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• 1917: Russian Revolution
• 1918: End of WW1
• 1919-20: Paris Peace Conference
• 1920’s economic prosperity (“The Roaring 20’s”)
1930’s economic crisis (“The Great Depression”)
INTERWAR PERIOD
1918 - 39
WW2
1939 - 45
Rise of Totalitarism: Fascism &
Nazism
Russia had
become a very
extensive empire:
•Limits in the West: Baltic
Sea & Black Sea
•Limits in the East:
Pacific Ocean
Russia before the Revolution
It had a huge
population (170 million
people), the biggest of
Europe, and it was
formed by multiple
nationalities (over 200
ethnic groups).
Russia before the Revolution
It had an agrarian economy:
Industry was scarce 3 million proletariats.
Most of the population (80%) were peasants little changes since the Middle Ages, so the agrarian production was very low: not enough to feed itshuge population.
Compared to Western Europe, Russia was economically,
socially & politically backwards
Russia before the Revolution
Most of the population were
illiterate & many were still serfs
under the control of wealthy
landowners.
Russia before the Revolution
Compared to Western Europe, Russia was economically,
socially & politically backwards
Russia before the Revolution
Tsar Nicholas II of Russia,
last emperor of Russia
Politically, it was an autocratic state it was an
absolute monarchy (≠ liberalism: no constitution,
parliament, separation of powers, elections…).
It was ruled by the TSARS (“Zares”) of the Romanov
dynasty. The term “tsar” is derived from the Latin
word “Caesar”, which meant "Emperor“.
Compared to Western Europe, Russia was economically,
socially & politically backwards
Causes of the Russian
Revolution
HUGE ECONOMIC & SOCIAL INEQUALITIES:
- Minority a rich aristocracy that owned
most of the land & factories.
- Majority extremely poor peasants &
proletariats that lived in very bad
conditions.
POLITICAL DISCONTENT DUE TO
THE AUTOCRATIC
GOVERNMENT OF THE TSARS.
These 2 factors led to
a double opposition
to the tsarist regime
Bourgeoisie wanted moderate reforms: liberal
monarchy.
Peasants & proletariat wanted more radical
reforms: dictatorship of the proletariat (communist
revolution). Represented by the Bolshevik party.
REVOLUTION OF 1905
CAUSES: general discontent +
military defeat against Japan
(Russo-Japanese war)
It forced the Tsar to introduce
some changes:
• A parliament (Duma) was created
• A Constitution was written
• Political parties were allowed
However, in fact the autocracy remained:
• 50% of the members of the Duma were appointed by the Tsar.
• Laws had to be approved by the Duma & by the Tsar.
BLOODY SUNDAY /
RED SUNDAY(St. Petersburg. January 22nd, 1905)
It started in January 1905 when people marched pacifically towards
the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia,
and were brutally fired upon by the Imperial Guard.
REVOLUTION OF 1905
Although the revolution failed (Russia continued to be an
autocratic regime), it had important consequences:
• It broke the bond between the Tsar & most of the
Russian population.
• It led to the radicalization of the opposition.
• It served as a serious warning of what might happen in
the future.
Activity 1
a) Define the following words”:• Tsar• Duma
b) What problems of the Tsarist Russia were the main causes of the Revolutions of 1905 and 1917? What double opposition did these problems gave rise to?
c) Explain the beginning & the outcome of the Revolution of 1905.
REVOLUTION OF 1917
CAUSES: general discontent + problems caused by WW1:
Military defeats
Famine
≈ 3 million deaths
1st) BOURGEOIS REVOLUTION (moderate reforms; supported Capitalism)
February 1917
2nd) BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION (radical reforms; supported Communism)
October 1917
REVOLUTION OF 1917:Bourgeois revolution (February 1917)
In February 1917
protests over the
scarcity of food erupt
in Petrograd (modern
day St. Petersburg).
Russian army unexpectedly
switched their support to the
protesters.
REVOLUTION OF 1917:Bourgeois revolution (February 1917)
Nicholas II was forced to
abdicate his throne & a
republic was established.
A liberal & bourgeois
government took control
provisionally (until the
summoning of elections).
REVOLUTION OF 1917:Bourgeois revolution (February 1917)
The slow & moderate reforms undertaken by the liberal & bourgeois
government, and their decision to remain in WW1, didn’t satisfy the
working class, who continued riots & organized themselves in
“soviets”: councils of proletariats, peasants & soldiers.
REVOLUTION OF 1917:Bolshevik revolution (October 1917)
In October 1917 a radical
revolution overthrew the
liberal & bourgeois
government, and the
Bolsheviks took control
provisionally. The new
government was led by
Lenin.
REVOLUTION OF 1917:Bolshevik revolution (October 1917)
Measures undertaken by the provisional government of the
“Bolsheviks” (or Communist Party):
Russia abandoned WW1 (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918)
Private property was abolished. Land, factories, banks,
transports, etc. were nationalized and…:
Large estates of land were transferred to the peasants
Factories were controlled by the proletariat
REVOLUTION OF 1917:Bolshevik revolution (October 1917)
Russians voted to form a
democratically elected Constituent
Assembly (assembly to create a
Constitution). The Bolsheviks
expected to win the elections, but
didn’t (only 25% of the votes).
In January 1918 the Lenin took power
by a coup d’état, when the Bolshevik
Red Guards dissolved the Constituent
Assembly by force. This led to a civil
war between Bolsheviks & people that
opposed the revolution.
1918 – 1921: CIVIL WAR
RED ARMY
(Bolsheviks)Led by Trotsky
WHITE ARMY
(coalition of counter-revolutionaries) supporters
of monarchy, liberalism, less radical forms of socialism….
Helped by liberal democratic countries (UK, France, US…)
VS
REVOLUTION OF 1917:Civil War (1918 – 21)
During the Civil War the Imperial Romanov family was executed by the
Bolsheviks (July 1918) .
REVOLUTION OF 1917:Civil War (1918 – 21)
During the Civil War the Bolsheviks established
an economic policy called “War Communism”:
Factories were controlled by the State.
The State took peasants’ agricultural surpluses.
The State rationed food .
Private companies were banned and now
controlled by the State.
REVOLUTION OF 1917:Civil War (1918 – 21)
RESULT - Drop of industrial production
- A Black Market flourished
- Drop of harvests & famine
1921: the Red Army’s victory consolidate the Bolshevik revolution. Lenin
Bolshevik propaganda depicting Trotsky (Red Army) as a knight killing a dragon (that represents the counter-revolution, word that is written on its body).
REVOLUTION OF 1917:Civil War (1918 – 21)
LENIN’S GOVERNMENT
(1921 – 24)
Lenin established a
dictatorship: he held all the
power.
He created the USSR (Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics) it
was a federal state made up of
Russia & other Asian republics.
LENIN’S GOVERNMENT
(1921 – 24)
Lenin adopted a New Economic
Policy (NEP):
Combined communism &
capitalism:
• The Government controlled
major businesses
• People could control small
businesses & earn some profits.
It enabled the Russian
economy to recover.
STALIN’S GOVERNMENT
(1927 – 53)
A totalitarian political system was
established, which used state violence to
purge society of any opponent.
A secret police (KGVD) to crush any opposition to Stalin’s regime inside the
Communist Party, the Army of among the population.
Stalin’s Great Terror
STALIN’S GOVERNMENT
(1927 – 53)
Stalin abandoned the NEP and established a communist economy (totally
controlled by the State):
Land was collectively owned
Large factories were created by the state
(metallurgical, chemical & arms industries)
Banks, transports & other services were
nationalized
The state planned each area of production (5-
years plans established objectives to be fulfilled
in that period of time)
Made the
USSR became
a major
economic &
military power
Activity 2
a) Define: Soviet / USSR / NEP / Gulag / Stalinism
b) Fill in the chart
c) What decisions did the Communist Party took after the October Revolution?
d) Lenin definitely held the power of Russia in January 1918. Was he chosen democratically? Explain your answer
e) Who confronted in the Russian Civil War? When did it take place and who won?
ChronologyType of reforms & economic
system they wanted?Consequences
BOURGEOIS
REVOLUTION
BOLSHEVIK
REVOLUTION
Crisis of democracy &
rise of totalitarianism
Post war difficulties (Great Depression) encouraged the development of new
ideologies against democratic & parliamentary systems: TOTALITARIAN
REGIMES.
• One party had total control over society
• Supported by the middle class (unhappy due to the decrease of their standard of
living).
DEMOCRACY
Maintained in:
US
UK
France
Others… (Netherlands, Belgium,
Scandinavian countries…)
TOTALITARIAN REGIMES
Appeared in:
Italy (Fascist)
Germany (Fascist)
Spain (Fascist)
Russia (Communist)
Characteristics of totalitarianism
Economic control
- The state directed the economy.
- They were:
•Anti-capitalist (doesn’t support free market)
•Anti-communist (doesn’t deny private property nor support equality)
Rejection of equality
Certain groups were considered superior: - members of the single party- certain races (racism)- men
Fanaticism (irrational thinking)
- Defended blind obedience to their leader.
- Used symbols, songs, emblems, uniforms… to unify their followers
ULTRA-NATIONALISM
- Exalted the greatness of the nation
- Supported imperialism(conquest of new territories)
MILITARISM
Defended a strong military & war as instruments of power & prestige.
Social control
Through…:
- Propaganda
- Education (e.g.: Hitler Youth)
- Censorship of the media
Authoritarian political system
- One political party held absolute power.
Led by a charismatic leader:· Mussolini Italy
· Hitler Germany
- No personal freedom nor political
pluralism. All opposition was repressed
violently.
Germany:
ADOLF HITLER
(Führer)
Leader of the
NATIONAL SOCIALIST GERMAN
WORKERS’ PARTY
(Partido Nacionalsocialista Obrero Alemán)
Italy:
BENITO MUSSOLINI
(Il Duce)
Leader of the NATIONAL
FASCIST PARTY
(Partido Nacional Fascista)
HITLER YOUTH
(“Juventudes
Hitlerianas”)
Indoctrinated children in Nazi
ideology, including racism.
Many activities closely resembled
military training.
Membership became compulsory
for youngsters over 10 years old.
Belly-button scene (“Life is Beautiful”)
Youth organization
of the Nazi Party
Activity 3
a) Define:• Führer• Hitler Youth
b) What caused the rise of totalitarianism?
c) P. 132 exercises 1, 2, 3
Fascism in Italy
Italy:
BENITO MUSSOLINI
(Il Duce)
Leader of the NATIONAL
FASCIST PARTY
(Partido Nacional Fascista)
Fascism in Italy
CAUSES OF THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY:
Discontent with the peace agreements of WW1
(Italy didn't receive the territories they had
been promised).
Economic crisis after WW1 that led to workers’ revolutionary
movements that frightened the most conservative population
who didn’t want Communism to rise. Fascism was presented as
an alternative between democracy (liberalism) & communism.
In 1919 – 1920 a wave of strikes
& revolts of the proletariat
frightened the most
conservative people, who were
afraid of the rise of
Communism in Italy.
Fascism in Italy
Benito Mussolini created the NATIONAL FASCIST
PARTY (1921), that used paramilitary violent
groups (the “Blackshirts”) to crush the workers’
revolutionary movement.
The symbol of the NATIONAL FASCIST PARTY was a “Fasces”: bundle of
wooden sticks to which an axe is attached.
It suggested strength through unity (a single rod is easily broken, while the
bundle is very difficult to break).
Fascism in Italy
The successful interventions of the
Blackshirts to stop the workers’ revolts
granted Mussolini the support of the
middle & upper classes, the Church & the
king (Victor Emmanuel III), as they saw
him as the way to halt Communism.
His increasing popularity encouraged
Mussolini to organise a MARCH ON ROME
(1922), after which he was appointed
Prime Minister by the King.
Fascism in Italy
Once in power, Mussolini established a dictatorship (1922 – 1943):
Complete control over the country
One single party (PNF), the rest were prohibited
Restricted freedoms
All opposition was repressed with a secret police (OVRA)
Directed the economy
Social control (propaganda & censorship)
Organizzazione per la Vigilanza e la Repressione dell'Antifascismo (OVRA)
• Secret police during the fascist dictatorship of Benito Mussolini to stop
any anti-Fascist activity.
• It is believed that about 4,000 people were arrested by the OVRA and
either tried by the Tribunale Speciale or sent into exile on remote
Mediterranean islands.
Benito Mussolini died in the final days of WW2 (April
1945), when he was executed by Italian communists.
VIDEO ITALIAN FASCISM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58tC23t_X5A
Activity 4
a) Define:• Fascism• Blackshirts• March on Rome• OVRA
b) Explain the main causes of the rise of Fascism in Italy.
c) Which social groups supported Mussolini’s National Fascist Party and why?
d) Give 5 characteristics of Mussolini’s dictatorship.
Nazism in Germany
Germany:
ADOLF HITLER
(Führer)
Leader of the
NATIONAL SOCIALIST
GERMAN WORKERS’ PARTY
(Partido Nacionalsocialista Obrero Alemán)
Nazism in Germany
At the Paris Peace Conference (1919-20), Germany had to sign the
Treaty of Versailles which was seen as an insult to national pride.
At the end of WW1 there was a revolution in Germany
that forced the emperor (William II) to abdicate.
Germany became a democratic republic: “WEIMAR
REPUBLIC” (1918 – 1933)
Nazism in Germany
CAUSES OF THE RISE OF NAZISM IN
GERMANY:
Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of
Versailles at the end of WW1.
Germany felt humiliated.
Economic problems after WW1 (unemployment, inflation, debt…)
Social unrest during the Weimar Republic (attempts of revolutions
& coup d'états)
Nazism in Germany
The post-war crisis led to the
foundation of the NATIONAL
SOCIALIST GERMAN WORKERS’ PARTY
(NSDAP or Nazi Party) in 1920.
• Its leader was Adolf Hitler.
• It had a violent paramilitary group
(“SA”) that attacked the
communists, trade unions, jews…
Nazism in Germany
Hitler was supported by:
Middle class, specially after the
crisis of 1929, when many were
ruined
Upper class (capitalists) who were
afraid of the expansion of
communism.
Nazism in Germany
ELECTIONS OF 1932: the Nazi Party won the elections (over 13 millions
votes 37%). Thus, in 1933 Hitler was appointed Chancellor (Primer
Minister) of Germany.
Nazism in Germany
Once in power, Hitler ended the Weimar Republic and established a
fierce dictatorship known as “Third Reich” (1933 – 1945):
One single party (NSDAP or Nazi Party), the rest were prohibited
No individual freedoms
All opposition was repressed with the secret police (Gestapo).
Idea of superiority of the Aryan race & persecution of Jews (anti-Semitism)
Control of the economy
Trade unions were forbidden
Social control (propaganda, censorship, Hitler Youth)
Military & expansionist policy that led to WW2 Hitler rejected the Treaty
of Versailles and began a rearmament policy.
GESTAPO SS (Schutzstaffel)
Responsible for enforcing the racial
policy of Nazi Germany, and running
the concentration camps.
Secret police in charge of
investigating anti-Nazi activities
(spying, treason & sabotage
cases against the Nazi party.
NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES (1934)
(“Noche de los cuchillos largos”)
• Series of political extrajudicial executions to purge Germany of any
opposition and consolidate Hitler's power.
• Many of those killed were leaders of the SA.
Nuremberg Laws (1935): antisemitic laws in Nazi Germany.
• Marriages between Jews and
Germans were forbidden
• Only those of German blood were
considered to be citizens (the rest
were classified as State subjects)
NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS (1938)
(“Noche de los cristales rotos”)
• Massacre & persecution against Jews carried out
by SA paramilitary forces and German civilians.
• Jewish businesses, homes, synagogues, hospitals,
schools… were destroyed or damaged.
JEWISH GHETTOS
During WW2 the Nazis set up ghettos across occupied Europe in order to
segregate and confine Jews.
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
Auschwitz (POLAND)
Jews arrived at Auschwitz by train
“Work sets you free”: slogan at the entrance of concentration camps.
Gas chamber & crematorium
NAZI HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION
• Nazi Physicians undertook medical experiments
on large numbers of prisoners, including children,
at concentration camps.
• Typically, the experiments resulted in death,
trauma, disfigurement or permanent disability.
VICTIMS OF THE HOLOCAUTS
http://www.abc.es/cultura/20130305/abci-nuevo-
estudio-sobre-holocausto-201303051315.html
Calculating the numbers of individuals who were killed as the result of Nazi policies
is a difficult task. There is no single wartime document created by Nazi officials that
spells out how many people were killed in the Holocaust or World War II.
Historical estimations
It is believed that Adolf Hitler committed suicide together
with his wife (Eva Braun) in his bunker in Berlin at the end of
WW2 (April 1945).
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/adolf-
hitler-commits-suicide-in-his-underground-bunker
Both he and his wife swallowed cyanide
capsules. For good measure, he shot
himself with his pistol.
VIDEO GERMAN NAZISM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgVJ9rNE4ak
Activity 5
a) Define:• Nazism• SA• Gestapo• SS
b) Explain the main causes of the rise of Nazism in Germany.
c) Which social groups supported Hitler’s National Socialist German Workers’ Party and why?
d) Give 7 characteristics of Hitler’s dictatorship.