SECONDARY

SECTOR.

INDUSTRIAL SPACES.UNIT 6

IES CAMILO JOSÉ CELA

Teacher: Rocío Bautista

SECONDARY SECTOR:ACTIVITES CONCERNED WITH

TRANSFORMING RAW MATERIALS INTO

PRODUCTS THAT SATISFY HUMANS’ NEEDS

Industry most important

Mining

Energy production

Construction

What activities can you recognize in these pictures?

INDUSTRY

TRANSFORMS RAW MATERIALS INTO…

MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS for direct consumption in the

market.

SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS to be used in other industrial

processes.

Industry requires 3 elements

ENERGY SOURCES

PRODUCTION FACTORS:

- Labour force (employees)

- Capital (buildings, machinery, money…)

- Technology (knowledge)

RAW MATERIALS

MINING

LOCATES, EXTRACTS AND REFINES ROCKS &

MINERALS FOUND ON/BENEATH THE SURFACE.

PROSPECTION:

to locate the minerals.

EXTRACTION:

to obtain the minerals from subterranean &

open-air mines.

REFINING:to separate the

mineral from the rock that contains it.

ENERGY PRODUCTION

CREATION OF ELECTRICITY & HEAT IN SPECIALISED

INSTALLATIONS (POWER STATIONS).

NUCLEAR

WIND

WATERSOLAR

THERMAL

CONSTRUCTION

CREATES BUILDIGNS & INFRASTRUCTURES* (roads,

bridges, reservoirs,…)

PLANSBUILDING

MATERIALS

CONSTRUCTION

INDUSTRY

*INFRASTRUCTURES: basic facilities, services & installations needed for the functioning of a society and its economy (transportation &

communications systems such as roads, bridges, tunnels, etc., water supply, sewer systems, power lines…)

INDUSTRY

• Core elements:

• Raw materials

• Energy sources

• The world’s energy.

Energy saving.

• Industrial development and its landscapes:

• Artisanal industry

• Modern industry

• Contemporary industry

• Industry and globalisation

CORE ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY:

RAW MATERIALS

RAW MATERIALS = Natural resources that industry transforms

into manufactured or semi-finished products.

RAW

MAT

ER

IALS

PLANT-SOURCED

From agriculture: sugar beets, cotton, linen, tobacco

From silviculture: wood, cellulose, rubber, cork…

ANIMAL-SOURCED

From livestock farming: wool, hides (leather), silk…

From fishing: fish (for canning & oil production)

GEOLOGICAL

Minerals: metallic (iron, lead, aluminium, copper, zinc…) & non-metallic (glass, gems…)

Rocks: granite, clay, limestone, marble,… (direct use or to produce construction materials like cement)

Energy products from which energy is obtained: coal, crude oil, natural gas, uranium…

CORE ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY:

RAW MATERIALS Production & trade

CONSUMPTION (demand): concentrated in INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES

1) WESTERN EUROPE

2) JAPAN

3) USA

4) Emerging countries:

CHINA

INDIA

Look at the map… is the distribution of minerals around the world equal?

Which countries produce large quantities of minerals?

CORE ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY:

RAW MATERIALS Production & trade

PRODUCTION: concentrated in few countries:

1) Canada

2) USA

3) Brazil

4) South Africa

5) Russia

6) China

7) Australia

Which region produces the largest quantities of oil?

Do you know what COLTAN is? What is it used for? Where does it come from?

COLTAN: essential mineral in modern technology (cell phones, laptops, cameras…)

80% of World’s coltan D.R.C. (Democratic Republic of Congo)

D.R.C. / Uganda / Rwanda / different rebel paramilitary groups WAR to

control the coltan mines.

Consequences:

• Slavery, child-labour, violence, murder, violations,…

• 5 million deaths

• War refugees

• Destruction of rainforests & species (gorillas, elephants)

• Farms are abandoned

• Coltan contraband finances rebel paramilitary groups

B L O O D C O L T A N

CORE ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY:

RAW MATERIALS Contemporary problems

PROBLEMS RELATED TO RAW MATERIALS

SCARCITY OF RAW MATERIALS FOR FOOD INDUSTRY

SCARCITY & UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF GEOLOGICAL RAW

MATERIALS

Food prices increase due to

a higher demand (increasing

population) of agrarian raw

materials. Worst impact on

the poorest people.

In order to ensure their supply,

wealthy countries try to control

trade with producer countries

& international markets.

http://sociedad.elpais.com/socied

ad/2013/05/13/actualidad/136845

7967_724617.html

ACTIVITIES

Define the following concepts:

Secondary sector

Raw materials

Prospecting methods

Refining systems

Power stations

Infrastructures

Devise an outline about the main activities of the secondary

sector (p.130)

P.132, exercise 1.

Are raw materials distributed equally around the world? Where

do production & consumption concentrate?

CORE ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY:

ENERGY SOURCES

ENERGY SOURCES

TRADITIONAL

OIL

COAL

NATURAL GAS

NUCLEAR FISSION

HYDROELECTRIC

ALTERNATIVE

BIOMASS

WIND

SOLAR

GEOTHERMAL

WAVE

NUCLEAR FUSION

•Most widely

used.

•Mostly non-

renewable

(except

hydroelectric).

•60% oil &

coal.

Traditional energies

•Most widely used.

•Mostly non-renewable (except hydroelectric).

•75-80% oil + natural gas + coal however, there are differences

between countries.

Traditional energies

• COAL more widely used in

developing countries (China) than

in developed ones (UE, USA).

Traditional energies• RENEWABLE ENERGIES are gaining ground to

non-renewable energies, specially in developed

countries.

Traditional energies: CRUDE OIL

Traditional energies: NATURAL GAS

PRODUCCIÓN

MUNDIAL DE GAS,

2006

Traditional energies: COAL

COAL CONSUMPTION IS IN CLEAR REGRESSION DO TO ITS HIGH POLLUTION LEVELS (CO2 EMISSIONS)

Traditional energies: NUCLEAR FISSION

Traditional energies: HYDROELECTRIC• Only traditional energy that is

RENEWABLE!!!• Growing importance.

1984-2009

Alternative energies

Development

after the

1973 Oil

Crisis

NEED TO

SEEK NEW

ENERGY

SOURCES, TO

AVOID

EXTERNAL

ENERGETIC

DEPENDENCE.

YOM KIPPUR WAR (6-25 Oct. 1973):

• Coalition of Arab states (led by Egypt & Syria) VS Israel (who received help

from the US).

• Egypt and Syria attacked Israel unexpectedly, since they wanted to regain

the Sinai and the Golan Heights respectively, territories that were occupied

by Israel since the Six-Day War (1967).

• CONSEQUENCE: in response to U.S. support of Israel, the Arab members of

OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), decided to

reduce oil production & declared an embargo against the USA and other

Western countries, causing the 1973 energy crisis.

Alternative energies

ADVANTEGES: they are renewable & clean (they don’t pollute or generate waste).

DISADVANTAGES: necessary technologies to develop them are still too expensive.

However, in time renewable energies are expected

to became cheaper, while fossil fuels will became

more expensive.

Alternative energies: SOLAR

Alternative energies: SOLAR

Alternative energies: WIND

Alternative energies: BIOMASS

Alternative energies: GEOTHERMAL

Alternative energies: WAVE

Alternative energies: NUCLEAR FUSION

With 1gr of hydrogen we

could produce, by means of

nuclear fusion, in an hour,

11 times more energy than

by current nuclear fission.

ITER (International Thermonuclear

Experimental Reactor)

• International project to design and build an experimental fusion

reactor.

• South France.

• 7 member entities (EU, India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea &

USA).

• EU (host party for the ITER complex), contributes with about 45 %

of the cost. The rest 9& each.

ACTIVITIES

On the political World map, locate the main production

countries of traditional & alternative energy sources.

In groups of 4-5, make up a song about the different types of

energy sources… BE CREATIVE!!!! Record it and send it to

rocio.sociales@gmail.com.

THE WORLD’S ENERGY

Essential in our daily lives:

• Transport

• Machines & household appliances

• Lights

• …

WHICH IS THE BIG PROBLEM CONCERNING ENERGY??!

THE WORLD’S ENERGY

ENERGY PROBLEMS

SUPREMACY OF NON-

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY SOURCES

ENVIRNMENTAL PROBLEMS

CONSTANT RISE IN ENERGY

CONSUMPTION

http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20141029/claves-guerra-

del-gas-entre-rusia-ucrania/1038365.shtml

THE WORLD’S ENERGY

SOLUTIONS TO ENERGY

PROBLEMS

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES

ENERGY-SAVING POLICIES

http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/programa/spot-campana-ahorra-

energia-protagonizado-seleccion-espanola/1131287/

• The Kyoto Protocol: UN international treaty that

committed State Parties to reduce greenhouse gases

emissions (CO2), to stop global warming. It was adopted in

Kyoto (Japan) in 1997.

• SPECIFIL GOAL: to reduce, in the period 2005 - 2012,

collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5%

compared to the year 1990.

• 2012: technically the K.P. was extended until 2020, but

limited to only 15% of the global C02 emissions, due to the

lack of participation of many industrialized & emerging

countries such as: USA, Canada, Japan, Russia, Belarus,

Ukraine, New Zealand, China, India & Brazil.

• 2014: new negotiations were held in Lima (Peru) to agree

on a post-Kyoto legal framework that would obligate all

major polluters to pay for CO2 emissions. However, some

large polluting countries (China, India, USA) indicated that

they will not ratify any treaty that will commit them legally

to reduce CO2 emissions.

ACTIVITIES

P. 138 ex.1

Indicate which energy sources do these countries produce:

USA

Canada

Venezuela

Norway

Russia

Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, U.A.E., Iran, Qatar, Algeria, Lybia & Nigeria.

Comment the graph about “Evolution of energy consumption in

the world” on page 139.

DESCRIPTION (what information does the graph gives us? Source?)

ANALYSIS:

Describe the contribution & evolution of renewable & non-renewable energies.

Explain some problems (consequences) related to such energetic consumption.

Give some possible solutions.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

ARTISANAL INDUSTRY

(until mid-18th

century)

MODERN INDUSTRY

(1770 – 1950)

CONTEMPORARY INDUSTRY

(Mid-20th century onwards)

1º) Artisanal industry

2º) Modern Industry:

1st I.R. (1770 – 1850)

STEAM ENGINE (“Máquina de vapor”) powered

by burning coal; moved other machines.

2º) Modern Industry:

2st I.R. (1850 – 1950)

3º) Contemporary industry

3º) Contemporary industry

• Have relocated to cheaper areas:

• Developing countries

• Industrial estates (polígonos industriales) in the outskirts of cities.

TRAD

ITIO

NAL

IND

USTRIE

S

Industrial estate: physical

place that gathers several

industrial activities.

3º) Contemporary industry

• Have established in Science parks in economically flourishing cities, where they have access to:• Qualified workers

• Infrastructures

• Advanced services

INN

OVATIV

E

(HIG

H-T

ECH

)

IND

USTRIE

S

Science park: physical place that supports

university, businesses & government

collaboration to promote research &

innovation in order to develop & share high

technology knowledge. It comprises high

quality facilities, and gathers innovative

industries.

ACTIVITIES

Fill in the worksheet comparing the 3 phases of industrial

development.

P. 141 ex.2

Research activity at home: what is “Silicon Valley”?

What is the difference between an industrial estate & a science

park?

Industry & globalisation:TYPES OF INDUSTRY

Heavy industry

Industria de base o pesada

Transforms raw materials into semi-finished products to be used in other industries (steel, petrochemistry).

Uses large quantities of heavy raw materials.

Capital goods industry / Semi-heavy industry

Industria de bienes de equipo

Transforms semi-finished products into equipment needed for other industries, transport & construction (machinery, vehicles…).

Uses less raw materials.

Consumer goods industry / Light industry

Industria de bienesde consumo o industria ligera

Makes products intended directly for consumers (textiles, food, household appliances…).

Uses lightweight materials.

Which types of

industries can you

identify in these pairs of pictures?

Industry & globalisation:FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION

Imagine you’re going to set up an industry and you have to decide where to locate it… what factors would condition your choice?

Industry & globalisation:FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION

LOCATION FACTORS

ECONOMIC FACTORS

(infrastructures, transports,

services consumers…)

SOCIAL FACTORS (workforce)

POLITICAL FACTORS (taxes,

political stability…)

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

(environmental legislation,

quality)

NATURAL FACTORS (raw

materials, energy sources)

Industry & globalisation:FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION

DO YOU THINK THESE 2 INDUSTRIES ARE EQUALLY LIKELY TO BE RELOCATED TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?

Industry & globalisation:FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION

INNOVATIVE (HIGH-TECH)

INDUSTRIES

TRADITIONAL (MATURE)

INDUSTRIES

• Located in developed countries:

Advanced services.

Infrastructures.

Qualified labour force.

High purchase power

consumers.

• Located in developing countries:

Abundant but unqualified

labour force.

Special conditions (duty-free

zones) & permissive

environmental legislations.

Industry & globalisation:RELOCATION

Globalization has led to INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR: breaking

up of the production process in different locations around the world:

• Complex tasks (research, development) undertaken in developed

countries (North America, Europe, Japan, Australia) .

• Less-skilled labour (manufacturing) relocated/offshored to

developing countries (China, India, Vietnam, Brasil…)

ACTIVITIES

P. 144-145: ex. 1, 3 & 4

Why do innovative (high-tech) industries prefer to locate in

developed countries?

Industry & globalisation:THE WORLD’S INDUSTRIAL AREAS

HISTORICAL INDUSTRIAL REGIONS

• USA, _______, EU.

• World’s ______ ______________ industrial areas.

• Extensive industrial areas that use _____________ _____________.

• Benefit from high _____________-__________ markets.

• _________________ of large companies; but have relocated many manufacturing parts of the production process to _____________ countries.

EMERGING COUNTRIES

• ________ (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)

• Growing industrialization due to:

• Abundant __________ resources

• _________________ attracts the ___________ of developed countries’ low-technology industries. This provides them with capital to -____________ in new & more innovative industries.

LEAST INDUSTRIALISED AREAS

• Poorest countries on Earth (Sub-Saharan _________)

• Lack of industrialisation due to:

• Lack of ___________.

• Limited market (small & poor _______________).

• __________ because of poor communications.

• Politic __________.

ACTIVITIES: fill in the worksheet.

ACTIVITIES

P.151, exercises 2 / 3 / 4 / 5.