing of operations is there.there.It is associated with large It is associated with large quantity production and with quantity production and with a high rate of demand.a high rate of demand.

Characteristics of Continious Characteristics of Continious ProductionProduction

Machines and Machines and equipments are equipments are arranged acc. to arranged acc. to produce layout pattern.produce layout pattern.Special purpose Special purpose automated machines automated machines are used to perform the are used to perform the operations.operations.The volume of output is The volume of output is generally large.generally large.Machines capabilities Machines capabilities are balanced so that are balanced so that materials are fed at one materials are fed at one end of the process and end of the process and finished products are finished products are received at the other received at the other end.end.

Advantages of Continious Advantages of Continious ProductionProduction

There is no rest period There is no rest period between the between the operations; work-in-operations; work-in-progress is at a progress is at a minimum.minimum.Handling is reduceHandling is reduceControlling is Controlling is simplifiedsimplifiedAny weakness in Any weakness in material or in methods material or in methods is immediately is immediately highlighted.highlighted.Material required can Material required can be planned accuratelybe planned accurately

Disadvantages of Continious Disadvantages of Continious ProductionProduction

The workers feel The workers feel boredom and frustratedboredom and frustratedThere is factor of low There is factor of low morale among the morale among the employee.employee.Fever of absenteeism Fever of absenteeism among the employeeamong the employeeDue to the factor of Due to the factor of boredom among the boredom among the employee poor quality in employee poor quality in the product might be the product might be there.there.

Mass Production And Flow Mass Production And Flow ProductionProduction

Also known as Also known as repetitive productionrepetitive production

Mass production is Mass production is associated with flow associated with flow lines or assembly lineslines or assembly lines

Flow lines describe Flow lines describe how product moves how product moves from one work centre from one work centre to another.to another.

Assembly describes Assembly describes how mass production how mass production is arranged.is arranged.

Mass Production And Flow Mass Production And Flow ProductionProduction

Mass production produces Mass production produces large volume of a standard large volume of a standard product for a mass market.product for a mass market.In mass production product In mass production product demand is stable and product demand is stable and product volume is highvolume is highIn mass production goods are In mass production goods are manufactured either at a manufactured either at a single operation or a series of single operation or a series of continious manufacturing.continious manufacturing.Examples are plastics goods, Examples are plastics goods, radios, television, domestic radios, television, domestic appliances etc.appliances etc.

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsContinious flow of Continious flow of materialmaterialSpecial purpose Special purpose machines and plant machines and plant layout are used.layout are used.Relatively low skilled Relatively low skilled labor is required.labor is required.Material handling is Material handling is less due to short less due to short distance.distance.Manufacturing life Manufacturing life cycle is very short.cycle is very short.Supervision is easier.Supervision is easier.

Process ProductionProcess ProductionProcess production Process production is characterized by is characterized by the manufacture of the manufacture of a single product a single product producedproducedThe flexibility of The flexibility of such plants is such plants is almost zero as only almost zero as only one type of product one type of product can be produced in can be produced in the plantthe plantExamples are Examples are refineries, petrol, refineries, petrol, kerosene, and kerosene, and diesel oil.diesel oil.

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsSpecial purpose Special purpose machines and machines and equipments are usedequipments are usedMaterial handling is Material handling is highly mechanizedhighly mechanizedIn this manufacturing In this manufacturing cycle time is almost cycle time is almost zero. The whole plant is zero. The whole plant is like one large machine like one large machine where materials are where materials are entered at the one end.entered at the one end.Labor required is Labor required is having semi skilled having semi skilled workmen and skilled workmen and skilled technicians are requiredtechnicians are requiredSupervision in this type Supervision in this type of production is high.of production is high.

Analytical ProcessAnalytical Process

Here raw material is broken down Here raw material is broken down into different products.into different products.

GAS

PETROL

Kerosene

Diesel

Raw Material

Crude Oil

Synthetic ProcessSynthetic ProcessIt involves the mixing of two or more materials to It involves the mixing of two or more materials to manufacture a productmanufacture a product

Acid 1

Acid 2

Acid 3

Acid 4

Acid5

Finished product ( Soap)