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Unit 6: INTERWAR YEARS & WW2 4ºESO IES Camilo José Cela Teacher: Rocío Bautista
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Unit 6:

INTERWAR

YEARS

& WW2

4ºESO

IES Camilo José Cela

Teacher: Rocío Bautista

• 1917: Russian Revolution

• 1918: End of WW1

• 1919-20: Paris Peace Conference

• 1920’s economic prosperity (“The Roaring 20’s”)

1930’s economic crisis (“The Great Depression”)

INTERWAR PERIOD

1918 - 39

WW2

1939 - 45

Rise of Totalitarism: Fascism &

Nazism

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION &

THE CREATION OF THE USSR

Russia had

become a very

extensive empire:

•Limits in the West: Baltic

Sea & Black Sea

•Limits in the East:

Pacific Ocean

Russia before the Revolution

It had a huge

population (170 million

people), the biggest of

Europe, and it was

formed by multiple

nationalities (over 200

ethnic groups).

Russia before the Revolution

It had an agrarian economy:

Industry was scarce 3 million proletariats.

Most of the population (80%) were peasants little changes since the Middle Ages, so the agrarian production was very low: not enough to feed itshuge population.

Compared to Western Europe, Russia was economically,

socially & politically backwards

Russia before the Revolution

Most of the population were

illiterate & many were still serfs

under the control of wealthy

landowners.

Russia before the Revolution

Compared to Western Europe, Russia was economically,

socially & politically backwards

Russia before the Revolution

Tsar Nicholas II of Russia,

last emperor of Russia

Politically, it was an autocratic state it was an

absolute monarchy (≠ liberalism: no constitution,

parliament, separation of powers, elections…).

It was ruled by the TSARS (“Zares”) of the Romanov

dynasty. The term “tsar” is derived from the Latin

word “Caesar”, which meant "Emperor“.

Compared to Western Europe, Russia was economically,

socially & politically backwards

Causes of the Russian

Revolution

HUGE ECONOMIC & SOCIAL INEQUALITIES:

- Minority a rich aristocracy that owned

most of the land & factories.

- Majority extremely poor peasants &

proletariats that lived in very bad

conditions.

POLITICAL DISCONTENT DUE TO

THE AUTOCRATIC

GOVERNMENT OF THE TSARS.

These 2 factors led to

a double opposition

to the tsarist regime

Bourgeoisie wanted moderate reforms: liberal

monarchy.

Peasants & proletariat wanted more radical

reforms: dictatorship of the proletariat (communist

revolution). Represented by the Bolshevik party.

REVOLUTION OF 1905

CAUSES: general discontent +

military defeat against Japan

(Russo-Japanese war)

It forced the Tsar to introduce

some changes:

• A parliament (Duma) was created

• A Constitution was written

• Political parties were allowed

However, in fact the autocracy remained:

• 50% of the members of the Duma were appointed by the Tsar.

• Laws had to be approved by the Duma & by the Tsar.

BLOODY SUNDAY /

RED SUNDAY(St. Petersburg. January 22nd, 1905)

It started in January 1905 when people marched pacifically towards

the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia,

and were brutally fired upon by the Imperial Guard.

REVOLUTION OF 1905

Although the revolution failed (Russia continued to be an

autocratic regime), it had important consequences:

• It broke the bond between the Tsar & most of the

Russian population.

• It led to the radicalization of the opposition.

• It served as a serious warning of what might happen in

the future.

Activity 1

a) Define the following words”:• Tsar• Duma

b) What problems of the Tsarist Russia were the main causes of the Revolutions of 1905 and 1917? What double opposition did these problems gave rise to?

c) Explain the beginning & the outcome of the Revolution of 1905.

REVOLUTION OF 1917

CAUSES: general discontent + problems caused by WW1:

Military defeats

Famine

≈ 3 million deaths

1st) BOURGEOIS REVOLUTION (moderate reforms; supported Capitalism)

February 1917

2nd) BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION (radical reforms; supported Communism)

October 1917

REVOLUTION OF 1917:Bourgeois revolution (February 1917)

In February 1917

protests over the

scarcity of food erupt

in Petrograd (modern

day St. Petersburg).

Russian army unexpectedly

switched their support to the

protesters.

REVOLUTION OF 1917:Bourgeois revolution (February 1917)

Nicholas II was forced to

abdicate his throne & a

republic was established.

A liberal & bourgeois

government took control

provisionally (until the

summoning of elections).

REVOLUTION OF 1917:Bourgeois revolution (February 1917)

The slow & moderate reforms undertaken by the liberal & bourgeois

government, and their decision to remain in WW1, didn’t satisfy the

working class, who continued riots & organized themselves in

“soviets”: councils of proletariats, peasants & soldiers.

REVOLUTION OF 1917:Bolshevik revolution (October 1917)

In October 1917 a radical

revolution overthrew the

liberal & bourgeois

government, and the

Bolsheviks took control

provisionally. The new

government was led by

Lenin.

REVOLUTION OF 1917:Bolshevik revolution (October 1917)

Measures undertaken by the provisional government of the

“Bolsheviks” (or Communist Party):

Russia abandoned WW1 (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918)

Private property was abolished. Land, factories, banks,

transports, etc. were nationalized and…:

Large estates of land were transferred to the peasants

Factories were controlled by the proletariat

REVOLUTION OF 1917:Bolshevik revolution (October 1917)

Russians voted to form a

democratically elected Constituent

Assembly (assembly to create a

Constitution). The Bolsheviks

expected to win the elections, but

didn’t (only 25% of the votes).

In January 1918 the Lenin took power

by a coup d’état, when the Bolshevik

Red Guards dissolved the Constituent

Assembly by force. This led to a civil

war between Bolsheviks & people that

opposed the revolution.

1918 – 1921: CIVIL WAR

RED ARMY

(Bolsheviks)Led by Trotsky

WHITE ARMY

(coalition of counter-revolutionaries) supporters

of monarchy, liberalism, less radical forms of socialism….

Helped by liberal democratic countries (UK, France, US…)

VS

REVOLUTION OF 1917:Civil War (1918 – 21)

During the Civil War the Imperial Romanov family was executed by the

Bolsheviks (July 1918) .

REVOLUTION OF 1917:Civil War (1918 – 21)

During the Civil War the Bolsheviks established

an economic policy called “War Communism”:

Factories were controlled by the State.

The State took peasants’ agricultural surpluses.

The State rationed food .

Private companies were banned and now

controlled by the State.

REVOLUTION OF 1917:Civil War (1918 – 21)

RESULT - Drop of industrial production

- A Black Market flourished

- Drop of harvests & famine

1921: the Red Army’s victory consolidate the Bolshevik revolution. Lenin

Bolshevik propaganda depicting Trotsky (Red Army) as a knight killing a dragon (that represents the counter-revolution, word that is written on its body).

REVOLUTION OF 1917:Civil War (1918 – 21)

LENIN’S GOVERNMENT

(1921 – 24)

Lenin established a

dictatorship: he held all the

power.

He created the USSR (Union of

Soviet Socialist Republics) it

was a federal state made up of

Russia & other Asian republics.

LENIN’S GOVERNMENT

(1921 – 24)

Lenin adopted a New Economic

Policy (NEP):

Combined communism &

capitalism:

• The Government controlled

major businesses

• People could control small

businesses & earn some profits.

It enabled the Russian

economy to recover.

STALIN’S GOVERNMENT

(1927 – 53)

A totalitarian political system was

established, which used state violence to

purge society of any opponent.

A secret police (KGVD) to crush any opposition to Stalin’s regime inside the

Communist Party, the Army of among the population.

Stalin’s Great Terror

Gulag: system of forced labour camps.

Stalin’s Great Terror

Propaganda was used to show Stalin as a

winner & a leader that cared for the people.

STALIN’S GOVERNMENT

(1927 – 53)

Stalin abandoned the NEP and established a communist economy (totally

controlled by the State):

Land was collectively owned

Large factories were created by the state

(metallurgical, chemical & arms industries)

Banks, transports & other services were

nationalized

The state planned each area of production (5-

years plans established objectives to be fulfilled

in that period of time)

Made the

USSR became

a major

economic &

military power

Activity 2

a) Define: Soviet / USSR / NEP / Gulag / Stalinism

b) Fill in the chart

c) What decisions did the Communist Party took after the October Revolution?

d) Lenin definitely held the power of Russia in January 1918. Was he chosen democratically? Explain your answer

e) Who confronted in the Russian Civil War? When did it take place and who won?

ChronologyType of reforms & economic

system they wanted?Consequences

BOURGEOIS

REVOLUTION

BOLSHEVIK

REVOLUTION

ECONOMY IN THE

INTERWAR PERIOD

- The Roaring Twenties

- The Great Depression

RISE OF TOTALITARIANISM

- Fascism

- Nazism

Crisis of democracy &

rise of totalitarianism

Post war difficulties (Great Depression) encouraged the development of new

ideologies against democratic & parliamentary systems: TOTALITARIAN

REGIMES.

• One party had total control over society

• Supported by the middle class (unhappy due to the decrease of their standard of

living).

DEMOCRACY

Maintained in:

US

UK

France

Others… (Netherlands, Belgium,

Scandinavian countries…)

TOTALITARIAN REGIMES

Appeared in:

Italy (Fascist)

Germany (Fascist)

Spain (Fascist)

Russia (Communist)

Characteristics of totalitarianism

Economic control

- The state directed the economy.

- They were:

•Anti-capitalist (doesn’t support free market)

•Anti-communist (doesn’t deny private property nor support equality)

Rejection of equality

Certain groups were considered superior: - members of the single party- certain races (racism)- men

Fanaticism (irrational thinking)

- Defended blind obedience to their leader.

- Used symbols, songs, emblems, uniforms… to unify their followers

ULTRA-NATIONALISM

- Exalted the greatness of the nation

- Supported imperialism(conquest of new territories)

MILITARISM

Defended a strong military & war as instruments of power & prestige.

Social control

Through…:

- Propaganda

- Education (e.g.: Hitler Youth)

- Censorship of the media

Authoritarian political system

- One political party held absolute power.

Led by a charismatic leader:· Mussolini Italy

· Hitler Germany

- No personal freedom nor political

pluralism. All opposition was repressed

violently.

Germany:

ADOLF HITLER

(Führer)

Leader of the

NATIONAL SOCIALIST GERMAN

WORKERS’ PARTY

(Partido Nacionalsocialista Obrero Alemán)

Italy:

BENITO MUSSOLINI

(Il Duce)

Leader of the NATIONAL

FASCIST PARTY

(Partido Nacional Fascista)

Propaganda

used by the

NATIONAL

SOCIALIST

GERMAN

WORKERS’ PARTY

“Our Last Hope:

HITLER”

HITLER YOUTH

(“Juventudes

Hitlerianas”)

Indoctrinated children in Nazi

ideology, including racism.

Many activities closely resembled

military training.

Membership became compulsory

for youngsters over 10 years old.

Belly-button scene (“Life is Beautiful”)

Youth organization

of the Nazi Party

TOTALITARIAN FANATICISM

Activity 3

a) Define:• Führer• Hitler Youth

b) What caused the rise of totalitarianism?

c) P. 132 exercises 1, 2, 3

Fascism in Italy

Italy:

BENITO MUSSOLINI

(Il Duce)

Leader of the NATIONAL

FASCIST PARTY

(Partido Nacional Fascista)

Fascism in Italy

CAUSES OF THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY:

Discontent with the peace agreements of WW1

(Italy didn't receive the territories they had

been promised).

Economic crisis after WW1 that led to workers’ revolutionary

movements that frightened the most conservative population

who didn’t want Communism to rise. Fascism was presented as

an alternative between democracy (liberalism) & communism.

In 1919 – 1920 a wave of strikes

& revolts of the proletariat

frightened the most

conservative people, who were

afraid of the rise of

Communism in Italy.

Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini created the NATIONAL FASCIST

PARTY (1921), that used paramilitary violent

groups (the “Blackshirts”) to crush the workers’

revolutionary movement.

The symbol of the NATIONAL FASCIST PARTY was a “Fasces”: bundle of

wooden sticks to which an axe is attached.

It suggested strength through unity (a single rod is easily broken, while the

bundle is very difficult to break).

Fascism in Italy

The successful interventions of the

Blackshirts to stop the workers’ revolts

granted Mussolini the support of the

middle & upper classes, the Church & the

king (Victor Emmanuel III), as they saw

him as the way to halt Communism.

His increasing popularity encouraged

Mussolini to organise a MARCH ON ROME

(1922), after which he was appointed

Prime Minister by the King.

Fascism in Italy

Once in power, Mussolini established a dictatorship (1922 – 1943):

Complete control over the country

One single party (PNF), the rest were prohibited

Restricted freedoms

All opposition was repressed with a secret police (OVRA)

Directed the economy

Social control (propaganda & censorship)

Organizzazione per la Vigilanza e la Repressione dell'Antifascismo (OVRA)

• Secret police during the fascist dictatorship of Benito Mussolini to stop

any anti-Fascist activity.

• It is believed that about 4,000 people were arrested by the OVRA and

either tried by the Tribunale Speciale or sent into exile on remote

Mediterranean islands.

Benito Mussolini died in the final days of WW2 (April

1945), when he was executed by Italian communists.

VIDEO ITALIAN FASCISM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58tC23t_X5A

Activity 4

a) Define:• Fascism• Blackshirts• March on Rome• OVRA

b) Explain the main causes of the rise of Fascism in Italy.

c) Which social groups supported Mussolini’s National Fascist Party and why?

d) Give 5 characteristics of Mussolini’s dictatorship.

Nazism in Germany

Germany:

ADOLF HITLER

(Führer)

Leader of the

NATIONAL SOCIALIST

GERMAN WORKERS’ PARTY

(Partido Nacionalsocialista Obrero Alemán)

Nazism in Germany

At the Paris Peace Conference (1919-20), Germany had to sign the

Treaty of Versailles which was seen as an insult to national pride.

At the end of WW1 there was a revolution in Germany

that forced the emperor (William II) to abdicate.

Germany became a democratic republic: “WEIMAR

REPUBLIC” (1918 – 1933)

Nazism in Germany

CAUSES OF THE RISE OF NAZISM IN

GERMANY:

Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of

Versailles at the end of WW1.

Germany felt humiliated.

Economic problems after WW1 (unemployment, inflation, debt…)

Social unrest during the Weimar Republic (attempts of revolutions

& coup d'états)

Nazism in Germany

The post-war crisis led to the

foundation of the NATIONAL

SOCIALIST GERMAN WORKERS’ PARTY

(NSDAP or Nazi Party) in 1920.

• Its leader was Adolf Hitler.

• It had a violent paramilitary group

(“SA”) that attacked the

communists, trade unions, jews…

Nazism in Germany

Hitler was supported by:

Middle class, specially after the

crisis of 1929, when many were

ruined

Upper class (capitalists) who were

afraid of the expansion of

communism.

Nazism in Germany

ELECTIONS OF 1932: the Nazi Party won the elections (over 13 millions

votes 37%). Thus, in 1933 Hitler was appointed Chancellor (Primer

Minister) of Germany.

Nazism in Germany

Once in power, Hitler ended the Weimar Republic and established a

fierce dictatorship known as “Third Reich” (1933 – 1945):

One single party (NSDAP or Nazi Party), the rest were prohibited

No individual freedoms

All opposition was repressed with the secret police (Gestapo).

Idea of superiority of the Aryan race & persecution of Jews (anti-Semitism)

Control of the economy

Trade unions were forbidden

Social control (propaganda, censorship, Hitler Youth)

Military & expansionist policy that led to WW2 Hitler rejected the Treaty

of Versailles and began a rearmament policy.

GESTAPO SS (Schutzstaffel)

Responsible for enforcing the racial

policy of Nazi Germany, and running

the concentration camps.

Secret police in charge of

investigating anti-Nazi activities

(spying, treason & sabotage

cases against the Nazi party.

NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES (1934)

(“Noche de los cuchillos largos”)

• Series of political extrajudicial executions to purge Germany of any

opposition and consolidate Hitler's power.

• Many of those killed were leaders of the SA.

Nuremberg Laws (1935): antisemitic laws in Nazi Germany.

• Marriages between Jews and

Germans were forbidden

• Only those of German blood were

considered to be citizens (the rest

were classified as State subjects)

NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS (1938)

(“Noche de los cristales rotos”)

• Massacre & persecution against Jews carried out

by SA paramilitary forces and German civilians.

• Jewish businesses, homes, synagogues, hospitals,

schools… were destroyed or damaged.

JEWISH GHETTOS

During WW2 the Nazis set up ghettos across occupied Europe in order to

segregate and confine Jews.

PEOLPE LIVED IN

MISERABLE

CONDICTIONS IN THE

CONCENTRATION

CAMPS

CONCENTRATION CAMPS

Auschwitz (POLAND)

Jews arrived at Auschwitz by train

“Work sets you free”: slogan at the entrance of concentration camps.

Gas chamber & crematorium

NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMPS & JEWISH GHETTOS

NAZI HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION

• Nazi Physicians undertook medical experiments

on large numbers of prisoners, including children,

at concentration camps.

• Typically, the experiments resulted in death,

trauma, disfigurement or permanent disability.

VICTIMS OF THE HOLOCAUTS

http://www.abc.es/cultura/20130305/abci-nuevo-

estudio-sobre-holocausto-201303051315.html

Calculating the numbers of individuals who were killed as the result of Nazi policies

is a difficult task. There is no single wartime document created by Nazi officials that

spells out how many people were killed in the Holocaust or World War II.

Historical estimations

It is believed that Adolf Hitler committed suicide together

with his wife (Eva Braun) in his bunker in Berlin at the end of

WW2 (April 1945).

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/adolf-

hitler-commits-suicide-in-his-underground-bunker

Both he and his wife swallowed cyanide

capsules. For good measure, he shot

himself with his pistol.

VIDEO GERMAN NAZISM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgVJ9rNE4ak

Activity 5

a) Define:• Nazism• SA• Gestapo• SS

b) Explain the main causes of the rise of Nazism in Germany.

c) Which social groups supported Hitler’s National Socialist German Workers’ Party and why?

d) Give 7 characteristics of Hitler’s dictatorship.

WW21939 - 1945


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