TYRE - Copy

8/9/2019 TYRE - Copy

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RECENTADVANCEMENT

OF TYRESACTIVE LEARNING LAB PROJECT

SUBMITTED BY:-CHANDAN KUMAR PANDEY

DEEPANJAN DASDAVID ROSHAN


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Chronology

1843 Charles Goodyearannounces vulcanization 1846 Robert William Thomson invented and patented the pneumatic tire 1888 First commercial pneumatic bicycle tire produced by Dunlop 1889 John Boyd Dunlop patented the pneumatic tire in the UK 1890 Dunlop, and William Harvey Du Cros began production of pneumatic tires in Ireland 1890 Bartlett Clincher rim introduced 1891 Dunlop's patent invalidated in favor of Thomsons patent

1892 Beaded edge tires introduced in the U.S. 1894 E.J. Pennington invents the first bal loon tire 1895 Michelin introduced pneumatic automobile tires 1898 Schrader valve stem patented 1900 Cord Tires introduced by Palmer (England) and BFGoodrich (U.S.) 1903 Goodyear Tire Company patented the first tubeless tire, however it was not introduced until 1954 1904 Goodyear and Firestone started producing cord reinforced tires 1904 Mountable rims were introduced that allowed drivers to fix their own flats 1906 First pneumatic aircraft tire 1908 Frank Seiberling invented grooved tires with improved road traction 1910 BFGoodrich Company invented longer life tires by adding carbon blackto the rubber

1919 Goodyear and Dunlop announced pneumatic truck tires[2] 1938 Goodyear introduced the rayon cord tire 1940 BFGoodrich introduced the first commercial synthetic rubbertire 1946 Michelin introduced the radial tire 1947 Goodyear introduced first nylon tires 1947 BFGoodrich introduced the tubeless tire 1963 Use of polyestercord introduced by Goodyear 1965 Armstrong Rubber introduced the bias belted fiberglass tire 1965 BFGoodrich offered the first radial available in North America 1967 Poly/glass tires introduced by Firestone and Goodyear 1968 United States Department of Transportation (DOT) numbers required on new tires in USA

1974 Pirelli introduced the wide radial tire


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TYRE

Tires, ortyres arering-shaped parts,eitherpneumatic or

solid (includingrubber, metals andplastic composites),that fit around

wheels to protectthem and enhancetheir function.


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Pneumatic automobile tire

An automobile tirefailure showing asteel ply

Tires, ortyres arering-shaped parts,eitherpneumatic orsolid that fit around

wheels to protectthem and enhancetheir function.


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Uses Of Pneumatic Tire

Pneumatic tires are used on many types of vehicles, such asbicycles, motorcycles, cars, trucks, earthmovers, and aircraft.Tires enable better vehicle performance by providing tractionand load support. Tires form a flexible cushion between thevehicle and the road, which smooths out shock and makes for amore comfortable ride while keeping the wheel in moreconstant contact with the road.

The earliest tires were bands of iron (latersteel), placed onwooden wheels, used on carts and wagons. The tire would beheated in a forge fire, placed over the wheel and quenched,causing the metal to contract and fit tightly on the wheel. Askilled worker, known as a wheelwright, carried out this work. Theouter ring served to "attire" the wheel for use, providing a wear-resistant surface to the perimeter of the wheel. The word "tire"thus emerged as a variant spelling to refer to the metal bandsused to dress wheels.


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Passenger and light truck types

High performance High performance tires are designed for use at higher speeds,

and more often, a more "sporty" driving style. They feature a softer rubber compound for improved traction,

especially on high speed cornering. The trade off of this softer rubber is shorter tread life. High performance street tires sometimes sacrifice wet weather

handling by having shallower water channels to provide moreactual rubber tread surface area for dry weather performance.

The ability to provide a high level of performance on both wetand dry pavement varies widely among manufacturers, andeven among tire models of the same manufacturer.

This is an area of active research and development, as well asmarketing.


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Mud and Snow

Mud and Snow, (or M+S, or M&S), is aclassification for specific winter tiresdesigned to provide improvedperformance under low temperatureconditions, compared to all-season tires.

The tread compound is usually softer thanthat used in tires for summer conditions,thus providing better grip on ice andsnow, but wears more quickly at highertemperatures.

Tires may have well above averagenumbers of sipes in the tread pattern togrip the ice.

Dedicated winter tires will bear the"Mountain/Snowflake Pictograph" ifdesignated as a winter/snow tire by theAmerican Society for Testing & Materials.

Winter tires will typically also carry thedesignation MS, M&S, or the words MUDAND SNOW (but see All-season tires, side).


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Off-the-road (OTR)

OTR tires being transported The OTR tire classification includes tires for

construction vehicles such as wheel loaders,backhoes, graders, trenchers, and the like; as wellas large mining trucks.

OTR tires can be of either bias or radialconstruction although the industry is trending

toward increasing use of radial. Bias OTR tires arebuilt with a large number of reinforcing plies towithstand severe service conditions and highloads.

Dramatically increasing commodity prices has ledto shortages of new tires. As a consequence,multi-million dollar trucks can be idled for lack oftires, costing mines mil lions of dollars in lostproductivity.

This has led to a stronger effort to recycle old OTRtires. As of 2008, a new OTR tire can cost up to$50,000; retread tires are sold at half the price of

new tires, and last 80% as long.Retreading an OTRtire is labor intensive. First, the retreading technician must place the old

tire in a buffing machine to remove what remainsof the old tread; "skiving" follows this, which is theremoval, by hand, of material the buffing misses.

Next, the technician must inspect the tire,repairing defects.

Lastly, the technician fills holes in the tire withrubber, applies a cement gum adhesive, andplaces the tire on a machine which will apply anew tread.


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Racing

NASCAR tires Racing tires are highly specialized

according to vehicle and race trackconditions.

This classification includes tires for top-fueldragsters, drift racers, extreme off-road

racing, oval-track racers, jet-poweredtrucks, and monster trucks - as well as thelarge-market race tires forFormula One,NASCAR, rallying, MotoGP and the like.

Tires are specially engineered for specificrace tracks according to surfaceconditions, cornering loads, and tracktemperature. Tires also have beenspecially engineered for "drifting" in whichvehicles engage in exaggerated skidsand slides. Racing tires often areengineered to minimum weight targets, sotires for a 500 mile race may run only100 miles before a tire change. Some tiremakers invest heavily in race tiredevelopment as part of the company'smarketing strategy and a means ofadvertising to attract customers withracing dreams.

Racing tires often are not legal for normalhighway use.


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Industrial

Airless tire The Industrial tire

classification is a bit of acatch-all category andincludes pneumatic andnon-pneumatic tires forspecialty industrial and

construction equipmentsuch as skid loaders andfork lift trucks.


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Bicycle

A Cheng Shin brandbicycle tire in the style ofa cruiser bicycle

This classificationincludes all forms ofbicycle tires, includingroad racing tires,mountain bike tires, snow

tires, and tubular tires.


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Aircraft

Changing a tire on aP-3COrion aircraft

Aircraft tires are designed towithstand extremely heavy loads forshort durations.

The number of tires required foraircraft increases with the weight ofthe plane (because the weight ofthe airplane is distributed better).

Aircraft tire tread patterns aredesigned to facilitate stability in highcrosswind conditions, to channelwater away to preventhydroplaning, and for braking

effect. Aircraft tires are usually inflated with

nitrogen orhelium in order tominimize expansion and contractionfrom extreme changes in ambienttemperature and pressureexperienced during flight.

Dry nitrogen expands at the samerate as other dry atmospheric gases,but common compressed airsources may contain moisture,


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Safety

Penny Test - test for safetread depth

A US penny can be used tocheck tire tread to see if it is

down to 1/16 or2/32 of an inch. Take a penny and put Lincoln's

head into one of the grooves ofthe tire tread.

If part of his head is covered bythe tread, you are driving withthe legal amount of tread.

If you can see all of Lincoln's

head, it is time to replace thetire.


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In order to support and meet this demand, an all around developmenthas taken place on the material front too, be it an elastomerelastomer (ls`tmr), substance having to some extent the elasticproperties of natural rubber. The term is sometimes used technically todistinguish synthetic rubbers and rubberlike plastics from natural rubber.; new generation nano-filler; surface modified or plasma treated filler;reinforcing materials like aramid Aramid fibers are a class of heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibers. They are used in aerospace andmilitary applications, for ballistic rated body armor fabric, and as anasbestos substitute. The name is a shortened form of "aromaticpolyamide". , polyethylene naphthalate This article is about the polymer.For other uses of the acronym, see PEN.Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN)is a polyester with good barrierproperties (unlike Polyethylene terephthalate). (PEN)and carbon fiber;nitrosamine-free vulcanization vulcanization (vl'knz`shn),treatment of rubber to give it certain qualities, e.g., strength, elasticity,and resistance to solvents, and to render it impervious to moderate heatand cold. and vulcanizing agents; antioxidants AntioxidantsSubstances that reduce the damage of the highly reactive free radicalsthat are the byproducts of the cel

Antioxidants.


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A Ziegler-Natta catalyst is a reagent or a mixture of

reagents used in the production of polymers of 1-alkenes (-olefins). Ziegler-Natta catalysts aretypically based on titanium compounds andorganometallic aluminium compounds, for exampletriethylaluminium, (C2 . Solution SBR has no organicfatty acid fatty acid, any of the organic carboxylic

acids present in fats and oils as esters of glycerol.Molecular weights of fatty acids vary over a widerange. The carbon skeleton of any fatty acid isunbranched. Some fatty acids are saturated, i.e. andthere is more control of micro-structure (tailor-madeproduct). This results in better physical properties like

lower rolling resistance Rolling resistance, sometimescalled rolling friction or rolling drag, is the resistancethat occurs when an object such as a ball or tire rolls.It is caused by the deformation of the wheel or tire orthe deformation of the ground. and better wet grip,which is a most


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of the chain-end active site to the silica-reactive functionality, by reaction with acarefully designed functionalizing agent.Bridgestone said if the new compound, withnonporoustech (nanostructure-orientedMolecule of any of a class of mostly organiccompounds that can react with othermolecules of the same or other compounds toform very large molecules(polymers). molecules to a polymer chain. Thesecond relates to the chemical conversation

properties control technology), is used in a tiretread, it should improve flexibility in coldconditions, yet retain stiffness for warmconditions.


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Carbon blackis incorporated into the polymer to achieve severalrequirements. The most stringent requirements are good tread wear, lowrolling resistance and superior traction. Out of these parameters, if oneimproves, another will deteriorate. These three inter-related propertiesare sometimes assigned to a so-called magic triangle.

In the recent past, a lot of development has taken place in reinforcingfiller technology. These developments include the introduction and

usage of improved grades of silica, development of dual fillers,nanotechnology for improved tire performance, introduction of biofillerssuch as corn starch in tire treads (eco friendly tires, Goodyear),introduction of polymeric fillers, and ground rubber as a recyclingmaterial and eco friendly filler.

The use of highly dispersible silica, together with silanes and high vinyl

solution SBR, has met all critical magic triangle requirements like gooddry and wet traction, reduced tread wear and low rolling resistance.Highly dispersible, high surface area silica offers nearly a 40% reductionof rolling resistance and approximately 30% reduction of heat build-up.


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characteristics.

Nano-structure blackis a family of new carbon blacks characterized bya rough surface and enhanced filler-polymer interaction (figure 2). It

hinders the slippage of polymer molecules along the rough nano-structure surface and reduces the hysteresis significantly. This type ofblackideally meets truck tire requirements, as it provides improvedtread wear in addition to low hysteresis

1. pertaining to hydrophobia (rabies).

2. not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water.

3. in nature. This generates a huge surface energy difference at thepolymer-filler interface and results in macro-phase separation. Couplingagents weremultistage1. Functioning in more than one stage: a multistage design project.

2. Relating to or composed of two or more propulsion units. mixingtechnology and consuming energy. The efficiency of coupling agents is

very low in the presence of other rubber chemicals. Recently developedfunctionalized fillers overcome this. Functionalized filler is a newcategory of fillers in which the surface chemistry of the filler is changedfor better polymer-filler interaction. This is a suitable way to improve thedegree of reinforcement of rubber and polymer-filler interaction byproviding functionality to the filler surface, which is stable at normalmixing temperature, but can react with the rubber matrix duringvulcanization. This leads to grafting of filler particles on the rubber matrix,

with great improvement of physical properties. The shape of theaggregate plays an important role in the distribution of filler in the rubber


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Developments in nanocomposites are a significant development of the21st. Nowadays, the market..... century Click the link for moreinformation. and nano clay are distributed in nanoscale within theorganic polymer matrix. Increased surface area of nano-fillers producesbetter interfacial polymer-nanofiller interaction. Polymernanocomposites show a very high degree of reinforcement; highthermal stability.Fillers with extremely high aspect ratios (1,000-10,000), such as carbonnano-tubes, have a much lower percolation threshold (lower amount isrequired for equivalent reinforcement). Therefore, it might be possible tovalue of nanocomposites is $75 million and is expected to soar to $250million by 2010. The rapid growth in this field will definitely change thematerial demand scenario for the tire industry to a large extent incoming years. Polymer nanocomposites are organic-inorganic hybridmaterials where the inorganic phase like nano silica, nano zincoxidezinc oxide, chemical compound, ZnO, that is nearly insoluble inwater but soluble in acids or alkalies. It occurs as white hexagonalcrystals or a white powder commonly known as zinc white.formulate a compound that both conducts and has all the otheradvantages of the 'green' tire by the incorporation of relatively smallamounts of carbon nano-tubes into the silica filled compound.


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has led to the usage of non-toxic types of extender oil. These non-toxicoils are mostly DAE

having a capacity for carcinogenesis. potential of the PCAs. Concernabout the toxicity of highly aromatic oil

a product of distillation. aromatic extract), TDAE TDAE Treated DistillateAromatic Extract

Mineral oils, also known as extender See Media Center Extender, busextender and DOS extender. oils, are a wide range of a minimum 1,000

different chemical components and are used for the reduction ofcompound cost and improved processing behavior (ref. 10). They arealso used as aplasticizerAny of various substances added to plastics or other materials to makeor keep them soft.polycyclic hydrocarbonsthyroid initiators, i.e. they increase the incidence of thyroidtumors. aromatic (PCA (tool, programming)PCA - A dynamic analyser

fromDEC giving information on run-time performance and code use. )materials. Almost 75% of the extender oils are used in the tread, sub-

tread and shoulder; 10-15% are used in the sidewall; approximately 5%are used in the innerliner and less than 10% are used in the remainingparts of a typical passenger car radial tire. In total, one passenger tirecan contain up to 700 grams of oil.

A lot of studies since 1970 have been done and have, more or less,

proved the carcinogenic carcinogenic


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There are several fibers currently used in carcassreinforcement. High modulus low shrinkage (HMLSHMLS High-Modulus Low-Shrinkage (polyester tirecords)HMLS High/Medium/Low Selector ) polyester (PET)istypically used in most radial passenger tires andoffers a good mix of properties. Nylon is usedextensively in bias ply tires where strength isparamount. Rayon rayon, synthetic fibers made fromcellulose or textiles woven from such fibers; morerayon is manufactured than any other synthetic fiber.The name was adopted (1924), in preference to"artificial silk," by the U.S. Dept. is the reinforcementcord of choice in Europe for high performance tires,due to its ability to maintain mechanical properties athigh temperature. Aramid fiber offers ultra highperformance properties, but at a high cost. This costlimits the usage of aramid to high-end luxury andrace car tires.


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fixation of joints in flexion.In the newborn called contractedcalves or foals. fatigue equivalent to PETand rayon. It has

equivalent toughness to rayon, which is important for sidewallimpact resistance. PEN's superior mechanical properties alsoafford opportunities to use less fiber in carcass construction,enabling production of lighter weight, more fuel-efficient tires.

In radial tires, the carcass provides reinforcement along theradial direction. To provide reinforcement in the rolling direction,belts are necessary (ref. 11). Steel is the traditional material ofchoice, but there has been a drive to replace it with lighter-weight synthetic cords. Aramids offer a synthetic alternative, buttheir cost has been prohibitive.

The reversion characteristics of natural rubber are of greatconcern. A lot of novel chemicals have been introduced toincrease the reversion resistance efficiency of NR. Someexamples of these are azinc soap activator


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With all-around development, the expectations of tirecustomers have also grown. Now, customers aremore demanding .In the context of general equities,this describing a buy interest in which a dealer isasked to offer stock, often involving a capitalcommitment. Antithesis of in touch with. better

mileage (tread wear), lower heat build-up, better rideand handling (dry and wet traction)andenvironmental friendliness (i.e., low rolling resistance,reduced noise, more durability and less pollution).Keeping customers' expectations in mind, major tiremanufacturers have introduced several innovative

products. The development of super single tires, runflat technology, active wheel systems, the Tweel tire,solid tires (closed cellular PU fires)and multiairchamber fires are among the major path-breakingachievements in the recent past of the tire industry.


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Super single tire

The super single fire is a fire that replaces two fires,

increases freight volume by lowering the floor level,decreases total fire weight and rolling resistance (RR),decreases tire waste and reduces materials

Active wheel system

In an active wheel system, each active wheel isequipped with an electric motor. The electric motornot only runs the wheel, but it also can be used toslow and stop it, so traditional disc or drum brakesmight eventually be eliminated. By using electric

motors to turn the wheels, the large heavytransmission and differential become obsolete.


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Solid polyurethane tires can have weight equal to or less than apneumatic tire and tube, strength and durability, and with wearresistance exceeding that of pneumatic rubber tires by up to 300percent or a life span of up to four times that of the normal rubber tire. Awide range of PU tires can be developed with pressures ranging from 30to 175 psi to provide a riding quality and firmness normally associatedwith rubber pneumatic tires, can be fully molded with a thick self-skinand can be snap-fitted on standard rims with inexpensive mounting

tools. Competitive pricing makes these tires affordable compared toregular rubber tires and puncture-proof tubes. In tests performed by anindependent laboratory, tire performance was shown to be equal to orbetter than pneumatic tires. Micro-cellular polyurethane tires arerecyclable, with worn-out material being used for such applications asdoormats, truck bed liners, racetracks and non-pneumatic tires. Themicro-cellular tire will be one of the biggest revolutions in the field of tiretechnology. A PU tire made of micro-cellular PU foam consists of

hundreds of thousands of microscopic air cells, both open and closed,trapped in a dense and very tough PU rubber matrix. The result is apuncture-proof PU tire. Properties of PU rubber can be easily changedfrom rigid to flexible; hence it becomes an excellent alternative to thetraditional pneumatic tire. In PU tires, each micro-cell acts as anindependent cushioning agent, and a puncture will not cause the wholetire to go fiat. In addition, these microscopic air ceils will regain theiroriginal size, shape and form once the sharp object is removed from the

tire, returning the rider to the original comfort and grip of the journey.According to Huntsman Polyurethanes, several companies have


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The spare tire is a heavy and, in many cases, unnecessaryweight to be carried around in the vehicle. Tires arebecoming more reliable and durable, but punctures canstill occur. Companies have been studying techniques foreliminating the spare tire for many years. Most of the majortire companies now have products that will run for adefined safe distance and speed when the air is lost. Self-supporting tires with heavy sidewall inserts have requiredcompounders to formulate new recipes that are stiffenough to support the load, but also resistant to the

excessive temperatures that are generated when the tireover-deflects. Ultra high tensile steel cords replace orsupplement the conventional polyester or rayon carcassof run-flat car tires. The downside of this insert philosophy,which is not required for a very high percentage of thetire's life and in most cases never at all, is that it is a heavyweight addition and detracts from rolling resistance and

ride comfort (figure 4).

Other run-flat systems have been developed thatincorporate a separate internal support ring of novelmaterials and designs, which prevents the tire from over-distorting and, hence, dislodging from the rim.


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Tire pressure monitoring system A tire pressuremonitoring system (TPMS) is an electronic system tomonitor the air pressure inside a pneumatic tire. Theyare sometimes referred to as remote tire pressure

monitoring systems (RTPMS) or simply as Run flatindicators. (TPMS (Transaction Processing MonitorSystem) A TP monitor from Fujitsu Services, formerlyICL, that is used in conjunction with its IDMSXdatabase system. TPMS supports up to 16,000 onlineusers. See IDMSX. ) for run flat tires

The market is still reluctant to adopt these run-flat tiresuntil there is an integral system that warns the driverof pressure loss. Many new 'smart' developments arehitting the markets that monitor tire temperatures andpressure. This type of monitoring is also beneficial to

fleet operators who need to measure and maintaintire operating pressure to minimize tire wear and fuelconsumption.


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Michelin's new innovation, the Tweel, is a single unit consisting of fourpieces, including the hub, polyurethane spokes, a shear bandsurrounding the spokes and tread band. Its high lateral stiffness improvescornering. The Tweel can be engineered to give five times the lateralstiffness as a pneumatic tire without any loss in ride comfort. It is

impervious to nails on the road. The tread will last two to three times aslong as today's radial tires, and can be retreaded again. The Tweel'shub functions as it would in a normal wheel. A rigid attachmentconnects the hub to the axle. The polyurethane spokes are flexible tohelp absorb road impacts. The shear band surrounding the spokeseffectively takes the place of the air pressure, distributing the load. Thetread is similar in appearance to a conventional tire

Multiair chamber tyreBridgestone announced in a news release in February 2006 thedevelopment of a multi air chamber tire, which has three separatechambers acting as pressure vessels .


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The all-new type of tire contour was born from extensive R&Defforts with a view to the future of tires. The inside of the tireconsists of a main chamber in the center and sub-chambers onboth sides. The air pressure in each of the chambers can becontrolled independently, making it possible to adjust the

stiffness balance between the tread area and the left and rightsidewalls. This ensures ideal contact in any condition, and thus, amore stable and comfortable drive. It also means performancecan be adjusted in line with customer needs, such as comfort ormaneuverabilitY.

Also, as the tire is divided into three parts, even if the air pressure

in one of the chambers drops to 0 kPa, caused by a nailpuncture, for instance, the remaining chambers will be able tosupport the weight of the tire, so it will be able to continue tooperate for a specified distance.


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Over a few decades, tire manufacturing technology has undergone aseries of changes and the tire has become a high technology product.There are some differences in manufacturing technologies adopted bydifferent companies to achieve these conflicting demands based ontheir technical competency. However, the major players are trying todevelop modular manufacturing systems, e.g., C3M C3M Command,Control, and Communications Counter-Measures (carcasse, monofill,moulage moulage /moulage/ (moo-lahzh) [Fr.] the making of molds ormodels in wax or plaster; also, a mold or model so produced.

Future challenges in materialrequirementsPerformance requirements, environmental issues and availability/cost ofthe material will mainly drive material requirements in the future. In orderto face a huge tire wastage wastage

a loss of product or productivity; in terms of animal production includeslosses due to deaths of animals, lowered production from survivors,including reproduction, and lost opportunity income.


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), usage of EPDwastage Fetal wastage, see there problemcausing a major hazard in the environment, future developmentin rubbery materials will be focused on development ofthermoplastic A polymer material that turns to liquid whenheated and becomes solid when cooled. There are more than40 types of thermoplastics, including acrylic, polypropylene,polycarbonate and polyethylene. polymers so that usedpolymers could be recovered by thermal treatment andseparation,

Solution SBR with a star branched structure, alpha methyl styrenegrades of SBR and high styrene ESBR ESBR Economic StatisticsBriefing Room are replacing conventional SBR grades.Neodymium catalyst based BR, epoxidized NR and synthetic IRas a substitute for NR are other general-purpose rubbers gettingcontinuous popularity due to different reasons. Polyurethaneusage in solid tires (first commercialization by Amerityre passed

FMVSS FMVSS Federal Motor Vehicle Safety StandardFMVSS Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards testsM EPDMEthylene-Propylene-Diene-


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In reinforcing materials, double-dipped polyesters for improvedtire durability, plasma treated yams for improved bonding in thetire, increased usage of aramid fabric as belt and application ofPEN are the areas where manufacturers are showing interest. Theintroduction of new styles of steel wire geometry for improvedrubber to metal adhesion and new steel wire coatingformulations for improved rubber to metal bonding are other

focused areas of development.

A major breakthrough in reinforcing materials can come with thedevelopment of nanofibers that can be aligned in a polymermatrix and give high strength to the polymer. This can reducethe capital equipment requirement and recycling problem.Successful development of a molecular architecture where

crystallization Crystallization

The formation of a solid from a solution, melt, vapor, or a differentsolid phase. Crystallization from solution is an important industrialoperation because of the large number of materials marketed ascrystalline particles. of planes within the polymer structure wouldgive reinforcement to a flexible amorphous phase could

produce a tire without fabric reinforcement.


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Use of machines, either wholly or in part, to replacehuman or animal labour. Unlike automation, which maynot depend at all on a human operator, mechanizationrequires human participation to provide information orinstruction. in agriculture and construction work,continuous crude oil price increases and aggressivecompetition.

Technology needs to be geared up for growingradialization that could reach up to even 90-95% indeveloping countries, H and V rated tires would emergeas brand builders, ride and handling, noise level, rolling

resistance, etc., as unique selling propositions, and wetskid becoming a mandatory requirement. Mileage,coupled with high performance, would be the futurechallenge, and radialization would come faster. Truckradials are to grow in inter-nodal and bus segments. LTradials are used in short haul and hilly terrains. Uniformity,balance, wet skid, etc., may become mandatory.


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The bias segment will face challenges imposed byradials. This segment would demand more mileagewith high load carrying capacity carrying capacity

the number of animal units that a farm or area willcarry on a year round basis, including that neededfor conservation of winter feed. Usually stated as drycows or dry sheep equivalents per hectare. and athigher speeds. Rising fuel cost will increase the costpressure--thus high mileage, fuel efficiency and

better retreadability will be the unique sellingpropositions. Mechanization will increase demand forfarm and OTR tires. The emergence of high HP tractorsleading to larger tire sizes, and radial technologyimproving mileage and cut/stubble resistance will bethe key challenges.


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Lower aspect ratio for automobile tires, higher loadcarrying capacity and reduced size for truck tires wouldbe key sectors for development. Farm and off-road tireswill face demands for higher speeds, more ride comfortand enhanced traction. Development of advanced higherstrength reinforcements will lead to lower weight and

reduced thickness for the tire.

Advancement in tire technology is expected to continueto take advantage of emerging technologies, to meetfurther customer demands and to accommodate newapplications. Different tires will be introduced in the front

and rear positions of automobiles as a result of thedifferent loadings. Unsymmetrical tread designs will havedifferent patterns on the outer and inner halves of thetread, thus accommodating the different contact forceson the two halves of the footprint, especially duringcornering..


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Reduction in tire development time and improvement in

the quality continue to advance by the use of computers.Customer demands for enhanced performance will leadto further customizing of tire designs for particularapplications. Different vehicles may require different tires,fine-tuned to the specific features of each vehicle and itssuspensions. New designs may include "zoned" treads withdifferent materials used in the shoulders and in the crownarea to optimize the overall performance, or zone treaddesigns with a relatively wide and deep circumferentialgroove in the middle of the tread to facilitate waterremoval and prevent aquaplaning The development of atire able to run some distance after air loss will continue tobe pursued to eliminate the requirement of a spare tire.

Pressure warning devices, which provide a safety alarmand may give the driver enough warning to be able todrive to the nearest aid station, are another research area


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The pneumatic tire, which alreadyperforms remarkable functions at a very

modest cost, will continue to developand further enhance its value to thecustomer.


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