BSC 2010 Exam 2 Review: Chapters 5-7

This review is broken down into two parts. Part 1 is an outline of the topics you should focus on for your exam. Part 2 are practice problems to help you practice the topics and to determine your knowledge of the topics.

Disclaimer: While these problems have been approved and looked over by Professor Thomas, these should only be used as a study aid. Not all of the information or topics is guaranteed to be on your exam/quizzes, and there may questions from topics not listed on here. Please refer back to your powerpoints, lectures, and textbook.

SI Schedule:

Mondays

4:30-5:20pm

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Tuesdays

12:30-1:20pm

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Wednesdays

3:30-4:20pm

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Fridays

3:30-4:20pm

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Best of luck! ~Zarin

Part 1:

Ch 5: The Structure and Function of Macromolecules:

· Define macromolecules

· Define polymers and monomers

· What links them together?

· What’s the molecular formula for a monosaccharide?

· Define hydrolysis

· Define condensation synthesis

· Define carbohydrates

· What are they?

· What are some examples?

· Define lipids

· What are they?

· What are the three classes?

· Define proteins

· What makes up a protein?

· What are the functions?

· KNOW THE LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE

· What makes up each structure level?

· What kind of bonds are in each structure?

· Define amino acid

· Know the general structure

· How many in total? How many essential?

· Know the parts of an amino acid.

· Denaturation and causes

· Define enzyme

· How are they used? Can they be consumed?

· Define nucleic acids.

· What do they do?

· DNA vs RNA

· Know the general structure.

Ch 6: Tour of the Cell:

· Cell theory

· Know the common characteristics of cells

· Prokaryotic cells vs eukaryotic cells

· Differences in nucleus, organelles, and which organisms they’re usually found in

· Cell organization

· Animal vs plant cells

· Cell organelles- know which ones are in animals, plants, and both

· Nucleus and nucleolus

· Ribosomes

· What is their function? Types of ribosomes and where they are found.

· Endomembrane system

· What is its function?

· Endoplasmic reticulum

· Rough vs smooth

· Golgi apparatus

· Functions

· Lysosomes

· What are its functions?

· Know what Tay-Sachs is.

· Know that Tay-Sachs is a result of non-functioning lysosomes!

· Vacuoles:

· What is the function?

· Peroxisomes

· Functions and where they are found

· Mitochondria

· Function?

· Matrix vs cristae

· Chloroplasts

· Functions?

· What is it the site of?

· Cilia and flagella

· Centrioles vs centrosome

· Extracellular matrix

· Cytoskeleton

· Function

· 3 types

Ch 7: Membrane Structure and Function

· Plasma membrane

· Function and it’s composition

· Fluid mosaic model

· Which part is hydrophilic vs hydrophobic?

· Membrane proteins

· Two types

· Membrane permeability

· Know what can and can’t enter a cell easily

· Transport proteins

· Channel vs carrier

· Passive transport

· Direction of movement

· Osmosis

· Tonicity and tonicity problems

· Crenate vs lyse

· Direction of movement

· Transporters:

· What are the types? Which directions do they go in?

· Electrogenic pumps:

· What is it?

· Exocytosis vs endocytosis

· Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

Part 2:

1. Which of the following is true about amphipathic structures?

a. It is very large

b. It contains polar groups

c. It is found in all life forms

d. It contains hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

e. It can act as an acid

2. Which of the following is not a type of endocytosis? (Select all that apply)

a. Autophagy

b. Pinocytosis

c. Receptor-mediated

d. Phagocytosis

e. Vesicle secretion

3. What are the four major classes of macromolecules in living systems?

a. Carbohydrates, sugars, proteins, and amino acids

b. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

c. Carbohydrates, sugars, fats, and nucleotides

d. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and amino acids

4. All of the following about cell membrane functions is correct except:

a. Selective permeability

b. Concentration of reactions

c. Sorting genetic material

d. Isolating of different chemical reactions

e. Energy transduction

5. A disorder of malfunction lysosomes is called _________________.

6. The nucleus functions include all of the following except:

a. Location of chromatin

b. Production of ribosomes

c. Synthesis of mRNA

d. Replication of DNA

Use the following scenario to answer questions 7-9. Red blood cells are placed in 3 different beaks containing the following solutions:

Beaker A: Isotonic solution

Beaker B: Distilled water

Beaker C: 25% salt solution

7. What happens to the cells in beaker A?

a. They are unaffected

b. Crenate

c. Lyse

8. The cells in beaker C are considered?

a. Hypertonic

b. Hypotonic

c. Isotonic

9. What happens to the cells in beaker B?

a. Water will enter the cell

b. Water will leave the cell

c. The cell is unaffected

d. Salt leaves the cell

e. Salt enters the cell

10. Proteins are polymers of:

a. Amino acids

b. Carbohydrates

c. Nucleic acids

d. Lipids

e. Hydrocarbons

11. _____________ are small sacs containing digressive enzymes that can break down complex compounds, foreign substances, “dead” organelles, and are acidic in nature.

12. Draw a generic amino acid structure. Give an example of an amino acid and circle the R group.

13. Which of the following does not function for motility?

a. Flagella

b. Cilia

c. Microtubules

d. Intermediate filaments

14. Which of the following is not a factor that would result in a faster diffusion?

a. Increase in pressure

b. Transportation of larger molecules

c. Increase in temperature

d. Large concentration gradient

15. A hydrolysis reaction creates ______________ by _______________ water, while a

condensation reaction creates _________________ by __________________ water.

16. The part(S) of a mitochondrion that are rich in enzymes is/are the:

a. Cristae

b. Outer membrane

c. Matrix

d. Intermembrane space

e. Inner membrane

f. A and D

g. B, C, and D

h. A, C, and E

17. A ___________ bond joins two amino acids together in a protein

18. Which of the following is NOT true about active transport?

a. It requires the use of ATP

b. It moves substances both into and out of the cells

c. It does not require transport proteins

d. It moves molecules against a gradient

19. What are the 3 components of nucleic acids?

20. All cells are enclosed by a ___________ ______________.

21. Which of the following is false about phospholipids? (Select all that apply)

a. They are a type of polypeptide polymer

b. They contain glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphorous

c. They only have a polar region

d. They are found in cell membranes

22. The heads of the phospholipid bilayer are ___________ because they readily associate

with water. The tails of the phospholipid bilayer are ____________ because they turn

away from water.

23. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with __________ that are involved in protein synthesis.

24. Which of the following can denature a protein?

a. pH

b. Temperature

c. Salt concentration

d. All of the above

25. Enzyme activity may be affected by

a. Temperature

b. pH

c. Cofactors

d. Substrate concentration

e. Genes

f. All of the above

26. Hydrolysis results in:

a. Smaller molecules

b. Larger molecules

c. Increase in monomers

d. Increase in polymers

e. A and C

f. B and D

27. What type of macromolecule is most abundantly found in the body?

a. Lipids

b. Protein

c. Amino acids

d. Nucleic acids

e. Carbohydrates

28. What are three things that affect the permeability of the cell membrane?

29. Diffusion rate depends on which of the following?

a. Energy from the cell

b. The plasma membrane

c. The concentration gradient

d. The flow of water

30. What structures do nucleic acids store genetic information in?

31. Proteins in the cell membrane can function as:

a. Enzymes

b. Cell junctions

c. A and B

d. None of the above

e. All of the above

32. Diffusion occurs: (select all that apply)

a. With the gradient

b. Against the gradient

c. From high to low concentration

d. From low to high concentration

33. At which structure levels is a protein not considered a protein? (Select all that applies)

a. Primary

b. Secondary

c. Tertiary

d. Quaternary

34. What are the three classes of lipids? List them and an example for each.

35. A patient comes goes to the doctor complaining about being lethargic (getting tired quickly), where might the issue be located in their cells?

a. Nucleus

b. Mitochondria

c. Golgi apparatus

d. Chloroplasts

e. Ribosomes

f. Lysosomes

36. What are the forms of endocytosis?

37. Transporters are usually made from:

a. Peripheral proteins

b. Carbohydrates

c. Vacuoles

d. Lipids

e. Integral proteins

38. Fill in the chart below:

Macromolecules:

Subunits: (monomers)

Types of linkage:

1.

2.

3.

4.

39. Which of the following is not required for facilitated diffusion?

a. Energy

b. Proteins

c. A gradient

40. If a cell contains 62% solvent, and is in a solution which has 53% solute, is the cell hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic? What will happen to the cell?

41. If a cell contains 30% solute, and is in a solution which has 70% solvent, is the solution hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic to the cell? What will happen to the cell?

42. What are the nitrogenous bases? How can they be categorized?

43. An RBC is placed into a solution with 20% solute. Is the cell hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic to the solution? What will happen to the cell?

44. The ___________ structure of protein consists of hydrogen bonds within the backbone.

45. Most biological polymers are assembled through __________ which occurs between two of the monomers.

46. What are the general functions of each macromolecule, and where are they found?

47. Label the parts of a mitochondria.

48. Label the following cell. Is it an animal or plant cell?

49. Fill in the chart about protein structure.

What is happening?

Type of bond

Is it a protein?

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

50. Identify the different structures below. Describe the components of each.