TYPICAL OPERATING POLICIES AND...

PROCEDURES FOR MANAGEMENT OF DOCUMENTATION

Document Management ManualDocument New, Merge and Revision ProcessOperating Policies and Procedures Management System Guiding Principles and PoliciesProcedure TemplateProcedure Template Directions

GENERAL PROCEDURES

Assembling a Flanged ConnectionCanadian Electrical Work ProceduresCommunication ProceduresCompressed Gas Cylinders and Compressed AirContractor Employee Control ProcedureCrane and Rigging UseElectric Motor Bearing Lubrication GuidelinesField Planned Inspection ProcedureFitness to WorkFlange Bolt TighteningGuidelines for Venting of Sweet Natural GasHigh-Pressure Quick-Opening Closures ProcedureHoisting, Lifting, Towing and WinchingHydrates in PipelinesLong-Term Standby ProcedureMachine Guarding SafetyMagnetic Particle Inspection ProcedureMotor Vehicle OperationNatural Gas Flexible Hose ProcedureNatural Gas Leak Detection ProcedureOne Call ProcedureOperation of Heavy EquipmentOperations Center Evacuation ProcedureOwner/User Inspection Program for Inspection and Maintenance of Pressure Equipment

Including Repairs and Alterations

667

Appendix A

TYPICAL OPERATING POLICIESAND PROCEDURES(ref Chap 2, Sec. 2.5.2.1. and 2.5.3.2)

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Physical Security and Incident ReportingPile Driving ProcedurePortable Gas Detection of AtmospherePre-job ProcedureRegion Site Orientation ProcedureRelease ResponseRoadside Temporary Work Area ControlsSite-Specific Instructions ProcedureUnibolt Assembly and ConnectionUse of Power and Hand ToolsValve and Valve Operator Commissioning ProcedureValve Operator InformationValve Sealant and Sealant Guns ProcedureVendor Service Bulletins—Document Management ProcessWelder Qualification ProcedureWork Platforms, Scaffolds and Portable LaddersWorking Alone

HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT

Asbestos Exposure ControlChecking for PCBsConfined Space EntryConstruction Site Safety Inspection ProcedureContaminant Identification and ManagementContractor’s Health and Safety RequirementsDangerous Goods Guide for Welding Gases (Special Provision 42)Dangerous Goods Guide to Shipping Small Quantities (Limited Quantities Exemption)Disability ManagementDisposal of PCBsDocumentation for Transporting Wastes, Hazardous Materials and Dangerous GoodsEmergency Management System ManualEmergency Response during Natural Disasters Employee/Visitor/Contractor/Health, Safety and Environment OrientationEnvironmental Noise Complaint Environmental Sampling and TestingErgonomic Hazard ControlFall ProtectionFire and Safety System Protection Impairment ProcedureFirst Aid Injury/Illness RecordHazard AdvisoriesHealth, Safety and Environment Committee Roles and ResponsibilitiesHeat Stress ControlHydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Exposure ControlIncident Management ProcessIncident Reporting and ManagementIntegrated Public Awareness ProgramJob Safety Analysis

668 � Pipeline Operation & Maintenance—A Practical Approach


Lockout/Tag-out ProcedureManual Material HandlingMercury Exposure ControlNitrogen Foam Fire Fighting Troubleshooting ProcedureOccupational Exposure Limits TableOccupational Injury and Illness ResponseOccupational Noise ControlOverhead Powerlines ProcedurePersonal Protective EquipmentProduct/Chemical Approval and Handling ProcedureSafe Work Permits ProcedureSafety, Health and Environmental PolicyScreening/InvestigationSystem Emergency Response Procedure

PIPELINE

Aerial Pipeline PatrolBrush Control ProcedureDiscontinuation or Abandonment of Pipelines ProcedureEmergency Pipe InventoryExcavation ProcedureHydrostatic Failure ProcedureInline Inspection (ILI) ProcedureInstallation of Type A Reinforcement Steel Repair SleevesInstallation of Type B Pressure Containing Steel Sleeves on Leaking DefectsLiquid Pipeline Isolation ProcedureMaximum Pressure for Exposing or Working on a Pipeline Containing DefectsMueller Tee RetirementNatural Gas Pipeline Isolation ProcedurePentane Isolation, Handling and Storage ProcedurePipeline Crossing and Encroachment ProcedurePipeline Defect Assessment and RepairPipeline Defect Repair—Clock Springs ProcedurePipeline Entry ProcedurePipeline Hot Tap ProcedurePipeline Liquids/Solids Sampling, Handling and DisposalPipeline Locating and MarkingPipeline Operations (Gas Handling) Pipeline Right-of-wayPiping IdentificationPressure Control of Leaking PipelinesRailway Crossing With Heavy EquipmentReport Gas Used for Pipelines ProcedureRodent Infestation and Hantavirus Exposure ControlSignage Procedure

Appendix A � 669


COMPRESSION OR PUMPING STATION

Building Entry ProcedureComp Station Limits and SettingsCompressor Limits (specific for each type)Facility Isolation Procedure (possibly specific to each station)Facility Safety System Bypass ProcedureGas Turbine High Oil Consumption ProcedureGas Turbine Installation Differences (specific for each type)Gas Turbine Limits (specific for each type)Gas Turbine Transportation Procedure (specific for each type)Gas Turbine High Vibration Shutdown/AlarmGuidelines for Engineering Staff Working at Unattended Compressor StationsGuidelines for PLC Software ManagementIce Detection/Anti-ice System Operating ProcedureLubricating OilPLC Software Control ProcedurePortable Transfer Compressor Tie-in Piping Pressurization and Leak Test ProcedureRemote Station Sequence Logic, Status and Alarm Management ProcedureStation Boiler and Heater Lighting Procedure

MEASUREMENT

Dew Point Chart DrawingFlexible Hose Usage for Natural Gas Pressure Measuring EquipmentFlow Verification ProcedureGas Flow Measurement ProceduresGas Measurement Quality Assurance System ManualGas Quality Monitoring ProcedureGas Quality Procedure ManualGuidelines for Engineering and Technical Services Staff Working at Unattended Meter

StationsH2S Analyzer Commissioning Procedure (for each model)H2S Contamination ProcedureMeter Station General ProceduresMeter Station Support Systems Procedure

6 0 � Pipeline Operation & Maintenance—A Practical Approach7


The following troubleshooting information is presented in the form of a standard trou-bleshooting chart and has to be taken just as a typical example. Always consult the trou-bleshooting charts provided by most manufacturers.

There are three aspects to troubleshooting: The symptom describes what an operatormight notice or detect during the operation of the engine. The probable cause lists thelikely reasons for the symptom. The remedy makes recommendations on how the problemmay be resolved.

671

Appendix B

TROUBLESHOOTING CHARTFOR A GAS TURBINE(ref Chap 8.1)

Symptom Probable Cause Remedy

Permissives not cleared Address and clear permissives

Correct gas or hydraulic pressure notpresent

Check to ensure sufficient gas orhydraulic pressure

Starter motor inoperative Repair or replace starter motor

Starter clutch not engaging Repair starter clutch

Rotor is seized If previous shutdown was recent and fromfull power, wait for several hours

Rotor fails to rotate

Major internal problem Contact manufacturer

Igniters not functioning Check ignition system as per maintenancemanual

Gas or liquid manifold pressure is notcorrect

Check fuel system as per maintenancemanual

Rotor rotates but fails to light off

Rotor speed is not sufficient Check starter system

Air intake is obstructed Clear intake obstructions

Fuel pressure is not adequate Check fuel system as per maintenancemanual

Engine lights off but fails to reach idlespeed

Control system setting is not correct Check control system as per maintenancemanual

Main oil pump pressure is not highenough

Check main oil pump regulator and pumpperformance


Lube oil pump fails to switch over frompre-lube to main pump

Check valve between oil lines notoperating properly

Verify proper operation

Bleed valves not operating properly Check bleed valves as per maintenancemanual

Inlet guide vane not operating properly Check IGV system as per maintenancemanual

Loud bang is heard on start-up

Engine compressor is fouled Clean engine compressor using offlinewater wash

TROUBLESHOOTING—STARTING


TROUBLESHOOTING—RUNNING



Fuel pressure is not correct Check to ensure sufficient gas orhydraulic pressure


Speed is unstable

Speed probe or indicator is faulty Repair or replace speed probe or indicator


Engine compressor is fouled Clean engine compressor using offlinewater wash

Maximum power is not obtained

Long-term engine deterioration Perform borescope and if necessary,schedule major overhaul

Fuel nozzle is eroded Check fuel nozzles

Fuel nozzle is plugged Check fuel nozzles

Exhaust gas temperature spread is toohigh

Instrumentation problem Check thermocouples, harness andconnections

Sudden decrease in vibration Problem with vibration transducer orwiring

Check vibration transducer or wiring

If only one reading affected, problem withvibration transducer or wiring


If more than one reading affected, enginemountings are tight or seized

Check engine mountings

Sudden increase in vibration

If more than one reading affected, majorengine problem or internal failure

Check vibration as per maintenancemanual

Slow increase in vibration Long-term engine deterioration Perform borescope and if necessary,schedule major overhaul


TROUBLESHOOTING—ALARMS AND SHUTDOWNS

Appendix B � 673


Fuel system leaks Check for fuel system leaksFuel pressure low

Fuel filter blocked Check fuel filter

Problem with vibration transducer orwiring


Alarm and shutdown levels not correct Reset alarm and shutdown levels

Engine mounts too tight or seized Check engine mountings

Vibration high

Major engine problem or internal failure Perform borescope and if necessary,schedule repair

Speed probe has failed Check and replace speed probeLoss of speed signal

Problem with wiring and instrumentation Check wiring and instrumentation

Tank level too low Refill oil tank

Lube oil pump not supplying correctpressure

Check and replace lube oil pump

Lube oil supply pressure low

Regulator not set correctly Check setting for regulator

Tank level too low Refill oil tank

Oil cooler thermostatic valve notoperating properly

Check and reset thermostatic valve

Oil tank temperature too high

Oil cooler is plugged Repair oil cooler



This material was first researched by Barboza and Triplehorn (2001).

Permission granted to use material previously developed by Ms. Kenyon Barboza and Ms.Triplehorn is hereby acknowledged. The material has been updated to 2004. Codes, Regu-lations, Standards Updated 2010.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Basic ReferencesA. Corrosion and CrackingB. Design, Construction and OperationC. Economics and EnvironmentD. Fluid Dynamics and HydraulicsE. GeneralF. HistoricalG. PiggingH. SafetyI. Slurry PipelinesJ. Underwater PipelinesK. Rotating Equipment—GeneralL. Rotating Equipment—PumpsM. Rotating Equipment—CompressorsN. Rotating Equipment—Condition MonitoringO. Rotating Equipment—Maintenance and Reliability

II. BibliographiesIII. Codes, Regulations and StandardsIV. Conference ProceedingsV. Database and Indexes

VI. Dictionaries and EncyclopediasVII. Directories

VIII. Handbooks and ManualsIX. JournalsX. Maps

XI. OrganizationsXII. Web Resources

675

Appendix C

SOURCES OF INFORMATIONON PIPELINES, PIPING ANDPETROLEUM


I. Basic References A. Corrosion and Cracking(see also Handbooks and Manuals)

Bradford, S., 1993. Corrosion Control, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY. Peabody, A. W. 1978. Control of Pipeline Corrosion, . National Association of Corrosion Engineers,

Houston, TX. Schweitzer, P. A., 1994. Corrosion-Resistant Piping Systems, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY.

B. Design, Construction and OperationAmerican Society of Civil Engineers, Committee on Gas and Liquid Fuel Lifelines, 1984.

Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems, American Society of CivilEngineers, New York, NY.

Fay, K. F. von, TKINITIAL and Peabody, M. T., 1994. Historical Performance of Buried WaterPipe Lines, Materials Engineering Branch, Research and Laboratory Services Division, Bureauof Reclamation, Denver, CO.

Fletcher, L. (ed.), 1984. Design and Operation of Pipeline Control Systems, American Society ofCivil Engineers, New York, NY.

Howard, A. K., 1996. Pipeline Installation: A Manual for Construction of Buried Pipe. RelativityPub., Lakewood, CO.

Kannappan, S., 1992. Introduction to Pipe Stress Analysis, Krieger Pub. Co., Malabar, FL. Mohitpour, M., Golshan, H. and Murray. A., 2003. Pipeline Design & Construction: A Practical

Approach, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY. Moser, A. P., 2001. Buried Pipe Design, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board, 1991. Culverts and

Pipelines: Design, Monitoring, Evaluation and Repair. (Transportation Research Record, No.,1315.), Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.

National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board, 1995. Design and Perfor-mance of Underground Pipe. (Transportation Research Record, No.1514), National AcademyPress, Washington, D.C.

Pipeline Industries Guild (Great Britain), 1984. Pipeline: Design, Construction, and Operation,Construction Press, New York, NY.

Sosnin, H. A., 1983. Procedures for Pipewelding, National Association of Plumbing, Heating, Cool-ing Contractors, Washington, D.C.

Thompson, G., 1997. Pipe Joints: A Guide to Design and Materials, Mechanical Engineering Pub-lications, London, UK.

Thomson, J. C., 1993. Pipejacking and Microtunnelling, Blackie Academic Professional, New York,NY.

Vincent-Genod, J., 1984. Fundamentals of Pipeline Engineering, : Gulf Publishing, Houston, TX. Watkins, R. K. and Anderson, L. R., 2000. Structural Mechanics of Buried Pipes, CRC Press,

Baton Rouge, FL. Williams, P. J. 1979. Pipelines and Permafrost: Physical Geography and Development in the Cir-

cumpolar North. (Topics in Applied Geography), Longman, New York, NY. Williams, P. J., 1986. Pipelines & Permafrost: Science in a Cold Climate, Carleton University Press,

Ottawa, ONT, Canada. Young, O. C., 1984. Buried Rigid Pipes: Structural Design of Pipelines, Elsevier Applied Science

Publishers, New York, NY.

C. Economics and Environment(see also Bibliographies)

Berry, J. and Dennison, M. S., 2000. The Environmental Law and Compliance Handbook,McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.



Crovitz, G. (ed.), 1983. Europe’s Siberian Gas Pipeline: Economic Lessons and Strategic Implica-tions. Occasional Paper No. 6., Alliance Publishers for Institute for European Defence andStrategic Studies, London, UK.

DeWald, O. E. et al., 1983. Regional Environmental Assessment: Gulf of Mexico Pipeline Activities,U.S. Department of the Interior, The Service, Minerals Management Services, Gulf of MexicoOCS Region, Metaire, L.A.

Douglas, R. J., 1980. Assessment of the Knowledge of Potential Effects of the Northwest AlaskanPipeline Project on Mammals: Literature Review and Agency Input: Final Report, LGL Eco-logical Research Associates, Inc. and University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK.

Gallick, E. C., 1993. Competition in the Natural Gas Pipeline Industry: An Economic Policy Analy-sis, Praeger, Westport, CT.

Gallun, R. A. et al., 2001. Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Accounting. 4th Ed., PennWell PublishingCo., Tulsa, OK.

Johnson, L. A., 1981. Revegetation and Selected Terrain Disturbances Along the Trans-AlaskaPipeline, 1975-1978. (CRREL Report, 81-12), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hanover, NH.

Pearson, N., 1995. Pipelines and Farming, Strathmore House, London, ONT, Canada.Robertson, G. (ed.), 1995. Buyer Beware: Environmental Liability Exposure in Oil and Gas Trans-

actions, : PennWell, Tulsa, OK. Tippee, B., 1993. Where’s the Shortage? A Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Economics, PennWell

Publishing Co., Tulsa, OK. Tiratsoo, J. N. H. (ed.),1984. Pipelines and the Environment, Pipes & Pipelines International, Bea-

consfield, Buck, UK.

D. Fluid Dynamics and Hydraulics Benedict, R. P., 1980. Fundamentals of Pipe Flow, Wiley, New York, NY. Crane Company Engineering Division, 1988. Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe,

Crane Co., King of Prussia, PA. Larock, B. E., Jeppson, R. W. and Watters, G. Z., 2000. Hydraulics of Pipeline Systems, CRC

Press, Boca Raton, FL. Lester, C. B., 1994. Hydraulics for Pipeliners, Vol. 1: Fundamentals. 2nd Ed., : Gulf Publishing Co.,

Houston, TX. Tullis, J. P., 1989. Hydraulics of Pipelines: Pumps, Valves, Cavitation, Transients, John Wiley &

Sons, New York, NY.

E. General Berger, Bill D. and Anderson, K. E., 1992. Modern Petroleum: A Basic Primer of the Industry, 3rd

Ed., PennWell, Tulsa, OK. Datta-Barua, L., 1991. Natural Gas Measurement and Control: A Guide for Operators and Engi-

neers, McGraw, New York, NY. Kennedy, J. L., 1993. Oil and Gas Pipeline Fundamentals, 2nd Ed., PennWell Books, Tulsa, OK. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, 1986. Pipeline Safety—The Rise of the

Federal Role: A Report, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Pipeline Industries Guild (Great Britain), 1994. Pipelines: All You Wanted to Know … But Were

Afraid to Ask, Pipeline Industries Guild, London, UK.Sheppard, N. (ed.), 1984. Introduction to the Oil Pipeline Industry, 3rd Ed., Petroleum Extension

Service, Division of Continuing Education, University of Texas at Austin,. Austin, TX.

F. Historical Berry, M. C., 1975. Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims, Indiana Univer-

sity Press, Bloomington, IN. Blinken, A. J., 1987. Ally Versus Ally: America, Europe, and the Siberian Pipeline Crisis, Praeger,

New York, NY.

Appendix C � 677


Castaneda, C. J. and Smith, C. M., 1996. Gas Pipelines and the Emergence of America’s Regula-tory State: A History of Panhandle Eastern Corporation, 1928-1993, Cambridge UniversityPress, New York, NY.

Cole, D., 1997. Amazing Pipeline Stories: How Building the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Transformed Lifein America’s Last Frontier, Epicenter Press, Kenmore, WA.

Hosmanek, M., 1984. Pipeline Construction, 2nd Ed., : Petroleum Extension Service, Austin, TX. Kiefner, J. F. and Clark, E. B., 1996. History of Line Pipe Manufacturing in North America, Amer-

ican Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY. Roscow, J. P., 1977. 800 Miles to Valdez: The Building of the Alaska Pipeline, Prentice-Hall, New

York, NY.

G. Pigging(see also Conference Proceedings)

Cordell, J. and Vanzant, H., 1995. All About Pigging: The Design of Pipelines and Facilities forConventional and Intelligent Pigging and a Guide to Pig Selection, Operation and Maintenanceand to Pipeline Pigging, Hershel Vanzant & Associates, Claremore, OK.

Pigging Products and Services Association, 1995. An Introduction to Pipeline Pigging. 2nd Ed.,Gulf Publishing, Houston, TX.

Tiratsoo, J. N. H. (ed.), 1992. Pipeline Pigging Technology, 2nd Ed., Gulf Publishing Co., Houston,TX.

H. SafetyCote, A. E. (ed.), 1997. Fire Protection Handbook, 18th Ed., National Fire Protection Association,

Quincy, MA. Daugherty, J., 1999. Industrial Safety Management: A Practical Approach, Government Institutes,

Rockville, MD. Hagan, P. E., Montgomery, J. F. and O’Reilly, J. T. (eds.), 2001. Accident Prevention Manual for

Business & Industry: Engineering & Technology, 12th Ed., National Safety Council, Itasca, IL. Levitt, R. and Samelson, N., 1993. Construction Safety Management, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons,

New York, NY. MacCollum, D. V., 1995. Construction Safety Planning, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY. Muhlbauer, W. K., 1996. Pipeline Risk Management Manual, 2nd Ed., Gulf Publishing Co., Hous-

ton, TX. National Research Council (U.S.), Committee on the Safety of Marine Pipelines. 1994. Improv-

ing the Safety of Marine Pipelines, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Reese, C. D. and Edison, J. V. 1999. Handbook of OSHA Construction Safety and Health, Lewis

Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. Spellman, F. R. and Whiting, N. E., 1999. Safety Engineering: Principles and Practice, Govern-

ment Institutes, Inc., Rockville, MD. United States National Transportation Safety Board. Pipeline Accident Report, National Trans-

portation Safety Board; Springfield, VA Irregular, Washington, D.C. United States Office of Pipeline Safety. Annual Report on Pipeline Safety, Office of Pipeline

Safety, Washington, D.C. (Preceded by United States Materials Transportation Bureau. AnnualReport of Pipeline Safety).

I. Slurry Pipelines Faddick, R. R., 1979. The Environmental and Pollution Aspects of Coal Slurry Pipelines, Environ-

mental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Industrial EnvironmentalResearch Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH.

Husband, W. H. W., 1986. Slurry Pipeline Manual: Design and Construction, TransportationDevelopment Centre (Canada), Saskatchewan Research Council, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.

Jacobs, B. E. A., 1991. Design of Slurry Transport Systems, Elsevier, New York, NY.



Wasp, E. J., Kenny, J. P. and Ganhi, R. L., 1979. Solid-Liquid Flow Slurry Pipeline Transporta-tion, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX.

J. Underwater PipelinesDeLaMare, R. F. 1985. Advances in Offshore Oil and Gas Pipeline Technology, Gulf Publishing,

Houston, TX. Herbich, J. B., 1981. Offshore Pipeline Design Elements, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY. Mazurkiewicz, B. K. (ed.), 1987. Offshore Platforms and Pipelines: Selected Contributions, Trans

Tech Publications, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, West Germany. Mousselli, A. H.,1 981. Offshore Pipeline Design, Analysis, and Methods, Pennwell Publishing Co.,

Tulsa, OK.

K. Rotating Equipment—GeneralBloch, H. P., 2000. Practical Lubrication for Industrial Facilities, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York,

NY.Bloch, H. P. and Soares, C., 1998. Process Plant Machinery, Butterworth-Heinemann.Boyce, M. P., 2002. Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook, Butterworth-.Brown, M., 1995. Seals and Sealing Handbook, Elsevier.Connell, J. R. and Connell, B., 1995. Process Instrumentation Applications Manual, McGraw-Hill

Professional.Dixon, S. L., 1998. Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery, Butterworth-Heine-

mann.Japikse, D. and Baines, N. C., 1997. Introduction to Turbomachinery, Concepts ETI.Luyben, M. L. and Luyben, W. L., 1996. Essentials of Process Control, McGraw-Hill.McMillan, G. K., 1999. Process/Industrial Instruments and Controls Handbook, 5th Ed.Muller, H. K. K and Nau, B., 1998. Fluid Sealing Technology: Principles and Applications, Marcel

Dekker.Piotrowski, J., 1995. Shaft Alignment Handbook, 2nd Ed., Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, NY.Pirro, D. M. and Wessol, A. A., (2001). Lubrication Fundamentals, 2nd Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc.,

New York, NY.Wowk, V., 1995. Machinery Vibration: Balancing, McGraw-Hill Professional.Wowk, V., 2000. Machinery Vibration: Alignment, McGraw-Hill Professional.

L. Rotating Equipment—PumpsCentrifugal Pumps (Newtonian Liquids), 2002. A Guide to Performance Evaluation, 3rd Ed., Equip-

ment Testing Procedures Committee of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE),New York, NY.

Karassik, I. J., 1989. Centrifugal Pump Clinic, Marcel Dekker Inc.Lobanoff, V. S. and Ross, R. R., 1992. Centrifugal Pumps: Design and Application, Gulf Publishing

Company, Houston, Texas.Nelik, L., 1999. Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps—Fundamentals with Applications, CRC Press, Boca

Raton, FL.Pump Life Cycle Costs: A Guide to LCC Analysis for Pumping Systems, 2001, Europump and

Hydraulic Institute.Wahren, U., 1997. Practical Introduction to Pumping Technology, Gulf Publishing Company, Hous-

ton, TX.

M. Rotating Equipment—CompressorsBloch, H. P., 1996. A Practical Guide to Compressor Technology, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.Brown, R. Compressors: Selection and Sizing.Hanlon, P. C., 2001. Compressor Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.Moore, R. L., 1989. Control of Centrifugal Compressors, Instrument Society of America.

Appendix C � 679


N. Rotating Equipment—Condition MonitoringDavies, A., 1997. Handbook of Condition Monitoring: Techniques and Methodology, Kluwer Acad-

emic Publishers.Davies, A., Williams, J. H. and Drake P. R., 1994. Condition-based Maintenance and Machine Diag-

nostics, Kluwer Academic Publishers.Eisenmann, Sr., R. C. and Eisenmann, Jr., R. C., 1997. Machinery Malfunction Diagnosis and Cor-

rection: Vibration Analysis and Troubleshooting for Process Industries, 1st Ed., Prentice HallPTR.

Holroyd, T., 2000. Acoustic Emission & Ultrasonic Monitoring Handbook, Coxmoor Publishing Co. Hunt, T. M., 1996. Condition Monitoring of Mechanical and Hydraulic Plant: A Concise Introduc-

tion and Guide, Kluwer Academic Publishers.Rao, B. K. N., 1996(a). Handbook of Condition Monitoring, Elsevier Advanced Technology. Rao, B. K. N. (ed.), 1996(b). Profitable Condition Monitoring: Fluids and Machinery Performance

Monitoring (BHR Group Publications), Mechanical Engineering Publications.Thomas, R., 1999. Thermography Monitoring Handbook, Coxmoor Publishing Co.

Wowk, V., 1991. Machinery Vibration: Measurement and Analysis, McGraw-Hill Professional,New York, NY.

O. Rotating Equipment—Maintenance and ReliabilityAbernethy, R. D., 1996. The New Weibull Handbook, 3rd Ed., Abernethy.Blanchard, B. S., Verma, D. and Peterson, E. L., 1995. Maintainability: A Key To Effective Service-

ability and Maintenance Management, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.Ebeling, C. E., 1996. An Introduction to Reliability and Maintainability Engineering, McGraw-Hill

Science/Engineering/Math, New York, NY. Levitt, J., 2000, Handbook of Maintenance Management, Industrial Press, Inc.Idhammar, C. et al., 1996. Maintenance Planning and Scheduling, Idcon, Inc.Matthews, C., 2000. Reliability of Sealing Systems for Rotating Machinery, Mechanical Engineering

Pub. Ltd.Mobley, K., 1999. Root Cause Failure Analysis, Butterworth-Heinemann.Modarres, M., 1993. What Every Engineer Should Know about Reliability and Risk Analysis, Mar-

cel Dekker, New York, NY. Moubray, J., 2001. Reliability-Centered Maintenance, Industrial Press, Inc.Nyman, D. and Levitt, J., 2002. Maintenance Planning, Scheduling and Coordination, Industrial

Press, Inc.O’Connor, P. D. T., 2002. Practical Reliability Engineering, 4th Ed., Halsted Press. Palmer, R. D. Maintenance Planning and Scheduling Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.Redmill, F. and Dale, C. (eds.), 1997. Life Cycle Management for Dependability, Springer-Verlag. Smith, D. J., 2001. Reliability, Maintainability and Risk: Practical Methods for Engineers, 6th Ed.,

Butterworth-Heinemann. Villemeur, A., 1991. Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety Assessment—Volume 1:

Methods and Techniques, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.Villemeur, A., 1992. Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety Assessment—Volume 2:

Assessment, Hardware, Software and Human Factors, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.Wireman, T., 1990. World Class Maintenance Management, Industrial Press, Inc.

Wireman, T., 1999. Developing Performance Indicators for Managing Maintenance, IndustrialPress, Inc.

II. BibliographiesAmerican Petroleum Institute Library, 1992. Petroleum Industry: Sources of Basic Information,

American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.American Society of Civil Engineers, 1989. List of Sources and Reference Material on Pipeline

Design, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY.



Bowie, G. L. and Wiegel, R., 1977. Marine Pipelines: An Annotated Bibliography, Fort U.S. ArmyCorps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Belvoir, VA.

British Hydromechanics Research Association, 1990. Pipelines Construction Bibliography,British Hydromechanics Research Association, Cranfield, Bedford, England, UK.

Buck, E. H. et al., 1978. Comprehensive Bibliography and Index of Environmental InformationAlong the Three Alternative Gas Pipeline Routes, Arctic Environmental Information and DataCenter; Springfield, VA; Anchorage, AK.

Davis, B. J., 1982. An Annotated Pipe Line Bibliography, 3rd Ed., Association of Oil Pipe Lines,Washington, D.C.

Guy, N. G. (ed.), 1987. Pipe Protection Bibliography, Elsevier Applied Science, New York, NY.Lai, N. W. et al., 1973. A Bibliography of Offshore Pipeline Literature, (NTIS Number: TAMU-SG-

74-206), Department of Marine Resources Information, Center for Marine Resources, Texas A& M University College Station, TX.

Rieber, M. and Soo, S. L., 1982. Coal Slurry Pipelines: A Review and Analysis of Proposals, Pro-jects and Literature, (NTIS Number: EPRI/EA-2546), Electric Power Research Institute;Springfield, VA.

Searing, G. F., 1981. Effects of Elevated Linear Developments on Wildlife: A Review and AnnotatedBibliography, Foothills Pipe Lines (South Yukon) Ltd., Calgary, AB, Canada.

Shank, C. C., 1979. Human-Related Behavioural Disturbance to Northern Large Mammals: A Bib-liography and Review, Foothhills Pipe Lines (South Yukon) Ltd., Calgary, AB, Canada.

Smallidge, E. R., 1997. Bibliography on Northern Pipelines in the Former Soviet Union, SpecialReport 97-17, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Labo-ratory, Ft. Belvoir, VA.

III. Codes, Regulations and Standards(see also Organizations)

American Petroleum Institute, 1991. Pipeline Maintenance Welding Practices (API RP 1107), 3rdEd., American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.

American Petroleum Institute, 2008. Specification for Pipeline Valves (Gate, Plug and CheckValves), 23rd Ed., (API Spec 6D), American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.

American Petroleum Institute, 2008. Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities (API STD 1104),20th Ed., American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.

American Petroleum Institute, 2007. Specification for the Line Pipe (API SPEC 5L), AmericanPetroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2002. Slurry Transportation Piping Systems (ASMEB31.11): American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2006. Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Com-ponents (ASME B31.5; 2006), American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2002. Pipeline Transportation Systems for LiquidHydrocarbons and Other Liquids (ASME B31.4), American Society of Mechanical Engineers,New York, NY.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. Power Piping (ASME B31.1),American Societyof Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. Gas Transmission and Distribution PipingSystems (ASME B31.8), American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. Process Piping (ASME B31.3), AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY (published every threeyears with updates).

The Third Mile Groop, 2009 “K-20 Education Pipeline Bibliography” http://www.blackboard institute.com/pdf/TMG_Pipeline_Bibliography.pdf

American Petroleum Institute, 2009/2010, ANSI/API Spec 5L. Specification for Line Pipe Forty-fourth Edition, Includes Errata and Addendums 1(2009) and 2 (2010).

Appendix C 681


ASTM Standards. Complete Set, 2010. Complete 82 Volume set of ASTM Standards, AmericanAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York.

Code of Federal Regulations, Annual. Title 49 Transportation, Parts 186-199, Office of the FederalRegister, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, Washing-ton, D.C; www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/cfr-table-search.html.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2007 (ANSI/IEEE-C2). National ElectricalSafety Code, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, N.Y.

International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, 2009. Uniform Plumbing Code,International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, Walnut Creek, CA.

International Conference of Building Officials, 1997. Uniform Building Code, 2 Vols. + A Com-

constructionbook.com/icbo-uniform-building-code/International Conference of Building Officials, 1997. Uniform Mechanical Code, International

Conference on Building Officials, Whittier, CA.National Fire Protection Association, 2011. NFPA (Fire) 70 (National Electrical Code-NEC),

National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA.National Fire Protection Association. National Fire Codes. National Fire Protection Association,

Quincy, MA; updated frequently.http://www.nfpa.org/.

IV. Conference Proceedings“Advances in Subsea Pipeline Engineering and Technology,” 1996. “Proc., Int. Conf. Society for

Underwater Technology and Pipeline Industries Guild, Nov., Society for Underwater Technol-ogy, Aberdeen, London,.

“Advances in Underground Pipeline Engineering,” 1995. Proc., 2nd Int. Conf., Jeyapalan, K. J.and Jeyapalan, M. (eds.), 1995. Bellevue, Washington Jun., American Society of Civil Engi-neers, Pipeline Division, New York, NY.

“Aging Pipelines: Optimizing the Management and Operation, Low Pressure, High Pressure,”1999. Institution of Mechanical Engineering (ImechE), Conf. Trans., Professional EngineeringPublishing, Bury St., Edmunds, UK.

American Gas Association, Annual. Operating Section Proceedings, American Gas Association,Arlington, VA.

“Effective Tools and Methods for Fighting Pipeline Corrosion—Both Internally and Exter-nally,” 1994. Proc., Int. Pipeline Corrosion Conf. and Exhibition, Gulf Pub. Co. and ScientificSurveys, Ltd., Houston, TX.

“Environmental and Pipeline Engineering,” 2000. Proc., American Society of Civil EngineersNational Conf. on Environmental & Pipeline Engineering Rao, Y. S. (ed.), , Environmental andWater Resources Institute, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

“Fatigue, Fracture, and High Temperature Design Methods in Pressure Vessels and Piping,”1998. Paper, 1998 American Society of Mechanical Engineers/JSME Joint Pressure Vessels andPiping Conf., Yoon, K. (ed.), Pressure Vessels and Piping Division, American Society ofMechanical Engineers, New York, NY.

“Hydraulics of Pipelines,” 1994. Proc. of the Int. Conf., Fowles, D. T. and Wegener, D. H., PipelineDivision, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

“Hydrotransport,” Int. Conf. on Slurry Handling and Pipeline Transport, Triannually. Profes-sional Engineering Pub., Edmunds, London, UK.

“Innovative Concepts in Power Piping Design,” 1983. Paper, 4th National Congress on PressureVessels and Piping Technology, van Stijgeren, E. (ed.), Pressure Vessels and Piping Division,American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY.

“NDE Engineering Codes and Standards and Materials Characterization,” 1996. Paper, 1996ASME, Pressure Vessels and Piping Conf., Cook, J. G., Cowfer, C.D. and Monahan. C.C. (eds.),American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY.

American Society for Testing and Materials, 2006. ASTM Standards Related to Trenchless

68 2 Pipeline Operation & Maintenance—A Practical Approach

Technology, 2nd Edition. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.

nion Code, International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA. http://www.


“Pipeline Crossings,” 1996. Proc., Specialty Conf., Catalano, L. F. (ed.), Pipeline Division, Ameri-can Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY.

“Pipeline Design and Installation:” Proc., Int. Conf., 1990. Edited by Kenneth K. Kienow. K. K.(ed.), Pipeline Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY. New York, NY.

“Pipeline Engineering Symposium:” Paper, Annual Energy-Sources Technology Conf. and Exhibi-tion,1983-1990. Pipeline Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY.

“Pipeline Infrastructure,” 1988. Proc., of the Conf., Bennett, B. A. (ed.), Pipeline Division, Amer-ican Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY.

“Pipeline Infrastructure II,” 1993. Proc., Int. Conf., Pickell, M. B. (ed.), Pipeline Division, Amer-ican Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY.

“Pipelines in the Constructed Environment,” 1998. Proc., 1998 Pipeline Division Conf. Cas-tronovo, J. P. and Clark, J. A., American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

“Pipeline Leak Detection: Government, Industry, Technology: A Unique Perspective,” 1992.Ellul, E. R., Basavaraj, B. and Jackson, S. (eds.), Pipeline Division, American Society of CivilEngineers, New York, NY.

“Pipeline Materials and Design:” Proceedings of a Session, 1984. Schrock, B. J. (ed.), PipelineDivision, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY.

“Pipeline Risk Management and Reliability Conf.,” 1997. Pipes & Pipelines International andClarion Technical Conferences, Houston, TX

“Pipeline Safety, Reliability, and Rehabilitation,”1999. Proc., Group of American Society ofCivil Engineers Technical Sessions, American Public Works Association, Connor, R. C. (ed.),American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

“Pipeline Technology,” 1995. Proc., 2nd Int. Pipeline Technology Conf., Denys, R. (ed.), ElsevierScience, New York, NY.

“Pipeline Technology,” 2000. Proc., 3rd Int. Pipeline Technology Conf., Denys, R. (ed.), ElsevierScience, New York, NY.

Proc., Int. Conf. on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 1982. Offshore Mechanics andArctic Engineering Division, New York, NY. This conference is held annually.

Proc., Int. Conf. on Pipeline Protection, every 2 years. Mechanical Engineering Publications,Edmunds, London, UK.

Proc., Int. Conf. on Pressure Surges and Fluid Transients in Pipelines and Open Channels,Boldy, A. (ed.), 1996. Mechanical Engineering Pub., Edmunds, London, UK.

Proc., Int. Pipeline Conf., 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004. Pipeline Systems Division, AmericanSociety of Mechanical neers, New York, NY.

Proc., Int. Deepwater Pipeline Technology Conf. and Exhibition, 1999. Clarion Technical Confer-ences, Houston, TX.

Proc., Int. Pigging Conf. and Exhibition, Annual. Clarion Technical Conferences and ScientificSurveys Ltd., Houston, TX.

Proc., API Pipeline Conf., Annual. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. Proc., Conf. on Pipelines in Adverse Environments II, 1983 Pickell, M. D., Pipeline Division,

American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY. Proc., ISOPE European Offshore Mechanics Symp., 2nd Ed.,1999. Chung, J. S. (ed.), International

Society of Offshore & Polar Engineers, Santa Clara, CA. Trenchless Pipeline Projects: Practical Applications, Proc., Conf., 1997 Osborn, L. E. (ed.), Amer-

ican Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY.

V. Databases and IndexesAPI En Compass News, 1975 (updated daily). API EnCompass. New York, NY; available electron-ically.News from major worldwide publications on petroleum, petrochemical, natural gas and energyindustries.

APILIT, 1964 (updated weekly). API Encompass, New York, NY.

Appendix C � 683


Available electronically.

Comprehensive coverage of literature pertaining to petroleum, petrochemical, natural gas andenergy-related industries.

Applied Science and Technology Index, Vol. 46, 1958 (updated, monthly with quarterly and annualcumulations). H.W. Wilson, New York, NY: H.W. Wilson; continues Industrial Arts Index Vol. 1(1913), Vol. 45 (1957). Cumulative subject index with product reviews after 1991.

Available on CD-ROM, updated quarterly; available electronically.

Covers international English-language periodicals in the applied sciences and technology.

Business Periodical Index, Vol. 1, 1958 (updated monthly, except August, with annual cumulation).H.W. Wilson, Bronx, NY. Indexes by subject, selected author and corporate name; available on CD-ROM (updated quarterly); available electronically, 1982 (updated twice weekly).

Compendex Plus, 1969 (updated monthly). : Engineering Information, Inc., New York, NY: Engi-neering Information, Inc.; available on CD-ROM, 1989 to present (updated quarterly); availableelectronically, 1969 to present (updated monthly).

Energy Science and Technology, 1974 (updated biweekly). U.S. Department of Commerce, Spring-field, VA; U.S. Department of Energy. National Technical Information Service, Oak Ridge, TN;available electronically.

Worldwide multidisciplinary database from the Department of Energy and other agencies of basic,applied scientific and technology research on energy.

Energyline, 1971-1993. Congressional Information Service, Bethesda, MD; available electronically. Online version of Energy Information Abstracts, plus energy and environmental records from EnergyIndex.

Engineering Index, 1907 (updated monthly; superseded by annual volume). Engineering Informa-tion Inc., New York, NY; available electronically (see Compendex). Fluidex (Fluid Engineering Abstracts), 1973 (updated monthly). Elsevier Science, New York, NY;available electronically.

Worldwide literature in all aspects of fluid engineering.

NTIS (National Technical Information Service), 1964. U.S. Department of Commerce, Spring-field, VA; available electronically.

Technical abstracts for U.S. government sponsored research, plus some summaries of state andlocal government agencies and some foreign government sponsored research.

Petroleum Abstracts, 1961. Petroleum Abstracts, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK: PetroleumAbstracts, University of Tulsa; available online (see Tulsa: Petroleum Abstracts).

Worldwide geotechnical literature for oil and gas exploration and production.

Pub Science. Available free on Internet: http://pubsci.osti.gov.

A unique partnership of journal publishers and the Department of Energy research community toprovide the largest compendia of energy-related bibliographic citations available electronically.



Transportation Research Board (TRIS) and U.S. Department of Transportation,1968 (updatedmonthly). Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.; available electronically; available freeon the Internet: http://199.79.179.82/sundev/search.cfm.

Comprehensive database with abstracts on transportation topics from published articles, reports andresearch projects.

Tulsa (Petroleum Abstracts), 1965 (updated weekly).: Petroleum Abstracts, University of Tulsa.Tulsa, OK: Petroleum Abstracts, University of Tulsa.; available electronically; available on the Inter-net (license required). http://www.pa.utulsa.edu.

Worldwide geotechnical literature for oil and gas exploration and production.

VI. Dictionaries and EncyclopediasA Dictionary for the Petroleum Industry, 1991. Petroleum Extension Service, University of Texas

at Austin, Austin, TX. Glossary of the Petroleum Industry, 3rd Ed., 1996. English/Spanish, Spanish/English. Pennwell Pub

Co., Tulsa, OK. Langenkamp, R. D., 1994(a). Handbook of Oil Industry Terms and Phrases, 5th Ed., Pennwell Pub

Co., Tulsa, OK.Langenkamp, R. D. (ed.), 1994(b). Illustrated Petroleum Reference Dictionary, 4th Ed., Pennwell

Pub Co., Tulsa, OK. Lee, C. C., 1998. Environmental Engineering Dictionary, 3rd Ed., Government Institutes, Inc,

Rockville, MD. Liebson, D., 1993. Petroleum Pipeline Encyclopedia, Oil Petroleum Research Institute, Boulder, CO. Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1997. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Shann, C. D. (ed.), 1978. Pipeline Glossary and Directory, Scientific Surveys, Bucks, UK. Tippee, B. (ed.), 2000. International Petroleum Encyclopedia 2000, PennWell, Tulsa, OK.

VII. DirectoriesBrown’s Directory of North American and International Gas Companies, Annual. Edgell Com-

munications, Dallas, TX. Canadian Oil Industry Directory, Annual. PennWell Pub. Co., Tulsa, OK. Financial Times Energy Yearbook: Oil & Gas, Annual. London, UK: FT Energy. Gas Utility Companies and Pipeline Contractors: Worldwide Directory, Annual. Midwest Register

Inc., Tulsa, OK. International Pipe Line and Offshore Contractors Directory, Annual. Energy Communications,

Inc., Dallas, TX. Natural Gas Directory, Annual. PennWell Pub. Co., Tulsa, OK. Pipeline Industry: Worldwide, Annual. Midwest Register, Inc., Tulsa, OK. Pipeline Personnel Directory, Annual. Universal News Inc., Houston, TX. USA Oil Industry Directory, Annual. PennWell Pub. Co., Tulsa, OK. Worldwide Offshore Directory, Annual. PennWell Pub. Co., Tulsa, OK.Worldwide Pipeline & Contractors Directory, Annual. PennWell Pub. Co., Tulsa, OK.

VIII. Handbooks and ManualsBaeckmann, W. von Schwenk, W. and Prinz, W. (eds.), 1989. Handbook of Cathodic Corrosion

Protection: Theory and Practice of Electrochemical Protection Processes, 3rd Ed., Gulf PubCo., Houston, TX.

Appendix C � 685


Bradford, S. A., 2000. Practical Handbook of Corrosion Control in Soils, CASTI Pub., Edmonton,Canada.

Chen, W. F. (ed.), 1995. Civil Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Craig, B. D. and Anderson, D. S. (eds.), 1995. Handbook of Corrosion Data, ASM International,

Materials Park, OH.Dickenson, T. C., 1999. Valves, Piping & Pipelines Handbook, 3rd Ed., PennWell Publishing Co.,

Tulsa, OK. Dorf, R. C. (ed.), 1996. Engineering Handbook, PennWell, Boca Raton, FL.Dorf, R. C. (ed.), 1997. Electrical Engineering Handbook, 2nd Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Fink, D. G. and Wayne, B. G. (eds.), 2000. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 14th Ed.,

McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Hicks, T. G., Hicks, S. D. and Leto, J., 1995. Standard Handbook of Engineering Calculations, 3rd

Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.Lamit, L. G., 1984. Pipe Fitting and Piping Handbook, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Lee, R. R., 1999. Pocket Guide to Flanges, Fittings, and Piping Data, 3rd Ed., Gulf Pub Co., Hous-

ton, TX. Marks, A., 1980. Handbook of Oceanic Pipeline Computations, PennWell Publishing Co., Tulsa,

OK. Marks, L. S., 1996. Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 10th Ed., McGraw-Hill,

New York, NY. McAllister, E. W. (ed.), 1998. Pipe Line Rules of Thumb Handbook: Quick and Accurate Solutions

to Your Everyday Pipe Line Problems, 4th Ed., Gulf Professional Publishing, Houston, TX. McKetta, J. J. (ed.), 1992. Piping Design Handbook, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. Megyesy, E. F., 1998. Pressure Vessel Handbook, 11th Ed., Pressure Vessel Publishing Inc., Tulsa,

OK. Mendel, O., 1981. Practical Piping Handbook, PennWell Books, Tulsa, OK. Merritt, F. S., Loftin, M. K. and Ricketts, J. T. (eds.), 1996. Standard Handbook for Civil Engi-

neers, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Muhlbauer, W. K., 1996. Pipeline Risk Management Manual, 2nd Ed., Gulf Pub. Co., Houston, TX. Nayyar, M., L. (ed.), 2000. Piping Handbook, 7th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Page, J. S., 1999. Cost Estimating Manual for Pipelines and Marine Structures, Gulf Publishing

Co., Houston, TX. Parker, M. and Peattie, E., 1984. Pipe Line Corrosion and Cathodic Protection: A Practical Man-

ual for Corrosion Engineers, Technicians, and Field Personnel, 3rd Ed., Gulf Publishing Co.,Houston, TX.

Peggs, L. A., 1985. Underground Piping Handbook, R.E. Krieger, Malabar, FL. Perry, R. H., Green, D. W. and Maloney, J. O. (eds.). 1997. Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Hand-

book, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Schurr, B., 1982. Manual of Practical Pipeline Construction, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX. Schweitzer, P. A., 1985. Handbook of Corrosion Resistant Piping, 2nd Ed., R.E. Krieger, Malabar,

FL.Skousen, P. L., 1998. Valve Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.Thompson, G., 1998. An Engineer’s Guide to Pipe Joints, Professional Engineering Publishing,

London, UK. United States Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Gas and Oil Litigation Division, 1992.

Staff Oil Pipeline Handbook, 2nd Ed., Gas and Oil Litigation Division, Office of the GeneralCounsel, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C.

Warring, R. H., 1982. Handbook of Valves, Piping, and Pipelines, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston,TX.

Williams Natural Gas Company. Engineering Group, 1996. Pipe Characteristics Handbook,PennWell Co., Tulsa, OK.

Zappe, R. W., 1999. Valve Selection Handbook: Engineering Fundamentals for Selecting ManualValves, Check Valves, Pressure Relief Valves, and Rupture Discs, 4th Ed., Gulf Publishing Co.,Houston, TX.



IX. JournalsCivil Engineering, Vol. 1, 1930. Monthly. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York , NY:.ENR (Engineering-News Record), Vol. 1, 1874. Weekly. : McGraw-Hill Companies. New York,

NY: McGraw-Hill Companies; available free on Internet: http://www.enr.com.Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, Vol. 1, 1987. Quarterly. American Society of Civil Engi-

neers, New York, NY.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 1, 1987. Quarterly. Elsevier, Amsterdam;

available as a subscription on Internet: http://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/5/0/3/3/4/5.

Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 1, 1969. Bimonthly. American Society of Civil Engi-neers, New York, NY.

Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 1, 1986. Monthly. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, NewYork, NY.

Oil and Gas Journal, Vol. 1, 1902. Weekly. PennWell Publishing Co., Tulsa, OK; available free onInternet: http://www.pennwell.com. Pipeline & Gas Journal., Vol. 1, 1859. Monthly. OildomPublishing Co. of Texas, Houston, TX.

Pipe Line Industry (Houston), Vol. 1, 1954. Monthly. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX.Pipes and Pipelines International, Vol. 1, 1956. Bimonthly. Scientific Survey Ltd., Beaconsfield,

UK. Underground Construction, Vol. 1, 1945. Monthly. Oildom Publishing Co. of Texas, Houston, TX.

X. MapsCrude Oil Pipelines of the United States and Canada, 4th Ed., 1995. Map: 38” X 54”, PennWell

Publishing Co., Tulsa, OK.Crude Oil Systems 1998. Map: 48” X 70”, PennWell Publishing Co., Tulsa, OKGulf Coast Pipeline Atlas, 1993. Map: 11” X 14”, PennWell Publishing Co., Tulsa, OK. LPG/NGL

Pipeline and Facilities Map of the United States and Canada, 1999. Map: 48” X 70”, Pen-nWell Publishing Co., Tulsa, OK.

Natural Gas Pipelines Atlas of the United States and Canada, 4th Ed.,1997. Map: 11” X 14”,PennWell Publishing Co., Tulsa, OK.

Natural Gas Pipelines Atlas on CD Room, 2004. PennWell Publishing Co., Tulsa, OKNatural Gas Pipelines of Texas and Southeast New Mexico, 1997. Map: 39” X 59”, PennWell

Publishing Co., Tulsa, OK.Natural Gas Pipelines of the United States and Canada, 5th 4th Ed., 19946. Map: 3911” X 6214”,

PennWell Publishing Co., Tulsa, OK.Natural Gas Systems Map, 1998, Map: 48” x 70” PennWell Publishing Co., Tulsa, OKPipeline and Facilities: Atlases of the Continental United States and Canada, 1997-2000.

PennWell Publishing Co., Tulsa, OK; available in print and CD-ROM. Oil and gas field of the US, 2nd Edition, 1995. Map: 40” X 57” PennWell Publishing Co., Tulsa, OKOffshore Guld of Mexico Pipeline, 2000, Map: 76” X 45” PennWell Publishing Co., Tulsa, OKRefined Products Atlas on CD Room, 2004. PennWell Publishing Co., Tulsa, OKRefined Product Systems Map., 1998., Map: 48” x 70” PennWell Publishing Co., Tulsa, OK

The following are also available from PennWell Publishing Corp.Refer to: http://store.yahoo.com/pennwell/dirmap.html

Digital Pipeline Data

Iraq and Kuwait Energy Infrastructure Map

2002 IPE Africa Oil & Gas Map

Mexico Oil and Gas Energy Infrastructure Map

Oil & Gas Map of Southeast Asia

Appendix C � 687


Oil & Gas Map of the Former Soviet Union, 2nd edition

Oil & Gas Resources of the World-2003

Middle East Energy Infrastructure Map

XI. OrganizationsAmerican Gas Association (AGA), 400 N. Capitol Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001; phone:202-824-7000; fax: 202-824-7115; home page: http://www.aga.org.

American National Standardization Institute (ANSI), Washington, D.C. headquarters: 1819 LStreet, NW, 6th Fl., Washington, DC 20036; phone: 202-293-8020; fax: 202-293-9287. New YorkCity Office: 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036; phone: 212-642-4900; fax: 212-398-0023; home page: http://web.ansi.org.

American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005; phone: 202-682-8000; home page: http://www.api.org.

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), world headquarters: 1801 Alexander Bell Drive,Reston, VA 20191-4400; phone: 800-548-2723; toll-free: 701-295-6300 international fax: 703-295-6222. ASCE-Washington office: 1015 15th St., NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20005; phone: 202-789-2200; fax: 202-289-6797; home page: http://www.asce.org.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990; phone: 212-591-5267; fax: 212-591-7674; home page: http://www.asme.org.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Con-shohocken, PA 19428-2959; phone: 610-832-9585; fax: 610-832-9555; home page:http://www.astm.org.

American Waterworks Association (AWWA), 6666 West Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235; phone:303-794-7711. Washington, D.C. office: 1401 New York Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20005; phone:202-628-8303; home page: http://www.awwa.org.

American Welding Society (AWS), 550 NW LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126; phone: 800-443-9353 or 305-443-9353; home page: http://www.aws.org.

Association of Oil Pipe Lines (AOPL), 1101 Vermont Ave., NW, Suite 604, Washington, DC20005; phone: 202-408-7970; fax: 202-408-7983; home page: http://www.aopl.org.

Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA), 1650 801 6th Avenue, SW, Calgary, Alberta,Canada T2P 3W2; phone: 403-221-8777; home page: http://www.cepa.com.

Gas Technology Institute (GTI), 1700 South Mount Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018-1804;phone: 847-768-0500; home page: http://www.gri.org.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 1828 L Street, NW, Suite 1202, Wash-ington, DC 20036-5104; phone: 202-785-0017; home page: http://www.ieee.org.

Instrument Society of America (ISA), 67 Alexander Drive, PO Box 12277, Research TrianglePark, NC 27709; phone: 919-549-8411; fax: 919-549-8288; home page: http://www.isa.org.

Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS) of the Valve and Fittings Industry, 127 ParkStreet, NE, Vienna, VA 22180-4602; phone: 703-281-6613; fax: 703-281-6671; home page:http://www.mss-hq.com.

NACE International (NACE), PO Box 218340, Houston, TX 77218; phone: 713-492-0535; homepage: http://nace.org.



National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1847,Rosslyn, Virginia 22209; phone: 703-841-3200; fax: 703-841-3300; home page: http://www.nema.org.

Pipe Line Contractors Association (PLCA), 1700 Pacific Ave, Ste. 4100, Dallas, TX 75201-4675;phone: 214-969-2700; home page: http://www.plca.org.

Pipeline Contractors Association of Canada (PCAC), Suite 201, 1075 North Service Road West,Oakville, Ontario, Canada L6M 2G2; phone: 905-847-9383; fax: 905-847-7824; home page:http://www.pipeline.ca.

Pipeline Industries Guild, 14/15/ Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PS, UK; phone: 44(0) 20 72357938; fax: 44(0) 20 7235 0074; home page: http://www.pipeguild.co.uk.

Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC), 40 24th Street, 6th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15222-4656;phone: 877-281-7772; home page: http://www.sspc.org.

Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), 222 Palisades Creek Drive, Richardson, TX 75080; phone:972-952-9393; fax: 972-952-9435; home page: http://www.spe.org.

Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096; phone: 847-272-8800; fax: 847-272-8129; home page: http://www.ul.com.

World Federation of Pipe Line Contractors Associations (WFPLCA), 1700 Pacific Ave., Ste.4100, Dallas, TX 75201; phone: 214-969-2700.

XII. Web Resourceshttp://www.afms.orgAcadiana Flow Measurement Society

http://www.alyeska-pipe.com/Aleyska Pipeline Service Co.; pipeline facts

http://www.apia.net.au/Australian Pipeline Industry Association, Inc

http://www.aopl.org/accidents/markers.htmlAssociation of Oil Pipelines

www.blm.gov/nhp/index.htm and http://www.doi.gov/Bureau of Land Management, Interior Department

http://www.ceesi.com Colorado Engineering Experiment Station

http://www.dresser-rand.com/e-tech/default.asp Dresser-Rand Technical Papers

http://www.emersonprocess.com/daniel/Emerson Process Management

http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/Energy Citation Data Base

Appendix C � 689


http://www.eia.doe.gov/Energy Information Administration, Energy Department

http://www.ferc.gov/industries/gas.asp and http://www.ferc.gov/industries/oil.aspFederal Energy Regulatory Commission: Gas and Oil Pipelines

http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-GENERAL/1995/March/Day-17/pr-366.htmlFederal Register Environmental Documents: Operation and Maintenance Procedures forPipelines

http://www.flowcontrolnetwork.comFlow Control Network

http://www.flowresearch.comFlow and Measurement Articles

http://www.ftimeters.comFTI Flow Technology

http://www.fluidsealing.comFluid Sealing Association

http://www.corrosioncost.com/infrastructure/gasliquid/Gas and Liquid Transmission Pipelines

http://www.gmrc.org/gmrc/index.htmlGas Machinery Research Council

http://www.globalspec.comGlobal Spec—Standards

http://www.gepower.com/prod_serv/products/tech_docs/en/all_gers.htmGE Reference Documents

http://www.gulfpub.comGulf Publishing Company

http://www.pumps.org/Hydraulic Institute

http://www.iica.org.auInstitute of Instrumentation and Control Australia

http://turbolab.tamu.eduInternational Pump Users Symposium and Turbomachinery Symposium

http://www.invensysenergymetering.comInvensys

http://www.maverickenergy.comMaverick Energy, Inc.

http://www.neb.gc.ca/National Energy Board of Canada



http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/McNally Institute—Pump and Seal Technical Information

http://www.saveballona.org/log.htmlNational Transportation and Safety

http://www.npc.orgNational Petroleum Council, Advisory Committee to the Secretary of Energy.

http://www.npto.doe.gov/National Petroleum Technology Office

http://www.naturalgasbrowser.com/Natural Gas Browser, Research and Business Information Tool for the Natural Gas TransmissionIndustry

http://www.naturalgas.org/overview/overview.aspOverview of Natural Gas

http://www.naturalgas.org/Natural Gas Information and Educational Resources

http://www.ntsb.gov/Office of Pipeline and Hazardous Materials, National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)

http://www.oilandgasonline.com/content/homepage/default.asp?VNETCOOKIE=NOOil and Gas Online

http://ops.dot.govOffice of Pipeline Safety, United States Department of Transportation

http://www.ptac.org/Petroleum Technology Alliance Canada

http://www.findlinks.com/petrolinks.htmlPetrolinks: sites of interest to the Petroleum Industry

http://www2.nrcan.gc.ca/mms/picon/main_e.aspPICon

http://www.piggingassnppsa.comPigging Products and Services Association

http://www.pipeline101.com/Pipeline 101: Source for Energy Pipeline Information

http://www.pipe-line.comPipe Line and Gas Industry

http://www.pipedir.com/default.cfmPipes and Pipelines International (UK)

http://www.pipemag.comPipes and Pipelines Magazine

Appendix C � 691


http://www.acusafe.com/Newsletter/Stories/0801NewsPipelineSafety.htmPipeline Safety source

http://www.infoway.org/Pump World

www.pumpworld.com/Resources on Natural Gas Pipeline Safety, Farmington Public Library Reference

http://www.rrflowmeters.comRR Flowmeters

http://www.scientificsurveys.comScientific Surveys Ltd.

http://www.meterdata.comSounder Technologies—Division of Sounder Petroleum Ltd.

http://www.eere.energy.gov/U.S. Department of Energy

http://www.vibinst.org/Vibration Institute

REFERENCES

Barboza, K. K., 2001. Former librarian, Alyeska Pipeline Service Co.

Triplehorn, J. H., 2001. Librarian, Keith B. Mather Library 2001 Geophysical Institute, Interna-tional Arctic Research Center, ,, Alaska Tel 907 747 7512



ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS

AC: Alternating current

A/D: Analog-to-digital

AFR: Air-fuel ratio

AGA: American Gas Association

API: American Petroleum Institute

APSC: Aleyska Pipeline Service Company

ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers

BBL: Barrel

BCF: Billion cubic feet

BCM: Billion cubic meter

BEP: Best efficiency point

BP: Base pressure

BPI: Base pressure index

BS: British Standard

BT: Base temperature

BV: Block valve

BVCS: Block valve communication system

BWR: Benedict-Webb-Rubin

Cc: Cubic centimeter

CCR: Central control room

CDM: Corrosion data management

CFR: Code of Federal Regulations

CMMS: Computerized maintenance management system

CMP: Comprehensive monitoring program

CP: Cathodic protection

CI: Compression ignition

CRO: Control room operator

693

Appendix D

ACRONYMS, DEFINITIONS ANDUNIT CONVERSIONS


CSA: Canadian Standard Association

D or d: Day

DC: Direct current

DCS: Distributed control system

DLE: Dry low emission

DLN: Dry low NOx

DNFT: Digital no-flow timer

DOE: US Department of Energy

DOT : US Department of Transportation

EAM: Enterprise asset management

EIS: Environmental impact statement

EPROM: Erasable programmable read-only memory

ESD: Emergency shutdown

EUB: Energy Utility Board (Alberta, Canada)

FERC: US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

FGL: Fuel gas line

Ft or ft: Feet

GIS: Geographic information system

GL: Giga liter = 106 cubic meters

GPS: Global positioning system

GSV: Gross standard volume

HMI: Human machine interface

HSE: Health, safety and environment

HOFIM: High-speed oil-free intelligent motor compressor

HVP: High vapor pressure

IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission

IEMDC: In-line electric motor driven compressor

IGV: Inlet guide vanes

IP: Internet protocol

IS: Intrinsic safety

ISO: International Standards Organization

JPO: Joint Pipeline Office

I/O: Input/output

KL: Kiloliter

KP: Kilometer post (see mile post)

KPa: kilo pascals (a measure of pressure)

LAN: Local area network

LEFM: Leading-edge flowmeter

LEL: Lower explosive limit

LMB: Line mass balance



LTSA: Long-term service agreement

LVB: Line volume balance

LVP: Low vapor pressure

M: Meter

MAOP: Maximum allowable operating pressure

MLU: Mainline unit

MMI: Man-machine interface

MNbbl: 1 million barrel

MOPICO: Motor pipeline compressor

MP: Milepost

MSCF: Thousand standard cubic feet (M represents 103)

MSDS: Material safety data sheets

MSIMPP: Management system integrity monitoring program procedures

NEB: National Energy Board (Canada)

NGL: Natural gas liquids

Nox: Nitogen Oxides

NPS: Nominal pipe size (measured, nominally, in inches)

NPSH: Net positive suction head

NPSHA: Net positive suction head available

NPSHR: Net positive suction head required

NSV: Net standard volume

OCC: Operations control center

OP: Operating procedure

OQ: Operator’s qualification

OSCP: Oil spill contingency plan

PCV: Pressure control valve

PD: Positive displacement

PJ: Petjoule = 1,015 Joules

PLC: Programmable logic controller

PLKP: Pipeline kilometer or milepost

PLMP: Pipeline milepost

PM: Preventive maintenance

PPE: Personal protective equipment

PS: Pump station

Psig/a: Pounds per square inch gauge/absolute

QA: Quality assurance

RAM: Random access memory

RCM: Reliability centered maintenance

ROGV: Remote-operated Gate Valve

ROM: Read-only Memory

Appendix D � 695


ROW: Right-of-way

RTD: Resistive Temperature Device

RTM: Real-time measurement

RTU: Remote terminal unit

SCADA: Supervisory control and data acquisition

SCR: Silicon-controlled Rectifier

SDH: Synchronous digital hierarchy

SI: Spark ignition

SSDL: Station shutdown lockout

SSDR: Station shutdown restartable

T: Tonnes

TCF: Trillion cubic feet (1,012 cubic feet)

TSAT: Transformational satellite

TVB: Transient volume balance

UCP: Unit control panel

UHF: Ultra-high frequency

USL: Unit shutdown lockout

USR: Unit shutdown restartable

VFD: Variable frequency drive

VHF: Very high frequency

VPT: Volume pressure temperature

VVCP: Variable volume clearance pocket

VSAT: Very small aperture terminal satellite

VSV: Variable stator vanes

WAN: Wide area network

WO: Work order

Y or y: Year

DEFINITIONS

Abandonment: The process of abandoning a pipeline.Abandoned pipeline: A pipeline that is physically separated from its source of supply and

is no longer used.Access road: A designated path leading to the pipeline or pipeline facilities.Active corrosion: Continuing corrosion that, unless controlled, could result in a condition

that is detrimental to safety.Actuator: A device designed to open or close equipment or valve. Valve actuators on main-

line transmission systems are primary operated by pushing a button at a control sta-tion.

Alignment sheet: A diagram, sketch or photograph showing the pipeline in perspective tothe land.



Alternate current (AC): A current whose direction changes with time (e.g., commercialelectricity used to run home appliances).

Ambient temperature: The temperature of the surrounding medium, usually ground or airAnode: A positive electrode in an electrolytic system, such as applied in cathodic protec-

tion; the electrode at which oxidation or corrosion occurs. API degrees: American Petroleum Institute—a measure of oil density. *Ball valve: A valve in which a pierced sphere rotates within the valve body to control the

flow of fluids.Batch: A quantity of petroleum product of like specifications moved through the pipeline

as an identifiable, individual unit. A batch is measured in barrelsBlasting: The act of using explosives to create a hole, trench pipeline ditch, etc.Block valve: Valves are termed as emergency flow restrictive devices installed on main-

lines and longer feeder laterals to isolate sections of pipe for ease in construction mod-ifications or emergency shut-ins. They are complete shutoff valves (see Section 5).

Blowdown: A vertical outlet at the end of a section of pipeline designed to provide a meansto depressurize the pipeline. The assembly includes vertical piping, a valve and an endclosure. Blowdowns are normally adjacent to a block valve and are smaller in diame-ter than the pipeline.

Body bleed: A vent pipe that comes off of the body of the valve to depressurize the bodyitself (see Section Chapter 5).

Booster Station : A pump station used to increase the pressure of oil/products receivedthrough a main pipeline to pump it to the next station or terminal

Breakout Tank : A tank used to relieve surges in a hazardous liquid pipeline system, or toreceive and store hazardous liquid transported by a pipeline for re-injection and con-tinued transportation by pipeline. (definition by D.O.T)

British thermal unit (BTU): The quantity of heat required to raise thetemperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. It is used to express the heat

content of petroleum products.Bypass: A piping arrangement designed to route gas around instead of through a valve.

Sometimes bypasses are installed around meter stations, compressors, check valves orother piping systems.

Casing: Larger pipe placed around carrier pipeline to help protect it. It is usually usedunder roads and railway crossings.

Cathode: A negative electrode in an electrolytic system.Cathodic bond: A compensating bond attached between foreign pipelines or other metal-

lic structures to reduce or eliminate stray current interference and whose failure wouldjeopardize protection of the structure.

Cathodic protection (CP): The use of direct current electricity from an external source tooppose the discharge of corrosion current from anodic areas.

Chainage: The measurement along a pipeline that shows the actual distance from either areference point or the beginning of a pipeline.

Check valve: A valve that will allow gas to flow in only one direction. It closes if gas flowis reversed.

Cold cut: Cutting into a pipeline using a nonsparking device such as pipe cutters.Combustion: The process of burning.Common Carrier: Any transportation system available for use by the public for transport-

ing oil. Almost all interstate pipelines are common carriersCondensate: A liquid mixture of pentane and heavier hydrocarbons that is recoverable

from a gas well through a separation system.Control Center: Pipeline systems are operated from highly computerized control centers

which coordinate operations throughout the system - everything from rate of flow, to

Appendix D � 697


pressure, to opening and closing valves. The control centers also monitor devices thatcan alert operators to abrupt changes in operating parameters, providing a detectionmechanism for fast response to emergency conditions. Satellite and telecommunica-tions links connect control centers with facilities along pipelines to assure rapidresponse and constant monitoring of pipeline conditions.

Corridor: A strip of land of variable width (1/2 to 3 km wide) that can accommodate oneor more utilities

Crossover: A section of pipe connecting parallel pipelines or loops together so that thepipelines may operate as one. Crossovers are generally located at block valve sites.

Crude oil: A mixture of hydrocarbons that existed in the liquid phase in natural under-ground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing

through surface separating facilities.Design life: The expected duration or useful life of a pipeline.Destructive testing: Testing in which the part being tested is rendered unusable to prove

the strength of the part being tested.Direct current (DC): The opposite of AC; DC current stays constant over a period of time

(e.g., a flashlight battery).Direct/off-sales lateral: A pipeline that transports fluid to a large-volume customer such

as a factory or power plant. Discharge Pressure: Pressure of the fluid in the pipeline as it exits a pump/compressor sta-

tionDistribution line: A pipeline other than a gathering, lateral or transmission line.Downstream: The direction to which the gas is flowing.Electric flash welded pipe: Pipe having a longitudinal butt joint wherein coalescence is

produced, simultaneously, over the entire area of abutting surfaces by the heatobtained from resistance to the flow of electric current between the two surfaces, andby the application of pressure after heating is substantially completed.

Electric fusion welded pipe: Pipe having a longitudinal butt joint wherein coalescence isproduced in the performed tube by manual or automatic electric-arc welding. Theweld may be single or double and may be made with or without the use of filler metal.

Electric resistance welded pipe (ERW): Pipe that has a longitudinal butt joint whereincoalescence is produced by the application of pressure and by the heat obtained fromthe resistance of the pipe to the flow of an electric current in a circuit of which the pipeis a part. It is produced in individual lengths, or in continuous lengths from coiledskelp, and subsequently cut into individual lengths.

Emergency response : An act of responding to emergency situations such as flooding,earthquake, fire, explosion etc.

Encroachment: Encroachment is to intrude on the owner’s right-of-way (ROW).EPC : Engineering, procurement (purchasing) and construction.Expel: Expelling displaces residual gas in the pipeline by drawing in fresh air.Expeller: A device used to expel residual gas from pipeline after blowdown.Exposed pipeline: A pipeline where the top of the pipe is protruding aboveground.Explosive: Chemical material that can undergo a sudden and violent release of pressure

and heat.Fault (geologic): Break in the earth’s crust along which parallel slippage of adjacent mate-

rial has occurred at some point in the past.FERC: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission of the United States Department of

Energy, or the agency succeeding to its regulatory functions.Flammable: A substance that will burn readily or quickly.Foreign crossing: When a person, group or company crosses or enters the pipeline

owner’s right-of-way (ROW).



Fusion: A process of joining through the application of heat.Gas: Natural gas, flammable gas or gas that is toxic or corrosive.Gate valve: A full opening and closing valve depending upon deformation of mating sur-

faces for control (see Section Chapter 5).Gathering line: A pipeline that transports gas from a current production facility to a trans-

mission line or main. Globe valve: A valve equipped with an orifice and a stem attached to a plug and matching

circular seat. Shut-off is obtained by direct contact of the plug and the seat. Body ofvalve is normally spherical (see Section Chapter 5).

Ground profile: The vertical elevations plotted along the alignment of the pipeline center-line.

Ground temperature: The temperature of the earth at pipe depth. Half-cell (reference electrode): A device used to measure the voltage potential at the junc-

tion of the metallic surface and the electrolyte (pipe surface to soil) with respect to thatof the junction of the copper and the copper sulphate in the half-cell.

Heating value: The amount of heat obtained by the complete combustion of a unit quan-tity of a material

Holiday: A discontinuity or break in the anti-corrosion coating protection on pipe or tub-ing that leaves the bare metal exposed to corrosive processes. It is an imperfection orbare spot in a coating of pipe that exposes the metal to corrosive processes.

Hoop stress (Barlow’s formula): The stress in a pipe wall acting circumferentially in aplane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pipe and produced by the pressureof the fluid in the pipe.

Hoop stress calculation:S = PD/2t S = hoop stress (in psi)P = internal pressureD = outside diameter of the pipe (in inches)t = normal wall thickness (in inches)

Hot cut: Cutting into a pipeline with a flame while the line contains natural gas.Hot tap: The process of making branch piping connections to operating pipelines, mains

or other facilities while in operation. The connection of the branch piping to the oper-ating line and the tapping of the operating line is done while it is under fluid pressure.

Hot Zone: Area where hazardous vapors and liquids are present. Working in a hot zonerequires a special permit and personal protective equipment

Ignition temperature: The minimum temperature required to ignite gas or vapor withouta spark or flame being present.

In-line inspection: An inspection of the inside of the pipeline using pigs mounted withappropriate instrumentation.

Interface: The mixture which occurs during normal pipeline operations between adjacentbatches of petroleum products or crude having different specifications. Also called“slop” or “transmix.”

Joint: Connection between two lengths of pipe. Lateral: A lateral is a branch line. It is a pipeline that branches away from the central part

of the transmission system or from another lateral.LEL: Lower explosive limit is read from the CGI; it is the minimum amount of airborne

chemical that must be present in the air-chemical mixture to make it explosive.Line segment: A continuous run of transmission line between adjacent stations, between

a station and storage facilities, between a station and a block valve, or between adja-cent block valves.

Appendix D � 699


Linefill (liquid lines): The volume of oil/products, usually measured in barrels, in thepipeline from the origin to the terminus. Linefill can also refer to the volume ofoil/products contained in a given segment of the pipeline.

Liquefied natural gas (LNG): Gaseous at normal temperature and pressures, but held inthe liquid state at very low temperatures to facilitate storage and transport.

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): A gas containing certain specific hydrocarbons that aregaseous under normal atmospheric conditions, but can be liquefied under moderatepressure at normal temperatures. Propane and butane are principal examples.

LNG facility: Any or all of the following when they are parts of a system to produce ortransport LNG: the LNG liquefaction plant, gathering lines to that plant, loading andunloading facilities for LNG tankers, LNG tankers themselves and facilities to re-gasify the LNG.

Local distribution company (LDC): Purchases gas for resale.Looping: A paralleling of an existing pipeline by another pipeline over the whole length

or any part of it to increase capacity and efficiency.Low pressure distribution system: A distribution system in which the gas pressure in the

main is substantially the same as the pressure provided to the customer. This isrestricted to residential and small commercial service only.

Mainline: A major transmission pipeline fed by smaller laterals. Mainlines all run to salesstations or border crossings.

Manifold: An arrangement of connected piping and valves used to provide links betweena number of pumps/compressors, tanks, and/or pipelines (as applicable).

Manometer: A tube in the shape of a U, partially filled with liquid of suitable density. Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP): The maximum pressure at which a

pipeline or segment of a pipeline may be operated under the code.Merchantman: An organic chemical compound having a distinctive odor used for motor-

ization of gas streams.Methane gas: The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It is colorless, odorless

and flammable; it forms the major portion of natural gas, CH4 (see table).Natural gas: A mixture of methane, ethane and up to 3% carbon dioxide.NEB: National Energy Board of Canada. Parallel or common corridor: A corridor that follows and/or overlaps existing facilitiesPetroleum: A naturally occurring hydrocarbon or mixture of hydrocarbons. As oil or gas

or in solution, it is widespread in Australian sedimentary rocks but major concentra-tions are generally rare.

Pig: An internal tool propelled through the pipeline, usually by natural gas flow, to per-form cleaning or inspection functions.

Pig-trap/Scraper-trap: An aboveground and slightly larger diameter extension of apipeline designed to load and unload pigs from the pipeline system.

Pipeline System: All parts of the physical facilities through which fluid is transported,including line pipe, valves, pumping/compressor units, metering stations and tanks (asapplicable).

Pressure Relief Valve: A valve designed to open automatically to relieve pressure and keepit below a specified level.

Pressure Spike: A sudden, brief rise in pressure. Pressure Surge: A pressure spike produced by a sudden change in velocity of the moving

fluid that results from shutting down a pump station or pumping unit, closure of avalve or any other blockage of the moving stream. The pressure surge moves throughthe pipeline at sonic velocity and stops and reverses direction when it hits a closure inthe pipeline such as a closed valve. Similar pressure rise can also occur in gaspipelines

� Pipeline Operation & Maintenance—A Practical Approach700


Products: Refined hydrocarbons made from crude oil. Gasoline, fuel oil, jet fuel, dieselfuel are typical petroleum products that are transported in pipelines.

Probe: A long, slender device (usually a steel rod) used to investigate unknown areas andto find pipe below ground.

Purge: The action of displacing air in the pipeline with natural gas before putting thepipeline in service.

Rectifier: A device that converts alternating current to direct current used for external cor-rosion control.

Remote Block Valve: A block valve that can be remotely controlled, as in from a pipelinecontrol center, for the primary purpose of directing pipeline flow and isolating thepipeline into segments in the event of a pipeline break

Route: A strip of land of varying width (300 to 400 m) wide within a corridor and in whicha ROW for a pipeline could be located

ROW: The pipeline owner’s right-of-way.RVP: Reed vapor pressure, the vapor pressure of liquid measured at 38 °C in a chamber

that was initially filled with air. The unit of measurement is normally psi.SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System): A comprehensive electronic

surveillance system used to monitor and control an entire pipeline system and its oper-ations from a pipeline control center. Pipeline operating data is remotely collectedfrom transmitting devices located along the pipeline system. The data typicallyincludes the pressures, volume and flow rate of each pipeline, and the operating sta-tus of all pumping equipment and remotely operated valves on each pipeline. Thisdata is sent to the control center’s SCADA system and is used by the pipeline con-troller for the proper operation and control of each pipeline.

Schematic: An outline, systematic arrangement, diagram, scheme or plan of a pipeline sys-tem.

Side valve: A valve designed to isolate one connecting pipeline from another.Smart Pig: An electronic internal inspection device placed inside the pipeline to provide

data about the condition of the pipeline, such as measuring dents or locating corro-sion.

Station Block Valve: A gate valve installed at the inlet (suction) side and the outlet (dis-charge) side of the pump station to isolate the pump station from the pipeline in theevent of an emergency.

Suction Pressure: The pressure of the fluid in the pipeline as it enters a pump/compressorstation.

Swamper: The person responsible for guiding the equipment operator in work such as dig-ging with a backhoe or lifting with a side boom.

Tank Farm: A pipeline facility that contains a group of tanks connected to a pipeline orpipelines through which oil is moved.

Trunk Line: A main pipeline.Unibolts: Top fitting on blowdown.Upstream: The direction from which the gas flow originates.Water conveyance facilities: Ditches, canals, pipelines and other such means of moving

waterYield Strength: The stress level above which the pipe will yield/bend/stretch. The yield

strength of the steel is determined by testing during the manufacture of the pipe. Yieldstrength is a parameter used in determining a pipeline’s maximum allowable operat-ing pressure

Appendix D � 701


CONVERSION TABLE FOR SOME COMMON UNITS

� Pipeline Operation & Maintenance—A Practical Approach

TO CONVERT FROMCUSTOMARY UNIT

TO DEFINE UNIT 1 SYMBOL MULTIPLY BY

barrel per hour liters per second L/s 0.044 163

barrel per day cubic meters per day m3/d 0.158 987

MMBOD cubic meters per day m3/d 0.158 987 x 106

Btu/second kilowatt kW 1.055 056

Btu/hour watt W 0.293 071

Btu/lbm kilojoule per kilogram kJ/kg 2.326

Btu/lbm-°F kilojoule per kilogram-kelvin kJ (kg.K) 4.1868

Btu/lbm-mole-°R joule per mole-kelvin J/(mol.K) 4.1868

Btu/°R kilojoule per kelvin kJ/K 1.8991

Btu/ft2-hr. joule per sq. meter-second J/(m2.s) 3.154 591

Btu/ft-hr-°F joule per meter-second-kelvin J/(m./s.K) 1.730 735

Btu/ft-hr2-°F joule per square meter-second kelvin J/(m2.s.k) 5.678 263

foot-pound force (ft. lbf) joule J 1.355 818

foot2 square meter m2 0.092 903

foot3 cubic meter m3 0.028 316 85

foot3/minute liter per second L/s 0.471 947

foot3/hour cubic meter per day m3/d 0.679 604

MMSCFD cubic meter per second m3/s 0.327 774

gallon/minute (GPM) liter per second L/s 0.063 090

inch2 square centimeter cm2 6.451 600

inch3 cubic centimeter cm3 16.387 064

kilowatt-hour (kWh) megajoule MJ 3.6

mile per hour kilometer per hour km/h 1.609 344

pound kilogram kg 0.453 592 37

pound force/foot2 (psf) pascal Pa 47.880 258

pound mass/foot3 (lbm/ft3) kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3 16.018 463

pound mass/gallon kilogram per liter kg/L 0.119 826

pound mass/hour kilogram per hour kg/h 0.453 592

psi kilopascal kPa 6.894 757

psi/foot kilopascal per meter kPa/m 22.620 59

psi/mile pascal per meter Pa/m 4.284 203

watt-hour kilojoule kJ 3.6

yard2 square meter m2 0.836 127

yard3 cubic meter m3 0.764 555

To Convert fromCustomary Unit To Define Unit 1 Symbol Multiply By

702


Appendix D �

To Convert fromCustomary Unit To Define Unit 1 Symbol Multiply By

acre square meter m2 4,046.856

atmosphere (std) kilopascal kPa 101.325

barrel (42 gal) cubic meter m3 0.158 987

Btu (International Table) kilojoule kJ 1.055 056

calorie (thermochemical) joule J 4.184

degree F degree Celsius °C 5/9 (°F-32)

degree R degree kelvin K 5/9

foot meter m 0.3048

gallon (U.S. liquid) liter L 3.785 412

horsepower (U.S.) kilowatt kW 0.7457

inch (U.S.) millimeter mm 25.4

inch of mercury (60°F) kilopascal kPa 3.376 85

inch of water (60°F) kilopascal kPa 0.248 843

mil micrometer µm 25.4

mile (U.S. statute) kilometer km 1.609 344

ounce (U.S. fluid) milliliter mL 29.573 53

poise pascal-second Pa.s 0.1

stokes square centimeter per second cm2/s 1

ton, long (2,240 lbm) ton t 1.016 047

ton, short (2,000 lbm) ton t 0.907 184 74

ton of refrigeration kilowatt kW 3.516 853

yard (U.S.) meter m 0.9144

703



AAbbreviations, acronyms and,

693–696Absolute viscosity, 377Access roads, 136Accuracy, 339Acoustic beam, 113, 355Acronyms, abbreviations and,

693–696for instrumentation diagrams,

417–418for organizations and topics, 41

AGA-33 flange taps, 276–278Air patrol, 151–152Alarm display, SCADA, 599, 600Alarm management, SCADA,

595–598Alerts, 546Apportionment/proration, 98Arc air gouging, 267Arc burns removal, 267Armor Plate pipe wrap repair, 173Asset management, 48–62Audits, 393Automated ultrasonic inspection,

248, 249Automatic line-break controls,

312–313Automation, degree of, 36

system, see System automationAvailability, 633

BBack-welding, 267Ball valves, 298–302

modes of failure, 327–330Balloon plugs, 198–199Batch cycle, 87Batch injection, transportation and

delivery, 89–90Batch interface marking and position,

88Batch optimization, multiproduct

pipeline, 114

Batch planning schedule, 99Batch reporting, 90Batch sequencing, 86–90Batch sizing, 90, 114Batch tracking, 607Batched product operational hydrau-

lics, 103Batching, 85–86Batching travel time, 87Benchmarking, 59–60Bernoulli’s theorem, 10Bias, 339Bibliographies, 680–681Blasting, maintenance and, 148–151Block valve arrangement, 185Block valve assemblies, 313–315Blowdown size, 187–189Blowdown time calculation, 184Blowing down pipeline segment,

183–185Body bleeds, 185, 296, 697Bonnet leak, 332Boolean algebra, 638Border crossing stations, 700Branch connections, joining, 274Buffers, 88Building maintenance, 508Buried explosives, 148

CCable crossings, 140Calibration equipment, 390–391Canal crossings, 140–141Carbon dioxide, 379Cartridge filter, 113Cathodic protection, 201–208Cathodic protection rectifiers, 204Cathodic protection trending plot,

209Central Gas Control, 74–79Centralized measurement data

systemsdata gathering, 367–368data storage and retrieval, 369

data validation, 368measurement data, editing and

interpreting, 369report generation, 369trouble ticket generation, 369

Centrifugal compressors control systems, 480–490

dry seals, 482–484magnetic bearings, 482maintenance, 534–537

of bearings and oil system, 536of compressor internals,

534–536of seals and sealing system,

536–537monitoring, 562–563oil bearings and lube oil system,

480–482operation, 480–490performance characteristics,

484–485start-up and shutdown, 489–490surge control, 487–489

Centrifugal pumps controlsinternals, 542maintenance, 539–544

avoidance of cavitation, 540–541

of bearings and oil systems, 541elimination of vibration, 540major, 543–544

operation, 498–503performance characteristics,

501–502Chart recorder, 34, 73–74, 349, 614Check measurement, 370Check meters, 391–392Check valves, 304Chilled mirror apparatus, 385–386City-gate metering stations, 651–652Clapper valve, 304Cleaning pigs, 155, 156Clock Spring repair, 170–171Close interval survey, 207

INDEX

705


706 ■ Pipeline Operation & Maintenance—A Practical Approach

CMMS (computerized maintenance management system), 45, 55–57

Coating defects, 200–201Coating materials, 200Codes

and regulations and standards, 675and standards, 41–42

Cold bending, 143–145Cold-springing, 145–147Colonial Pipeline systems, 65, 83Column separation, slack line and,

114–116Commercial aspects for gas

pipelines, 617–618for oil pipelines, 619–620

Commercial value of hydrocarbon products, 371

Commodity release alarms, 318Community requirements, 36–37Composite reinforced line pipe

(CRLP), 18Compressibility, 374, 375Compression and pumping, 28–30

historical development, 7–12maintenance elements, 29–30operational elements, 28–29

Compression or pumping station procedures, 670

Compressor configuration parallel, 406

series, 406Compressor costs, 61Compressor performance monitor-

ing, 606Compressor/pump unit valves, 294Compressor rings, leaking, 562Compressor selection, 402–403Compressor station overview, 398Compressor station systems, 410–421

control system architecture, 415–418

fuel gas and start gas system, 420–421

high-pressure gas system, 418–420instrument air system, 421, 423instrumentation, 423–425power gas system, 421, 422protective trips, 416–417shutdown control, 422station auxiliary control, 414–415station control system, 421–423station process control, 412unit control system, 415–418

Compressor vibration and pulsation, 552–553

Computational pipeline monitoring (CPM), 317

Computerized maintenance manage-ment system (CMMS), 45, 55–57

Condition-based maintenance, 389–390

Conditions of use, 630Conference proceedings, 682–683Configuring station recycle valve

size, 323–324Contaminated tube bundle, 344Contracting of maintenance, 57–58Control system architecture, system

automation and, 571–574Control systems, distributed, 367Controlled liquid nitrogen, 194–195Conversion table for common units,

702–703Coriolis force meters, 357–358

application notes, 358implementation, 357–358operating principle, 357

Corporate organizational structure, 40

Corrective maintenance, 51Corrosion control, 199–208

cathodic protection, 201–207coatings, 200–201operational aspects cathodic pro-

tection systems, 207–208Corrosion control maintenance

corrosion control, 200–208corrosion mechanism, 199–200

Corrosion mechanism, 199–200Cover, depth of, 136CPM (computational pipeline moni-

toring), 317Cricondentherm, 375Critical flow nozzles

application notes, 362implementation, 362operating principle, 361–362

CRLP (composite reinforced line pipe), 18

Crude oil, 22–23CTOOL, 156, 157Custody transfer, 339, 340Custody transfer/meter station valves,

294–295Customer interfaces, 370–371Customers, 36–37Customer signals

check measurement, 370customer interfaces, 370–371operational considerations, 371

operational data, 370Cutout repair, 167, 168Cyclone filter, 113

DData acquisition, 575–576Data gathering, 367–368Data management, historical, 592Data storage and retrieval, 369Database management services, 592Databases and indexes, 683–685Data validation, 368Defect assessment, 163–164Definitions, 696–701Densitometer, 425Dependability, 625Depth of cover, 136Dew point, hydrocarbon, 379Diaphragm meters, 361

application notes, 361implementation, 361principle of operation, 361

Diaphragm-type pressure relief valve, 306

Dictionaries and encyclopedias, 685Differential pressure transmitters,

364Dig preparation, 136Discharge coefficient, 346Distributed control systems, 367Direct liquid nitrogen, 195Directories, 685Documentation, procedures for

management of, 667Documentation management system,

45–46Downgrade strategies, 389Drag reducers, liquid pipeline,

117–124Drain-up process, 191Dressing repair, 166Drivers and driven equipment used

on pipelines, 399Dust filtration, 113Dye penetrant inspection, 253–254Dynamic viscosity, 377

EEAM (enterprise asset management),

55EFRD (emergency flow restricting

devices), 293Electric motors, 357–358

control system, 479–480design, 472–475hermetic compressors, 476–479


Index ■ 707

maintenance, 533–534monitoring, 563–564operation, 472–475variable frequency drive, 475–476

Electric valve operators, 311, 312Electrolysis, 386Electronic flow measurement (EFM),

349Electronic pulse trains, 363Emergency flow restricting devices

(EFRD), 293Encyclopedias and dictionaries, 685Energy, 372Enterprise asset management (EAM),

55Environmental protection, mainte-

nance and, 131–132Epoxy composition filled sleeve

repairs, 169–170Equipment replacement, 60–62Equipment verification and calibra-

tion, 390–391Erosion, velocity limit based on,

109–111Erosional gas flow rate, 110–111Erosional velocity, 116Expert advisory systems, 613–614Explosives, buried, 148

FFailure data for pipeline systems

components, 644–645Failure investigation, troubleshooting

and, 565Failure rate data, 633, 645Fault tree analysis, 635–638

gas pipeline reliability using, 650–663

Fiber optic systems, SCADA, 584Fiber reinforced polymeric compos-

ites, 18–19Field bending, 144–145Field leak detection, 80Filters, 381, 388Flash-point test apparatus, 325Flow calibration laboratory, 391Flow computers, 366–367, 580–581Flow computers, RTUs, and PLCs

distributed control systems, 367flow computers, 366–367programmable logic controllers,

367remote telemetry units, 367

Flow conditioning, 342Flow measurements, 604Flow-through orifice, 346

Fluid contaminants, 347Fluid properties, 371–372Fluid property measurement, see

Hydrocarbon measurementFluid temperature measurement, 347Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW),

211, 225Foam pigs, 155, 156Foreign crossings, 139–143Formaldehyde, 380Freeze plugs, 193–194Freeze time calculations, 197Fuel valve, leaking, 561Full encirclement split sleeve repair,

166, 167Full-stream injections, 89Function, 630Fungible batches, 86

GGas chromatography, 382

field considerations, 384implementation, 383–384principle of operation, 382

Gas, expelling, 186Gas controllers, 74Gas cooler maintenance, 509Gas day operations, 615–616Gas detection setup, 190Gas measurement, 616–617

and accounting, 614–615Gas metal arc welding (GMAW),

211, 224, 256Gas metering piping arrangement,

113–114Gas pipeline reliability using fault

tree analysis and probability theory, 650–663

using reliability block diagram and Monte-Carlo simulation, 645–650

Gas pipeline segment replacement, 182–190

Gas pipeline transportation, 69–82Central Gas Control, 74–79compression control, 72contracts and services, 69–70data acquisition, 73–74field work, 79gas control, 70–71leak detection, 79–82operations, 70–79pipeline control, 71–72system control, 70–71system maintenance, 81–82

Gas pipelines

commercial aspects for, 617–618real-time management of, 604–606

Gas processing plants, 387Gas quality specifications, 2Gas transmission and distribution

system, 19–21Gas turbines, 357

aeroderivative, lube oil system, 440–441

air intake system, 432–433anti-icing systems, 434bearings, 438–440component refurbishment,

522–523compressor surge, 433control system, 435–437correction factors, 557design, 430–432deterioration, 556dual fuel systems, 445–446emission control, 446–447engine compressor cleaning,

511–516exhaust system, 434–435fuel gas system, 442–444heavy-duty, lube oil system,

441–442instrumentation, 437intermediate maintenance, 516liquid fuel system, 444–445lube oil systems, 437–442maintenance, 509–523major maintenance or overhaul,

516–522monitoring, 556–558operation, 430–452performance characteristics, 451,

452routine maintenance, 516sample baselines, 556, 557shutdown, 451start-up, 447–451troubleshooting chart for, 671–673variable compressor geometry,

433–434Gate valves, 295–298

modes of failure, 330–333Gel pigs, 157Geographic considerations, 36Geotechnical requirements, 320Globe valves, 305GMAW (gas metal arc welding),

211, 224, 256Grinding repairs, 166Ground-bed materials, 203Grounds maintenance, 508



HHand-wheel valve operators, 308Handbooks and manuals, 685–686Hardware architecture, 571–572Hazardous pipelines, lifting/lowering

in, 141–143Hazards, 46Headers, 388Heat capacity and isentropic expo-

nent, 376Health, Safety and Environment

(HSE) group, 40, 46–47Health procedures, 668–669Hermetic compressors, 476–479Hexa-methyl benzene, 392High-strength low-alloy steels

(HSLA), 18Historical data management, 592Hoop stress, 15, 699Hot tap welding, 179Hot tapping, 176–182Hot tapping anomalies, 179Hot tapping attributes, 176, 177Hot tapping machine, 178HSE (Health, Safety and

Environment) group, 40, 46–47

HSLA (high-strength low-alloy steels), 18

Human error, 391Hydraulic profile, 608, 614Hydrocarbon dew point, 379 Hydrocarbon dew point analysis,

H2O andchilled mirror apparatus

field considerations, 386implementation, 386principle of operation, 385

electrolysisfield considerations, 386implementation, 386principle of operation, 386

selective absorptionfield considerations, 386implementation, 386principle of operation, 386

Hydrocarbon gases (and liquids)commercially relevant properties

density and compressibility fac-tor, 374

energy, 372heating value, 373–374merchantability and inter-

changeability, 374–375volume, 372–373

operationally relevant properties

heat capacity and isentropic exponent, 376

mass and mass density, 376sound speed, 377, 378thermal conductivity, 377–378viscosity, 376–377

tariff enforcementpurposes, 379typical criteria, 379

Hydrocarbon measurementdefinitions, 339facility design, 386–389

capacity, 388–389load profiles, 387security, 389

field measurement, purposes ofcustody transfer, 340local process control, 341operational cost recovery, 341pipeline inventory management,

341pipeline system control, 341production allocation, 340regulatory reporting, 341transportation revenue

generation, 340fluid property measurement

analysis, 382–386properties measured, type of,

372–380purposes, 371–372sampling systems, 380–382

operationsequipment verification and

calibration, 390–391maintenance strategies, 389–390problems, see Problem avoid-

ance and resolutiontechnician qualifications and

training, 390primary measurement devices,

341–363Coriolis effect flow meters,

356–358critical flow nozzles, 361diaphragm meters, 361meter performance, flow

conditions and, 341–343meter types, overview of, 363orifice meters, 344–350rotary positive displacement

meters, 358–359turbine meters, 350–354ultrasonic flow meters, 354–356vortex shedding, 359–361

scope, 339

secondary measurement devicesprocess transmitters and

transducers, 363–365signal conditioning, 365–366

standardsbodies, 393purpose of, 393

tertiary measurement devicescentralized measurement data

systems, 367–369control systems, SCADA and,

369–371flow computers, RTUs, and

PLCs, 366–367Hydrostatic testing, valve, 334–335Hydrovac excavation, 138

IIce plug formation, 195ILI (in-line inspection) pigs, 155–157In-line inspection (ILI) pigs, 155–157In-service pipeline recoating,

175–176Indexes and databases, 683–685Inflatable-pneumatic plugs, 198Information on pipelines, sources of,

675–692Infrastructure, existing, 6–7Inlet scrubbers, 404Inspection technologies, 162–163Instrumentation accuracy, 611Instrument overrange condition

detection, 368Integrity assessment, 160–162Integrity management programs,

173–175Interchangeability, 371

merchantability and, 374–375Internal combustion engines, 466,

490Isentropic exponent, heat capacity

and, 376

JJet mixer for cleaning tanks, 509, 510Journals, 687

KKinematic viscosity, 377KMP Product Pipelines, 65

L Laboratory equipment, 391Laminar flow, 93, 117 Leak detection, 79–82, 610–612Leak size calculation, 320


Index ■ 709

Leaking compressor rings, 562Leaking fuel valve, 561Lifting hazardous pipelines, 141–143Line-break controls, 79–80

automatic, 312–313Line current survey, 208Line locator, 138, 139Line-pack management, 75, 76Line-pack monitoring, 605Line-pack volume, 77Line segment capacity, 104Linear valve operator, 311Liquid measurement

rotary meter for, 359turbine meter for, 352

Liquid nitrogencontrolled, 194–195direct, 195

Liquid pipeline control center, 102Liquid pipeline drag reducers,

117–124Liquid pipeline product velocity,

116–117Liquid pipeline segment replacement,

182–199Liquid pipeline transportation

system, 22–23Liquid pipeline valve spacing,

315–317Liquid pipelines real-time

management of, 606–610valve automation for, 317–320

Liquid sample cylinder, 383Liquid transportation, 82–108

batch sequencing, 86–90batching, 85–86operation and control, 96–108types of, 82–85

Liquid turbine meter, 352Load profile

delivery points, 387gas processing plants, 387pipeline system interconnects,

387receipt points, 387

Lost and unaccounted for (LAUF), 339

Lowering in hazardous pipelines, 141–143

Lube oil condemning limits, 554

MMagnetic flux leakage (MFL) tools,

161Magnetic particle inspection,

252–253

Mainline block or sectionalizing valves, 294

Mainline rupture, full, 318–319Mainline valve assembly and spac-

ing, 314Mainline valves, types of, 294Maintenance, 127–284

blasting and, 148–151code requirements, 128–129cold bending, 143cold-springing, 145–147contracting of, 57–58corrosion control, 199–208defect assessment, 163–164definition of, 48–49environmental guidelines, 132environmental protection and,

131–132field bending, 144–145foreign crossings, 139–143frequency, 129inspection technologies, 162–163integrity assessment, 160–162integrity management programs,

173–175locating pipelines, 138major, 525–533overview, 127–129pigging, 153–160pigging procedures, 159–160pipeline extension/contraction,

147–148pipeline patrol, 151–153repair, 160–182repair and rehabilitation tech-

niques, 164–173repair welding, 237, 267right-of-way and site, 130–153right-of-way requirements,

135–136routine, 127, 297, 516segment replacement, 182–199gas pipeline, 182–190liquid pipeline, 191–199signs and markers, 132–134site requirements, 136–137surveillance program, 134–135

Maintenance enhancement, 52Maintenance information systems,

55–57Maintenance management, 50–52Maintenance planning, 53–55Maintenance programs, 52–53Maintenance scheduling, 53–55Maintenance strategy, 49–50Major maintenance, 525–533

Management of documentation, procedures for, 667

Mandrel pigs, 156Manual valve operators, 308Manuals and handbooks, 685–686Maps, 687–688Markers, 132–134Markov analysis, 644Mass density, 376Mass flow meter, 358Material safety data sheets (MSDS), 46Maximum operating pressure (MOP),

180, 306, 387Mean time between failures (MTBF),

633Mean time to restore (MTTR), 633,

645data, 645

Measurand, 339Measurement data, editing and

interpreting, 369Measurement, performance, 58–59Measurement procedures, 670Mechanical clamp to attach test

leads, 206Mechanical/vapor plugs, 192–193Metallic media, SCADA, 583Meter capacity, 388Meter facility capacity

downgrade strategies, 389headers, 388meter capacity, 388scrubbers and filters, 388upgrade strategies, 388yard piping and valves, 388

Meter performance, flow conditions and

flow conditioningperforated plates, 343tube bundles (straightening

vanes), 342fully developed flow, 342low disturbances, causes and

types of, 342Meter provers, 358Meter proving, 607Meter stations, 652

elements, 27types of, 26–27

Metering, 23–24, 26–27 fluid effects on, 341–343historical development, 12–15maintenance elements, 27operational control, 26–27standards, 13–15variety in, 13–15



Meters, 344–363Meter types, characteristics of, 362Middleware, 573Minimum pressure drop, 108MMF (magnetic flux leakage) tools,

156, 161Monte-Carlo reliability simulation

technique, 645–650gas pipeline reliability using,

650–663MOP (maximum operating pressure),

306MOPICO compressor, 477MSDS (material safety data sheets),

46MTBF (mean time between failures),

633MTTR, see Mean time to restoreMud plugs, 192Multilin, 563, 564Multipath meters, 355Multiproduct pipeline batch

optimization, 114

NNatural gas contaminants, 91–93

carbon dioxide, 379hydrogen sulfide, 458liquids and particulates, 347sulfur content problems, 91water and hydrocarbon dew point,

385–386Natural gas distribution system, 21Natural gas flow computer, 366Natural gas fluid properties, 371–372Natural gas pipeline specification, 68Natural gas sales station, 23NDT (non-destructive testing)

techniques, 244–245Net positive suction head available

(NPSHA), 540–541Net pumping requirement, 98Nitric oxide, 380Nitrogen, liquid, see Liquid nitrogenNitrogen dioxide, 446Noise levels, 113Nominations, shipper, 97Non-destructive testing (NDT)

techniques, 244–245North American pipelines, 66NPSHA (net positive suction head

available), 540–541

OOdorants, 23Off potential, 207

Offline water-wash, 512OID (optical interface detectors), 88Oil analysis, 553–555Oil-fouled turbine meter, 353Oil pipeline terminal, 398Oil pipelines, commercial aspects for,

619–620Oil properties, 457–458Oil terminal maintenance, 509On-line water-wash, 512On potential, 207Operational data, 370Operating policies and procedures,

43–46Operating pressure trends, 16Operation and maintenance, 1–31,

see also Maintenance factors influencing, 35–37general functions in, 33–35maintenance elements, 25–26operational elements, 24–25organization of, 30–31, 33–62oversight of, 43special activities and issues,

108–124Operational planning, 65–69Operational schedule, generating,

100Optical interface detectors (OID),

88Organizations, 688–689Orifice meter(s)

application notes, 349–350implementation, 346–347maintenance, 347–349operating principle, 344–346

Orifice meter run, 349Orifice plate, 344–350

discharge coefficient, 346meter run lengths, 347operating and maintenance,

347–349operating principle, 344–346operation in practice, 346–347

Orifice plate beveled edge, 350Orifice plate storage box, 347Orifice plate, damaged, 348Outsourcing, amount of, 37Oxygen, 379

PParallel compressor configuration,

406Patrols, 151–153Peak stress equation, 150, 151Perforated plate(s), 343

Perforated plate flow conditioner, 380

Performance measurement, 58–59Personal protective equipment (PPE),

47PetroSleeve repair, 171–172, 173Photometric hydrogen sulfide ana-

lyzer, 576Physical infrastructure, 35Piezoelectric materials, 283Pig launching, 425Pigging, 153–160

operation, 158–159procedures for, 159–160purposes to, 153

Pigs, types of, 154–157Pipe elbow, 343Pipe replacement, 167Pipe/soil meters, 204Pipe to soil potential (PSP) surveys,

208Pipeline capability determina-

tion, probability theory in, 663–665

Pipeline commissioning, 335Pipeline crossings, 139, 140Pipeline Design and Construction–

A Practical Approach, 199Pipeline extension/contraction,

147–148Pipeline patrol, 151–153Pipeline procedures, 669Pipeline reliability report, 624Pipeline segment replacement

procedure for gas pipelineblowing down pipeline segment,

183–185cutting the pipe, 185–186expelling the gas, 186preparation, 182–183purging and pressurizing the

pipeline segment, 186, 190procedure for liquid pipelines

drain-up, 191installing vapor plugs, 192–199

Pipeline simulation, 612–613Pipeline system interconnects, 387Pipeline weld quality standards

International (ISO)/European Standards (EN), 220–222

North American standards, 219–220

Pipeline welding processes/ techniques, 222–224

weld joint preparation and design, 227–229


Index ■ 711

weld process characteristics, 224–227

Pipeline welding techniquesbackground, 208–210pipe grade and welding, 212–213pipe manufacture, 213–217timeline, 210–212weld microstructure and process,

217–219Pipeline welding terms and

definitions, 274–284Pipelines

background and history, 1–15compression and pumping, see

Compression and pumpingcurrent development, 18–19development, 3–6drivers and driven equipment used

on, 399existing infrastructure, 6–7gas, see Gas pipeline entriesgeneral functions for, 33–35liquid, see Liquid pipeline entriesmaintenance, see Maintenancemetering, see Meteringmonitoring and control, 570oil, see Oil pipeline entriesoperation and maintenance, see

Operation and maintenanceorganizational structure of, 37–40origin, 2sources of information on,

675–692system automation, 30system automation and control of,

569–570system development trends,

15–19system operation overview,

65–112system reliability, 31technological advances, 20transmission systems, see

Transmissiontypical organizational model, 38

Pipes of unequal wall thickness, joining, 271–273

Piping maintenance, 404Piping vibration and pulsation,

552–553PLC (programmable logic controller),

367, 580Plug valves, 302–304Polling methods, SCADA Host,

588–589Power valve operators, 308–312

PPE (personal protective equipment), 47

Precision, 339Preliminary cycle plan, 99Pressure drop, 320–324

minimum, 108Pressure point analysis, 612Pressure regulators, 380–381Pressure transducers, 363Pressurizing pipeline segment,

186–190Preventive maintenance, 51, 53Probability, 630Probability relations, basic,

637–638Probability theory


in pipeline capability determination, 663–665

Problem avoidance and resolutionaudits, 393check meters, 391–392dispute resolution, 392error, sources of, 391witnessing, 392–393

Procedures, 47–48, 667–670compression or pumping station,

670general, 667–668health, safety and environment,

668–669for management of documenta-

tion, 667measurement, 670pipeline, 669

Process transmittersdifferential pressure transmitters,

364pulse output devices, 365static pressure transmitters, 363thermocouples, RTDs and,

364–365Product batch management, 606–608Product shipments, growth in number

of, 98Programmable logic controller

(PLC), 367, 580Proration/apportionment, 98Protocols, SCADA Host, 589–590PSP (pipe to soil potential) surveys,

208Pulsation in piping flows, 552–553Pulse output devices, 365Pump and compressor stations,

397–565

control systems, 407–409, 411–415

design, 397–410driver selection, 400–403maintenance, 507–565condition monitoring, 544–564

of centrifugal compressors and pumps, 562–563

of electric motors, 563–564of gas turbines, 556–558

general monitoring, 548major maintenance actions,

547–548monitoring and diagnostic

techniques, 544–548oil analysis, 553–555of reciprocating engines and

compressors, 559–562of vibration, 549–555site, 508–509troubleshooting and failure

investigation, 565monitoring and control, 570operation of centrifugal

compressors and auxiliary systems, 480–490

operation of electric drivers, 472–480

operation of gas turbines and aux-iliary systems, 430–452

operation of pumps and auxiliary systems, 498–503

operation of reciprocating compressors and auxiliary systems, 490–498

operation of reciprocating engines and auxiliary systems, 452–472

pig launching, 425piping layout, 403–407safety systems, 409–410unit selection, 400–403

Pump characteristic curve, 562Pump selection, 402–403Pump station piping layout, 407, 408Pump station schematic display,

SCADA, 601Pump station systems

flare and sump system, 427–429pump unit instrumentation,

425–426shutdown control, 422station and unit instrumentation,

423, 425station control system, 421–423station discharge control, 426–427station electrical, 429–430



Pump unit monitoring, 608Purge pressure, 187–189Purging pipeline segment, 186–190

QQuality control, 104–105

RRadio systems, SCADA, 532–534,

584–586Radiographic inspection, 245Random error, 339Rapid valve closure, 320–321Rateability, 97–98RBDs, see Reliability block diagramsRCM (reliability centered

maintenance), 48, 547, 634–635

Reader-Harris/Gallagher (RG) equation, 346

Real-time data acquisition, SCADA Host, 591–592

Real-time managementof gas pipelines, 604–606of liquid pipelines, 606–610

Real-time measurement (RTM), 341, 604

Real-time transient analysis, 612Receipt meter stations, 19, 22Reciprocating compressors control

systems, 496–498lubrication system, 495–496performance characteristics,

496start-up and shutdown, 489–490

Reciprocating engines, 438air intake scavenging and

turbocharging, 454–456cooling systems, 466design, 452–454engine control system, 456–457fuel gas system, 459–466fuels, 459–461ignition systems, 464–465lube oil system, 457–459maintenance, 523–533major maintenance, 525–533

of cooling system, 530of cylinder heads, 526–528of fuel and ignition system,

532–533of intake and exhaust system,

531of lubrication system, 531of pistons and cylinders,

528–530

of prelube and starting system, 533

of rods, crankshaft, camshaft and bearings, 529–530

of turbocharger system, 533monitoring, 559–560routine maintenance, 523–525shutdown, 471–472start-up, 466–471

Redundancy, 631References, basic, 676–680Regional organizational structure,

38–39Regulations, codes and standards,

41–43Regulatory documents, 42–43Regulatory requirements, 36–37,

42–43Rehabilitation techniques, 164–173Relative density (RD), 374Reliability, 49

defined, 623, 632gas pipeline, see Gas pipelinereliability safety and, 630–631

Reliability analysis, fundamentals, 632–633

Reliability assessment, 565–583, 623applications, 625–629computer tools for, 631fundamentals and techniques,

629–635reasons for, 624techniques, 631–632

Reliability block diagrams (RBDs), 630


modeling, 639technique, 638–641

Reliability centered maintenance (RCM), 48, 547, 634

Reliability modeling, principles of, 631

Reliability standards, applicable, 567–571, 625–629

Relief valve sizing, 306–307Relief valves, 305–306Remote telemetry units, 367Remote terminal units (RTUs),

575–581Repair, 160–182

and rehabilitation techniques, 164–173

Repair welding, 237–244Repeatability, 339Replacement, equipment, 60–62

Report generation, 369Reproducibility, 339Resistance coefficient values for

pipeline valves, 322Rest potential, 207Reynold’s number, 342

pipe, 92, 93, 94Right-of-way (ROW), 130–131Right-of-way requirements, mainte-

nance, 135–136Risk, 633–634Road crossings, 140Rolls Royce RB211, 431, 433Rotary meters, 299–303

operating principle, 358operation in practice, 358–359

Rotary piston valve operator, 311Rotary positive displacement meters

application notes, 358–359implementation, 358operating principle, 358

Rotary vane valve operators, 310Routine maintenance, 129, 297, 301,

516ROW (right-of-way), 130–131RTM (real-time measurement),

604–610RTUs (remote terminal units),

575–581Rupture disk, 306Ruptured pipeline, 317, 645

SSafety, reliability and, 630–631Safety equipment maintenance, 509Safety procedures, 668–669Sample cylinders and cans, 381Sample equipment, 382Sample probes, 380Samplers, 382Sampling systems in fluid property

measurementcontinuous sampling

flow triggered, 382proportional to flow, 382proportional to time, 381–382

purpose of, 380sample equipment, 382samplers, 382spot samples, 382system components

filters, 381pressure regulators, 380–381sample cylinders and cans, 381sample probes, 380tubing, 381


Index ■ 713

Satellite system and SCADA, 586–587

SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition), 574–603

calculations, 577control loops, 577control outputs, 576–577data acquisition, 575–581fiber optic systems, 581, 584flow computers, 580–581hardware architecture, 571, 572metallic media, 583network configuration, 582–583programmable logic controllers,

580radio systems, 584–585remote terminal units, 575–581RTU hardware, 578–579RTU/Host communications, 577satellite system and, 586–587station control system/DCS, 580telecommunication and, 581–588transmission media, 583–587

SCADA and control systemsreliability, 369–370status alarms, 370

SCADA Host, 535–546, 588–606alarm management, 593–598displays, 599–600hardware configurations, 601–603historical data management, 592polling methods, 588–589protocols, 589–590real-time data acquisition,

591–592reporting, 600scan time, 590–591supervisory commands, 598system configuration and mainte-

nance, 601Scan time, SCADA Host, 590–591Scavenging, 454Schedule-based maintenance, 389Scrubbers, 388Sealant injection leakage, 332Sealing pigs, 155Seat leakage, valve, 330–331Secondary refrigerant technique, 194Security, 389Segregated batches, 86Seismic crossings, 140Senior Daniels orifice plate fitting,

346, 347Separators, 421Series compressor configuration, 406Series systems, 631

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), 211, 224–227

Shipper nominations, 97Shippers, 36–37Shuttle valve, 304Side-stream injections, 89Side/takeoff valves, 313Signal conditioning, 365–366Signs, 132–134Single-path ultrasonic meter signal

configuration, 354Slack line, column separation and,

114–116Slug/batch train, 87SMAW (shielded metal arc welding),

211, 224–227Software architecture, 572–574Solar Centaur 50, 432, 433, 434Sonic nozzles, 388Sound speed, 377, 378Sound wave propagation, 377Specific gravity (SG), 374Spill volume calculation, 318–320Spin test, 354Spot samples, 382Spring-back, 144–145Spring-loaded pressure relief valve,

306Standards and codes, 41–42

regulations and codes, 681–682Standby units, 641Static pressure transmitters, 363Station alarms, 73Station shutdowns, 73Station tie-ins, 313Station valves, 294Status alarms, 370Stem leakage, valve, 330Stopple and bypass, 167–169Stopple fittings, 168, 169Storage pool monitoring, 606Straightening vanes, 342Stress corrosion cracking, 164, 282StrongBack composite wrap repair,

172–173Stub installation, 180–182Sulfur content problems, 91, 379Supervisory control and data

acquisition, see SCADA entries

Surveillance program, 134–135System architecture, control, system

automation and, 571–574System automation, 569–620

advanced applications, 603–618and control of pipelines, 569–570

control system architecture and, 571–574

expert advisory systems, 613–614gas measurement and accounting,

614–618leak detection, 610–612liquids measurement and account-

ing, 618–620pipeline simulation, 612–613real-time management of gas pipe-

lines, 604–606real-time management of liquid

pipelines, 606–610System management tools, 573–574

TTanks

jet mixer for cleaning, 509, 510maintenance of, 509

Tariff enforcement, 371, 379Technical support organizational

structure, 39–40Technician qualifications and train-

ing, 390Telecommunication, 581–588

trends in, 587–588Temporary leak clamp repairs,

165–166Terminal control, 101Terminal maintenance, oil, 509Terminals, design of, 410Test leads, 204, 205, 206

for cased crossings, 134, 205at insulation flanges, 206for mainlines, 700mechanical clamp to attach, 206

TFI (transverse field inspection) tools, 151, 206

Thermal conductivity, 377–378Thermocouples, 365

RTDs and, 364–365Thermography, 534Time interval, 630Torsional vibration, 551–552Total sulfur, 379TransCanada pipelines, 67Transducers, 27, 283, 363Transient analysis, real-time, 612Transmission, 19–24

gas, 19–21gas pipeline, see Gas pipeline

transportationliquid, see Liquid transportation

Transmission pipeline valve spacing, 315

Transmitters



differential pressure (dP), 364pressure, 363, 419, 423temperature, 419, 423

Transportation, see Transmission entries

Transverse field inspection (TFI) tools, 163

Trend analysis, 546–547Trend display, SCADA, 600Trouble ticket generation, 369Troubleshooting and failure investi-

gation, 565installation, 333–334

Troubleshooting chart for gas tur-bines, 671–673

Tubing, 381Turbine meter(s)

application notes, 351–354implementation, 351operating principle, 350

Turbine meter nose cone, 353Turbulent flow, 117

UUltrasonic flow meters

application notes, 355–356implementation, 355operating principle, 354–355

Ultrasonic inspection, automated, 248–249, 283

Ultrasonic measurement, 564Ultraviolet light absorption, 385Unavailability, 574, 633, 659, 661,

662Uncertainty, 339Unit alarms, 73Unit shutdowns, 73Units, common, conversion table for,

702–703Upgrade strategies, 388Utility pigs, 154–155

VValve assemblies, 313–317Valve automation for liquid pipe-

lines, 317–320Valve body bleed, 185Valve characteristics, 320–324Valve closure rapid, 320–321Valve flow coefficient during, 321Valve failures, modes of, 327–336Valve flow coefficient calculations,

321for different types of valve and

sizes, 322–323during valve closure, 323

Valve handling, 333Valve installation, 333Valve labeling acronyms, 326Valve maintenance, 296–297Valve maintenance requirement,

325–336Valve operators, 307–312Valve seat leakage, 330–331, 335Valve spacing liquid pipeline,

315–317transmission pipeline, 315

Valve stem leakage, 330Valves, 289–336

applicable codes, 292–293application ranking and

identification, 324–325automatic line-break controls,

312–313ball, see Ball valvescheck, 304coding and color, 325–326gate, see Gate valvesgeneral and history, 289–292globe, 305hydrostatic testing, 334–335inspection and schedule, 326–327monitoring and control, 570plug, 302–304, 325relief, 305–307resistance coefficient values, 322side/takeoff, 313standards, 292–293station tie-ins, 313types for pipeline applications,

293–307types of, 294–295

Valves, yard piping and, 388Vapor plugs, 192Vapor pressure of batched products,

103Variable flow coefficient, 323Variable frequency drives (VFD), 9,

475–476Variance, 339VECTRA MFL metal loss tool, 157Velocity, liquid pipeline product,

116–117Velocity limit, 108, 109–110, 111

based on erosion, 109–110based on indirectly defined dam-

age, 111VFD (variable frequency drives), 9,

475–476Vibration frequency chart, 550Viscosity, 376–377Volume out calculation, 318–319

Vortex sheddingapplication notes, 360–361implementation, 360operating principle, 360

WWater, 379Water-wash cart, 513Water-wash fluids, 511Watercourse crossings, 140–141Warped orifice plate, 346Web resources, 689–692Weld anatomy, 229–232Weld defects, 254–266

limitations on imperfections in, 261

macrographs of, 255, 257Weld deposition, 166Weld inspection techniques, 244

avoiding defects, 258film cataloguing procedure, 248film identification marking, 248influencing factors on weld de-

fects, 261–266limits on weld defects, 258–261liquid dye penetrant inspection,

253–254magnetic particle inspection,

252–253marking of welds, 247–248operation, 250–252radiographic equipment,

245–246radiographic equipment and sup-

plies, 247radiographic inspection, 245radiographic inspector

responsibilities, 247radiographic procedure

qualification, 246–247radiographic quality, 247radiography of repair welds, 247radiography using x ray andγ ray

on welds, 245ultrasonic inspection, 248–249ultrasonic inspection characteris-

tics, 249–250weld imperfections/defects,

254–258Weld qualification and weld quality

assurancedevelopment and qualification of

welding procedures, 237–239double-jointing, 239mechanized welding, 240typical equipment crew, 239–240


Index ■ 715

typical mechanized welding crew, 240

typical SMAW welding crew, 239welders qualification record, 244welding inspection, 241welding procedures, 241–244

Weld repairs, 266–267Weld stress calculations

application of Mohr’s circle for a simple tensile test, 268

principles of stresses in welding, 267–268

T weld design, 269–270weld design principles, 269

Welders qualification, 238Welding cost, pipe thickness and,

270–271Welding positions/orientation,

232–235Welding rod designation, 235–237

typical electrodes for pipeline welding applications, 237

Welding terms/types, 222Witnessing, 392–393

Wobbe number, 375Work practices, 47–48

YYard piping, 388

ZZero-hour overhaul, 516


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