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Electri cal Engineeri ng for NPP Professional s

E14002/Chang C.K.

Prof. Chang ChoongKoo

Electrical Engineering for NPP Professionals

Generation; Types of Generation Plant

2014. 03. 13



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E14002/Chang C.K.

CONTENTS

1. GENERAL2. FOSILL POWER PLANTS

3. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

4. GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS

5. SOLAR REFLECTIVE POWER

6. HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

7. PUMPED STORAGE HYDRO POWER PLANTS

8. DOMBUSTION TURBINE GENERATION PLANTS

9. COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANTS

10.WIND TURBINE GENERATORS

11.PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS

12.TRENDS OF ENERY MIX



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E14002/Chang C.K.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

Discuss the different types of generation plants (i.e., steam, nuclear, wind, etc.)

Describe the different power plant prime-mover types



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E14002/Chang C.K.

Power generation plants produce the electrical energy that is ultimately

delivered to consumers through transmission lines, substations, anddistribution lines.

Generation plants or power plants consist of three-phase generator(s),

the prime mover, energy source, control room, and substation.

To a lesser degree, electrical power is produced from wind, solar,

geothermal, and biomass energy resources.

The more common types of energy resources used to generate electricityand their associated prime movers :

Steam turbines• Fossil fuels (coal, gas, oil)

• Nuclear

• Geothermal

• Solar-heated steam

Hydro turbines• Dams and rivers

• Pump storage

1. GENERAL

Combustion turbines• Diesel

• Natural gas• Combined cycle

Wind turbines

Solar direct (photovoltaic)



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E14002/Chang C.K.

High-temperature, high-pressure steam is used to turn steam turbines that

ultimately turn the generator rotors. Temperatures on the order of 1,000°F and pressures on the order of 2,000

pounds per square inch (psi) are commonly used in large steam power

plants.

Steam at this pressure and temperature is called superheated steam,

sometimes referred to as dry steam.

Steam Turbine Power Plants



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E14002/Chang C.K.

The steam’s pressure and temperature drop significantly after it is applied

across the first stage turbine blades. The reduced steam can be routed through a second stage set of turbine

blades where additional steam energy is transferred to the turbine shaft.

This second stage equipment is significantly larger than the first stage to

allow for additional expansion and energy transformation.


Blade

Inner housing

Outer housing

ShaftDiaphragm

http://www.sandvik.coromant.com/en-gb/industrysolutions/condensing_power/steam_turbines/Pages/Turbine-housing.aspx


http://www.sandvik.coromant.com/en-gb/industrysolutions/condensing_power/steam_turbines/Pages/Steam-turbine-diaphragm.aspx

http://www.sandvik.coromant.com/en-gb/industrysolutions/condensing_power/steam_turbines/Pages/Steam-turbine-diaphragm.aspx





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E14002/Chang C.K.

Once the energy of the steam has been transferred to the turbine shaft, the

low-temperature and low-pressure steam has basically exhausted itsenergy and must be fully cond ensed back to water before it can be

recycled.

The overall steam generation plant efficiency in converting fuel heat

energy into mechanical rotation energy and then into electrical energy

ranges from 25 to 35%.




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E14002/Chang C.K.

Steam turbine power plants can use coal, oil, natural gas, or just about

any combustible material as the fuel resource. However, each fuel type requires a unique set of accessory equipment to

inject fuel into the boiler, control the burning process.

The coal is burned while on the belt as the belt slowly traverses the bottom

of the boiler. Ash falls through the chain conveyor belt.

Scrubbers are used to collect the undesirable gases to improve the quality

of the stack output emissions. Bughouses are commonly used to helpcollect fly ash.

Pulverized coal combustion(PCC)

PCC is currently the predominant technology for generating electricity from

coal.

It accounts for more than 97% of the world’s coal-fired capacity.

Most existing plants operate at less than SC(Supercritical) steam

conditions, with the best examples reaching 39% efficiency.

2. FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANTS



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E14002/Chang C.K.

Fluidized bed combustion(FBC)

FBC offers an alternative to PCC for generating electricity from coal. Today

it is most often employed in particular or niche applications, for instance

where fuel flexibility is required. FBC deals effectively with low-quality

coals, biomass and general waste. The plant will burn domestic

bituminous coal and has a design efficiency of 43%.

2. FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANTS(Cont.)



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E14002/Chang C.K.

In nuclear power plants such as the one shown in below, a controlled

nuclear reaction is used to make heat to produce steam needed to drivea steam turbine generator.

All nuclear plants in the United States must conform to the Nuclear

Regulatory Commission’s(NSSC in Korea) rules and regulations.

Extensive documentation is required to establish that the proposed

design can be operated safely without undue risk to the public..

Once the Nuclear Regulatory Commission issues a license, the licenseholder must maintain the license and the reactor in accordance with

strict rules, usually called Tech Specs..

3. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS



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E14002/Chang C.K.

Nuclear reaction is a process in which either two nuclei or a nucleus of an

atom with a subatomic particle like a proton, neutron, or high energyelectron from outside the atom, collide and produce a new elements.

Nuclear Fission: A large atomic nucleus gets decomposed due to

bombardment of some subatomic particle forms one or more than one

type of small nucleus.

Nuclear fusion: The process of fusion of small nuclei to form bigger

nuclei is called as nuclear fusion.

Nuclear Fission and Fusion



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E14002/Chang C.K.

In a typical commercial pressurized

light-water reactor

(1) the core inside the reactor vesselcreates heat,

(2) pressurized water in the primary

coolant loop carries the heat to the

steam generator,

(3) inside the steam generator, heat from

the steam, and

(4) the steam line directs the steam to the

main turbine, causing it to turn the

turbine generator, which produces

electricity.

The unused steam is exhausted in tothe condenser where it condensed into

water. The resulting water is pumped out

of the condenser with a series of pumps,

reheated and pumped back to the steam

generators.

Pressurized Water Reactors



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E14002/Chang C.K.

Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR).

• The basic design of a pressurized water reactor is shown in the figure ofprevious slide. The reactor and the primary steam generator are housed

inside a containment structure.

• The structure is designed to withstand accidental events such as small

airplane crashes. The PWR steam generator separates the radioactive

water that exists inside the reactor from the steam that is going to the

turbine outside the shell.. Advantages and Disadvantages of PWR.

• A major design advantage is the fact that fuel leaks, such as ruptured

fuel rods, are isolated in the core and primary loop. That is, radioactive

material contained inside the fuel is not allowed to go outside of the

containment shell.

• The pressurized water reactor can be operated at higher temperature/pressure combinations, and this allows an increase in the efficiency of

the turbine generator system. Another advantage is that it is believed

that a pressurized water reactor is more stable than other designs.

The biggest disadvantage appears to be the fact that the reactor design is

more complicated.

Pressurized Water Reactors



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E14002/Chang C.K.

Boiling Water Reactor (BWR).

• The reactor housing of the BWR tends to be larger than the PWR andlooks almost like an inverted light bulb.

• In a BWR, water boils inside the reactor itself, and the steam goes

directly to the turbine generator to produce electricity. Similar to other

steam power plants, the steam is condensed and reused.

• Note that the turbine building is closely coupled to the reactor building,

and special constraints exist in entering the turbine building because thewater can pick up radioactivity.

Boiling Water Reactors



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E14002/Chang C.K.

• Reactor power is controlled by positioning the control rods from start-up

to approximately 70% of rated power. From 70% to 100% of rated power,the reactor power is controlled by changing the flow of water through the

core.

Advantages and Disadvantages of BWR.

• A major advantage of the BWR is that the overall thermal efficiency is

greater than that of a pressurized water reactor because there is no

separate steam generator or heat exchanger.• Controlling the reactor is a little easier than in a PWR because it is accom

-plished by controlling the flow of water through the core.

The greatest disadvantage of the BWR

• The design is much more complex. It requires a larger pressure vessel

than the PWR because of the amount of steam that can be released

during an accident.• This larger pressure vessel also increases the cost of the BWR. Finally,

the design does allow a small amount of radioactive contamination to get

into the turbine system.

Boiling Water Reactors



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E14002/Chang C.K.

Other Related Topics to NPP

The overall function or design of the nonnuclear portion of a nuclear power

plant is of the same order of complexity as a fossil fueled power plant. The biggest difference is the degree of documentation that must be

maintained and submitted to the regulatory authorities for proof that

the design and operation are safe.

Roughly speaking, there are about 80 separate systems in a nuclear power

plant. The systems that are most critical are those that control the power

and/or limit the power output of the plant. Environmental.

• One of the greatest advantages of a nuclear plant, especially with

today’s concerns about global warming and generation of carbon dioxide

due to burning, is the fact that a nuclear plant essentially adds zero

emissions to the atmosphere. There is no smoke stack!

SCRAM.• A reactor SCRAM is an emergency shutdown situation. Basically, all

control rods are driven into the reactor core as rapidly as possible to shut

down the reactor to stop heat production. A SCRAM occurs when some

protective device or sensor signals the control rod drive system.



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E14002/Chang C.K.

4. GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS

Geothermal power plants use hot water and/or steam located underground

to produce electrical energy. The hot water and/or steam are brought to thesurface where heat exchangers are used to produce clean steam in a

secondary system for use with turbines.

Clean steam causes no sediment growth inside pipes and other equipment,

thereby minimizing maintenance. The clean steam is converted into

electrical energy much the same way as in typical fossil fueled steam

Iceland geothermal power plant

http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=XRunV54a8GmVPM&tbnid=KDRwX58zFtHQiM:&ved=0CAYQjRw&url=http://www.esmap.org/node/280&ei=y7geU72wLMaViQeinoHgCg&bvm=bv.62788935,d.dGI&psig=AFQjCNGtMMQEI8fcY5c31uLdnzY5HpWBIw&ust=1394608482364379

http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=ae2eLxkoULa_XM&tbnid=M1j3tddRYM9ycM:&ved=0CAYQjRw&url=http://www.gtherm.net/geothermal-power-generation/gtherm-geothermal-technology-advancements/&ei=87ceU6DBJ8OgigekoIC4CA&bvm=bv.62788935,d.dGI&psig=AFQjCNGtMMQEI8fcY5c31uLdnzY5HpWBIw&ust=1394608482364379



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E14002/Chang C.K.

5. SOLAR REFLECTIVE(CONCENTRATED) POWER

Solar power plants are environmentally friendly as they produce no

pollution.

Large-scale solar reflective plants require a substantial amount of area aswell as specific orientation with the sun to capture the maximum energy

possible with high efficiency. The mirrors are parabolic-shaped and

motorized to focus the sun’s energy toward the receiver tubes in the

collector area of the elevated boiler.

The fluid in these tubes can reach

operating temperatures in excess

of 400C. The mirrors are parabolic

shaped and motorized to focus the

sun’s energy toward the receiver tubes

in the collector area of the elevated

boiler.

Solar concentrated power plant



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E14002/Chang C.K.

6. HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

Hydroelectric power plants capture the energy of moving water . There are

multiple ways hydro energy can be extracted. Falling water such as in apenstock, flume, or waterwheel can be used to drive a hydro turbine.

Hydroelectric power generation is efficient, cost-effective, and

environmentally cooperative.

Hydro units have a number of excellent advantages. The hydro unit can be

started very quickly and brought up to full load in a matter of minutes. In

most cases, little or no start-up power is required. Hydro plants have arelatively long life; 50 –60 year life spans are common.

http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=zwhkYdyP5seQIM&tbnid=sj5YeETkiYwmLM:&ved=0CAYQjRw&url=http://bukunit.wordpress.com/science-components/hydropower/inside-a-hydropower-plant/&ei=T8IeU4PWEcHUige1g4DgBA&bvm=bv.62788935,d.dGI&psig=AFQjCNEp9aZFE_tvR_aXB8o9CDFryPwzmg&ust=1394610059973742

http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=j5xTq0QBWMHB9M&tbnid=hEonc37q6bE1YM:&ved=0CAYQjRw&url=http://www.alstom.com/power/renewables/&ei=Qr4eU9rwAaS5iAfBmID4Dw&bvm=bv.62788935,d.dGI&psig=AFQjCNEp9aZFE_tvR_aXB8o9CDFryPwzmg&ust=1394610059973742





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E14002/Chang C.K.

8. COMBUSTION TURBINE GENERATIONPLANTS Combustion turbine (CT) power plants burn fuel in a jet engine and use

the exhaust gasses to spin a turbine generator . Fuel is then injected

into the compressed air and ignited, producing high-pressure and high-

temperature exhaust gasses. The exhaust is moved though turbine blades

much the same way steam is moved through turbine blades in a steam

power plant.

One of the advantages of combustion turbines is that they can actually be

designed to be remotely controlled for unmanned sites. Combustion turbines can be extremely responsive to power system

changes. They can go from no load to full load and vice versa in a matter of

seconds or in a matter of minutes.

http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=C7KJpkgQ_200aM&tbnid=EVtpryJhlGbP8M:&ved=0CAYQjRw&url=http://www.tva.com/power/cumb_turbineart.htm&ei=4cUeU4yEAYe5iAe1gIHABg&bvm=bv.62788935,d.dGI&psig=AFQjCNGPuGXIsX6xGu6f-uV_mjqM3FiCIQ&ust=1394611941470472

http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=3UX476vftdQ6oM&tbnid=-WZw6iCSOtaSyM:&ved=0CAYQjRw&url=http://www.foodtechinfo.com/FoodPro/Efficiency/cogeneration.htm&ei=hsUeU_bSA-jwiAeM1IHgAg&bvm=bv.62788935,d.dGI&psig=AFQjCNGPuGXIsX6xGu6f-uV_mjqM3FiCIQ&ust=1394611941470472

http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=C7KJpkgQ_200aM&tbnid=EVtpryJhlGbP8M:&ved=0CAYQjRw&url=http://www.tva.com/power/cumb_turbineart.htm&ei=4cUeU4yEAYe5iAe1gIHABg&bvm=bv.62788935,d.dGI&psig=AFQjCNGPuGXIsX6xGu6f-uV_mjqM3FiCIQ&ust=1394611941470472



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E14002/Chang C.K.

9. COMBINED-CYCLE POWER PLANTS

The combined-cycle power plant consists of two means of generation:

combustion turbine and steam turbine.

The hot exhaust is then coupled through a heat recovery steam generator

(HRSG) that is used to heat water, thus producing steam to drive a

secondary steam turbine generator. The combustion turbine typically uses

natural gas as the fuel to drive the turbine Blades.

The advantage of a combined-cycle (CC) system is that in addition to the

electrical energy produced by the fuel combustion engine, the exhaust fromthe engine also produces electrical energy.

http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=qK4_1EQNJj_0SM&tbnid=RTW4Vo8ih7b09M:&ved=0CAYQjRw&url=http://www.utilities-me.com/article-2121-ge-announces-12bn-in-new-orders/&ei=r8geU6XfFYWkige44YGwDQ&bvm=bv.62788935,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNFKstsG5aPJlvnqZGDz_4Lg__4M6g&ust=1394612609702497



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E14002/Chang C.K.

10. WIND TURBINE GENERATORS

Wind turbine generators tend to have a high cost per kWh produced. There is

also a concern about the availability of wind on a constant basis. Most power

companies do not consider wind generators to be base load units. Base load

implies that units are readily available and that they are part of a 24 hour

generation production schedule.

One interesting characteristic of wind power is the fact that power produced

is proportional to the cube of the wind speed.

Wind power is accepted as free energy with no fuel costs. Wind power is alsoconsidered renewable energy, since wind really never goes away..

http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=PeAOt_N7TTyMEM&tbnid=NAwaF6Y_OAexIM:&ved=0CAYQjRw&url=http://www.energy-guru.com/(S(aglijv2ilfzafubso1meh145))/Wind_Energy_Information.aspx&ei=qcoeU-qcI86fiQfMhYDYBA&bvm=bv.62788935,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNENYBLS4SblYYejQGm21MAJqqWXVA&ust=1394613205614815

https://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=zlmaC_RufBndJM&tbnid=lD111lSlq20fIM:&ved=0CAYQjRw&url=https://nothingnerdy.wikispaces.com/WIND+ENERGY+-+Charlotte&ei=bMoeU8itOMejigfP64DYCQ&bvm=bv.62788935,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNENYBLS4SblYYejQGm21MAJqqWXVA&ust=1394613205614815



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E14002/Chang C.K.

11. SOLAR DIRECT GENERATION (PHOTOVOLTAIC)

The photovoltaic type of solar power plant converts the sun’s energy directly

into electrical energy. This type of production uses various types of films or

special materials that convert sunlight into direct current (dc) electrical

energy systems. Panels are then connected in series and parallel to obtain

the desired output voltage and current ratings.

This dc energy is converted to utility ac energy by means of a device called

an inverter. Solar plants are environmentally friendly as they produce no

pollution. The main drawback to these plants is the cost of the panels andconversion equipment.

http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=7hh2KEahhF5bzM&tbnid=i9UVVhC_TkzBcM:&ved=0CAYQjRw&url=http://nett21.gec.jp/gesap/themes/themes4_5_3.html&ei=PMweU8b2NoyFiAexpICADw&bvm=bv.62788935,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNGbnAci812zzIFOquQPZ-a6dOEZ2g&ust=1394613607841714

http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=6-yhW7d29T8J_M&tbnid=Gs5re-GNbav8kM:&ved=0CAYQjRw&url=http://buildaroo.com/news/article/italy-europe-largest-solar-pv-plant/&ei=EcweU8O3EOOjige42IDABA&bvm=bv.62788935,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNGbnAci812zzIFOquQPZ-a6dOEZ2g&ust=1394613607841714



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E14002/Chang C.K.

Global electricity generation has increased by 67% since 1990, reaching

almost 19,800 TWh in 2007. Almost 70% of this electricity generation is

from fossil fuels and this share has increased since 1990.

Recent Trends:

12. ENERGY PERSPECTVES

<Source : Energy Technology Perspective 2010, IEA >

Fossil : Coal : 37 % 42% Gas : 15% 21% Oil : 6%

Non Fossil : Nuclear 17% 14% Hydropower : 18% 16% Biomass & Waste : 1% 1.3%

Other Renewables ( wind, geothermal, solar) 0.4% 1.2%



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E14002/Chang C.K.

Electricity production from coal is the main source of CO2 emissions

from the sector.

Between 1990 and 2007, CO2 emissions from global electricityproduction increased by 59% to reach 12 Gt. Most of the rise in CO2

emissions was driven by increases in electricity generation from coal. In

2007, coal-fired power plants accounted for 73% of total emissions from

the sector , up from a share of 66% in 1990.

CO2 Emissions




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E14002/Chang C.K.

Biomass and wind constitute the bulk of new renewables capacity up to

2020. Hydro grows continuously over the whole period, but this growthlevels off in later years for lack of suitable new sites. By 2050, hydro,

wind and solar each make similar contributions to total electricity

production in the BLUE Map scenario.

Future Scenarios

Variable renewable (wind, PV and ocean) : 19%

Total Renewables ( Hydropower, wind, geothermal, solar) : 18% 48%




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E14002/Chang C.K.June 18, 2013 28 E13020

In 2007, renewable energy sources represented 18% of power

generation worldwide. By 2050, all world regions produce at least 50% of their electricity

from renewables. (Target) Africa and Central and South America

achieve shares of more than 90%. China has the highest generation

from both onshore and offshore wind.

Carbon Capture and Storage Technology

Hydro power is currently the most important renewable energy source for electricitygeneration.




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E14002/Chang C.K.

Electricity generation is currently largely based on fossil fuels in many

countries and regions. In the absence of new policies, coal use inelectricity generation increases significantly.

By 2050, 44% of the world’s electricity comes from coal, slightly higher

than its current share. The contribution from gas increases to 23%,

while that from oil dwindles to almost zero.

Share of Fossil Fuel Power Plants




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E14002/Chang C.K.

Thank you!

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