UBR&n( RI$[AR[H AND ilT}TtOrft't[HT C[|{MN LInivercity of Baguio -q{,1$IEfil:,1,} Tr: FtSE{Rili{ t;ULtl"RE f-t :t{: Jf,lliE? i;"'d p \r..t- ? 'i, \ ,,\J "" Fsr UB use only -..4 Tfie$ilksrrnnt {:,, 4th Editi*n For Graduate anO Uide?gifacuate Programs A Produ*tion of the R&D Center $taff Christine Marie F. Cacdac. MS Psych iDirector) Oliver Richard C. Celi, ESICS Jenifer L. Kuadli. BSC - Bus Ecun J*septr Rene P. Fes+us. ASICS M*rilou B. $annadan, MAEd F*ych
Tfie$ilksrrnnt{:,, 4th Editi*nFor Graduate anO Uide?gifacuate Programs
A Produ*tion of the R&D Center $taff
Christine Marie F. Cacdac. MS Psych iDirector)Oliver Richard C. Celi, ESICS
Jenifer L. Kuadli. BSC - Bus EcunJ*septr Rene P. Fes+us. ASICS
M*rilou B. $annadan, MAEd F*ych
FOnunroKs
"&nong fhe paramount objectives of the l*stitution ix tc produce students whoare formidably ccrnpetent in their chasen nera *r specia:isation.
Embarking on research is one of the vifal charurels of eqrdpping the individualwith the inaiepenlable knowteogu ;"o skitls, ft*search is cruciat.ti tr*l [rurr*r*ity,tle department, and the fndividriat himser. It i;;hb tooi nrhich not onty estabtibhes aeolid foundatiott of our extant knowledge but enableouu to further gain a *ongrruentunderstending of what is transpiring an? ril ,*"u;;i";jt, **rrrr*rr-**. - -'
. The publication of this usefut manud, whieh oserg a great deal of informationon writing research manuscripts, may ne usk ae- t*q***" relerence for yarious,{esearch undertakings.
.. tly thil qublication prompt and motivate studentg and instructors tocontin*allv sollEbor*te to gener*i* r**"*trrr ;trp;r *h# }Jffi#i"g *l*r.i,
Ttre PresidentUniver*ityof B*guio
*'
{
PNETACE
One of the major thrusts of the academe is the enhancement of research skills.Research is inevitably amcng the multifarious undertakings of a student. Undeniably,most undergraduate and graduate students, and inetructois as well, have a relativelydownbeat stance towards research and theeis vrriting due to the notiron that these canbe quite arduous. There are those who are annious over the various activitiesresearch entails. Others are nonetheless overridden bythe lingering agitation overthe impending oral defense, which is the definitive ptrase in the-sis *titfig.
Research is indeed an arnply challenging task. Yet, the amazing opportunityto digcern novel ideas begets an overwhehing feeling of satisfaction. This howevercan bg achieved only if one is familiar with the logicat procedures this particularendeavou: encompasses.
The cqrstaMzation of an extensive and valuabte research output is efforgesslyachievable with the provision of a tool which facilitates the venhrrq. Consfruenfly,
-
the Research and Developrnent Center, in collaboration urith the Ub Eaitorial Boaid,has engendered a manual whish not only gruides the shrdent in co*/rposing theirtreatise but as Well as acguaint themwith the editorial stylewhich complele$conforms to a clear and consistent presentation of a written material.
With the inception of these basic guidelines qrhich enpounds the technicalcomponents and basic format of the paper, thesis writing can be less convoluted foran individual, Hence, may this handbook render its readers the requisite andindispensable knowledge for a task nrhich eventually proves valuable andproductive in all domains.
Gtos$f;nY
Abstract - a brief $ummary which gives the essential points in a discourse
Applied research - research which studies the relationship and/or applicability of theories orprinciples to the solution of a problenr
Basic research - research which adds sonretfling new to the body of knowledge in a particularfield
Bibliography - any list of references at the end of a research report or manuscripl whethercited or notwithin the write-up; includes notonlytexts referrecJ to in the paper, butas well as any other articles the researcher/writer made use cf and reader$ rrlightneed as background reading
.*&se study - extensive study of an individual unit, group, institution, organization, or program
which provides a thorough analysis of the object being investigated
Citatisn - a short, formal indication of the source af information or quoted m?teriill " *
I
Conceptual Frarnework - a set of interrelated ideas or notion$ that provide tf e legitirnatebases of a study
Conclusion - brief generalizations derivecj from findings; inferences which are discernedfrom the results of a study
Confidentiality - right of privacy and of rron-release of disclosed personal infornration
Control group - subjects who are not given a treatment under study or do not have a givencondition, background, oi. risk that is the object of the study, and who areconrparable to subjects in the study
Corroboration - a confirmation that scme fact or statement is true
Dependent Variahles - outcomes that are measured in an experiment; these are expebted tochange as a result of an experimental rnanipulation cf the independent variable(s)
Descriptive study - a study that is not truly experinrental (e.g. case history, record review,correlation, cbservationa I )
Empirical rmearch - research conducted for the purpose of collecting measurable data interms af attitudes, behavior, or perfornrartce; desigtred to generate projec16flle,nurnericaldata on a topic
EQerimental group - subjects in an experimerital design that receives the treatment orprogram under study
lmplication - a meaningthat is not expressly $tated; an impr*ssion formed from limited butsignificant information
L
{
lndepend*nt Eeriahle * an entity that is manipulated, messured, cr sslected by theresearcher as an Entecedent sonditi*n to ai-i olrserved behavior
lnterv*ntion - inel*des hoth phynical procedures by which date are g*thered andrnanipulations of the *ubject CIr the suhject's environment that are perforrned forrssearch purp#se$
Me*n * referred to a$ "the avera&e";computed merely by adding the numbers in a seriesand dividing the tatal by the number *f items in the seriss
frfiaderator variable * an entrty that influences the naturs of the relationship between anindependent variable and a dependent variatile
Null l"{ypo*hesis - th* propesiticn, to be tested statistically, thst tne *xperimental interventionhss no eff*st, m*aning thst the treatm*nt and *r:ntrcl group$ wilt not ditfer as aresult of the interuention
paradidtrn * a rnodel sr pa{teril which preseilts rsot assumption pfrrslfieters within which arese*rch iE *ondu*ted
i "*pspillation * a complet* $et of individuals, obj*ets fir me8$uremsnts havin#lscrme coll]mon
ob*eruabie characteristic* n
Qualitntive rgsearch - collectipn of ncn-*unr*ricai data i;sing interviews, observations, nndopen-*nded qilsslion$ tCI gother rneaning frcm nonquentified narrative informatian
Quanfitative resenruh * collection of nunrerical data in ordsrto describe, *xplain. predictandiar cantrol phenomena of intercst
Refurences * usually fCIrne ai the end of a research r*port or manuscript and ghould eontflinonly those works eited within the write-up
Reliability - d*gree to wi"li*h an instrum*nt csnsisfenfly rneasures in the saff€ way onrepeat*d trial$
Sample * a subs*t or part of a population
$tandard deviation * a measure of the rangs of variation from an averase of a group sfmef$ilr*ments; a statistical msasur* of the dispersisn of the frequency distrihution
$urvny * observaiional or descriptive, or no*€xperirnentalstudy in which persCIn$ &rssystematically examined for th* presence or absence of characteristics of int€rest
Thsory - comprehensive explanation of a grven set of data that has been repeatedly
' confirffied by ohservation and experimentation, and has gained general acceptancewithin the sci*ntific conrnrunity, but ha$ not yet been decisively proven
Vnlidls {of an in$trurnsnt} - deglee ta which a n]easirre accurately 8s$esses the specific*oncept it is de$igned to nneasure
L
Whal'sinside..a*
GITOSS.IRY
xEcHtncf,L coMpoNElt{TS Or THg THESIS
. General Ouidelines
A. trpingB. Style Details
G. Acronyms
."D. Numbers
E. Gitations in the Text / Body.
F. Quotations .
G. Page Numbers
H. Tabies andFigures. . . . .. . .
. Bibliogrraphy
Writing the References ./ Bibliographies. ParentheticalCitation
c Use short hond paper (i.e. height: I l"; width: 8.S")* The manuscript rnust be double-spaced throughout.r Use one inch margins on the right, top and hottom of ttre Fage, and I % inches on the
lelt side.r Use normal paragrraphs with the first line indented using the DEFAULT TSB. This is
applied EXCEPT for the Abstract, block quotes, $ities and headings, references, tabletitles, notes and figure captions.
r The font to be used is Courier New (lf, point).r Leave two (E) character spaces after terminators (i.e. '.n, '?', 'l').r h4ake sure that the text is left aligned and not justified except for the ABSTR"R,CT rrrhich
$l in fuli-bIo*k forrnat.
l;.j
S. STYLS DETAILS IN GEIVgRfi.I,r A1ways use the third person point of view in referring to one's self in the virite-upr Use the pasf fense in the Abstract, Sesign and Methodology, and in, the Pre;entation,
Analysis and Interpretation of Data; and indjcative moad in the first dhapter and in theConclusions and Recommendations. ti
r IJse the sirnple presenf fense for citations or quotes frorn books, journals, website, etc.r When using direct quotations, use the presenf ferse foilowed by the passage enclosed
in quotation marks.For exarnple:
Bugtong and Moyano (2004 ) state "gencJer does rtot af f ectacadenric performance. "
o 1J\Ihen paraphrasing a quote, use the conjunction fftafforexample:
Mamaat. {2000) asse::t-s 1-i"iat jeai.*usy is p.reva}ent in r,gorkareas rvhtere...
c. trcRoNtT/Isn When stating an aeronym, spell
acronym in parentheses.Forexarnple: The Resear:ch and ljevelopment Cerrter (RDC)
: When the acronyrn has been spelled ou! eariier, use the acr$nyrn of the rnrordls in yoursubsequent paragraphs.
D. NIIIVIBENS. Spell out the numbers if it beEins a sentence.r All rneasurement reportinE is done in Metric units (meters, centimeters, etc,).r The numbers zero to nine are spelled out except when it is in a table, figure number, or
a metric measurement.
them out the first time it is introduced" Enclose the
. The numbers l0 and above are written as numerals except whenthe beginning of the sentenee.
t oiTC 12
are situated at
o In the Abstract, use digits for all numerals except when they begin a sentence.r Be consistent with number formats" Por descriptive statistical presentations, use two (2)
decimal pl*ces. But for inferential statlstical presentations, us€! four (4) decimaleplaces.
E. CITf,TIONS IN TTIE MTT/AODYr The first time the reference is cited in the text, spell out atl of the authors' tast names.
Forexample:Agoncillo, Constantino, and Tendero (1990) suggest...
r With articles that have three or more authors, cite all the authors the first time thereference occurs. In suhseguent citations of the same authors, use first author'ssurname follortred by "et al.n'.
forexarnple;Agcnci11o, Constantino, and Tendero (l-990) suggest...then ... some facl {Agoncillo et al., 1990) "
r If the reference i;s in a parenthetical format, use the ampersand (&). H6friever, if thereference is in the bodyof the rnanuscript, use the conjunction "anp,".forexamplerBehaviorism is"." {Pavlov & Skinner, 1943) ascomparedto
Pavlov and Skinner {19{3) state that Behaviorism is...
r Multiple references in parentheses are placed alphabetically, and are separated by asemicolon and a single character space.
'r. guoTJr,TIoN$. Cite the page numbers for direct quotes
Forexarnplel Wayway t2002) asserts "genuine appreciation of lhebeauty and majesty of Sunnyside would not bepossible without one..," {gZJ .
Fach citation should always be prbceded and succeeded by an interpretation to avoidsuccession of unexplained guotations.
Display an excerpt of more than 40 words as a set-off quotation in a single-spaced fullblock secfion, and indented [DEFAULT TAB] from the left margin. Omit the quotationmarks and include the page number in parentheses after the last period. (see enampleon t lof TGl?,H)
G. PfrGE NTIN&ENSr There are variations with regard to the placing of page numbers. UB advocates the
placing of page numbers on the UPPER ilGHT corner of the paEe.. Thq page number must be situated 0.$ inch from the top of the page.r Thefont for thepagination is Courier Newpoint 12.. The Tit1e page and Approvat $heet carry a page number but it is not indicated on the
page itself.
they
3 ofTC 12
Tha diry,layed p*ryinfltinn fcr tlre prslim;tumsy pags of the pgp€r sgill 6ttrt fn thn
Absgm{rt Oo tire &ist 6f ?ehtss alrd F$grures. Yhe poEinntirm fur the*e pnffoB sh{rlrld be inmrir*ll Rnman rnrmsunlx (e.g. i, ii, iii) ritueited at the bottonr.centes of the pW. gnle
Sfuliogn*phy,.&pponidice* pofiinn, End SurrieulumYitaehnve nCI psgB nurnbere,
{ho Srst page of e*ch ch*pter cErrirpe a pags ru.unber but it is not indicated sn fte pGgG
itself"
ffi, Ttrffifi'g$SffiSf$S$ffi* Tabtres and Fig*re* shoutd be preaented after or wilhrn th,* dis*uusion 9f thu Srtr tgu:
Hsns#ver, ens','rre that th* tsbles and fignue* are &dly preaented on a ginsrle pag* and
are nst tffiWixry.1.F?fiS$ffiS
& lclffodrree the table prior ta itg pranentation"s ?abi*a shsuld 8#t b* sifusl*d within a paragraph.* TSI*SPA asle ta"bler do rmt sontain any verticai lineac ?leetableeapti*nmuctbspheedah*'crethntable. I
* TYBe *s tanfe numbes f*llarred by a period. teave fi,Fo tA) cnar*rster spases' ard
firye the table headinE/caption, rriUr tlxe seeond iine 1eft *ligmed' I I
s Wben **ixlg colq$nrne with nnmbera, aligm th*rn aesecdirrgr to plare vahre,
" When using scluxn:ts with deeirnal nntnb€rs, dign th* d€eimal pCIinr8.
s'geescmp,Je f*hje*eJots
Tabl* 1. Populatton gf fhe Study According ta $ender and
Socia* econonric $tatus
sss eef,,lF neffiI,l$ ,|rors&
UpperUpperMictdleIrOtl*fLower
\-_Lfl5J)
MidclIeClass
Mi"ddleClass
1
4
6
4
L,l
01
t5I0
1
11",1
1"3
0
d6"5r15?otrhf,,
s"3 ffiG$ffiS€
ti,,
fo
Figure* shsuld usrt b6 situatcd srithin a paragraph.
C*nter **ch ligrura *n tho page vertically as well aa lrmi.rontallyIf tlrsfigwe is a chant or Steh' veebally tabel the axes {do nnt use 'N" aad 'Yn}
Pipirer captioanr*nr,lst be tpcated at tlre bottpm cegder of tha figfure
T}ry. the fiEuo Im&nbtr *nllrwed by a p*riod. Leare *;yo (g) cherastar rpa*wa and
type th* figwe h*ading/caPtion.$e* sampJes cn f*e nesf Page
46Tt12
S'igure 1. Paradigrn of the $tudy rI
rnaliltt?
lt:Asrao**lLq.gr,sarri
l*gure 2- Respondents' Perception ifn Speci.frcatlon of Parking Areas
rr- Brs&Is_€e&Hffie fte bibsogrryhic e$tri'se nrunt b* orgnniaed and written aceordinrg ls cafsgory.e #enter the categari*s ef the bibliognaphi* enkies" The catssrcriss must be bold and in
title eas*.,dlfter ffiirry th€ eetryq'ris, qru]s the qreci$c ref*rense material employing ths tIFApJtformat
* Ivt*in fitlss of books, rmagazineru *tE" are itati*iu€d.* Ssurees are licted in alphnbeticd srdnr by the &uthor's last rame.n lrea*e {}ne {1) eharastar spare *fter each period
rtwnPffi{tDs{,r \f,fftrr*BxJilg
&evel of Performancefivaluated by;
& Students# sean
Dgsg$DElrr vAn;IAStg
Teaching Perfor:nance cfLhe C0fld Faculty of uB
ldo}aRffrs&, naRIastns
s G*nderc fiducationai Attainment
2.1
5 ofTC 1?
WRIrING ffiE REIERErCE$,/ BIAI',IOGRnPIIIE$
l.) Books wltlr one aulhorPoyaoan, C.C. (1993) " Interpersonal communication: Phils:
{.}niversitY of Baguio Press.
purificacion, S. (l-990) , Histarical perspectjves on' tribtal hrars.
Phils: Omegan Publishing House.
Sooksbytwo auffrorsDuckit$, J. & Renchon,
and crosscu-l tural
Press.
Kinicki, A. & Kreitner,
R.D. Irwin, Inc.
3.) Booksbythrge or ntote authors I
Montoya, J.r'Oliveros, J., 6. Torres, J. (199?). PhiTosophical
foundations of behavior modificatian Phils: Rex Bookstore.
4,) Chapter fmm a BookMusolini, F. (1993). Repeated rneasures designs. In A" Field (Ed. )
{pp. 323Discovering Statistics Using SP$S :For Windows
33?4). Great Britaj-n: The Cromwell Press' Ltd.
5.) Bmks wtth Edltton other than the flrst (RepubHshed Boo&)Nolledo, .J. (2000) " ?he r:errised admjnistratjrre code of 7987 with
re1ated Taws and administrative jssr:ances. Phils: Philippine
craphic Arts, Inc. (Origlnal work publlshed 1996).
6.) An Edtted EookEspino, E. R. (ad" ) . {1991} " FundamentaJs of sttucturaT
engr-neering, Cambodia: Angkhor Wat, Inc.
S. (2000). PaLiticaL psychology: cuJturaJ
foundations. USA: New York University
t"*.l
JJ
h. t L9g2) . Organizational behavibr. USA;
L
6 ofTC 12
?.) Book by a Corporate ltullrorCommit,tee of Recreations and Development. (1993). Human behavior
in organizatians. Philippines: Rex Bookstore.
8.) Reference Eook f,r1tsle (elcyclopedia)Machiavellj-, N. (1993). The prince. In the World book encycTopedia
(VoI 15, pp. 42I-436) . USA: World Book
9,) DictiolaryThe American heritage dictionary of the English Tanguage (4th
fILIYI:Moore, M. (Director). (L9S0). Fahrenheit 9/L1- [F'ilm]. HoIlywood:
Miramax Fitms.
{AvaiLabl-e from Paramount
CBSSETTEMaicte, E. M. (Author and speaker) ' (1995)
successfuJ 7ife. IcassetteJ' Phils:
TELSyI$ONPROGNNIII
ffIJI'I WITII T,NYTtrHD CIRGTTI.AfTON:Spielberg, S. {Director) " {1993)
7 olTC 12
" SchindTer's List IFitm] .
Picturesp USA).
. Succes sfuJ- Jiving,
Inspirations, Inc"
investigati.on
appatled by the claims of gendercontemporaries (Personal letter'
the sources for his novel Da Vinciconnoisseurs (Personal Phone
2003).
change: introduction
a lecture at the
i19S3). Baguia
No" 82-11.95).
Petersen, W" (Actor) - (2004) ' Criminal scenel.i
ITelevision Program]. NV: BBC'
16.)
nfiIl$lctrIl nSCORI]IIIGGroban, J. Q0o2j. The prayer. Josh Groban lcl]l " usA: walrner "*
j
;iBrothers.
pereonal Intenriew, Phone Gonversatlon, Ir€ttero lilon*srchivcd E-mailr lectnrer Because"these materials are not recoverable, it should NCIT be listed in the list of
references. It can, however, be cited parenthetically within the text. trt is extremely
important that what is cited in this way be tegitimate and harre scholarly integrityr Examples:
* Intenriew:Bowles finds herselfinsensit.ivitY bY herMarch 28, L9"17) -
* Phoue Conversatkrn:According to Dan Brown'Code were rePutable artconver$ation, Jul-Y 22,
lI.) Iland-auts gtven in a LeehrreCrdufra, L. ( 2AA4, Decernber) ' A step towards
of the APA format.. Outline presented in
Unj-versity of Baguio, Philippines '
fS") GonermmentalDocumentsMinistry of Transportatiorr and cornmunications.
city transportation project (Publication
Phils: Baguio Cit.y Local Government '
L-
SdTC 12
l$.l Gomlmtor $ofrrva*eSpSS. USA" {2004). $tatistical pa*kages for social sciences
lComputer $oftware], U$A: Conduit
e0.) Iliorld ltrldc ltsob sileDarling, t, {No date) " Parenting style and its ccrrelates
f0nline) " Avai-lable at lttp: / /www.atheath.com/practitioner/
ceduc/parentingstyles.htrnl [2A04, N*vember 3] .J
' 'j
Hpte: The first dat* referE to the date when the artiele was publ*ataed in the wpbsita, rvhile thes6g${td dat* refara to the daiewhsnyou acousaed/viewed t}rst webpage.
et.) Sfi*tertel&srn*nsusasl.aformdfuan$ervlco I
.DanEata*, H. fi Lea$o, J. ('L992l, " Cultural nationalism and beyond:
crcsscuLtureil political psycholagy in Indoneeia [On*line],
D' $pecifis referenee to the page of a particurar resslurce materiar;e No break in the citation of sfecific author/sIn this caser t1rye onlyirre specinc;;;. where the excerpt is taken from
forexample:
Apropos the sex,/qerLrler., males al:e more inclined withthe exhjbiLion of neqative.rttitudes and copj.ngmechanisms (de Guzman, 1004) " Xxxx xxx x xxxxxxx xxxx...
on the contra::y, femares are pred.ml.nanrly enrotional,and are mor:e expressiire of their feerings crrrd thoughts.The most common venues of exp.ression are as fo110ws: arts,litera[ure, interaction with peers, counse1ing, Irnd
t!attendance to social activiries (69) "
A break in the citation af a specific author,s urork
For example:
Dangatan (2005) focused on the rrar-iables year: lever,course' and Lhe scope cf wcrk a* factors influencing theoverall' performance of sLudenL assislant* in theUnivers LLv. Xxxrx xxx ;ix ):xxxxx xxxx. . .
Further, str:dent assistants manifested a saL.Lsfactoryrevel in car::ir-t1g out their <luties anc respr:nsibiliLies intheir resp'ectlve departments {Azarcorr ,Jr., lggg) . X>lxXXXXXXXX XX X"XXXXXXXIJ X:{iiX X XXXX X_:;-{X. , "
The findinqs implicd tirat trre ;:f'orement-ionerrvariarrles
'atl rr0 inf-luence in Lheir- job a_s studenL
assistant s xxx xx xHH (Dangratano 2005 : 2.6) .
10ofTC 12
E' For guotations with less than forty (40) words and at the same time not exeeeding four (4)lines, use quotetion marks.
For exang>Ie:
Albeit establishing this mode of acceptance reducesstudent failure, rejection of students who were unable tomake the cut-off mark is nigh on being deprived ofpursui-ng further stucries hence increase ill_iteracy andunempl0yment pervading the c*untry. Notwithstandirigr',theoplion of administering entrance tests still rests on theInstituti-on,s discretion, dependent on their precedence
Iancl the risks they are lvilling to assurne,, tr.l"ines , 2004:-tJl.
F' citing a quotation in case any material is reft out
- If any materiat is left out, use three elipsis points (...) within the sentence
Forexamplel.
According to Cantor
t reatnrent arid p revent ive
to address the moderate
children- (15).
- use four ellipsis points (.'.') when material is reft out befween two sentences.Foreramplel
The research also raised lhe ..intriguing
about how political values are 1inked.... inresources and rationing by queues,, (691.
and Bungaoen \TAAAJ , .'a
prograni should be formulated...level of caries experi_ence of the
questions
pooling
11d-lc t2
- ff inserting *xplenations in direct quotation, use br*cksts, not par*nthesie. f anyincorrest spelling, glramffiar, or punctuation in the saurcexright confil.a* rsadsrs,insert the word sxc, r& brackets snd underlined {i.e., [si#]], immEdiately after theerror in the qrotation (AP&, lSS4, pp$$-$$)"
Forexample:
Waiirang GAO4) stat.es Liiar the schlastc Isic]
slalus of students, especially thoss r,*ho fail lheir
subjects. shculd be monitoreC by respective colleges.
G. Paraphrasing someon€ else's work'j When paraphrasing a passa€te, you need to cite the eource of the material.
for example:
Yago {1996} pr:si-ls t.hat graft anci corrupf ir:n i-e an"-linrlispensable activity Ln Plii i ippi ne bureaucrdcy for it is
already ingrained in the cu}ture of f.he people, Further,
he asserts that this poi itic**l issue can be resolveci
througl: the process of enculturation xxx xxxxx.x.x Nx
XXXXXXXXX.
H. For gaotati*nx which exceed four lines, type the exc.*rpt in a *ingle-rpaced full blocksection.
For exarnplel
The measu::e calls for the curtailment xx xxxxxx 'i<xxr
xxxxxxxx xxxxx xx xxx xxxxxx" As a political analyst asserts:
Terrorism is a major concern t.hat needs lobe addressecl h'y tire most direct,effective, or inn*vai:ive n€asures possiblein order tn prcLect the citi z.ertry f romdespicable acf s t:f terrnrists v'rhlchlhreaten their lives/ security, anclfre*dnm. Aft*r a1i, these i'Jealg aro thevery s&rne thinqs 'rihich are enqraved in iheconslituticn, (Calinao, 2005:l)
I,
K.
Ir.
M.
N.
12 ofTC 12
W,hen the reference !s a work of twp (2) authors, cite both names each time the refereneeappears.
E.g. Sri Lanka and Thailand are about to launchinternational advertising campaigns thal highlight themany attractlons that were untouched or have alreadyreopened, in hopes of dispelling the gruesome images ofparadise lost (ACiqa & Estulin, 2004).
Wren thE reference is a work of 3-S authors, cite all the authors the first time the reierenceappears" In a subseguent refererce, use the firet author's last name followed byet a}.
Eg. Neither the north and south sees the rapprochement as a.* speedy road to reunifying the peninsula sundereci forhalf a century {Calabresi et &1., 2001).
When the reference is to a work by six of more authors, use only the first author's namefollowed et al. in the first and all subseguent reference. The only exception to thii-rule iswhen confusion might arise because of similar name$ or the $ame authqr $eing cited. Irnthat caEe, cite enough authors so that the distinction is clear. ' i
When the reference is to a wdrk by a corporate author, use the name of the organization asthe author.
E.g. To establish a dlverse cross*cultural understanding atthe regional level is a natural extension of Fukuoka'slong held traditional role as a historic focal pointfor exchange in Asia {Kyushu University, 2003r ?).
Personal l,etters, telephone calls and other materials that cannot be retrieved are not listedin the Bibliography but are cited in the text.
E.g. Ashley Lauren (tel.ephone conve"rsation, November 7,l-983) confirmed thaL the propositions...
Perenthetical references may mention more than one workn particularly when the ideeshave been surnmarized after drawing from several souf,ces. nnunipte ciiations should bearranged as follows:
E.g.t.) tist of two or more works by the same author in order of the date of
publication(Gomez. 1995, 2000)
2.) Differentiate works by the same euthor and with the same pubtication date byadding an identifying tetter to each date
{Bautista, 1999a, 1999b)
8.) tist pvorks by different authors in alphabetical order by the last name, and usea semicolon to separate the references
(Bennett,. 1998; Frill, Igg4; Smith, 2002)
TYPE THHS]S T T].8 HERE
PYRAMID FCRMAT AND
]N A}]
SJHOUI,D
WORDS
ruvnnrnn
NOT
$
EXCEED FIFTEEN
A Thesis
Presented lc
The Faculty of the Xxxxxxx xx Xxxxxxx Xxxx
University of Baguic;
In Part.ial Fulfitlment
cf the Requirements for the Degree
Type t.he Deg'ree Here
By
Giveri Name Middle Name Surname
tvlonlh Year
'll
:t
University of BaguioGraduate School
n:guio Cityuu:, g+
,A.PFROVA]. SHEET(samPle)
This.thEsis enIiLlEd PREVAI,ENCE OF ANEMIA AMONG FE}4ALEFACUL'I'Y MEMtsERS OF THE UNTVERSI'IY OF BA(;UIO prepared aridsubmitled by MA. CARMENCITA V. ANCHETA anrJ RONNIB C. DUMALEin partiat fulfittrment of the requirement for the deqree ofMASTER OF ARTS IN EDUCATfON, has been examined and isrecofifnended for acceptance antl approval for oralexamination.
LIOYD V. OF.DUfr]A Ed. D.Adviser
1I
ri
APPROVED by31, 2003 with a
the Commlttee on Oral Exaninationgrade of 98.50
on May
ESMBRALDA C" GATCHALLAN, MD,Chairpersor'
PANEL OF EXI\MINERS
VEF.ONTCA $" GARCTA, Fh.D:Member'
MARTNA A.
RAMON D. SANTTAGO, Ed.D.MernLrer
SEGNABEN, trd.D.Member
ACCEFTED ANII AFpROVtril irr partial fulfillment of therequirements for the degree of MA$TER Of ARTS IN EDLICATION,major in Educational Management.
Comprehensive Examirrat"ion2002.
passed orr Oc'[ober 24*25,
AGNES T. BAUTISTJ\f Ed.D.-'Dean, Graduate School
. Abstract
This portion contains a brief surunary of what is included
in the thesis. It must be concise'yet accurate as only th,b
pertinent poinls in lhe 'manUscript are included. For a
simple guide, ensure that the fotlowing are presentl 1) a
brief introduction of .tlie study, 2 ) ths purpo$e of lhe
study, 3) how tlie xe$earcher sludied the phenornenon, and 4)ilE.6rthe salient findinEs and conclusions of the study' Type
this 'section as'& single paragraph; in FULL BLOCK format,Iwith np indenfions, It'requires a maximum of |,*o pagest
' ,1
thusr is typicall-y rest"ricter1 lo 200 250 words.
Paraphrasing is more advisable. than qucting. Avoid citing
references in this secIicn. Spel] out atl abbreviations
and acronyms. Use ,diqits for al,l numerals except when theyl'.
begin a sentence
111
Make an introductory sentence or preliminary .statement
abouL this page as part of the thesis, Acknowledge Lhosel
whom you think tiavb contrirbuted to your work. A.lways'use
fhe third person pbint. of view when referring to the.t
writer.
Mention the name, and. how this person has helped you;r$
Followed by the nexL persori, and so on.
'is Beption to two {2) paqes onlyLimit this section to two t2.\ rlarre.c
Acknowledgment
'i-wr) double
fl
i.6II
)t
sFaces from the last lineYouT INITIALS
AV
Tabl"e of Contents
APPROVAL S}IBET
TITLE PAGE
A-bstract
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1
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t71 1
Acknowledgment
Table of Contentsdfist of rables anci Fig
CHAPTER 1 .THE PROBLEM
Background of the
Theoref-ical / Con
]-V
v
l1'^()q
Study
ceptual Framerqork
'ii.
it
Research Paradigm
Statement of the Prohrlem ancl Hypctheses- .15pi1-rrTl$[i q' Tgzpls .
l{$f$i ?ec}uricnl Xr*yout of tltc Table of Contentr
' Ttris seetion rnrrst be doubl**$pased throughoutThe subtopis$ {e.g. Background of the Study, TheoreticaV0oncephralItamework) must be indented using a single DFf.IULT Tf,.B.Between subtopics and the specifrc page number is a eet of space-befween*p*riods. After the last period, type the page number altsr asingle DEftlIttrT Ttr8 space.
I
a
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Tab,1e
Figure
1
2
?J.
A
list of ?ableE and Figrurres
Xxxxxxxxxxxx xx Xxxxxxl<xxxx
Xxxx xx Xxxxxx>ixxxx Xxxxxxxx>ixx .xx XxxxXxxxxx Xxxxxxx>lxx Xxxxxxxxx xxXxxxxxxxx Xxxx;cx
Xxxxxxxxxxxt< xx X:<xxxx;{xxxx
X:'ixxxxxxxxxx xx Xxxx-<xxxxxx
Xxxx xx Xxxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxx>.xxx xxXx.'ixxx Xxxxxxx><x:< Xxxrxxxxx xxXxxxxx;<xx Xxxxxx X"*(xxx
Xxxr: xx Xxxxxxxx;'{xx Xxxxxx:l:;xx}i xxXxxx:r;< Xxxxxxxxxx Xxx":txxxxxxx Xxxxx Xxxxxx:,:x
3 X:<xxxxxxxxxx xx Xxxxxxxxx)rx
t
11
Iti
?I
I
NOTE: Technical tayout forthe List of Table and Figures
r $ubheadings (Table or Figure) must be left aligned.c The table numbers must be indented using a single IIEFAUITT tf;B. Lreave
two character spaces bef<rre typing the table/figure heading or caption.r TablelFigure headings rnust consist of the exact captions otlfre table,figure in
the text.r Between subtopics and the specificpage number is a set of space-between-
periods. After the last period, t5pe the page number affer a single DEfifUeTTf,B space"
r Captions should be separated by double spacing, but each caption that ismore than one line in length should be single-spaced.
vii
R1CITAP:rE:
, THE PROBLmit
Background, of the Study
This refers to the hich
presents a situational analysis that port-rays the problem
in'the global, national, regional, and local cr:ntext. This
may also incLude: a) the justification of what generateddi:inlerest and motivaiion for the researcher that }eci to the
conceptualization of the problem; b) the 169icall"*continuity between relevant previous work with qhe present
work; c) lhe theoretical or practical importance of the
studyt and d) in general, provides the reader a firm sense
of what was done and why. ?$lllfitlloF Ln'ffi Lffieptqfcp,Zffp[.{Tl@t{
Tlreoretical / Conceptual FrarneworkCF-Tffi4S
This incrudes: a) the different theories and moders
that provide the concepLual underpinnings of the study or
the legitimate bases for defining its parameters; b)
gene.ral reviews or surveys about the topics thal can be
referred to that are avallabrle; and c) an emphasis ofpertinent findings, relevant methodologicar issues, and
major conclusionb.
This portion is important because the theories shallhelp in the interpretation of the resear.ch f indings.
It is advisable to use free standing headings and
paragraph headings whenever necessary to assist organizing
the concepls being present.ed.
Free standing heading
Xxxxx X XxXXXXX xXXXXXXX XXXX X XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXxXXX
XXXXXXXXX XXXXX X XX X X XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXX X.
C Paragraph heading. Xxxxx x xxxxxxx x xxxxxxxxxx xx x
Surname, IniLials. {year, Monthr d*y}. Tltle of article.c.$
lVame of r:earspaper. Page number.
Surname, Initials" tyear, Month dry). Title of article.1
li.lJ
,tl-gt.l't
Maqazine title, Vo1, pag€ nunbers,
, t C. tllnpublished Material"s
Surname, lnitiaIs. (year) . Titfe of disser-tatron.
fia *-D, Electronic Sorrrces
Surname, f ni-tials. {year) , ititle of articlet-
Avaitable HTTP; '6ntire wei: pag'e .address
day article was viewecll .
I
)r
Unpublished doctorate dissertation, name of Acacjemic
Institution, Location
IOnIine] "
lyear, month
E, Ottrers
Surname. f nitials. (j ob pr:sition ) , & Surname,. Initials .
(job position) . (year) . f:tle af fittn lritml .
{Available from Name of film prociuction, complete
address )
w
Appendi x A
LETTER TO CONNIjCT RSSEARCH(sample)
February l7,2AB4
Dr. VIRGILIO C. BAUTISTAThe PresidffitUrriversity of Baguio
5lr:
The Hnglish proficiency of Filipin*s has besaffre a national malad:'. Our comparcivcadvantage, not only is the local maf,kst bnt alsa in the w*rld of internaticnal besinE*s andeonp$ymeni, has rignificantly declin*d. Tlie culpriq as identified by the DTl, is very l*w Englis,hproficierrcy.
. lt is thern irnper*five that weys and meann f:e arlopted 1o bring back cne of the Filipinos'marketability factors * the good r*mmand cf the English iangnage" 9oe of the keys, ie io let *students master the bfl.sirs nf thc language, To obtai.n this objrctive, intvresfing strstsgi€$ mnst beu-sed lry language tea*hers; strategies fhat run parallel witli the interest ofth* stadent*"
. lt ic in this ligbt that I wa$ld fifce to conduct a research as to fh'o viahility of Cor*putpr-Assisted Ins,truction t.CA{} in teaching basic gramrnar. Most students are into computer* *nd itrnay be very significant to tap this s[udenls' interest.
This research entitled, "Effectiveness of Cornputer-Assisted lnstruction on the AcademicPerfoffiarcs af Basic Eaglish $tndents in the {Jniversibr of Bagui{r," entail$ *n expsrimentalgruup *f stndents w:h* will tre lre*f*d with CAI on selected grarnrntr tCIpics, In thi* regmd nlay Irsquest that yori allnw me to lss fhe eomputer laborat*ry as my CAI classroorn *a designat*dmeetings.
Thank you very rnuch and more power.
Very respectfu lly yours,
Mrs.JOCELYN L. ALIM0NDO
Endnrsed:
vrp" "AtTf {48$t{-4-Sp}fi 'ilgQ
Head English Deparunent
Approved;
nn..3l1*"GILI8 C; BAusffiLAPrerident
N}{r TEXSS{I4,S& c$?M4rrDea4 College clf Liberal Arts
F
APPend;-x B
]NTERVltr!{ GUlDE( saqlle)
What are the differences belween yourformer job in i{ungduan and your present occupation in Baguio?
What are the main $0u'€es of income of yourfamily be{ore migration?
How {id the change oi source of income affect the perSistenCe o{ the community?*:
What islare the difference/s between the selection of leaders here in the city and that in Hungduan? . *
Whal customary laws are still being followed in the migrant community?
How do you incorporate these custamary laws with $tate laws?
What were the ceremonies and rituals you've been practicing while you were reniding in Hungduan?
From those rituals you've mentioned, which do ygu pmctice here in Baguio?
Do your visits to your community in Hungduan affect your way of life in the migrant community?
i
ln general, would you prefer your community in Hungduan over your rnigrant sommunity? Why or why not?
lvor&
i
c
?he atr-fendice* present adclitional material of interest to the reyiewer*r reader. TLre mhterial raay n*t fit convenieatty intCI the body of thepaper ?"t y ir*partant in reiding er revi*wing ih* *.o*cript.Exlmple of such material includ,es the questionnaire developed hy theauthar lar tl;.* research project, compli*atnd nr*themnticalcomputations, and other relevant documents.Each Appendix should be on a separate pageThe heading I caption of each tabie or n$ure presented must be inuppercase
+
I
"lt
J
Cu.rricrrlun VitaaI
Thj-s final seclion cf the manuscript ccrrtai-ns the
p::ofi,le of the resear:cherls.
BIBIJOGA.NFHT
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the )lniversity of Baguio. Unpublished master's thesis, University of tsaguio,
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Ancheta, M.C.V" & Dumale, R"C. (e0ffi).Prevalence ofanem:a amongrfern ale taculty
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Aquino, G. (1994). Essenfl'als of researc& and tllesrs writing. Fhilippines: Phoenlx pre$$,
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A^aarcon, D. E., de Guzman, H. E., & Llanes-Lreaffo, $" (800$). perceptior,u oldrirr*rs and!
operators toward the traffic schemes impl,ernented by the Cify Gsvernment of
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29,2,5-16.
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$egnab*n, M. (l*Sg)" Higher *dscati(}n; an invextrnent. $8 rese€/ih journa!, ZA, Z, Afi-EZ.
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. (4008). Definitions of cammon researci-related terms [Onltne]. Avaiiable at
