GUAR VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
IN SUDAN
Prospects for growing and processing guar in Sudan
KUBITA Economic Empowerment
Ms Sophieke Kappers, MSc
30th May 2017
The Hague, The Netherlands
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Over the last thirty years, initiatives on guar growing and processing have come and gone
in Sudan. This Guar Value Chain Analysis is a follow-up to the initiatives taken in 2015 in
Sudan by the National Guar Council, the High Council for Agricultural Revival of the Ministry
of Agriculture, the company Fair Organic Gum Arabic and the Embassy of the Kingdom of
the Netherlands. An impetus was provided by the National Guar Conference in May 2015.
This was an important opportunity for the stakeholders of the guar value chain to meet.
This Guar Value Chain Analysis was carried out at the beginning of 2016 by interviewing
more than 150 stakeholders individually, and in groups, in Khartoum, El Fasher, Damazin
and the Netherlands. Gaps in the current Value Chain Analysis are due to the limited
information available. This report must therefore be regarded as a first step in an on-going
process: new information and comments can and should be integrated into the Analysis.
Guar is considered to be one of the significant crops in Sudan and has been incorporated
into both domestic and commercial production. Guar is grown by large and smallholder
fe/male farmers mainly in rainfed areas of Blue Nile, White Nile, Darfur, Sennar and
Gedaref States. The guar plant can be used for field protection, soil improvement,
intercropping and as animal fodder. The guar seeds can be processed into churi and korma
as animal fodder as well as into guar gum that has many different industrial applications.
The increased income from the sale of animal fodder, the benefits of heavier and healthier
animals and the increase in the yield of subsequent crops can reduce poverty and improve
the food security and the livelihoods of large and smallholder fe/male farmers. Guar can
also contribute to conflict prevention between pastoralists and sedentary farmers. At the
time the pastoralists are migrating, the fields of the farmers can be protected by the guar
plant as its unpleasant smell might keep cattle away from the fields. Farmers can also sell
the fodder to the pastoralists.
The development of the guar value chain can have a positive impact on the national
economy by increased gross net product, import substitution, higher tax revenues and
creation of employment.
The risk factors in developing the guar value chain are identified in the study and include
the low world market price of guar gum, the international embargo, and the political
instability which causes farmers to abandon their fields. These risks can hardly be
influenced by the actors in the guar value chain.
The study reveals the main bottlenecks in the guar value chain and the reasons why these
bottlenecks inhibit its development in Sudan. This Guar Value Chain Analysis is to be the
basis for the formulations of an extensive development programme. The recommendations
for the development of a sustainable guar value chain are as follows:
The participation of all actors, influencers and supporters is required to identify
potential solutions for removing the bottlenecks.
Integration of guar into their official strategy by the Sudanese government.
Collecting data on guar as the basis for the strategy on guar value chain development.
Learning from experiences abroad to be able to compare it with the performance in
Sudan.
Applied agricultural research is needed to improve guar production.
Innovative and less costly extension services are very desirable.
Organisation of efficient logistics is required to collect the small quantities of guar seeds
and fodder at farmers’ or village level.
A solid study is necessary to assess the financial feasibility of guar processing factories.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This Guar Value Chain Analysis in Sudan is a follow-up to the initiatives taken in Sudan by
the National Guar Council, the High Council for Agricultural Revival of the Ministry of
Agriculture, the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the company Fair Organic
Gum Arabic. An impetus was provided by the National Guar Conference in May 2015. This
was an important opportunity for the actors, influencers and supporters of the guar value
chain to meet.
This study is carried under the auspices of the Guar Council, under the High Council for
Agricultural Revival, the Ministry of Agriculture in Sudan. My sincere thanks are due to the
members of the Guar Council for entrusting me with the execution of this Guar Value Chain
Analysis.
I am very grateful to all stakeholders interviewed in Sudan and the Netherlands for their
willingness to contribute and their open attitude towards the analysis of the Guar Value
Chain in Sudan. All stakeholders including government officials, large and smallholder
fe/male farmers, entrepreneurs, traders, investors, bank managers, experts, researchers,
extension officers and staff members of donor organisations provided their insights and
valuable information.
There are gaps in this Guar Value Chain Analysis due to the limited written information
available. This report must therefore be regarded as a first step in an on-going process:
new information and comments should be integrated into the Analysis.
Mr Mohamed Adam Elgalabi, Chairman of the Guar Council, generously supervised this
study. Mr Abdelhmid Adam Mukhtar and Mr Abdalla Mohammed Elzuber, respectively the
General Secretary and Advisory Member of the Guar Council, accompanied me on our field
visits to El Fasher and Damazin in February 2016. This was especially memorable as well
as all the support in El Fasher by Dr. Mohamed Ibrahim Ismail, the National Guar Research
Coordinator.
The kindness and perseverance of the fe/male farmers I met in El Fasher and Damazin was
very moving and reminded me that we must always have hope, and work for, a better
future.
This Value Chain Analysis demonstrates the multiple uses of the guar plant and the guar
seeds. It also reveals the relevance of guar for the improvement of farmers’ livelihoods
and those of pastoralists. The development of the Guar Value Chain can also contribute to
peace building in conflict areas and to the national economy.
It is my hope therefore - as an agricultural development economist - that this study will
be an important step towards joint engagement in the development of the Guar Value
Chain in Sudan.
Ms Sophieke Kappers, MSc
Value Chain Expert and Advisor Business Development
Director Kubita Economic Empowerment
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 1
Acknowledgements 2
1 Introduction 4 1.1 Initiatives on guar in Sudan 4 1.2 Objectives of the Guar Value Chain Analysis 4 1.3 Methodology of the Guar Value Chain Analysis 5 1.4 Structure of the report 5
2 The Guar Plant, its Products and Production in Sudan 6 2.1 Guar plant 6 2.2 The derivatives from guar seeds 8 2.3 Guar cultivation in Sudan 8
3 Multiple uses of the guar plant and guar gum 10 3.1 Use of the guar plant 10 3.2 Industrial use of guar gum 11
4 World trade, export from and import to Sudan, value and price structure 13 4.1 World trade of guar products 13 4.2 Export of guar products from Sudan 14 4.3 Import of guar products by Sudan 15 4.4 Value of traded guar products worldwide 16 4.5 Price structure of guar products across the value chain in Sudan 17
5 Various aspects of the Guar Value Chain in Sudan 18 5.1 Distribution channels of the guar plant and its products 18 5.2 Improvement of food security and livelihood 19 5.3 Contribution to peace building 19 5.4 Impact on the economy 19 5.5 Chain strategy and organisation 19 5.6 Chain governance 20
6 Stakeholder analysis 21 6.1 Actors of the Guar Value Chain 21 6.2 Influencers of the Guar Value Chain 22 6.3 Supporters of the Guar Value Chain 22
7 Potential of the guar value chain in Sudan 24 7.1 SWOT Analysis of the guar value chain 24 7.2 Bottleneck analysis of the guar value chain 25 7.3 Risk analysis for investing in guar value chain development 26
8 Recommendations for the development of the guar value chain in Sudan 27
Annex I Overview of interviewees 28 Annex II Background information 31
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1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter first describes the growing interest in guar in Sudan and the background to
this study. The objectives and methodology of this Guar Value Chain Analysis are
elaborated in paragraphs two and three. Finally, the structure of the report is presented.
1.1 Initiatives on guar in Sudan
In 2014, the company Fair Organic Gum Arabic (FOGA) in Khartoum, Sudan, explored the
feasibility of the development of a Guar Value Chain in the south of Sudan and the north
of South Sudan. The idea was to set up a guar gum processing factory in Sudan including
the development of the entire guar value chain from large and smallholder fe/male farmers
to customers in Sudan and worldwide.
In May 2015, the Guar Council and the High Council for Agricultural Revival of the Ministry
of Agriculture of Sudan, organised a national congress on guar involving farmers, farmer
unions, traders, processors, researchers and government officials, totalling 400
participants. This national congress was a catalyst for the growing interest in guar. Up to
that time, guar was rather an unknown and underexposed crop. In 2015, the Embassy of
the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Sudan financed a short exploratory study on the
potential of guar for Sudan. The Embassy supports the agricultural sector because of its
importance for the national economy and the development of smallholder fe/male farmers.
The exploratory study showed that the guar plant is very important for smallholder fe/male
farmers and pastoralists and their families. The guar plant can contribute to conflict
prevention between pastoralists and sedentary farmers. When the pastoralists are
migrating, the fields of the farmers can be protected by the guar plant as it releases an
unpleasant smell that keeps cattle away from the fields. The farmers can use the fodder
for their own cattle and can sell it to the pastoralists. The guar plant is also well known for
its nitrogen fixing properties which improves soil fertility.
The study also revealed that guar seeds can be processed into guar gum that has multiple
industrial applications and into the by-product called guar meal, also referred to as churi
and korma, that are used worldwide as cattle and poultry feed. The international demand
for guar gum is unstable due to the decreasing demand by the shale gas and oil industry.
The actual processing capacity for guar seeds into guar splits and guar mechanical powder
in Sudan is too limited for both internal and external demand and no processing capacity
for guar gum exists yet.
The exploratory study revealed the potential for developing the guar value chain in Sudan,
and noted the keen interest shown by different stakeholders.
1.2 Objectives of the Guar Value Chain Analysis
The exploratory study also revealed the need for a Guar Value Chain Analysis in Sudan to
analyse the chains and networks in order to understand the linkages in the complicated
structure of processes. Such a Guar Value Chain Analysis would also aim to analyse
potential interventions and explore how successful changes in chains and networks can be
implemented in a professional and systematic way.
The Guar Council, the High Council for Agricultural Revival and the Ministries of Agriculture
and Finance in Sudan decided to finance and cooperate on this Guar Value Chain Analysis
and to organise a Forum for the stakeholders to discuss the draft version. This Forum is of
great importance in recreating momentum for a common development strategy for the
guar value chain.
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The objectives of the Guar Value Chain Analysis are the following:
to assess the size of current worldwide demand and trend over the past five years;
to identify opportunities and conditions for local use and export growth;
to identify product requirements to realise export growth;
to assess the capacity of processing and export companies and the level of quality
standards;
to identify development opportunities in different states and regions;
to assess the potential capacity of large and smallholder fe/male farmers to produce
sufficient quantity and quality on time;
to map the actors, supporters and influencers in the chain from a gender perspective;
to identify the main bottlenecks that hinder local production, processing and
(inter)national trade;
to carry out a risk assessment in case the bottlenecks cannot be removed;
to provide the initial impetus to the value chain development strategy.
1.3 Methodology of the Guar Value Chain Analysis
The Guar Value Chain Analysis was implemented by studying available information. During
the exploratory study and the actual Value Chain Analysis a total of more than 150
stakeholders were interviewed. Individual interviews and group meetings took place in
Khartoum in June 2015 and February 2016 as well as during field visits in El Fasher and
Damazin in February 2016. Special attention was paid to the experiences of large and
smallholder fe/male farmers and the processing industry to learn from their knowledge and
experience. In the Netherlands, importers of guar gum products were interviewed as well
as several experts in different fields.
The participatory Forum on the 22nd May 2017 involved actors, influencers and supporters
of the Guar Value Chain. This Forum aimed to verify the findings of the Value Chain Analysis
and to foster a commitment to cooperate in reinforcing the guar value chain.
Limitations of the Value Chain Analysis emerged as the guar market is in general known
to be constrained by a lack of transparency: market information is hard to come by and
statistical information is limited available. In Sudan, reliable, written and up-to date
information is difficult to obtain and sometimes even contradictory. Therefore, the
finalisation of the study was delayed. Another obstacle was that the terms guar plant, guar
seeds, guar splits, guar gum and guar mechanical powder are mixed-up in daily parlance.
This report must therefore be regarded as a first step in an on-going process: new
information and comments can and should be integrated into the Analysis.
1.4 Structure of the report
Chapter 2 describes the cultivation and the use of the guar plant as well as the derivatives
from guar seeds. The production of guar in Sudan is also presented. In Chapter 3 the
different uses of the guar plant and the various industrial applications of guar gum are
described. The statistical information on the world trade of guar products and the export
from and import to Sudan is presented in Chapter 4 as well as the value of the traded guar
products worldwide and the price structure of guar in Sudan. The description of the value
chain and the relevance of guar for the national economy is elaborated in Chapter 5.
Chapter 6 classifies the stakeholders as actors, influencers or supporters and describes
their roles in the guar value chain. The potential of the guar value chain in Sudan is
elaborated in Chapter 7 by presenting the SWOT-analysis, the main obstacles and the risk
analysis. Recommendations for following up the development of the guar value chain are
proposed in Chapter 8. Annex I lists the interviewees as completed by the Guar Council.
Annex II presents background literature.
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2 THE GUAR PLANT, ITS PRODUCTS AND PRODUCTION IN SUDAN
The first paragraph describes the guar plant, its growing conditions and general features.
The second paragraph explains the products derived from the guar seeds. Finally,
information is given on guar cultivation and production in Sudan.
2.1 Guar plant
Cultivation
In Sudan, guar is considered to be one of the significant crops which has been incorporated
into both domestic and commercial production recently. It is grown by smallholder fe/male
farmers and on larger estates and mainly in rainfed areas. Guar was introduced into Sudan
only 50 years ago. It grows in several states in Sudan including Blue Nile, White Nile,
Darfur, Sennar and Gedaref States.
The plant and its uses
The guar or cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus) is an annual plant of the ‘leguminosa’
family. It is also known as the gavar, guwar or guvar bean, cluster bean and Siam bean.
The origin is unknown as it has never been found in the wild. The plant grows to one or
two metres high with vertical stalks, see Figure 1. The guar seed pods, about 15 cm long,
see Figure 2, grow on these stalks and hold 6-9 seeds which are about 2-3 mm in diameter.
The pods and leaves can be consumed by humans and the seeds in the pods are processed
for industrial use (guar gum) and animal fodder (churi and korma). The guar plant is used
for animal fodder and is also known for its nitrogen fixing properties in soil which increases
fertility.
Figure 1: The guar plant Figure 2: The Guar pods
Source: National Guar Research Centre, 2016
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Growing conditions
Guar grows best in sandy soils: it is extremely drought resistant and thrives in semi-arid
regions where most other plants do not grow. Guar requires reasonably warm weather and
a growing season of 14 to 16 weeks. The optimum temperature required for its roots is
between 25 and 35 degrees Celsius. It needs moderate intermittent rainfall with lots of
sunshine. For effective guar cultivation, the crop needs two lots of rainfall before sowing,
one when the crop buds and another when the crop develops and when it is flowering. It
needs far less water than other crops. Too much precipitation can cause the plant to
become more ‘leafy’ thus reducing the number of pods and/or the number of seeds per
pod which affects the size and yield of seeds. Guar grows preferably in fertile, medium-
textured and sandy loam soils that are well-drained: waterlogging decreases plant
performance. In respect of soil acidity, guar grows best in moderate alkaline conditions
(pH 7-8) and is tolerant of salinity.
Growing season
The crop is generally sown in Sudan in July and can be harvested from November to
January. It is not known yet if guar can be cultivated in Sudan year around under irrigation.
Cultivars
Mainly in India and the USA numerous cultivars of guar have been developed. In general,
branched types are more suitable for seed production, while erect, single-stem types that
produce larger and more fleshy pods are preferred in vegetable production. The choice of
a cultivar depends on the purpose of the guar and whether it is being grown for green
pods, guar gum, animal fodder or green manure. Some cultivars are moderately resistant
to the main disease leaf spot and bacterial blight. The choice of cultivar also depends on
day length, climatological and soil conditions. In Sudan farmers complain about the cultivar
with horizontal pods close to the soil as these pods are difficult to harvest.
Intercropping and crop rotation
In India, guar is well-known for intercropping and crop rotation, but in Sudan these
practices have not yet been generally adopted.
Diseases and pests
Internationally, bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas cyamopsidis and leaf spot caused
by the fungus Alternaria cucumerrina var. cyamopsidis are the main diseases of guar.
Bacterial flight is seed-borne and infected seedlings are often killed rapidly. In older plants
the disease develops from transparent, oily leaf spots coalescing into brown, angular,
necrotic lesions. Infection spreads systemically throughout the plant and can kill it at any
stage of development. Soaking the seeds in hot water at 56 Degrees Celsius for ten minutes
will eliminate seed-borne infection. The fungus Alternaria (leaf spot) develops between
flowering and pod set. It causes defoliation, especially during periods of high rainfall and
humidity. Dithane and cupramar give excellent control of this disease. Furthermore, guar
is relatively free of pests. Effective, economical chemical control is possible.
Yields
Dry grain yields under rainfed conditions in India and the United States ranges from 350 –
1000 kg/ha. Yields can be doubled under irrigation. Under experimental conditions over 3
tons/ha have been reached in United States of America and Zimbabwe. Various figures are
available on the yields on rainfed areas in Sudan: yield figures can refer to guar plants,
dried fodder, to pods or guar seeds. Based on information provided by the Ministry of
Agriculture, the average yields of guar seeds in rainfed areas amount to around 280 kg per
feddan/665 kg per hectare. Information on the yield on irrigated guar is not yet available.
Storage
Guar seeds have a shelf life of more than three years, without losing any of its properties
or qualities.
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2.2 The derivatives from guar seeds
After harvesting, when the pods are dried out in the sun, the guar plants are beaten and
during the process, the seeds come out.
The guar seeds consist of three parts:
the seed coat and fibres which are around 14-17% of the guar seed;
the germ protein which is 40-46% of the guar seed;
the endosperm, containing galactomannan gum or starchy material which is around
35-42% of the guar seed.
The processing of guar seeds gives three products: churi, korma and guar splits.
The by-product of the guar gum industry consisting of the outer seed coat and germ is
called guar meal, also referred to as churi (powder form) and korma (granular form).
These are derived from the seed coat and the germ. Churi and korma are used
worldwide as cattle and poultry feed.
Guar splits are from the endosperms. Guar splits are first processed into guar
mechanical powder and then into guar gum. Guar mechanical powder and guar gum
are produced for multiple industrial uses. In Sudan, the final phase of processing guar
mechanical powder into guar gum does not yet exist.
In India, the conversion ratio from guar seeds to guar gum production is 27-33%.
Processors of guar seeds in Sudan state that, according to their experiences, the processing
of guar seeds leads to 75% churi and korma and 25% guar splits or mechanical powder.
So the conversion ratio in Sudan is much lower.
2.3 Guar cultivation in Sudan
Guar is grown in several states in Sudan including Blue Nile, White Nile, Darfur, Sennar
and Gedaref States (see Figure 3 on the next page). Guar is mainly grown in rainfed areas.
Experience with irrigated guar cultivation is quite limited in Sudan and results are not
known yet.
In Sudan, statistical information on the agricultural sector is recorded on the production
area, the harvested area, the production and the productivity. In the overviews on guar
cultivation received for this Value Chain Analysis some States do not appear while some
figures from South Sudan are included. The figures over the years appear to be incomplete.
The limited statistical information available shows that Sennar and Blue Nile States are the
main producers for guar (around 40% each). White Nile and Gedaref States are also known
for growing guar while Darfur State recently started guar cultivation. The harvested area
amounts to around 70% of the cultivated area and this percentage differs from year to
year. The total production of guar seeds over the last ten years is at most 4,000 tons per
year. The figures on the productivity show a strong fluctuation and vary between 135 and
400 kg/feddan.
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Figure 3: Rainfed and irrigated areas under guar cultivation in Sudan
Source: National Guar Research Centre, 2016
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3 MULTIPLE USES OF THE GUAR PLANT AND GUAR GUM
This chapter describes the multiple uses of the guar plant and guar gum. The first
paragraphs describe the use of the guar plant for field protection, natural disease control,
soil improvement, intercropping and crop rotation followed by the use of guar for animal
fodder and human consumption. The second paragraph elaborates the end use of guar
gum per sector and the various industrial applications of guar gum.
3.1 Use of the guar plant
Use of the guar plant for field protection
During the growth phase, farmers say that the guar plant protects other crops like sorghum
from being grazed because the plant releases an unpleasant smell that keeps cattle and
goats away from the fields. So guar can function, besides all its other products, as a natural
hedge. This reduces the chance of nomads’ cattle destroying the fields of sedentary
farmers. Whether this protection will still exist when cattle get used to the smell of the
guar plant needs to be further explored.
Use of the guar plant as natural disease control
No information could be found in the literature which identified guar as a natural disease
control agent. According to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
however, some farmers in Gezira observed that the introduction of guar on farms has
reduced or completely eradicated the spread of the sorghum parasite Striga hermonthica,
locally known as ’booda’.
Use of the guar plant for soil improvement
The guar plant prevents soil degradation as it lives in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing
bacteria. It improves the soil condition in a cost effective and natural way and increases
the yield of subsequent crops. The encyclopaedia on tropical plants, ‘Protea’, states that a
green manure crop adds about 50 kg of nitrogen to the soil and that yield increments of
crops following guar can be very high. The farmers interviewed in Darfur and Damazin also
experience high increments of subsequent yields of sorghum, up to doubling of the yields.
Use of the guar plant for intercropping and crop rotation
In India guar is well known for intercropping and crop rotation. In Sudan this practice has
been adopted very rarely by farmers.
Use of the guar plant for animal fodder
After harvesting, the fodder is used as cattle and poultry feed because of the high protein
content. The Butana Project financed by the IFAD introduced guar as a fodder crop in 2012.
The results of this project show the importance of the guar plant as fodder demonstrated
by a proven increase in the weight of goats, increase in lactation and reduction of kidding
interval. Sedentary farmers can also sell the fodder to the nomads as cattle feed. During
processing of guar seeds into mechanical powder, churi and korma are leftovers and these
are also used as cattle feed in Sudan and worldwide.
Use of the guar plant for human consumption
In India, sweet and tender young pods of the guar plant are consumed as a vegetable. The
young pods are also eaten as snacks after drying and frying. Mature seeds have been eaten
as a pulse during periods of food shortage. The guar leaves can be used like spinach. The
pods and green leaves of the guar plant are important for human consumption because of
the high protein content. As far as is known, guar pods, seeds and leaves of the guar plant
are not used for human consumption in Sudan.
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3.2 Industrial use of guar gum
3.2.1 End use of guar gum per sector
The guar seeds are crushed to make a mechanical powder that can then be processed into
guar gum. Important parameters of guar gum for industrial uses are the percentage of
protein, the solubility, viscosity, moisture, granulation and water thickening potency.
No recent information has been found on the worldwide demand for guar gum specified
per sector. Euromonitor International analysed in 2010 the use of guar gum within the so-
called Fast Moving Consumer Goods sector, not including the use of guar gum for the
pharmaceutical, paper and textile industry or for important sectors such as the shale gas
and the oil industry.
Aranca, a global research, analytical and advisory firm mentions in Figure 4 the following
percentages of guar end use applications in 2014.
Figure 4: End use of guar applications
Source: Aranca 2014.
The oil industry is using guar gum for horizontal fracturing during oil winning. Due to the
low oil price this method of oil extraction hardly occurs anymore and the demand for guar
gum by the oil industry therefore decreased significantly over the last years.
The same applies to shale gas production which also decreased due to the low oil price. It
is not yet known if shale gas production will result in a renewed demand for guar gum as
it provokes protests because of the assumed environmental risks.
Oil industry
8%Pharmaceutical
industry9%
Textile and
paper industry
11%
Food
industry18%
Explosives
for shale gas
production
54%
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3.2.2 Various industrial applications of guar gum
This paragraph describes the various applications of guar gum in a multiplicity of industrial
sectors.
Cosmetics: Guar gum is used as a thickener and protective colloid in skin care products,
creams, hair shampoos and conditioners, and lotions. It is also used in toothpaste and
shaving cream for easy extrusion from the container tube.
Explosives: Guar gum is used because of its ability to efficiently thicken the nitrate salt
solution which is the basic component of slurry explosive formulations as well as cross-
linking agents for gel and slurry explosives systems. Therefore the guar gum is used in
shale gas production but as explained above, shale gas production decreased due to the
low oil price resulting in a lower demand for guar gum.
Food industry: In the food industry guar gum is used in many products: bakery goods,
confectionary, sauces and salads, beverages, frozen food and dairy products. Guar gum
reduces crystal formation, acts as a (water) binder and stabiliser to extend shelf life. Guar
gum improves texture and smoothness, maintains uniform viscosity and colour. It is also
used for viscosity control and reduction of calorific value.
Metallurgical and mining: Guar gum is widely used as a flocculent to produce liquid/solid
separation. Guar gum is also used in flotation. It acts as a depressant for talc or insoluble
gangue mined along with valuable minerals.
Munitions: Guar gum is used as a thickener in flame-throwers and pyro-technical
munitions. A reasonable assumption is that no stakeholder in the guar value chain would
want to support the weapons industry. The use of guar gum in munitions seems to be very
limited.
Oil drilling: Industrial grade guar gum powder is used in oil well fracturing, oil well
stimulation, mud drilling and industrial applications and preparations as a stabiliser,
thickener and suspension agent. Guar gum products reduce friction in the holes, and so
minimise power requirements. Some guar gum products act to minimise water loss should
this occur in broken geological formations. As explained above, due to the low oil price
horizontal fracturing for oil production hardly occurs anymore and the demand for guar
gum by the oil industry has decreased significantly.
Paper industry: Guar gum is used as a wet-end additive. It gives denser surface to the
paper used for printing. Guar gum imparts improved writing properties, better bonding
strength and increased hardness. Due to improved adhesion, it gives better breaking and
folding strengths.
Pharmaceutical industries: Guar gum powder is used in the pharmaceutical industry in
tablets as a binder; guar gum hydrates and forms a thick gel layer on the tablet surface.
Guar gum is also an important non-calorific source of soluble dietary fibre and cleanses the
intestinal system.
Textile industry: Guar gum gives film forming and thickening properties when used for
textile sizing and printing to keep the dye stuff from spreading on the fabric. It reduces
dusting while sizing and gives better efficiency in production.
Variety of other industries: Guar gum powder is also used in a variety of other industrial
sectors and products like battery electrolytes, carpet printing, ceramics, firefighting, fish
farming, paint industry, pet food, photography, printing inks, synthetic resins, water paint
and water treatment.
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4 WORLD TRADE, EXPORT FROM AND IMPORT TO SUDAN, VALUE AND
PRICE STRUCTURE
Firstly, this chapter describes the world trade in guar products. The next paragraphs
present the export from and import of guar products to Sudan. The fourth paragraph shows
the worldwide development of the value of guar products. The last paragraph discusses
the price structure of the guar products across the guar value chain in Sudan.
4.1 World trade of guar products
Guar seeds are processed into churi, korma, guar splits, mechanical powder and guar gum,
(see also Chapter 2.2). All five derivatives of guar seeds are traded in Sudan and
internationally. The classification of goods has different notations internationally. Most
important is the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (the HS Code),
and the E numbers that are codes for substances that are permitted for use
as food additives within the European Union and Switzerland.
The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System uses the Hs code 130232 for
‘Mucilages and thickeners, derived from locust beans, locust bean seeds or guar seeds,
whether or not modified’. This system doesn’t have specific codes for all five derivatives
but uses the following classification:
Hs Code 13023230: Guar Gum treated and pulverised; referring to guar gum and guar
mechanical powder;
Hs Code 13023220: Guar Gum refined split; referring to the guar splits;
Hs Code 13023210: Guar Meal, referring to churi, korma and a mix of them.
The worldwide trade in guar products is relatively small. So the statistical sources for
international trade on guar products, such as the International Trade Centre (that draws
its figures from United Nations Statistics) collect information on the overall code 130232
only. It is assumed that most of the international trade is in ‘guar gum treated and
pulverised' (Hs Code 13023230). International statistics also double count some trade
when countries are re-exporting guar products directly or after further processing. This
also emerges from Table 1 below.
Table 1: Position of countries in 2015 as exporters of guar products: HS 130232
Country Position Export
in Tons
% of
world export in tons
% of
world export in value
Export in
Value USD (x 1.000)
Position Country
India 1 408.307 81,2 61,6 708.458 1 India
Pakistan 2 18.791 3.7 7,7 88.626 2 Spain
Lithuania 3 15.558 0.03 0.05 61.165 3 USA
Spain 4 10.552 0.02 0,04 46.184 4 Italy
USA 5 9.724 0.02 0.04 41.666 5 Pakistan
Australia 22 293 0.0006 0.002 2.413 20 Australia
Sudan 37 40 0.00008 0.00004 93 48 Sudan
Source: International Trade Centre, 2016
14
India is considered the largest producer of guar contributing about 80% of the total world
production, Pakistan contributes 15% to world production followed by Australia, Sudan and
the United States with 5%. The exact percentages differ per source. Table 1 on the previous
page shows that producing countries like USA and Australia only export part of their
production. This Table also shows that Sudan plays a negligible role in the world trade of
guar products.
Table 1 also shows that Indian exports of guar products account for 81% of global exports
in terms of volume while representing almost 62% of the total value. On the other hand,
Spain, a country not producing guar, has export values almost eight times higher than its
imports, illustrating how non-guar producing export countries are able to add value to the
imported guar products by processing it into high(er) quality guar gum.
The figure on the international export in guar products below shows a quite stable trade in
volume from 2011 and 2013 while increasing in 2014. The drop in volume exported in
2015 might be explained by the drop in demand for guar by the shale gas and oil industry:
due to the low oil price, shale gas production and the horizontal fracturing for oil production
became less competitive (see also paragraph 3.2.1).
Figure 5: World export of guar products: HS 130232
Source: International Trade Centre, 2016
4.2 Export of guar products from Sudan
The limitations of available specific statistical information for the international trade on
guar products as described in the previous paragraph also applies to the statistics for the
export of guar products from Sudan. Another obstacle for Sudan is that the International
Trade Centre makes no distinction yet between the two countries, Sudan and South Sudan.
It is suggested that the figures refer to Sudan mainly as the export from South Sudan is
assumed to be quite limited. It is not known when the statistics for Sudan and South Sudan
will be submitted separately.
Figure 6 on the next page shows the export from Sudan of guar products over the years
2011 to 2015. In Sudan, there is no production of guar gum yet so the export of the guar
products from Sudan with the code HS 130232 refers to guar mechanical powder, guar
splits, churi and korma.
In Sudan, a huge increase in exports occurred. This sudden export growth shows the
capacity of large and smallholder fe/male farmers to respond very quickly to an increase
in price and international demand as occurred in 2012.
-
100
200
300
400
500
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700
800
900
1.000
-
1.000
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7.000
8.000
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Volu
me (
x1000 k
g)
Valu
e U
SD
(x1000)
YearVolume
Value
15
Figure 6: Export of guar products: HS 130232
Source: International Trade Centre, 2016
4.3 Import of guar products by Sudan
The limitations of the available statistical information for the international trade in guar
products as described in the previous paragraphs also apply to import statistics of guar
products into Sudan. No information is yet available on the national trade in guar products
in Sudan or on the use of the different guar products by the various national industries.
Figure 7 shows the import by Sudan of guar products over the years 2012 – 2015; no
information was available for the year 2011. These imports could refer mainly to guar gum
as this cannot be produced in Sudan yet while mechanical powder, guar splits, churi and
korma are nationally available.
Figure 7: Import by Sudan of Guar products: HS 130232
Source: International Trade Centre, 2016
Since 2015 volume imports of guar products have been decreasing, while the use of guar
gum in various industries in Sudan is still needed. The decrease in imports might be
explained by the lack of foreign currency in Sudan that is needed to pay for the import of
guar gum.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Volu
me (
x1000 K
g)
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e (
x1000 U
SD
)
Year
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Value
0
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80
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200
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500
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2500
2012 2013 2014 2015
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me (
x1000 K
g)
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e (
x1000 U
SD
)
Year
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Value
16
4.4 Value of traded guar products worldwide
Figure 8 shows the development of the value of the guar products (HS 130232) during the
years 2011-2015. The development of the value of the export of guar products worldwide
and from India show a comparable pattern.
In 2012, guar prices increased significantly. The main reason was the inventory build-up
by the two companies Halliburton and Schlumberger amidst the fear of shortage of guar
gum for drilling due to ongoing drought in Rajasthan in India. Therefore these two
companies built up a large inventory leading to a price increase as well as taking
temporarily a relatively high share of the guar gum used in the oil and shale gas industry
The value of guar products has been decreasing over the years. Importers in the
Netherlands state that they paid even lower prices in 2016 than in 2015. At the beginning
of 2017 the prices are increasing slightly and the prices of the guar gum for the oil industry
are 1.450 USD/MT CFR Rotterdam and for the food industry between 1.100 -1.300 USD/MT
FOB Mundra India. The premium of organic guar gum is about 10%. The prices for churi
and korma remain stable in recent years between 470-520 USD/MT FOB Mundra, India.
Dutch importers interviewed don’t import refined splits. Indian exporters state that the
price of guar refined splits amounts to around 700 USD / MT FOB Mundra, India. These
international prices are important references if Sudan wants to enter the guar gum world
market.
Figure 8: Development of the value of guar products in USD per ton
Source: International Trade Centre, 2016
Figure 8 also shows that a country like Spain added high value to their guar products by
further processing it to high(er) quality guar gum. Sudan on the other hand shows a low
value of their exported products as it refers to non-processed guar products because the
country cannot produce guar gum yet. It is apparent from this figure that Sudan pays
relatively high prices for imported guar gum.
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Valu
e G
ar
Dollars
/Ton
Year
Import to Sudan Export from Sudan
Export World Export from India
Export from Spain
17
4.5 Price structure of guar products across the value chain in
Sudan
Many large and smallholder fe/male farmers, traders, processors, and exporters were
interviewed for this study about the prices paid and/or received for the different guar
products. The information given is however quite contradictory. Exporters stated
sometimes that they receive prices well above the prices on the world market; and prices
paid and received for the different guar products across the value chain in Sudan are not
consistent either.
The reason for the conflicting and slightly unrealistic prices might be that the respondents
refer to different years, miscalculate the exchange rate between Sudanese Pounds and US
Dollars and/or make use of different standard units of feddans, hectares, bowls and sacs.
It is also noted that those respondents having a guar stock, refer to, and speculate, with
2012 prices in mind.
18
5 VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE GUAR VALUE CHAIN IN SUDAN
This chapter first describes the distribution channel of guar products in Sudan. It is followed
by the contribution of guar to the improvement of food security of smallholder fe/male
farmers, peace building, and the impact of the guar value chain on the Sudanese national
economy. Then the chain strategy and organisation is analysed as well as the chain
governance.
5.1 Distribution channels of the guar plant and its products
Figure 9 below shows the distribution channel of guar products within Sudan and from
Sudan to the international market.
Figure 9 Distribution channel of the guar plant and its products
The distribution channel shows that traders and processers are the suppliers of guar seeds
but they are not specialists in the different guar seed varieties. The figure also shows that
smallholder fe/male farmers and processors are barely connected.
Smallholder fe/male farmers
Large farmers
Traders
supplying guar seeds
Processors
suppling guar seeds
Middlemen, traders
National
industry
Processors Exporters
Local
markets, pastoralist
Importers of
churi,
korma,
splits and
mechanical powder
19
5.2 Improvement of food security and livelihood
The guar value chain will contribute positively to improvement of the food security and
livelihood of smallholder fe/male farmers. As described in Chapter 3, the guar plant is
important as a fodder crop for cattle and poultry resulting in a proven increase in the
weight of goats, increase in lactation and reduction of kidding interval, thus contributing
to improved food security. Furthermore, smallholder fe/male farmers will benefit from
increased income from the sale of fodder and heavier and healthier animals thus reducing
poverty and improving livelihoods. Trade in guar will also open access to remote areas
where people feel neglected.
5.3 Contribution to peace building
It is the general belief that the development of the guar value chain will contribute
positively to peace building in the conflict regions. Guar can contribute to conflict
prevention between pastoralists and sedentary farmers. Farmers can sell the dried fodder
to the pastoralists. It is said by the farmers that the fields can be protected by the guar
plant as it releases an unpleasant smell that keeps cattle away from the fields at the time
when the pastoralists are migrating. It should be further researched if this protection will
still exist when cattle get used to the smell of the guar plant when it is grown over years.
5.4 Impact on the economy
Actually, the impact of the guar value chain on the Sudanese economy is rather limited as
the chain is not well developed yet. The employment in the five existing processing
factories is at most 100 persons. As guar is not widely grown yet, the tax revenue for the
government is correspondingly also limited. As a processing factory for guar gum does not
yet exist in Sudan, the guar gum for the national industry needs to be imported. This has
a negative effect on the import/export balance and scarce international currencies.
The future development of the guar value chain might have a positive effect on the national
economy because of possible import substitution, the creation of employment and added
value across the guar value chain. The increase in income would subsequently increase the
tax revenue for the Sudanese government. The decreasing tensions between sedentary
farmers and pastoralist might also contribute to a more stable economy and lower defence
costs.
5.5 Chain strategy and organisation
The cultivation and processing of guar in Sudan seems to be characterised by an ad hoc
approach by the different stakeholders. Over the last thirty years initiatives come and go:
traders supply guar seeds to farmers and then stop or continue for one year only.
Entrepreneurs start processing factories and most of them stopped within a couple of
years. Large and smallholder fe/male farmers show similar features: interest in guar
cultivation comes and goes because of unknown diseases in the guar resulting in
disappointing yields and also because of lack of support and extension services.
20
The different stakeholders across the guar value chain communicate very little and they
have opinions about each other. Stakeholders seem to be trapped in their own world. An
example is an agricultural researcher knowing the disease in the guar plant from which
farmers suffer. He didn’t share his valuable knowledge as this should be the task of an
agricultural extension officer. Another example is that large and smallholder fe/male
farmers barely communicate with the processors which results in the farmers stocking their
guar seeds. Large and smallholder fe/male farmers may be waiting for higher prices and
may be speculating that prices would be higher next year. They may also not be aware of
reasonable market prices. In the meantime, the processors are in urgent need of guar
seeds in order to serve their clients.
A chain strategy and adequate organisation to develop the guar value chain in Sudan does
not exist yet. The National Guar Conference in May 2015 and the National Forum on Guar
in May 2017 organised by the Guar Council was an impetus for the actors, influencers and
supporters of the guar value chain to meet. These conferences were important steps
towards comprehensive and sustainable development of the guar chain strategy and
organisation.
5.6 Chain governance
The ‘guar chain governance’ refers to the relationships among the stakeholders that
operate within or influence the range of activities required to bring the guar from growers
to the numerous different end users. The chain governance also refers to the power and
the ability of stakeholders to exert control along the guar value chain and to decide what
is to be produced, how it is to be produced and how much and when. The guar chain
governance in Sudan is still weak due to a lack of a chain strategy, weak organisation and
lack of communication amongst the stakeholders. The National Guar Conference in 2015,
the National Forum on Guar in 2017, the exploratory study and this study show, however,
that stakeholders have a strong wish for a common shared development strategy and a
balanced chain governance.
21
6 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS
Stakeholders can be differentiated according to their relevance to the guar value chain:
chain actors, chain influencers and chain supporters.
6.1 Actors of the Guar Value Chain
Input suppliers
Seeds are supplied to the farmers by traders or by processors of guar. These traders and
processors do not possess the specific knowledge and information on the different guar
varieties. Suppliers of specialised (harvesting) machinery for guar cultivation do not exist
yet in Sudan.
Large and smallholder fe/male farmers
The guar plant is still quite unknown in Sudan. Large and smallholder fe/male farmers in
Blue Nile, White Nile, Darfur, Sennar and Gedaref States grow guar. Some processors also
grow guar themselves. All farmers state that their main problems are ignorance of the
right cultivar, the disease which kills the plant very quickly and the heavy work involved in
harvesting the guar due to lack of appropriate machinery. Large farmers complain of high
taxes by the government and the lack of access to finance to invest in machinery and
labour.
Labourers
Large farmers need temporary labour mainly for sowing, weeding and harvesting. The
labourers, mainly men, come from neighbouring countries like South Sudan and Ethiopia.
Women
Smallholder female farmers work actively on guar cultivation. Therefore, it is important
that extension services and loan facilities are also directed at female farmers and that cash
income goes to the real workers in the guar cultivation.
Women play a very important role as members of the community because women spend
a large percentage of their earnings on housing, medication and food for their families. So
when women’s position is improved, their children’s health, education and future
opportunities are enhanced and the community also benefits from women’s investments
in social life.
In the processing factories women can be engaged as skilled labour in, for example,
laboratory control and bookkeeping and as unskilled labour sorting the guar seeds and
cleaning the factory and offices.
The opinion of women is therefore needed on the proper development of the guar value
chain in Sudan.
Pastoralists
Pastoralists and their representatives could not be adequately interviewed yet.
Nevertheless, their opinions should be integrated into the Analysis.
Youth
Worldwide, young people have the tendency to migrate to the larger cities. Therefore it is
important to make agriculture attractive for young people by strengthening extension
services to include the use of ICT for cultivation and marketing, thus giving agriculture a
more modern image. Guar can be interesting for the young people as it creates cash
income. Youth and their representatives could not be adequately interviewed yet.
Nevertheless, their opinions should be integrated into the Analysis.
22
Traders
Large farmers sell their guar products directly or via intermediate traders to processors.
Smallholder fe/male farmers sell the guar on the local market to intermediate traders and
pastoralists and only incidentally directly to the processors.
Transporters
Within Sudan the guar products are traded by road. The traders state that trucks are daily
available to transport guar products to Khartoum. The costs depend on the quantity and
the distance.
Processors
In Sudan, five processors of guar are actually operational. These companies process guar
seeds into guar splits, churi and korma and mechanical powder. In Sudan, the production
of guar gum does not yet take place. It is said that these companies all have about the
same processing capacity of 4,000 tons of guar splits yearly. These processors sell the
guar products nationally and export the guar splits, guar mechanical powder and churi and
korma mainly to Europe and neighbouring countries.
A company active in the oil sector, however, mentioned that it had a request from a foreign
company for 20,000 tons of guar gum. This demand from the customer could not be met
as the production of guar seeds in Sudan is at most 4,000 tons per year (see chapter 2.3).
National industries
The national industry in Sudan use guar products but no statistics are available yet. Sudan
imports guar gum as described in paragraph 4.3. It is probably mainly used in the food
industry but no detailed figures could be located. The national fodder industry uses the
locally produced churi and korma.
Importers
Dutch importers state that each industrial sector requires specific, high and stable
quantities and quality standards for guar gum which are consistent with official European
directives. The food sector has especially high quality standards including food security
requirements along the whole value chain. In the experience of the Dutch importers, Sudan
faces difficulties meeting these requirements in quality and quantity and therefore
importers buy the processed guar (gum) and guar meal directly or indirectly from India.
6.2 Influencers of the Guar Value Chain
Sudanese Government
The only and most important influencer in the guar value chain is the Sudanese
Government. The Ministry of Agriculture developed a road map to sustainable agricultural
production up to 2020. No specific policy on guar is integrated yet into the official strategy
which means that the financial institutes are not allowed to provide loans for guar
cultivation. The lack of priority to guar cultivation also results in a limited budget for applied
agricultural research. Each state can fix the taxes to be paid by large and smallholder
fe/male farmers to the government.
6.3 Supporters of the Guar Value Chain
Agricultural Researchers
Some agricultural universities in Sudan integrate guar into their research. The Ministry of
Agricultural has an agricultural research station in every state. The budget for these
research stations for guar cultivation is said to be quite limited as guar is not an official
crop in the National Strategy. Applied research at farmers’ level on guar cultivation takes
place on a limited scale by the national guar research coordinator.
23
Agricultural Extension workers
The Ministry of Agriculture has a department for extension in all states. The number of
agricultural extension workers depends on the relevance of the agriculture in that state.
The agricultural extension approaches to farmers are via the so-called Farmer Field
Schools. It is said that the extension workers are not well trained in guar cultivation.
Certification institutes
In Sudan, several certification institutes are present to certify ISO 21.000, HACCP, fair
trade and organic production. Certification is required when exporting (processed)
agricultural products to the world market.
Donors/NGOs/International organisations
All international NGOs and donor organisations interviewed showed strong interest in guar
value chain development, being convinced of its relevance and multiple advantages. As far
as is known, only the Butana project financed by the International Fund for Agricultural
Development introduced the guar plant as animal fodder in 2013. The NGOs and
international donor organisations interviewed said they would appreciate having the results
of the Value Chain Analysis. They could then decide how guar could be integrated into their
programmes.
Financial institutes
In Sudan, private and government-owned banks and micro finance institutes are
operational. They are not yet allowed to provide loans for guar cultivation or guar
processing because guar is not designated in the national strategy by the Sudanese
Government. Micro finance includes loans up to 20,000 Sudanese Pounds and these can
be provided for general agricultural activities.
Guar Council
The Guar Council was founded on behalf of the Sudanese government and acts under the
High Council for Agricultural Revival, Ministry of Agriculture. The Guar Council is composed
of representatives of farmers, farmers’ unions, researchers and government officials. The
Guar Council organised the National Guar Conference on the 25th and 26th May 2015 and
the National Forum on Guar on 22nd May 2017.
Organisations at village level
Smallholder fe/male farmers cooperate in women’s and mixed groups. Traditional
structures are present at village level along with groups and organisations created by
government agencies (like farmer unions), donor organisations (like civil society based
organisations). Organisation of smallholder fe/male farmers is needed for efficient logistics
as it is too expensive for traders and processors to collect the small quantities of guar
seeds and fodder at farmers’ or village level. The most appropriate organisation for guar
collection varies per village.
24
7 POTENTIAL OF THE GUAR VALUE CHAIN IN SUDAN
This chapter describes the potential of the guar value chain in Sudan. In the first paragraph
the SWOT analysis is carried out showing the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and
Threats of the guar value chain. The second paragraph describes the main bottlenecks
across the guar value chain in Sudan and analyses why these bottlenecks prohibit its
development. The last paragraph presents the risk analysis as stakeholders need know
whether, and in what ways, risks can be mitigated when they decide to contribute and
invest in the development of the guar value chain in Sudan.
7.1 SWOT Analysis of the guar value chain
The SWOT analysis of the guar value chain in Sudan is presented in the following table.
Table 2: SWOT Analysis of the Guar Value Chain in Sudan
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
INTERNAL
FACTORS STRENGTHS Excellent guar growing conditions in
several states. Availability of suitable land. Nitrogen fixing properties of guar
improves the soil fertility resulting in higher yields of subsequent crops.
Possibility of crop rotation. Use of guar plant and left overs of
guar seeds as animal fodder. Guar as animal fodder increases the
weight of cattle, the lactation and
reductions in the kidding interval. Increased food security for
smallholder fe/male farmers through higher income from sales of guar seeds, animal fodder and heavier/healthier animals.
Contribution to conflict reduction between sedentary farmers and pastoralists.
High female participation in
agriculture. Multiple industrial uses of guar gum. Good logistic connections by truck
within Sudan. Focus on the agricultural sector as a
main lever to alleviate poverty.
WEAKNESSES Inconsistent policy on guar by the
Government. Lack of knowledge on guar in Sudan. Inconsistent commitment by
stakeholders. Limited representation of women
amongst the stakeholders. Lack of trust and cooperation
between stakeholders. The double role of the Agricultural
Bank as financer and trader
distorting the market. Lack of adequate guar seeds. Low productivity of guar cultivation. Limited technical and agricultural
knowledge by large and smallholder fe/male farmers
Irregular production by large and smallholder fe/male farmers.
Limited mechanisation by large and smallholder fe/male farmers.
Gap between scientific research and extension work.
Lack of applied agricultural research;
Insufficient knowledge and control system to meet internationally required certifications.
Political unrest and instability.
EXTERNAL
FACTORS (WORLD
MARKET)
OPPORTUNITIES
Import substitution by using local guar products for domestic demand.
Stable international demand for guar gum for most of the industrial sectors.
Supply of organic guar products from
Sudan to the international market.
THREATS
International competition by India, Pakistan as main guar producers.
Low world market prices. International embargo creates
obstacles in international money transfer.
Rising international standards on
Corporate Social Responsibility. Limited volume for export. Limited number of exporters.
25
7.2 Bottleneck analysis of the guar value chain
The Table below describes the main bottlenecks in the guar value chain and the reasons
why these bottlenecks inhibit its development in Sudan.
Table 3: Bottleneck analysis of the Guar Value Chain in Sudan
Bottleneck in the guar value chain
Why does this bottleneck prohibit the development of the guar value chain?
Absence of a consistent
national strategy on guar
The Sudanese government determines the strategy on guar for
many stakeholders, like the budget for agricultural research on guar,
the policy of financial institutes to grant credits for guar cultivation and the government fees and taxes to be paid by farmers and companies. Therefore a proper national strategy is needed.
Lack of knowledge on guar
amongst stakeholders
Farmers don’t start growing guar if the multiple uses are not known.
Lack of knowledge limits the supply and potential for processing of guar.
Lack of trust and cooperation between stakeholders
Lack of trust and cooperation limits the exchange of experiences by which stakeholders can learn from each other. Lack of trust and cooperation between stakeholders also leads to
unstable demand and supply of guar and therefore to fluctuating prices.
Limited representation of women amongst stakeholders
Women grow guar actively and they take care of their families and the needs in their village /society: the opinion of women is therefore needed about the right development of the guar value chain.
The double role of the Agricultural Bank both as financer and trader
The Agricultural Bank buys agricultural products from the farmers at a fixed (low) price as guarantee for the credit provided. By doing so the Agricultural Bank distorts the market forces.
Limited access to finance
for growing and processing guar
Large and smallholder fe/male farmers and processors need access
to finance to be able to invest in machinery for guar production and processing.
Discontinuity in supply of guar seeds by fe/male farmers to the processing
industry
The processing industry needs a stable supply of guar seeds to guarantee their daily operations and financial targets. Processors don’t invest in a guar (gum) processing factory if they risk a lack of
supply of guar seeds.
Discontinuity in quantity and quality of processed guar
Importers worldwide require a stable supply of guar products in quantity and quality. If the processing industry in Sudan cannot meet this demand, importers worldwide will choose another country.
Absence of a factory for guar gum production
Added value across the guar value chain is created when processing guar seeds into guar gum. This final industrial process is not yet
available in Sudan.
Limited knowledge on the
suitability of different guar varieties for each area
Inadequate seeds increase the susceptibility to diseases and affects
the yields negatively; large and smallholder fe/male farmers then lose trust in guar cultivation.
Bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas Cyamopsidis
This bacterial blight kills the guar plants very quickly. No information or solutions were offered. Therefore large and smallholder fe/male farmers lost trust in guar cultivation.
Lack of adequate machinery, especially for harvesting
Manual work limits the area for guar cultivation as lack of available labour occurs regularly. Without adequate machinery, large areas for potential guar cultivation remain unexploited.
Limited agricultural knowledge by large and smallholder fe/male farmers
Limited agricultural knowledge on soil fertilisation, crop rotation, disease control, modern technical operations and storage affects negatively the quality and quantity of the guar yields.
Lack of organisation by
smallholder fe/male farmers for efficient logistics
It is too expensive for traders and processors to collect the small
quantities of guar seeds and fodder at farmers’ or village level. So without adequate organisation smallholder fe/male farmers risk being saddled with their guar production.
26
7.3 Risk analysis for investing in guar value chain development
The previous paragraph presented the SWOT analysis and the main bottlenecks prohibiting
the development of the guar value chain in Sudan. These analyses also lead to specific
risks for investing in guar by large and smallholder fe/male farmers, processors and other
stakeholders. The Table below lists the different risks in the guar value chain, gives an
indication of the actual risk level if the risk is not properly addressed within two years and
suggests how the risks can be mitigated.
Table 4: Risk analysis for investing in guar value chain development in Sudan
Risk Risk Level
How can the risk be mitigated?
Inadequate support by
the government
Medium The Sudanese government can:
Renew their guar strategy. Increase the budget for applied research and innovative
extension services. Allow loans for guar cultivation and processing. Lower the fees and taxes for large and smallholder fe/male
farmers and processors.
Political unrest and instability
High Dialogue between sedentary farmers and pastoralists. The stakeholders create countervailing power by
developing a common guar value chain strategy.
International embargo High Inviting the US Embassy in Khartoum to participate in
meetings on the guar value chain development.
Volatile (and low) world market prices of guar products
High Use of guar as animal fodder and for increasing soil fertility.
Use of locally produced guar gum for import substitution. Creating an efficient guar value chain resulting in low
prices.
Distorting role by the Agricultural Bank
Medium Stakeholders can discuss the actual policy with the Agricultural Bank.
Applying for loans with other financial institutes.
Lack of cooperation and trust between stakeholders
Low Creating trust and cooperation and deciding on actions to be taken by the representatives of the various stakeholders at their platforms in the guar cultivating States.
Lack of interest in
growing guar by large and smallholder
fe/male farmers
Medium Availability of adequate seeds.
Extension services on agricultural techniques and disease control.
Direct linkages between large and smallholder fe/male farmers and processors.
Donors commit themselves to supporting the development of the guar value chain.
Lack of interest in investing in processing facilities
Low Processing companies already show interest in continuing and expanding their business.
Investors in guar gum production to be identified.
Setback in position of
women
Medium Extension services and loan facilities for female farmers.
Cash income to the real workers in the guar cultivation. Women represented in stakeholders platforms. Creating jobs for women in the processing industry.
Lack of respect for CSR and required
certifications
Low Training of stakeholders by (inter)national certification institutes.
Respect for the age, gender and ethnics of workers and
working conditions as part of contracts.
Negative impact on environment and organic production by
the use of pesticides
Medium Training of farmers in the use of biological control and agro-ecology.
Monitoring by certification institutes in Sudan.
27
8 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GUAR VALUE
CHAIN IN SUDAN
The cultivation and processing of guar in Sudan in the past seemed to be characterised by
an ad hoc approach by the different stakeholders. So it is important to develop a
comprehensive package of initiatives and activities to aim at a sustainable gradual
development of a strong guar value chain.
This Guar Value Chain Analysis is to be the basis for the formulation of an extensive
development programme and it strongly supports an iterative approach to improve the
chain and networks. The recommendations for the development of a sustainable guar value
chain are the following:
It is crucial to create trust and cooperation amongst the stakeholders of the guar value
chain. The participation of all actors, influencers and supporters is required to identify
potential solutions for removing the bottlenecks and to indicate their contribution to
the proposed solutions. Stakeholder platforms should be organised in production areas.
As main influencer of the guar value chain, the Sudanese government should integrate
guar into their official strategy and road map to sustainable agricultural production up
to 2020. This will create more opportunities for stakeholders to operate in guar
production and processing.
Developing a solid Guar Value Chain needs to be based on correct basic information.
Data should be collected such as areas cultivated by large and smallholder fe/male
farmers, yields, productivity, price structure and the use of the various guar products
by the national industries.
Sudan can learn from experiences in other guar producing countries and from importers
of guar products worldwide. The stakeholders in Sudan have to compare their own
performances with those from abroad.
Applied agricultural research is needed to test the different guar seed varieties, to
investigate disease control and to analyse the effects of the guar plants on soil
improvement, as natural hedge and disease control. The possibilities of guar for organic
and irrigated production and for inter cropping and crop rotation also need
investigation.
Innovative, less costly extension services are to be welcomed. Modern communication
media allows extension services to reach many large and small holder fe/male farmers,
for instance by short movies on You-tube, WhatsApp. The information should be
transparent to all stakeholders and could include the risks of growing and processing
guar.
At the stakeholders’ platform level, producers and processors have to discuss the most
efficient logistics collecting the small quantities of guar seeds and fodder at farmers’ or
village level.
A solid feasibility study is necessary to assess the financial feasibility of processing
factories. This study should analyse the potential production in quantity and quality of
the different processed guar products in the coming years.
28
ANNEX I OVERVIEW OF INTERVIEWEES
Org
an
isa
tio
n /
Co
mp
an
yN
am
eF
un
cti
on
Em
ail
ad
dre
ss
Ph
on
e n
um
be
r
AD
RA
Mr
Imra
n A
li C
his
htie
Monitori
ng a
nd E
valu
ation
Specia
list
adra
.mande@
adra
-sudan.o
rg0903026621
AD
RA
Mr
Paul H
ow
eD
irecto
rdir
ecto
r@adra
-sudan.o
rg0912349734
Agri
cultura
l B
ank in E
l Fassher
Mr
Khalid M
oham
ed H
am
idG
enera
l M
anager
0911667343
Agri
cultura
l B
ank in K
hart
oum
Mr
Gala
l A
ldin
Taha A
hm
ed
Assis
tant
Dir
ecto
rgala
ltaha20@
gm
ail.c
om
0912218254
Agri
cultura
l R
esearc
h C
orp
ora
tion
Mr
Abdelh
khalig Y
ounis
Researc
her,
Vegeta
ble
s
pro
gra
m
abdelk
halig20@
yahoo.c
om
0912472583
Agri
cultura
l R
esearc
h C
orp
ora
tion
Mr
Eln
azeir
Moham
med
Researc
her,
Fora
ge a
nd
Liv
esto
ck
eln
azeir
_m
@yahoo.c
om
0123307942
Agri
cultura
l R
esearc
h C
orp
ora
tion
Mr
Hussein
Abdela
ziz
Researc
her,
Agro
nom
yhussein
_fa
dol@
yahoo.c
om
0925370347
Agri
cultura
l R
esearc
h C
orp
ora
tion
Mr
Moham
ed I
bra
him
Ism
ail
National G
uar
Researc
h
coord
inato
r
mib
rahim
ism
@gm
ail.c
om
0912569796
Agri
cultura
l R
esearc
h C
orp
ora
tion
Dr.
Kam
al Edin
Moham
med F
adal
Dir
ecto
r, E
lfasher
Researc
h
Sta
tion
kam
ald
in2001@
gm
ail.c
om
0908088109
Arb
Sudanese S
eed C
om
pany
Dr
Moham
ed A
. B
ushara
Genera
l M
anager
asscoseed@
hotm
ail.c
om
0912955801
Blu
nai
Mr
Ihab O
sm
an
Chie
f Executive O
ffic
er
ihab@
blu
nai.com
0912300431
Bonpharm
aM
r Is
lam
El Z
eib
aq
Executive M
anager
bonpharm
a@
hotm
ail.c
om
0926661676
Bre
nnta
gTra
der
info
@bre
nnta
g.n
l0031786544944
Cald
ic F
ood I
ngre
die
nts
Mr
Ronald
Theeuw
es
Managin
g D
irecto
rth
eeuw
es.ingre
die
nts
@cald
ic.n
l0031348566666
CA
RE I
nte
rnational
Mr
Asm
are
Ayele
Reta
Countr
y O
ffic
e P
rogra
ms
Dir
ecto
r
asm
are
.reta
@care
.org
0923333358
Cebo N
ederl
and
Mr
Chri
stian R
aulf
Sale
s a
nd S
erv
ices
chri
stian.r
aulf@
cebo.c
om
0031646021428
CO
PI
Mr.
Hashim
Els
abki Ib
rahim
Technic
al off
icer
els
abki@
coopi.org
0122533088
Dry
lands C
oord
ination G
roup
Mr
Muta
z M
oham
ed A
hm
ed E
l S
adig
Coord
inato
rdcgsudan@
yahoo.c
om
0912800400
Dutc
h E
mbassy–Ju
ba,
South
-Sudan
Mr
Henk v
an T
rigt
Fir
st
Secre
tary
Henk-v
an.t
rigt@
min
buza.n
l
Dutc
h E
mbassy–K
hart
oum
, S
udan
Ms E
sth
er
Loeff
en
Deputy
Head o
f M
issio
neje
.loeff
en@
min
buza.n
l0912160257
Elh
am
am
a F
lour
Mills
Mr
Vim
al S
heth
Manager
svkte
kno@
gm
ail.c
om
0990003000
Euro
pean U
nio
nM
r Jo
se M
ari
a T
roncoso P
ere
raFir
st
Secre
tary
jose-m
ari
a-t
roncoso-
pere
ra@
eeas.e
uro
pe.e
u
0912532343
Euro
pean U
nio
n
Mr
Um
bert
o A
mbro
si
Pro
gra
mm
e M
anager
-
Infr
astr
uctu
re
um
bert
o.a
mbro
si@
eeas.e
uro
pa.e
u0912177309
FA
L G
uar
Deri
vatives I
ndustr
ies
Mr
Moham
ed S
ala
hD
irecto
rm
.sala
h@
um
alg
ura
.com
FA
O
Mr
Muta
ssim
Abdalla
Technic
al Fie
ld O
ffic
er
/ Team
leader
muta
ssim
.abdalla@
fao.o
rg0912396714
Farm
er
in D
am
azin
e r
egio
nM
r A
bd E
hale
em
Ahm
ed M
ohm
ed
Farm
er
0917743794
Farm
er
in D
am
azin
e r
egio
nA
li M
oham
med A
hm
ed G
iha
Farm
er
0917780686
Farm
er
in D
am
azin
e r
egio
nM
r Elfatih K
aro
mFarm
er
0912838163
Farm
er
in D
am
azin
e r
egio
nM
r Eltaib
Adam
Moham
ed
Farm
er
0911151694
Farm
er
in D
am
azin
e r
egio
nM
r Ely
as S
ulim
an
Farm
er
0912338767
Farm
er
in E
l-Fasher
for
field
vis
itM
r. M
osa A
li D
ahab
farm
er
0914582118
Farm
er
in E
Lfa
sher
regio
nM
r M
usa A
li D
hab
Farm
er
29
Org
an
isa
tio
n /
Co
mp
an
yN
am
eF
un
cti
on
Em
ail
ad
dre
ss
Ph
on
e n
um
be
r
Farm
er
in E
l-Fasher
regio
nM
r A
bdelr
ahm
an A
ltoam
Farm
er
0914863205
Farm
er
in E
l-Fasher
regio
nM
r. A
li h
am
ed A
liFarm
er
0919661133
Farm
ers
in D
arf
ur
regio
n (
50)
Farm
er
Fem
ale
Farm
ers
in D
arf
ur
regio
(30)
Farm
er
FO
GA
Mr
Abdelr
ahm
an I
bra
him
Abdelr
ahm
anB
oard
mem
ber
rahm
an8214@
gm
ail.c
om
0123477417
Germ
an A
gro
Action
Mr.
Ibra
him
Sulim
an
Technic
al off
icer
0911680846
GIT
AF
Mr
Ala
a E
ldin
nasr
Osm
an N
asr
Genera
l M
anager
allanasr7
@gm
ail.c
om
0912919671
Glo
be A
gri
culture
Dr
Fahm
i Is
kander
Fahm
iD
irecto
rfa
hm
i@glo
beagco.c
om
0912358548
Glo
be A
gri
culture
Mr
Phil M
ille
r C
hie
f Executive O
ffic
er
phil@
glo
beagco.c
om
0920005533
Guar
Council
Mr
Abdalla M
oham
med E
lzubeir
Advis
or
abdalla.m
.elz
ubeir
@gm
ail.c
om
0912194330
Guar
Council
Mr
Abdelh
mid
Adam
Mukhta
rS
ecre
tary
Genera
lm
ukhta
rahm
ed297@
yahoo.c
om
0912640738
Guar
Council
Mr
Hassan O
sm
an A
bdeln
ur
Fore
str
y e
xpert
Guar
Council
Mr
Moham
ed A
dam
Elg
allabi
Fre
e lance e
xpert
Guar
Council
Mr
Moham
ed A
dam
Jala
bi
Chair
man
mohja
labi@
hotm
ail.c
om
0912789665
Guar
Council
Mr
Bader
Eden A
bu Z
aid
C
hair
man u
p t
o D
ATE
bdra
lden00@
hotm
ail.c
om
0912614638
Guar
Council
Mr.
Babik
er
Ham
ad A
hm
ad
Advis
or
dr.
babik
er2
12@
gm
ail.c
om
0123272948
Guar
Council
Mr.
Moham
ed O
sm
an
Secre
tary
moham
eded_osm
an52@
hotm
ail.c
om
0912293578
Gum
Ara
bic
Board
Mr
Abdelm
agid
A.
Gadir
Secre
tary
Genera
lgum
board
@yahoo.c
om
0912919076
IFA
DM
r A
hm
ed G
abir
Subahi
Countr
y P
rogra
mm
e O
ffic
er
a.s
ubahi@
ifad.o
rg0912836138
IFA
DM
r H
ani A
bdelk
ader
Els
adani
Countr
y D
irecto
rh.e
lsadani@
ifad.o
rg0969250271
IFA
DM
r M
oham
med E
Lhasan A
li
Natu
ral R
esourc
e
Managem
ent
Off
icer
moham
medelh
assan44@
gm
ail.c
om
0927035144
IFA
DM
s M
ia M
adsen
Associa
te P
rogra
mm
e O
ffic
er
m.m
adsen@
ifad.o
rg0912535044
IFA
D
Mr
El Fadul A
hm
ed I
shag
Pro
gra
mm
e S
upport
Off
icer
e.ishag@
ifad.o
rg0912944225
Landell M
ills
/ E
UM
r A
bdul H
am
id R
ham
eta
lla
Assis
tant
Team
Leader
abdulh
@la
ndell-m
ills
.com
0922197275
Liv
esto
ck L
ivelihood e
xpert
Ms L
ucy M
aars
se
Liv
esto
ck e
xpert
and
Consultant
IFA
D
lucy.m
aars
e@
gm
ail.c
om
0031619092725
Meelu
nie
Mr
Fre
deri
k N
ieuw
enhuis
Quality
Assura
nce M
anager
Fre
deri
k.N
ieuw
enhuijs@
meelu
nie
.com
0031205306530
Meelu
nie
Mr
Mic
hael R
ots
Tra
der
Mic
hael.R
ots
@m
eelu
nie
.com
0031205306530
Mic
ro F
inance I
nstitu
te in E
l-Fasher
Mr.
Moham
ed M
. Elg
azali
Manager
0912397146
Min
iste
r of
Agri
culture
Dr.
Ibra
him
Ahm
ed A
dam
Eld
ukhir
yM
inis
ter,
Min
istr
y o
F
Agri
culture
And F
ore
ste
ry
Min
istr
y o
f A
gri
culture
Mr
Kam
al M
. S
eed A
hm
ed
Agri
cultura
list
Min
istr
y o
f A
gri
culture
Mr
Abdalla A
bdalla F
adula
lla
Technic
al tr
ansfe
r and
adm
inis
tration
abdallufa
dhalla@
gm
ail.c
om
0912194330
Min
istr
y o
f A
gri
culture
Mr
Sala
h A
din
Abdel R
ahm
an
Exte
nsio
n o
ffic
er
in D
arf
ur
sla
hadin
55@
gm
ail.c
om
0916455216
Min
istr
y o
f A
gri
culture
Mr
Adam
Moham
ed E
l N
ahla
Min
iste
r,M
inis
try o
F
Agri
culture
(M
OA
)
0912180850
Min
istr
y o
f A
gri
culture
Mr.
Abdalla A
bdallatif
Dir
ecto
r genera
l, M
inis
try o
F
Agri
culture
aasam
adlu
ssa@
gm
ail.c
om
0918238439
30
Org
an
isa
tio
n /
Co
mp
an
yN
am
eF
un
cti
on
Em
ail
ad
dre
ss
Ph
on
e n
um
be
r
Monchy I
nte
rnational
Mr
Gerr
it v
an S
ante
nS
ale
s a
nd P
urc
hasin
ggvansante
n@
monchy.c
om
0031104130320
Natu
re G
um
sM
r O
mer
Isam
Busin
ess D
evelo
pm
ent
Manager
om
er.
isam
@natu
regum
s.c
om
0999001011
Natu
re G
um
sM
r Tari
c M
. K
halil
Genera
l M
anager
tari
c.k
halil@
natu
regum
s.c
om
09999299912
Nile S
un E
nte
rpri
ses
Mr
Zubeir
I.M
. Ib
rahim
Genera
l M
anager
nilesun@
hotm
ail.c
om
0912398547
Oil d
rillin
g e
xpert
Mr
Leo K
em
pC
onsultant
leo.k
em
p@
hotm
ail.c
om
0031653590601
Oil d
rillin
g e
xpert
Mr
Rin
us V
ers
trate
Consultant
rinus1234@
hotm
ail.c
om
0031615541553
Petr
ocon
Mr
Taha M
. Els
ubki
Sudan B
ranch M
anager
taha.e
lsubki2
@gm
ail.c
om
0918096987
Pla
nt
Pro
tection D
irecto
rate
Blu
e N
ile
Mr
Eltyia
b B
rem
a M
oham
ed
Researc
her
ety
iabali@
gm
ail.c
om
919663371
Pra
ctical A
ction
Mr.
Aw
adalla H
am
idM
anager
aw
ad3115@
gm
ail.c
om
0918238895
RA
FM
r. A
dil A
hm
ed A
bdelw
ahab
technic
al off
icer
0123370565
RA
FM
r. S
aif E
. M
oham
ed
Engin
ear
0909553400
Range e
colo
gis
tM
r Il
ham
Els
adig
Ahm
ed
Ecolo
gis
telh
am
20092009@
live.c
om
0916321747
Searc
e,
mark
eting r
esearc
hM
r Ia
n L
iddell
Researc
her
ian@
searc
e.e
u0033964103644
Searc
e,
mark
eting r
esearc
hM
r Lex v
an B
oeckel
Dir
ecto
rsearc
e@
ora
nge.f
r0033964103644
Sudanese G
uar
Com
pany L
td.
Mr
Abdulh
ay M
usta
fa A
bdulh
ay
Genera
l M
anager
am
abdulh
ay47@
gm
ail.c
om
0912175002
The H
igh C
ouncil f
or
Agri
cultura
l M
r H
aitham
Moham
med A
lnoor
Taha
Executive M
anager
hitham
1940@
yahoo.c
om
0912119187
The H
igh C
ouncil f
or
Agri
cultura
l
Reviv
al
Dr.
Abd U
lgabar
Hussie
n O
sm
an
Genera
l S
ecre
tary
abdulg
abar.
osm
an@
gm
ail.c
om
0123005319
Tra
ders
Associa
tion in D
arf
ur
Mr
Faro
ug A
ngal
Tra
der
0911332004
UN
EP
Mr
Abuelg
asim
Abdala
Adam
Senio
r Envir
onm
ent
Off
icer
abuelg
asim
.adam
@unep.o
rg0912165684
UN
EP
Mr
Bra
dle
y S
mith
Pro
gra
mm
e C
oord
inato
rbra
dle
y.s
mith@
unep.o
rg0912170212
UN
EP
Mr
Paul K
erk
hof
Natu
ral R
esourc
es
Managem
ent
Consultant
ets
kerk
hof2
000@
yahoo.f
r0900904125
UN
EP
Ela
min
Moham
ed A
hm
ed
Pro
gra
m s
upport
0919695562
Unio
n o
f A
gri
cultura
l Engeneeri
ng
Mr
Fadl el G
alil F.
Alla
Form
er
manager
Agri
cultura
l
Com
pany
0912861189
Univ
ers
ity o
f K
hart
oum
Mr
Fadul H
ussein
Researc
her
0915087071
US
Em
bassy,
Khart
oum
Mr
Aysa M
ille
rEconom
ic O
ffic
er
mille
ram
@sta
te.g
ov
0912178697
Wom
en a
nd C
hild D
evelo
pm
ent
Socie
ty
Ms.
Halim
a M
oham
med A
bdulr
ahm
an
Coord
inato
r0915120136
Worl
d B
ank G
roup
Mr
Xavie
r Furt
ado
Countr
y R
epre
senta
tive
xfu
rtado@
worl
dbank.o
rg0912397463
ZO
AM
r Tim
Rae
Countr
y D
irecto
rt.
rae@
zoa.n
l0901237401
ZO
AM
r Tim
mo G
aasbeek
IWR
M M
anager
t.gaasbeek@
zoa.n
l0912505178
ZO
AM
r. S
ultan M
oham
ed
Technic
al O
ffic
er
sultannur@
yahoo.c
om
0901237407
31
ANNEX II BACKGROUND INFORMATION Aranca, Guar Gum Market Production Estimated to drop in 2015, www.aranca.com
Australian Guar Company, Website: http://www.australianguar.com
Elsafi Mustafa Mohamed, 2015, Characterization of guar diseases and their effect on
the crop yield in Northern and Southern geographical areas of Gedarif State in seasons
2013 and 2014, National Conference on Guar Crop in Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan
Elshiekh A. Ibrahim, Abdel Wahab H. Abdalla, Mohammed E. Abdel Rahman, Ahmed M.
El Naim, 2012, Path Coefficient and Selection Indices in Sixteen Guar (Cyamopsis
Tetragonoloba L.) Genotypes Under Rainfed, 2012, in: International Journal of
Agriculture and Forestry 2012, 2 (1) p. 79-83
Euromonitor International, 2016, The future is uncertain for Guar Gum as price increase
shows no sign of slowing down (Part 1 and 2),
Fair Organic Gum Arabic, 2014, Feasibility Study on Guar Factory Project at South
Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan
Gitaf Gum Production & Marketing Company Ltd, Leaflet ‘Guar Gum’, Website:
www.gitaf.com.sd
International Trade Centre, 2016, online database
Mohamed I. Ismail and El Hag H. Abuelgasim, 2007, Evaluation of guar as proposed
new crop for rainfed semi-arid regions of western Sudan, in Sudan Agricultural Journal,
2007, 8, p. 133-139
NCDEX, Guar Outlook 2015, CCS National Institute of Agricultural Marketing, India
Protea, The encyclopaedia on tropical plants, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
Petrocon, 2015, Guar Gum in Oil Field Applications, Speech at National Conference on
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