ENERGY EFFICIENT CONCEPTS FOR SMART CITIES

Usha Batra, Chief Architect, CPWD, Mumbai

ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA• India is projected to be the world’s most populous country by

2025. and is the fourth largest consumer of energy.

• Energy requirements due to urbanization and population growth will increase manifolds.

• Twelfth Plan document of the Planning Commission indicates that total domestic energy production of 669.6 million tons of oil equivalent (MTOE) will be reached by 2016-17 and 844 MTOE by 2021-22. This will meet around 71 per cent and 69 per cent of expected energy consumption, with the balance to be met from imports, projected to be about 267.8 MTOE by 2016-17 and 375.6 MTOE by 2021-22

BRIDGING GAP BETWEEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY

• Conservation, energy-efficiency and efficient utilization of energy resources in the short term.

• Complete shift to renewable energy is the ultimate answer to resolve the energy demand .

SECTORWISE consumption OF ENERGY

MAXIMUM SAVING/CONSERVATION POSSIBLE IN INDUSTRY, AGRICULTURE, AND DOMESTIC SECTOR

installed capacity by Top ten states (2012, in GW)

Each state has its own unique energy mix, mostly derived from its own resource endowment, existing infrastructure and policy initiatives.

MAIN BENEFITS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

• Strengthens climate change mitigation . But …. Research on use of heat emitted by air -

conditioners and reflected back by high performance glass is required for further mitigation of climate change.

• Increases your independence.• Provides bright economic and environmental

future.• Reduces the trade deficit and propel India forward

as a “Green Nation.”• Brings sustainability and energy security .• Reduces Electricity bill.• Minimises future utility rate increases.

RENEWABLE ENERGY INSTALLED CAPACITY

SOLAR PV POTENTIAL• Limitless• Clean • Everywhere• Free

• With about 300 clear, sunny days in a year, India's theoretical solar power potential, is about 5,000 trillion kilowatt hours (kWh) per year. It exceeds that of all fossil fuel energy reserves in India

• Using the country’s deserts and farm land, India could easily install around 1,000 GW of solar generation – equivalent to around four times the current peak power demand (210 GW)

Installed PV capacity (in MW)

YearEnd

TotalCapacity

YearlyInstallation

2010 161

2011 461 300

2012 1,205 744

2013 2,319 1,114

March-2014 2,632 313

March-2015 3,744 1112

13 July-2015 4,097 353

POTENTIAL OF OTHER RENEWABLES• India has no estimates of

its offshore wind potential, up to 170 GW could be installed by 2050 along the 7,500 km of coastline.

• Hydropower could generate an estimated 148 GW

• Geothermal around 10.7 GW

• Tidal power about 15 GW.

POTENTIAL OF OTHER RENEWABLES

• If these are properly developed and utilized, all of India’s new energy production could be derived from renewable energy sources by 2030.

• Also, all existing generation could be converted to renewable energy by 2050 while maintaining a reliable power supply in the interim.  Barriers to implementing are primarily social and political, not technological or economic.

• Excess energy generated from renewable could be stored in various forms .

ENERGY EFFICIENCY & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• 40% of the world’s energy is consumed in the built environment and 40% of its materials are also used in the built environment. As a consequence, smart cities and energy efficient cities are key to sustainable development.

• As per Ministry of New and Renewable Energy guidelines all power producers in private and public sector will have to generate 10 per cent of solar power of their total installed capacities to lighten the smart cities.

• Sustainability in buildings can be achieved by All New buildings with net zero energy requirements &

Refurbishing of the existing buildings to bring them to the lowest possible energy consumption levels

MAIN FEATURES OF ENERGY EFFICIENT SMART CITY

• Uninterrupted and highly reliable 24x7 power supply .

• Maximisation of Renewable energy sources.

• Each smart city to have it’s own renewable energy smart grid which can be linked to the national grid .

• Transit-oriented development (TOD).

High density on both side of TOD Mix land use i.e. Residential,

educational, offices, restaurants, market, health, etc.

making all facilities and workplaces within walkable distance or by cycle, reducing use of private vehicles.

• Multi level Parking along TOD.

MAIN FEATURES OF ENERGY EFFICIENT , SMART CITY contd...

ORIGINAL COST ADDITIONAL COST TOTAL COST % INCREASE

5.84 CR 0.72 CR 6.56 CR 12.3 %

• Energy efficient envelope for all buildings. case study of CBI campus.

• All Buildings to be net zero buildings i.e energy-efficiency + renewable production. • Maximum use of Smart materials and smart skins.

MAIN FEATURES OF ENERGY EFFICIENT SMART CITY contd...

Once the envelop is energy-efficient, it automatically reduces the need of lighting and HVAC, bringing further savings.

which can be achieved by ;• Use of energy-efficient lighting, appliances &

equipment.• Use of Energy efficient public and individual

transport system.• Multiple use of daytime use buildings to save on

number of buildings thereby saving on land , capital cost as well as energy.

ENERGY EFFICIENT ENVELOPE • Appropriate orientation and

shape of the building with respect to sun and wind direction.

• Appropriate window to wall ratio (WWR) for light and ventilation.

• Balconies, verandas, courtyards, wind towers, skylights and arrangement of openings for cross ventilation.

• Shading devices and landscaping to allow the desirable sun and cut off the non desirable sun as well as divert the wind direction wherever required.

• Use of Green building materials and technology.

Further energy efficiency can be improved by improving the performance of different components of the building.

SHAPE OF THE BUILDINGThe lesser the perimeter, the lesser is the heat gain from solar as well as conduction.

The depth of a building also determines the requirement for artificial lighting. The greater the depth, higher is the need for artificial lighting.The circular geometry has the lowest perimeter as well as S/V ratio thus is most energy efficient in composite climate.

ORIENTATIONIn hot zone (Hot & Dry, Hot & Humid) the building has to be oriented North- South.

In cold zone If the long axis of the building makes an angle of 30 with E-W direction, it receives sun heat for maximum duration.

APPROPRIATE WWR FOR LIGHT & MINIMISING HEAT INGRESS

Design that increase daylight and reduces the need for daytime artificial lighting.

Lowest energy consumption is in the case of WWR 10%. But electricity consumption increases due to artificial lighting

Minimum electricity consumption with sufficient daylight is in the case where WWR is 20-30%.

CASE STUDIES FOR WWR• Jawaharlal Nehru Bhavan, Delhi – Gold rated (case study I ) •Indira Paryavaran Bhavan, Delhi- Platinum rated and 5 Star rated. (case study II )•Office Building for M/S B.G, Mumbai – Gold rated. (case study III )WWR in case study I, II and III are 27.6%, 21.8 % and 20.6 % respectively.

SHADING DEVICES

• External shading devices need to be designed according to the orientation of facade.

• North- no shading is required.• South -permanent shading required as sun faces

most part of the day. • East and West - preferable to design movable

shading devices.• Walls and roof can be shaded in many ways e.g.

plants, solar panels , louvers, paragolas etc. for energy-efficiency.

SMART MATERIALS 

• Smart materials are specially designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli such as stress, temperature, moisture, electric or magnetic fields.

• They save on cost & increase the life of structure

Smart concrete that will heal its own cracks.   Shapeshifting Metal Self healing coatings

Green materials

Smart building skins

Pair of Abu Dhabi Towers. Double skin- with inner layer as thin glass & outer layer in fibre glass. The outer layer opens & closes in response to the temperature of the façade..

Facade that eats smog. The material contains Titanium dioxide, which when comes in contact with air eliminates pollutants. Used in Hospital in Mexico. Provides clean air for patients inside.

In Melbourne, facade of small sandblasted glass circles, each fixed to a central rod. Based on the humidity and temp. inside the building, pivot automatically moves to facilitate air flow.

SMART LIGHTING, APPLIANCES & EQUIPMENTS.• Street lighting equals 40 percent of

the electricity bill of municipalities.  

• LEDs can generate energy savings of 50 to 70 percent.

• 80 percent when coupled with smart controls.

• Energy efficient & star rated home appliances e.g. air-conditioners, TV, refrigerators, water purifiers, washing machines and equipments like motors, pumps etc. will add to reduction in energy consumption.

SMART TRANSPORT• Convenient yet economical, and

energy-efficient public transport system will save energy and reduce carbon emissions.

• Energy-efficient public transport will reduce pollution and congestion.

• City-wide cycle hire schemes and associated cycle lanes will reduce pressure on public transport and improve health of citizens.

• Real-time city transport planning and coordination of buses, trains and traffic lights, complemented by live travel information sent to people’s smart phones, including smart applications for ticketing minimises disruption.

PROPOSED SMART CITY AT KARKARDOOMA DELHI

• Transit-oriented development (TOD) policy for Delhi.

• With higher (FAR) of 400 in the ‘Influence zone’ of the Metro which extends to 500 metres on both sides of the corridor.

• Sustainable land use by minimising travel time for citizens, promoting the use of public transport thereby reducing pollution and congestion.

CONCLUSIONS• Shift from western culture to design of buildings &

infrastructures of smart cities as per climate of India to be emphasised .

• All Buildings to be net zero buildings .• Each smart city to have it’s own renewable energy

smart grid which is linked to the national grid .• Complete shift to renewable energy in India is the

ultimate answer to resolve the energy demand as the potential is much more than the demand.

THANK YOU