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-UMJ-

4), bflbt-LUI, 1999

YEREVAN 1999

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-bp. u.16.cliuli-97, 1999.- 241.s

Utiurri. 4p. 1/6wmtuG/1 untja w2Iututnntpjntap ntplItugerntli t wja G2tu-Gull.p.0 inanbuuaituG, pwriwpwIluiE nt 1.12tulimpwiliG buinuljnipintGGhpu, np hutibpp tituunlighL hG pnippwliula litujupntp)uitip' cibpwqtuGgunqhu XVIII-XIX quipbpil pupwgp116:

4hrthGtutip Guiunnwilp tIrnuja hwj hpuirtnnualppGhpIl tuGntuGhpn h112h0- Lihm A, atm_ Gw1-12 P hLunIPht wJri titupqnuilluw-nuphdip w21uwww6p/I

U.ju Gintphpit hpwunuptulplipintap t Quitman ph-pbir hauliwtp.uG Itpnrintpint10.bpll 6wEnqbutt cinparnti prnpp tiwwqnptutiwG-tiLpit GlItutint6. timpekhpliG:

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF ARMENIA

INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES

HRACHIYA ACHARYAN

THE ROLE OF

ARMENIANS

IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

U Q503020913

99 0003(01)-99

(114P1- 63.3(24)52

ISBN 99930 - 2 - 077 - X

o «2whquili-97» hpunn., 1999 p.

tiP4111-

01pn..1). Crj. Utptuuttip utbriblynpputip oLliu pbtiuung hutagnigiuti 4utjull_16tunjultip gblintgnui t lituptpugbiUpbtuOP uAtnunpna hut-tittliumputGp ginnutliuth autnut2pputuntti 1943p.: 'btu tfununpp tp hb-ututquuntti paquipcluilibt wjrj ciblyngnuip b tp.upclubi tibatucipmfuntb, puug hauptutInprnpinta gnabgani»: uaquiap huutuqbutp tituhpg (1953) un.uu =fp]) wag' Ulitujutap «tfututerbing, np cup 011P111111 huninprinitip litupnri t oqututlpup ipabt unpuil hutpgnq gpturitIntgib-ppa», wjO hpunnutpullpnpitua t abpIptutuganuf « altuunku-puthump-putlpna Iuatibulta», «lputtnupbinti Ouija utuuaculip ntStuptuaullpilu

,;tuaribult piliptugpmpintap jz clbna upumutujuuthunnnt putinnnt-ntupp 1pinnutpnur t qqm2unInputlpub-tpurputptuptulpuG puniutbruth tiliunnbip lifulunnntalbp b wn p ungtugpmpinta litupappp Gbp1pu-pugantti tulptni. 1_12ntn 4nilhuifiallujulapa:

ahuhujuitiqbt t qputjunup dbrztuqpit unuputplip. « ,4p. Utitunpu-cip unuli hinItituap hbuntipppinulpva t b tupdbpunInp: liput hunitann-uulip tputuunuqpntpjntaabpp hbtntuquunta ppnp np Ipllpnri ba ut-npp inuti uttlbip patpupdtull lintiumtp-uptiunitulpna hbinumpunnufab-pp in 62qpInnuiabpp: albutp t umpucipbt tjhputlituagabing tiJ2 21..upp wGhwpljJi liptittnnnttfubpp: Uptuja 8-pq tyntti tunutptuplinui bti ljp-

6wtnbl paip utnti, npnGp hptithutInpipila 2ba ptinuf pad b Ipupnri ba tipuptti pntppbpp utqcpuipa paputpuppluppnap: 1964, zpbuip. 5»:

Id jnipptimgmppllti tnbll 2unnint huniutp uibap, np U. 4rullitua-filmituGh tunutputplplla. pain unto tIbputpbplinui t pwgwnwujbu

This Publications was made possible by Armen and Bersabe Jerejian Foundation Inc.

- USA -

6 7

1

amtuni b tillt ouquiablip titnutompjutafi s utputpulliwa qpbpp lutupba uluquinautliwa qnperutantpitua parfinabi huulfiugulap:

ba2ttibu bplinta t, eqwunitu-pwautuppuilfina htualibup» pwqprupintanuf 4p. 116tunjulap hinfiluadp mufitullunpfilla tibinupbp-dulp tiputuaLullwa IfinpOpp gi quitughb ntuutp olutfpwqinluth» opp-thinly qpuipanup finutuaguiqpnipintaaptul nt octutaifinq wit afinpb-pm] tfatugb] t utainpui afinpbp]] tib2:

1967p. Mimi. U. Q libpupufinap autftnuctbnampjunip nt utlitug. Uquijutap pufpwompjwilp hpunnutputlfilk ullubg <fPwapbp

&fibula]] hunfuquainap» htualibup, np]] unu2Pa hunfulpnill 157-163) tnupuqpiltud- t 4p. LItiumituap wju hinplutafi: (11P4-11 iuplfiud- liptituunnifabpp tibd- trump tujuutbn Ifiuunuptitua t, Ifilla b tfuntautlill anp liptiwunntiabp, uwIfillja 11uplinpfi tiPutja inn 2t. ufiupqqnuf t s hbnpatuliwipa clbnwqppp Inufitiqpntpitua ufiumptuu-mbipu patuutuipa dji ptuap t2 tlppuibt t nuuttipmpintapg (pbfilat pininaabpnuf tuntuacipa quithlbfin ulunnaunnil):

ha2ujbu bplinuf t' qppbfip2t, hinfiluid-abpa 4 Inaba ppbag 6uilltu-unqppp: Sumaunfjutliabp wag una2pa wGgwtf w2Juuntuapp intju t uthuanuf unipinoupputip m uunuag tuahuiplip tfp2tutfunnpfuta: 4tuunnli alantaabpp qpntpjtua tibp alituuthip t tuplafunuhtuj tupunn-uwainpjula hbuipfi: 4brillatu/i tuipa clbnuigpll hbtn pturnituunnpintap liunnuipk t 4p. Lltiumituap ifinutnpfi' Vauippli LI6wnjulap:

4mi liwanta 2n2unliquth hwpgbppg tip pulapup 2ntil2 withd lima filiquificitull, antjapul] tibatuutulluta tujuunntuapabp, uwIfittja &up-gunlinfuta tutiOntpinpitudp dbb huonqbuip tullatupbp unquaugut-anal t pp utottlbutlfivantpintap:

alUf1111.81' UTIWU1-3E117

8

113113 zi-wie oUUTIlyaLlly

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ciwpGhpll tulpwamghp: UpwpGhpll s npnGp anti Ghuli tnhpnrl Pnl-PPh-phg tl poll moat thG (9 tihilmG), phli tinttinntpwliwU clnrintintpq,

pwjg tunwG6Gwgw6 hphag hpluinni (1-ipmp, Uunphp, Uptupptu), luwriGtinul hpliph 1.1 tghtnmpiwG 11Grihmantp thuNwlimG qnp-

6110: Uplthiphg pruppll wplitinunphg wtpluGghp (tutiLG aim 2 Ah-ainG chuintintp1-0 uthqptughLn wanulnui 11-1Gb114 upnpuntintil thG

hpbag hi-11111mA tutu2GuipwontpintG wGhtntl: gaftquipahpll anti Guihu hpph hplipwcinp6 dnrintintpif hphGg hpliph umhtituGGhpnui iShtulG mull-1mA thG tituNmlituG lijufflpntd qnpo- LIGnid thG 11huliG hnijGbpll htuppn, npnGp antiGhuti liwipmpunimpnui flu) tittr pint tpa liwcitinui tlinuuha 400.000 2niii thG: %quill m-Ghp iTh tihllinG pGwlilit, nphg 500.000 pm.pp, 400.000 huij 11 hntiG,

100.000 hphw It htlpnuiwgh: gwjg hntiGhpa ti ufbintulpuG thgtiliG

llanhtuGpunghu wanhruudi Owing' 2.thG limpnritughL ulhinwlituG

titurqualiwG wutquiphcinui rihp niGhthut: 1.ThtuiG hwjhpG hninG, np

Lunt Intlpwafhtnhirul tntu61-111 thcplith, thuNwlimG plupelp uiw2tnnGGh-

ph It An- rihp inGhgwG pninp mutqwphciGhpruA:

9

4110 ujhtmuliwG hwj ujw2tnnGjwahpll wtTrpwGbpG thG hqwo: Upwag 6wqmtill a:T.110u hquni. ujhumtpjntall Gzuffiwlinta tp Liwnwtjumk 1111 pntpp thw2w, uw tj umtpphph hufflealwa Oppb. h-pw2lututinp G2watutinui tp hwj uhquthuninp, np upiliwuth buituutpll hngnta tp L thSwphth tnntppha h hw2111.1qphintg hbum, hapll tuGeautip hwtiwprnti tp Inntpphpp dnrintiprthg: titilipmGhpll tih6 tiwututip Ghp-

phG quitiwnGhphg th6 Ninui h 'with hplthh unihdhg wgghghli Gum-qhpll' tituudwqhg thG pntnp wgqwjhG gnpotpha: altutnphwppll

tuggwjhu tiwNntpint all GpwGg abnpG tp: LidhpuiGhpll 2tutn wGgtuti tuGuipclwa hG quithlw6 hphag 11ngttipG, plujg Gptuag uh2 hrthi_ ha Guat ogInwljuip tud6hp: 4112hdp Ubqpnu tutitmw qw6wnwthuGtuulh-wll (1720-w11wG ptibphG), CGnphp tutilipw s 2Gnphugh w66, np wnw-21-16. wGqwti 1790p. pwg wphg alnthh gthawgwa pwqhpniti wnw2ha hwj t[wpc1wpwaGhpll h dh rp.ung tL w112 1LwGg hwtiwp, Ultrunk w

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d td qumntti uhqwatutinpntpjwa h Lqhmuiliwa. liwultuth wGnt-Ling bpliph hthtitnwLiwG dwull wtipmwunghu hwjng 6ihnpu tp: hwantp dwputujhu huuuntipll hmGoat[wo- tp Sjntgjiwa. -Z,nttlituGGbu Qhthphltd, hhtnn hgtujimuwa Ulthtnit unitiptujhG: Ltuinqwujh-unntpintGll thunuuGgwptup StuutiwGg otnpG tp' uljuw6 1795 ptifig: Linw2h.G. uffigwti untiptuG Uhthtlh cluldwawli (1792p.) Liguanthh tlw-

nnqwujbut G2watuljtLhg SwuijwUg tinwpht wqwd, np hphdhg hdw-phg timptntuptugnpo- .t.uptutp: Untiptua Uhanip dh6 tquarthqdhp 2anphhg LinwpbjturiwjhG GilW haill1Wa wju dhphdtujh h apw mwtn-pww.nwo- llGuthp thunnrth hwtitup: Swintl hwumtlj ubjt1h6Ghp' 48 gintqh tlpw qwwwtinp G2wdullihg: hp tutpjuhpntl 11.nwphth Intuph-

10

11ui0 10.000 ptlhtitmuj thunnq tp wwmpwutnnal' wagthwliwG h hn-

lulallwilwa quinnrth htuptluninP rlhulPnlAi llwphlh tp wju pwaulth tj wtlhlr pwp6pwgdhj. upw htutiwp tt dintu pnjnp gnpiti-w-

pwGabpll (Uktuan Li 1-fhthuinjnt) thtuLitlhgwG, L tiwnnqunghtnnt-

PintGll SwtnjwG =kip tiGwg: Ptuatuqh hwgh tiwinwllwpwpnt-

pJntGp tp: (1)nrthptuGngll hutGaGliwo- tp Sint-

npnGp wnw2 wppntGh ujuquanh nulthmuulhInG tfG: bpp

upwap qmpupituG dh2 liwulputnihinti gaututrnihgha, timqhpwangll

htuuntlhg albmSjuM Z,wpntpjntG wdhpwJhU (60. 1771): Swu mut-

pntg tutthjh trumtujhg wt.16Gwtlho- htutlunnwpanipjwap L wpcItuGw-

gwIL llaljuhp unibdwpwpelp zanphdthliG: 4wi wgqh 1/ Intpntpjwa w-

tlhatutin- pwpbpmpti t: 11 Gpll himiGhg %quit ZwJn9 liggyujhG hh-

thuGriwUngll, 1.1hpw2hGhg Limp hlihnhghG, altutnpliwppmptuall,

alhgcijwa qmpngll, -Prnti-pwthnth hljhgb.ghG h hpljnt qullingatpll,

wppniGh auntwptuGh hlihrihghG, ghpuljh turipliwG9 riullingn, hqbqbgnt quipngll, Vuappwth quipngll, blihrthgha L wqpintpll, pwgh upuffighg qtnuilintt wup.uhntik t -9.ntti-pwthnth quipngGhpll, Oppw-

gintrth hlibrihgnt 100.000 gpm2 tqwpmpp thitupkt, ogGbjt Quiatup-

pwthh, 14blingnthth, tuthpdhh, Liwjqwpwjh bljhqhgliGhpliG, alnthult turipunnabpha Glthpht t 100.000 rthnt2 bpp 1828-11011-ntu pluGtu-

lill (lInthu hwututl. 415 dirainG nntpth LtjunnhputgtiwliwG Inntgwap tp

tqwhwG2n111, hwljulnual rIbuipntu dwjpwpwqwp (11nthull cipunthirn

uutuinGuithpng, untiptu0 Irwillintrin 2tipplutr mak, n-pnIthhtnit n' wild llwp tnntgwap Owphint huldwp, qhGtinptium

thihtLll 2tupntGlulththt htudwp: albg6jtuall *Aug OutiwGjuth ljulju-

pntpintGll: 1.71u timmoihg tih Gnp hatupp 1.1 thnghpulangntti quithtwo-

h1-10 tuptruipGhpp hwthuni h dhd auull upiliGd tutunGhLrlit w21-uwtnhg h limphg hhugGng-tibgang linAtub- ithwtiGhpn, np

hpwttp.upw14 hwahg lt dnrintintprth nultha frantwpkrur trintqw6pu

11

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UpphQ, 2un1 bi puip4wgw6, qatu'»: «luaqpnia ht1, untiptua, wuw

oltinwitul pn intilpmpjwa. up.utnaunp, pbphu hu 4wprintuawd 6wp gtnGht aptua»: <<Stupmpjmau wariwpaw atilt t. hhnwgtql UP14110. qntgb pwplintpjwau upbtruStunntl iii quail hplutiwa wpt.lp phq rjhu»: alb.q6jwap paljanta t untiptuatt nuipp h luatipntli t, np wup: «antu-Gbpp 15 apt. nnIptb tnntqwap ha ntqntli. tutqw ph n nInjtm ugunp awaha nt tiwwwpwriwpu gptuttha»: t pn mitipntpjwa ujunn-6wnp»:

albqi:Situap untiptua iftuhanut u12 puigntija nt intjua tp. hpp a1hq6jwap 2pqnqntpjunip hintwarttugwtt, tThnwtl, untipwap hp-llnt hhtn talpinb.u.ty blputt apw hntriwpbwtinpntpitua' tibp2pa. wagwa Inhuahint h p utIPhl.rn

ntlhwaahu phi Swtnjwa' Phipnqp pub qnpo-wpwalt tibpwuth-urnl, tintuth awawtrp qnpo-wpwab tnbunt 1.1 Uqwwwp thunnqw-ulbtra a2watuglibg: 14wnwtiwpmpjtua triutuunti bpbp waquni Utipn-tqw nthwptp.thg wphbutnwqtnnmpjrnap, hwtnLiwujhu titunnnit tqww-pwuutrapintap ntuntaawutiphint htudwp: x-I.hpwriwpatba hawphg hpwgtulh hplimpabpp trw4hint dlt aphaw, hp tqunpwututuo. gumn-

rip 2un pwp6p qawhwunitg Th,pwaubwgp h wliqthwgp qnpwujhut-Gbpb 4nrjabg' 1856-h rtplititt upumbpwqap dwatuawli: tip tibpwl4w-

gmpjunip 2batlhgb1 Phjpngit litu2PP qnp6wpwap, lytaintihrThwill jump gnptywpwap, 4hphphp ahtnwpup gnp6wpwap, 2hippa pmp-amp hpljtup einithint h gtpli qnptrwpw.aabpp:

12

Uppntap 6wpmwpwughunnpintap hwa60.1.13.01- tp Uhiptibpjwa tw-a.p14 wuppwjba, hhtnn . alwpwaahpp G2watutinp ghtipa dwnwagwpwp: 1,blingnu nItuuwap nup.uplitibg ckupbq h h qtup6tba 2babg q-npitu ptutt.Qhp tqwputnp, np nIntub wahatuqhnhgp14 qwpria t btuganta:

1861p.-pa untjpwa Ubqn.rib mbq qwh aumhg untjpwa

np 2bak Inghg Qpwritulip, PhiLtphb h x-Lnuttinpb hplint bqhppahpb Itiwputnatpu, qnpwangabpp, gliatinpwl4wa tiwpdwpwaahpp ha: Uju

pnipp filtuuwaahpb dtnwlihpina t: bpp wunta bt hwing ethrzw-

tiblitna t, ulbwp t hwullwawL wj a hautnntt, ph 6wptntupughtnp htuj t... Iyptuaga t Guth nlnjup 200 nulp pwpapntpjunip hplihhp w2ww-pwlip, 4tw_wpw uwpwjp, (Ilhatnhpp, Uwmuj pmpantp upuptunp till: alhauthpp 6h pwn tp wuwgb h wagunl, plug, ph tikulputi hnjw-lihput w2tuwtnwap t.

Uppntap alituptOihpa tt parihwapumihu hinj tba: Ujutnbq aljw-pk wuhunt Itanup hwulituawap gituunnpwujhu qtupriwaliwpti, npntl-hhtnli ghapp GlituNntpintap wpghpluto- tp awhahrpnliwaahpli tlnw:

Ilpntjhhuth utwaltuliwa tpwnwuppntpintap tp pnrEanta atutuw-pwpmpintaabpp tutipnuntipa hating hu16.60.4, ntutnp ww6ijwIltuti liwnwtiwpmpintap titnwng wan awtuwpwpb Limn 1.111 hwj rjaht hpp buiphpriwInnt ljuni oqatullwa, pwjg hpnp pnta tpupk: U.juulbu'

fl-b2wri tbw2wjb anui Lin41.1jwa., O-nliw14wt U-hhab4 Uth 1111112m111 Znquhlti qtupritua tpw2w, hultuppnu Uth titut2will ,111-

titiaticSjwa h U4bpjwa, tintwri ttau2wjp anuf Uhraikha h Uwhw1.1 Uppn, U-whanuilJhritul t1w2wjb anuf Uppba Ipw2w Stutnjwa, .52htl-ritp tplu2witi anw s quihwa t43barip, Ulan-pp tpw2wjb Otnjwa

ciplupp t4)halt, 1-i1bjbq Umbri tpw2tujb Limn' 'Untpitua, Uhptibp tpw2tujp Limn' 1-mulnwari tpw2tu, dintu Uwitill tputztujp anuf Unw-

phqjtua Uwpgpu t4thariti:

13

t-iw .whpuilitua 106.6w1.06 qw0611 awiumpLupm.pintap npzul

haling ahnpa t hribi ((qua6atulpuu clwaeip aminwpwprnpinta» wub-

hwuliwawap urntpwall wahwinw106 Iupumnipptap),

kulhu‘ Zwlinp Lpw2w Phqhq_06, Uppwiht Mui2w (1)npprapwuw 40hw1ahu Uwppq Mtn2w, tilika lluli 2wriquipuip L htuituiniwg

urnipwa ZuniPrIti opng: btLalmwtiwa Guituwpwprapjnalplip w6h6119 urwgUwuiwilr 06wlintd hutheialhg Phqhq Zwlinp LI1w2wipa, zwin waquin tunph0wliwa tpa Sulu-1_01n L (1)nripnipwuwap:

1864p.-0 cl-pticgm tThbanp tlquipna 43pwau11Lui11g olnipu rpup6unl.

OuLimajwa hbnuiqpwl0a, pnpuilnwpw106. L hwapLuipa 211ant-

pith* Llwrigapini_aahpp2uan gum L1116w tpa. alp hpbp Guituw-

pwprnpint_aatpg tipha hwa66090, L Wiwi_ LW:quanta whinuiliwa

qnritrkp unThU pwG tpupcip nt liwanap !Twit L wjandibuill ww6114- 114p apw wpw4 2wpnaiwtpapinaia tpu quijuiptg:

uppriluD per21010a hmtluituwpwap 1pur/04wpIlwo- t LTbd 6w-

uwilp bluing 6hnprul. cllInuninp riwutufunuahpa hnhi_ ha Uhpli_kba, 14111nnwinu Tuariwniwa, U_Gripluatal up t-in611Luna

Umbiliwa Lptuzw tiutwaiw6 LU: Ulmw whInw106 IlLupchupwaGh-pnui quimutunuk ha Onppinpuit 402w, ffthpculua, Z. 3ntun143.0a,

Ubhpwa -Rwpwpw2, 411.10p Pnitu2,06. LW: olhinwilwa ww2ffinaw-

pwaabpnuiluu2LILI0whnipiwa LTb2 Lipti Gwinndwpti ripmpiinap 6ing-

11116 14wriumihm -Rwpwpw2p, tuilpiwaB 1.1 -Rnunulpiwap: «14pliam-

LnntImpp ripmpjrna» wuLin4 hwuliwanni bap pinwpullwa hui211w-u0hm_pjni_a, np man parpnatlw t unita Inhn: Upw hinlawrippahpa

ti hwjhpa ha 44 2ntritujhgp hwj Liwownwliwaahrip: Zwprnpinta Mui2w Sunniwa LupLnuiptia cinpb-ng amtuwpwpm_pjwa hnqba hqual L funphpr0106 wUniUn.j pul01410 Lluipka tp, wjaulhu hpp Sw-Lniwap tp.up6 duniwawling hpwdwpghg, rfhwilwaahpli a nuluiplitlw6

up2Lrinatullwa priphpg Lui ttia gwaiu 11ppL LuGhwuliwiiwip:

14

U11 Ljinppjili pwgunnpm_pinta mumhrt uiUhpwdb2ui t.

Z,Luapwg L walnwnwg ilhpannhunQa tp 111huipnu-arninuipiwap, hwapwjpa 211ainpjwag alutuwpwprnpiwa tThp a2manninp ha Zml-hui664 Qwdkp, Ou1 .06p, LItuplinujwap, U.Limajulap 1864p.-11a pwgtibg Owaquiippli qpallnpui106 Liwpdwpwan (Zwppliih), tipwja dwhdbriwliwaatpti hunimp. untipwa hpuniwibg gargnak fipp L1mp6 Ouija hpaq hwj ( cl-wprifik tpawiwa, 4wpwitihm Pwpwr0- 6 .06, Uplina Swmiwa, ZnibLua Lt UPOwp06), npnUg LSjGZL cinpw-ulb.umpiwO pw0pwgabpu_ 61unp inabba: Pwjg hbuin win amplig hpwc1wptibing' hwpjw_plunibmnIR06 Lumnt16w6p tShp upuh40: UpwGp wnwpfia L 0p20. qpaiinpuiliwaGhpp bqw6:

f1-nw-Lnw61010a upumhpwcpip cluudwawil WhpinpinWp ppliu-innajwahplig ti_q1161.1np n011102 .4. hmiabpp i_Thpc14116, Luling Lig-quijp6 hphuLlinfuwawliwa cIngnilnui 6-uighg 06 06. lAcilippuwap

liwp-Phip prim-1110a huilpunw4 liwUgGbgjlU, wuknLI pt pa0w amp qpatinpluqpnipinlap wwInua2nui t whumlp_06. 662 bunIwuwpm-pjnia. LThp Ltibunnpiwa LThp huilluniwprupima pkulh'u liumnq blip ulhinrlipjwap qpatinp .Pmrimplughtn lyhpuhu wwmptiwp-

pp 00164 cptuwhluplip Mntuwph6 cipailnp mwb pwig Lui6 upuj-

np hwjbpp pmpp qtialinpahpp hbm i-uwrIaLfba, wit wrnua-6110 gmaq, wnwaeitia ripn2w4 L umwa6116. cinpumibin mahama: ‘11h-Lninpintap' np Luiquipaa nt Shp-xlm1puunlip w pji umw2 nt64, Illu-

tubg, L qpagnpwqpni_pini_ap naing: lliuulpuntr hwihrip qbaLinpwliwa wuujtnpbq anunp tgnpOLgjiU gclpintuminpuip:

1863 pt1116, hpp hwibpp ripn2wtiUbpnLl qmplpuptiwo- 20 2nqbaw-Libpntl L allwqw6nipiunip 26nphw1411.01pin1a tj1G hwpnantli bump-pnu llifl Mw2witia tip Pbphpp upupumf1 wnwp2 uwhdwaturipmpiwa hunnnunnmpjuia hunlwp, hupuPPnull NI tij1 P tu rthilwITha quinatupni

15

wuwg. «bu uinnnunutunu hntjabppg tputubCinttl, nut hwjhpPg, n-pnap Lnp4-titi2114 gnpdnttS till h prupp dmpulprip hbtn uhpan 2t11tlwa 642 LG. Itultuhanttl tits, np upwap tip op tntu64wg dpwatuunt hhqw-

ttintuntpintG tuaha tipltpll tib2»: tijutou tp mi Guilt bujulppnu

l•ruturi t11112wG, n11 11P IturiO G 14inwlinni 2h2tnht tp ru2w111111 Illhh1 haling ttpw wnw5oUtuulhu: hull tlho- hupuppnu Uprihwp t11w2wa, np

qulliwttnupwlitua t uprl kph hwulpuGniti tp, ph clnrint[pruulpuG

2wPchltua l wqwww4wa hnuwapP wnw2U utGbi_ tualpuphip t,

1876p.-11 Outlwatutpua uwhGwaturiprupintGp hnpliatttub- clunIwGw4 tlww6nu1 tp, ph Op wciwtrunppnap wppp hplipntd, unThapg withal

huuhpp uthutli 2whha, pain pnipphpfla ti_bphag hh intipg ttitunp ptu-

2ha, lA upwap ti112m tipplt pwcultuplut trippnri Inuipp 4wpnnuiliwG

wrau2aw4wpq ritip ntahatut:

1876 ptiti Oudwajwa utuhdwGwriputpintaa kl htujhpp oppaw-linti t. Ultrihwp ittui2tujp tunphpriullituap 4ppqnp Ouutuaa tp. haling uwhtituaununtpjwa htniaturipptibppg Ghlip GniJU papp cl-ppqnp 0-

trutuaa t' antupajwap h witng hbtn: hphUg tudbuopjw wrnua6aw-ipma tunuudigntpjwag 1%2 UulLitiwan hunincintd tp Uprihwp tinu2w-

J11U utuhliwawilpntpinta parintahun, wunni till antjatlul-4 ph 11111 unuapug oppawupp uppwompintap Upghwp tinu2wit1 ohnpruls

phpunptpar Ouljulapt1112ngntl:

Gpp htuutnunntthg uwhilwawriprapintap Lt Outituajtuu hpbutpn-tuuthw4wa (11111'14p 4wgt5tthg, pnriGhap unubgp hwjhpp, npnUp

liqquutla cfnrintipul wprihd ttwpcIttwer t] U, wjllt quitItunwgp h-

phuttintutuadhpu (likuihu Liwpan, bpqapuji), Uhpwutnpn, Z,w1_411) tuuphgppa 4hatnpnap pphag tqhp6wfunurapjwiip, tp2ntpitut1p 11 2p-

2whwitug Inhunrintpiwup:

Liphtiutnahpll, hplip w qnp &up j w a, tlw&unwlpuantpjwIi 11

16

wnLiwntpahpli tih2 tt huubpp ribp rnahgwG: 141-1241u4wprnpinta, unnwrithugnpornpjniG, npliGunpruppna h hwguninperntpinta qauw-tinpumitu hntawg tihnpa tp, pwjg tUntu pntnp tuphhutnalipp hwing elbnpa uliuw6 nulihNntpintapg aphatucinpantpintG, uw-

muntp ttpw Grupp pwattwopatp, tImpwcornpinta: flulihNntpjwa quipciwgnuip haling tit2 hhuiltjuit 6Lant t 1pin-1111114bl. Sintqjwa. Uli-pttuhip wppruGp nulihak tp' ulluw6 untipwa Untupw43w 4 11g.11Upp ipabintt putt 6w2w4p ufhp' Th npwCiutaujpg phphL Intthg 2wm G4wpahp 1t tuplihuwa (Sturtulipa hwptituphgaknit uputnpwuunliti tp BROD pwphrpnaahp, uniwaahp, ihuriptiabp LeG: Unttpwa Zwdtlrl (1774-

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h0 (111114w1), np wjauthu pGrihwGntp triwpwiNwex tp (11ntuntti, dpaij a huu turiptutn lituawag tlhatu2anpha nt aptuag tuumntump cll-tuuninp tip2nga tp:

eye qwpti tthp2hpp nlnlutl 4ntglintu6nip pwrintu tip hwj hatuphg hwcp.iw tinAwa puthp: fl-w tSt1 pwnuapnup wp2116. tihtrntpitutlp pul-pw4 4ump t, npp ttpw Gliwptlw6 till cintjacigntja 61u414Gbp ciwpribp: Guicplw6pa Litnnpn tbrnull t hunnw4PG, 211114 134112ntd , ohn-pP wadi ntGli tSt1 pwati qntjap Ghplibp 11 tip pluGP Inhuw4p tpuutnh liuniwttiwpGhpp pwpwtunta t GhlillhPtIGh2 14 eihnpmt qcpu2ntpjunip =pal 2npt1 Lin t hwcititua, np trumuuntli t wriptuulp4 4w-

Gulag pppli qttuukiwul: Cnpp phLt pwpw4, pain riptiwg4nIG t, 11(.14

Ghplibpp ripuwantd ha ph' wptip 4 ph' pluigpti: Uj1 hwcpitua wpdtip

17

tquandwnntl: 4,ntjGbpp dh qhptuuw a w Gqwd 2_ha Intik pntpp pwumn-0.11G: awjGwclpntpjntUp tnuMbilabpp htujhpbg untinphgliG. hwjlpu-lpua dwjawqpntpintup, npb wnw116. hhqbawilp Pwpw 4wdplup-eintd LiInG2jwda tp, 1768-1839pp. timwtt Guilt unu6tdiGhpb dh2

hhqbawqb warnanti 1ptAbg «Pwpw . tutipwpidnui Gnpwup»: q-b-

qwptihutntig tjuidwpwati wdbabg hw2nrl w2tul-fhpul1bpp hwthpa ha

titujuhpwliwa hn.1-11111-ulinti Upqrni .whiwG hn-

pwipabpa the:

U_nw2bG umMpqhpha tptuctImp' «Ia.wpubd» 2wpwpwphppp U-

LbPuwallP Ppuli wanta inuatillwg116. httdahg 1832 MP, pwig pn-tiwariwiintpiwtip ngtk ptuG 60-wqwa ptlhlrltG wwqpnipintap

2wm tp. 6writpub. huting dh2, npnap pwgil Inujhpha pbpphplig, nt-GhtiG kult Mujunnwn pntpphpha wwqbpahp' pppwtunu hating hw-

Limp' Lituptutqhtncl)uffinutwab «ITintaunnb» litud «UwQgnt-

dhh 4ntluhtp i-twpriwa tbw2tutb «Ut2tintwiti hwtburibu»:

ithuppbpp patnbp dh phpp 2wuthpp hwitphu qptpp un-qnpbgba lx «iftua.cputih» nt «Uh2tintw» the qwprintd, nip qtnanui the htlpnumliwa hbnwohp, dutwollua6 wnw2GnprinriGhp h pwriwpw-

quia rilintpitua put.1 uptunqbpp:

Z,uujhphai Inumhpp tptuqprupiwG db2ngntl unu6bq qtnnualwa ptupdp tututlb dh2 uujuulhu Intuptuolthinti, timptiGulliwawitibu nth-uw0 Gpw uptualbat upupqmpintap wntutibintpintap tuptupwqma qpbpb 1860p.-110 93nturq. Lith tbw2tuGhpp durtunt the, mw6-

1.puliwa hwabintliwitiG qpbpp pnliGht It tqw2InnawlpnG qpbp ptGrint-

Ght 11b6 hup.uppnu Ph2bq tbw2wG untinphg hal .] qbpp, np-

ttibuqb Inuiptuttb pmpphpb db2: Uuntd hO, ph Outituapna hpbutbn-lutuatutpua cinnntbuti tt antjap paqntatlin6 tp, pain tuqqautia. Lbw-nwubpmpintap tputi clnrpnlb 2nan Mtulinuip _pnrthg liunnwpbt tuja:

20

Z,wibpp tnuMbliGhpb huniwp LL pbpphp hptutnwpwqbgba, uthu L,tulinp al.wpriGitta htui wthlwab hplibtnupuffip' «Iattuppo» qwt1h2tnwpbppp, ilhtbuhlT2Jula h 14hputuG «lApphp» pbp-

pp, q-p. 3ntpint2jua «Uphhhp» pc124wliwa pbppp, antiatqhu %gnu alwnauniwa, Stiptua .PhIbtLiwG hrlht till bpbag qaututinp tutipwqbp-abpp: 90-tuliwa plibpba «Uwpwh» tqw2trinatupbppb mbpa nt InGo-pbap qhmuptugb Ulthputu qbarth lywpw2Juida tp:

fd-rapptuliwG hpunnumtutiblatpp, pwpqdwakahpp lx qpw2wp-Ghpp 1%6 dwuwdp htut the, primp Inupuqpwlitua ununbpp 21anqa nt &lama hrlwtl 4ntlhwaGbu ITtnthharthupuGp. wjambu wtuop

hpwttpuptult tlpw hqui tntunbpp lip ohnutlibpInG ha, ix prupphpg ophantpp.mip hGhb2ntd hp wantap: 13w tp, np umulpwutnhg utw6-llwtlwG qphpb hplint uthututiGhpp' 16 punto Ghutub,480 tnwphliwa hwutulund t I 6 punto dwarliill brdauliwihgbp, pntpphpp, np tYbkit wja chwituawq Ouija db tnhutuq mum ntabba, upwanti aqu-tha hwpw.nwginG tntqwqpwipuG tuptibumb dh2: ifjnt-hhGribujtuGG tp qwpdpub np wnw2bG waqwd alnibu phphg hplpuph duninq: UL lhpbliwibg: happ dutgpbg quipituGbqdp, utntphntribuip, gbatinqpw4plia: 1844-1876 ptibpba bapp tbnpluciptg it tritqbg 14wg uittrintpiwa hpunnwpwqwtt pripturipwdabpp, «lututdb» nt «-RnGunalq», dpgdwa dh2 qhpwqtuaghLmi tuja Iptuautiwgb wptihu-triwqhmlia, np IntuiSquaituG liwnualwpntpjntGp hwtrillutulhu phpbt tp unlbt btipnuputbg:

ilwaliwtitupdrupiwa dh2 4htuibpG hqwa ww6quig uww2Gnpq-

abpp, antjabuq mwtitaibpha Lhgtlh hwdwp umw2ba htmultuquad n-6ral nt anp dhprninti qwuwqppbpp hwjhpp uputriptuumbgba..

Ubhptua UpfdliwG,14-hpbq hn2w, Uwptunwpiwa hpti triti-pmuibtniwa, npnag 2bawtt qwuwqpphpp utwapuliwa rpqpnga.hpntd qnpolubtupiwa riptihgba: 14-hpbq hn2wa wjaulbub hdnun tnu6qw-

21

ZPLIQ31_1 Ilfitia3Lity 4113118 OUU-111,31117 4118UP111-1a31117 U1752

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«9wOquili-97” hpwunupwliintpintO, briLwO, lIwp2tut PwrIpunliwG 3: Mo. 56-30-82:

,,2LuaquA-97” hpwuiwpwLanipjuIG inuiwpwG, bplguG, 4wrirttuOw8g ttitulinuth 8:

qbAn tp, np unu6pli dnautabpp (pilaw Oa 2_npnr1 upw Limn liunu60- pha untinpnul: Upplua Uppluwap 50 rituuwqppp t qpbf «Untpwt1-

44 uwp431-1 outiwa»:

Up ntpliz npli 114 hutibpp ankiatubu 2unn wnw2

dnrintimpulitua pluatuumbritintpintaa tp (w2nw): LIJu wptibu-

Innui huutnap hU Inttutua Zwllnp wwwppluppp, Utuatibi_ Quintp6iw-

up, Pumw 4w4np2nuap, UPhputa rtiptupw2Julap (Ppunupp), ,hph-

ppll npnap qpnq-pwaunnbrer (Kalem suaraci) bull hp-

puthwutnbri6 bquitr ba Liqwhpa, Ltunuapa, Uhralb-

ppa, -Rintpituapa, Uuth2ntppa, xibp2pap (uunItuppwgp w-Inwriowqnpa 4,wlinp) atitu(p _iilabit ph" tquqwumul lx ph" hpungtu-

pwlip tau qmatlw6 w2nulabpli dh2: Lw 1111 muuM klunlhP IlwIntwg alni_up primp w2ntriabpla antjapuq qpnq ptuaunnnbqtrahpPa' 4pg -'TwG rpnpu quunt rp hbln, puijg 112. tibqp Ittutitupouttillbg: Up hntja

ua2nut qnintpitnap puitub A:

***

bu tibp2tugpp htT wilt wqaumqp haling 112ultim-PwJP 'PPP dui-upa Owituajwa qw .wprnpiwa Lih2' hpa dwthuatuqabppg utpnutr

tipkti 2wpriwpwp ZnniPrip ophpp: Um tip pnntgpq tutiatupti tp, (bu Abpgpit bpinnuwwpq pruppbpp 2p2wa)1, np unthip hhtnwppplip limpfhp map), npp inipwpwajrup hwuntwerpliwpnq t tip paquipawl4 Gimp ritunauq, bph iThllp ntqbaw dwapuniuwa munttiatuuppm_pitua

haPwIllih1

22