45
Typical collector design (fig 6.18) Can we understand the design criteria for each of these components? What happens if you run such a collector too hot?
Typical collector design(fig 6.18)
Can we understand the design criteria for each of these components?
What happens if you run such a collector too hot?
National Solar Thermal Test Facility—Sandia National Lab
What is this?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_jack
What is oil??
•Complex mixture of MANY different hydrocarbons. More complex molecules (more carbon atoms per molecule) have higher boiling points.
•The refining process separates the crude petroleum into many different types of fuels (based on boiling point, and therefore carbon number)
•Don’t forget, there are also lots of impurities (sulfur, vanadium, nickel, …).
5-10 carbons/mol.
11-12 carbons/mol.
13-17 carbons/mol.
18-20 C’s/mol.
Resources vs. Reserves(McKelvey Diagram)
Resources
Reserves
Resources vs. Reserves (McKelvey Diagram)
Resources
Reserves
Proven
Indicated Inferred
Mo
re Exp
ensive
More Uncertain
US “Proven Reserves” over the last century (does not include 2006).
US Proven RESERVES (FROM EIA)
05000
10000
15000200002500030000
350004000045000
1900 1927 1954 1982 2009 2036
Year
Re
se
rve
s (
mill
ion
s o
f B
BL
's)
Series1
http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_sum_crdsnd_adc_mbbl_m.htm
Changes to US Petroleum reserves
Note: Domestic “production” accounts for only about27% of our petroleum consumption
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec1_3.pdf
Gasoline prices (EIA)
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html
http://www.daviesand.com/Perspectives/Forest_Products/Oil_Reserves/index.html
See also table 7.2 in the text
Oil Reserves
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0872964.html
Two Views of World’s “Oil” Supply
http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/oil/
Oil deposits
Fig. 7.9 from H&K
How do you find oil?
VIBRATOR TRUCKS
Sample seismic section
From Lafond et al. CSEG 2004 proceedings (effect of salt domes etc.)
E.G. Domestic hot-water system
Oil deposits
Fig. 7.9 from H&K
Price of Gasoline
http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/gdu/gasdiesel.asp?featureclicked=4&
E.G. Domestic hot-water system
How much can you get out?
15%
35% (Total)
Up to 45% (Total)
Even out best technologyPresently leaves over halfThe oil in the ground!
Southern Former Soviet States
Alakska National Wildlife Refuge
Model used for the seismic section
From Lafond et al. CSEG 2004 proceedings (effect of salt domes etc.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves
Well log and synthetic seismic section
Tar sands
http://www.eos.ubc.ca/research/ubcgif/research/petrol.html
Tar sands- Bucket wheels
These devices were used to remove the overburden and remove the Bitumen. The sand was loaded onto 31 MILES of conveyor belt. These Devices were phased out in 2000 in favour of large excavators and trucks.
http://www.www.dykon-explosivedemolition.com/Archives/BucketWheel/BucketWheel.html
Tar Sands
Each truck carries up to 400 TONS, equivalent of200 barrels of crude oil (that’s $16K at 80$/bbl).
Tar sands
http://www.usask.ca/education/ideas/tplan/sslp/yukon/bitumont.htm
How much can you get out?
15%
35% (Total)
Up to 45% (Total)
Even out best technologyPresently leaves over halfThe oil in the ground!
Tar sands
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabasca_Tar_Sands
Other non-conventional resources
• Orinoco River basin in Venezuela (about the same size as Alberta’s deposits, easier to extract [they call it extra heavy oil, not bitumen], but politically more complicated).
• There are also deposits in the mid-east that are largely ignored due to their proximity to much more easily obtained light oil, but they are approximately a tenth the size of the Alberta and Venezuelan fields.
Oil deposits
Fig. 7.9 from H&K
Features of Natural Gas
• It is a gas, composed almost entirely of methane (CH4), with some ethane (C2H6) and trace compounds (e.g. to give it an odor).
• There are “associated” deposits and “nonassociated” deposits (depending on whether it is found with oil or not)
• Expansion of its use required a huge investment in infrastructure (now up to 106 miles of pipe in the system), but as a result use quadrupled from 1950 to 1970.
• US consumption is ~22tcf (1tcf= 1 Quad from assignment number 1) and this is about equal to supply right now!
• Uses: Space heating/cooking:40%; Industry: 39%; Utility: 18%; transportation: 3%
Typical LNG tankers(Liquified Natural Gas)
Classic Puteri Firus (130000 m3)(Alstrom marine, 1997)
This larger ships hold roughly the energy equivalent of 600,000 bbl of oil, but it is much more volatile and explosive than oil!
Typical Oil tanker
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tanker
The largest such tankers today can carry up to 2 million barrels of oil(1.2x1013 Btu, or about 12 milli-Quads).
Quiz 3
1.(7 points) Name two of the key features of gasoline that make it particularly attractive as a fuel for transportation?
Coal
14000 Btu/lb
~13000 Btu/lb
9000 Btu/lb
6000 Btu/lb
Today, 90% of UScoal consumption is used for Electricitygeneration. This accounts for 72%of all electricitygeneration in the U.S.
Energy content and impuritiesboth change with grade and location.
Coal
Strip mining (about 60% of today’sproduction in the U.S.)
Underground mining
http://mysite.verizon.net/sosborne1/underground.html
http://www.mii.org/ReclStories/JacobsRanch/Jacobs.html
Methane Clathrate
“Burning Ice”
Close up of the atomicstructure
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_clathrate
Methane Clathrate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_clathrate
