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TYRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
DIPLOMA
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BY
Under the guidance of ------------------------
2004-2005
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
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Register number: _________________________
This is to certify that the project report titledTYRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM
submitted by the following students for the award ofthe Diploma engineering is record of bonafide workcarried out by them.
Done by
Mr. /Ms._______________________________
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
Diploma in Mechanical EngineeringDuring the Year (2004-2005)
_________________ _______________
Head of Department Guide
Coimbatore641651.Date:
Submitted for the university examination held on ___________
_________________ ________________Internal Examiner ExternalExaminer
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At this pleasing moment of having successfully
completed our project, we wish to convey our
sincere thanks and gratitude to the management
of our college and our beloved chairman
, who provided all
the facilities to us.
We would like to express our sincere thanks toour principal , for
forwarding us to do our project and offering
adequate duration in completing our project.
We are also grateful to the Head of
Department Prof. .., for
her constructive suggestions & encouragement
during our project.
With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our
earnest & sincere thanks to our guide
.., Department
of Mechanical for her kind guidance &
encouragement during this project.
We also express our indebt thanks to our
TEACHING and NON TEACHING staffs of
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,
.(COLLEGE NAME).
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TYRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM
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CONTENTS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER PARTICULAR PAGE No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
SYNOPSIS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
3. PCB DESIGNING
4. BLOCK DIAGRAM
5. COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION
6. WORKING PRINCIPLE
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
8. APPLICATIONS
9. LIST OF MATERIAL
10. COST ESTIMATION
11. CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHY
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Chapter-1---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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SYNOPSIS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Chapter-2---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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INTRODUCTION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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CHAPTER - 2
INTRODUCTION
This is an era of automation where it is broadly defined as replacement of manual
effort by electronics power in all degrees of automation. The operation remains an
essential part of the system although with changing demands on physical input as the
degree of mechanization is increased.
Degrees of automation are of two types, viz.
Full automation.
Semi automation.
In semi automation a combination of manual effort and mechanical power is required
whereas in full automation human participation is very negligible.
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Chapter-3---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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PCB DESIGNING--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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CHAPTER - 3
PCB DESIGNING
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB)
Nowadays the printed circuit board hereafter mentioned as PCBs makes the
electronic circuit manufacturing as easy one. In olden days vast area was required to
implement a small circuit. To connect two leads of the components, separate connectors
are needed. But PCBs connect the two leads by copper coated lines on the PCB board.
PCBs are available in various types namely single sided and double sided boards.
In single sided PCBs the copper layer is one side.
MANUFACTURING:
First, the wanted circuit is drawn on a paper and it is modified or designed to
reduce the space this designed PCB layout is to be drawn on the plain copper coated
board. There boards are available in 2 types.
1. Phenolic
2. Glass epoxy
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Most computer PCBs are glass epoxy. To draw the circuit diagrams we can use
the black colour paint. Before that the required size of the plane PCB board is
determined from the roughly drawn PCB layout. Using black paint the desired circuit is
drawn on the board.
CAD IN PCB:
First the PCB layout is designed by CAD. The print out is taken from the
computer (of large size) for out clearance. This layer is given to the photography section
to get the layout in its actual size. From this we can have the positive and negative
images of the layout. This photographic image is exposed in the following three methods.
1) Polybluem
2) Chrombin
3) Five star
The exposed mesh is placed on plain copper coated board in correct alignment by
using wooden clamps. Special paints are used to spread over the mesh. Paint flow
through the board and the layout lines are made on the copper board. Finally, there are
fine layouts on the copper board.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER - 4
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
The block diagram consists of following main parts,
Sensor unit
Microcontroller unit
Battery
These components are explained the next chapter.
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PRESSURE
SENSORMICROCONTROLLER
UNIT
RELAY
ALARMBATTERY
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Chapter-5---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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COMPONENTS ANDDESCRIPTION
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LM
358
POWER SUPPLY UNIT
MICROCONTRO
LLER UNIT
The pressure sensor resistor is varying depends upon the alcohol contents of the
air. This will be mostly linear to the alcohol. During the normal condition the resistance
of sensor shoots up to Meg ohm ranges.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
1K
9V (ZENER) 10K
10K 2 - 4
1000F 3 + 1
10K 10K
2.2K
Alcohol SENSOR 1N4007
BC547 1K
LED 1K
AT NORMEL CONDITION:-
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In normal condition the Resistance of the Sensor is high. The voltages applied to
the non-inverting terminal (+ ive) is low when compared to the inverting terminal
voltages (- ive). In that time, the OP-AMP output is Vsat. (I.e -12 Volt). There is no
signal given to the microcontroller unit.
AT LOW PRESSURE CONDITION:-
In low pressure condition the Resistance of the sensor is low due to intensity of the
light or fire. The voltages applied to the non-inverting terminal (+ ive) is high when
compared to the inverting terminal voltages (- ive). In that time, the OP-AMP output is
+Vsat. (I.e +12 Volt). The transistor and in ON condition and this signal is given to the
microcontroller unit.
2. MICROCONTROLLER UNIT:-
The pressure sensor senses the alcohol contents of the particular room/vehicle.
This sensing signal is given to the microcontroller unit. When the current voltage is
bellow the setted voltage, the output from the microcontroller activates the relay to
function the alarm unit.
MICROCONTROLLER UNIT
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Microcontroller Core Features:
High performance RISC CPU
Only 35 single word instructions to learn
All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle
Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input, DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data
Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory
Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources)
Eight level deep hardware stack
Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes
Power-on Reset (POR)
Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation
Programmable code protection
Power saving SLEEP mode
Selectable oscillator options
Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM technology
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Each bank extends up to 7Fh (128 bytes). The lower locations of each bank are
reserved for the Special Function Registers. Above the Special Function Registers are
General Purpose Registers, implemented as static RAM. All implemented banks contain
Special Function Registers. Some frequently used Special Function Registers from one
bank may be mirrored in another bank for code reduction and quicker access.
GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTER
FILE
The register file can be accessed either directly or indirectly through the File
Select Register (FSR).
SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS
The Special Function Registers are registers used by the CPU and peripheral
modules for controlling the desired operation of the device. These registers are
implemented as static RAM. A list of these registers is given in Table 2-1.
The Special Function Registers can be classified into two sets: core (CPU) and
peripheral. Those registers associated with the core functions are described in detail in
this section. Those related to the operation of the peripheral features are described in
detail in the peripheral features section.
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All other PORTA pins have TTL
input levels and full CMOS output drivers.
Other PORTA pins are multiplexed
with analog inputs and analog VREF
input. The operation of each pin is
selected by clearing/setting the
control bits in the ADCON1 register
(A/D Control Register1). The TRISA
register controls the direction of the
RA
pins, even when they are being used as
analog inputs. The user must ensure
the bits in the TRISA register are
maintained set when using them as
analog inputs.
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temperature rating. At 0F the available output is only 60 % of the ampere-hour battery
rating.
In cold weather, therefore, it is very important to have an automobile battery unto
full charge. In addition, the electrolyte freezes more easily when diluted by water in the
discharged condition.
2.6SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
Measuring the specific gravity of the electrolyte generally checks the state of
discharge for a lead-acid cell. Specific gravity is a ratio comparing the weight of a
substance with the weight of a substance with the weight of water. For instance,
concentrated sulfuric acid is 1.835 times as heavy as water for the same volume.
Therefore, its specific gravity equals 1.835. The specific gravity of water is 1, since it is
the reference.
In a fully charged automotive cell, mixture of sulfuric acid and water results in a
specific gravity of 1.280 at room temperatures of 70 to 80F. as the cell discharges, more
water is formed, lowering the specific gravity. When it is down to about 1.150, the cell is
completely discharged.
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WORKING PRINCIPLE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER - 6
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The pressure sensor senses the pressure contents of the tubes of the air. This
sensing signal is given to the microcontroller unit. When there are in required pressure
level, there is no signal given to the microcontroller unit.
In our 12 volt battery power supply is used. The power supply output is given to
the control unit. Control unit having three relays, they are connected to the alarm unit.
Initially the reference voltage is set with the help of the variable resistance. The air
pressure contents is sensed by the sensor and this control signal is given to the
microcontroller unit
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Chapter-7---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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ADVANTAGES &DISADVANTAGES
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Thus we have made a TYRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM, Using this
arrangement we can control the drunken drive. There by a large amount of energy is
saved and it gives a smooth operation.
We are proud that we have completed the work with the limited time successfully.
The TYRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM is working with satisfactory
conditions. We are able to understand the difficulties in maintaining the tolerances and
also quality. We have done to our ability and skill making maximum use of available
facilities.
In conclusion remarks of our project work, let us add a few more lines about our
impression project work. Thus we have developed an TYRE PRESSURE
MONITORING SYSTEMwhich helps to know how to achieve low cost automation.
The application of pneumatics produces smooth operation. By using more techniques,
they can be modified and developed according to the applications.
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return dat;
}
void main()
{
TRISA=0x03;PORTA=0x00;
TRISC=0X00;PORTC=0X00;
ADCON1=0x84;
while(1)
{
adc1=sample1();
// adc2=sample2();
// result=adc2-adc1;
if(adc1