Types of references

Haneen badrieh220104229

1- extension & intension : in semantics, correlative words that indicate the reference of a term or concept.

“intension” indicates the

internal content of a term or concept that constitutes its formal definition.

“extension” indicates its range of applicability by

naming the particular objects

that it denotes

intension of “ship” as a substantive is “vehicle

for conveyance on water”

extension

2- Prototype: an object or referent which is typical of the whole sentence.

Once the meaning differs according to it’s content, it’s

a prototype.

In Palestine, it’s a source of meat and milk

In India, it’s consider as a god

3- concrete vs. abstract

Concrete : objects which can be

touched.Dog , door, leaf,

stone

Abstract: invisible objects. Knowledg , reason , problem.

The concrete objects can be abstract

Key

Bright Literal Figurative

4- unique and non-unique :

Unique: when the referring expression has fixed reference.Lack Ontario , the

dead see

Non-Unique: when the referring

expression has verbal reference.

He swam in a lack.

5- countable and non countable : both of them might be concrete or abstract

*Concrete-countable expressions: items the are separated from one another. E.g. apple , pens.

*abstract - countable expressions : ideas , problems, suggestions .

*Concrete-non countable expressions: three references

1- substances: ink, toothpaste.

2- numerous particles: sand , rice.

Collective: furniture, jewelry, luggage.

*abstract -non countable expressions : advice, information, beauty .

6-Generic and non generic:

A dog makes a fine pet.Dogs make fine pet.

A dog is laying in the street.

Dogs are laying in the street.

7- specific and non specific.

We have a dog.

We would like to have a dog.