Table of Contents
Section I: Country & Region Name of Variable2
Section II: Facilitative Government Index (FGI)5
2.1 FGI Variable Sources & Definitions6
2.2 Description of FGI Scale Construction7
2.3 FGI Scales Item Wording9
2.3.1 FGI Scale Item Wording - by Item9
2.3.2 FGI Scale Item Wording - by Year13
2.4 FGI Data Process and Final Scores25
Section III: GLOBE Culture Database29
3.1 Variable Sources and Definitions30
3.2 Data Collection32
3.3 Index Scores for Countries and Regions33
Section IV: Hofstede’s Culture Database36
4.1 Variable Sources and Definitions37
4.2 Data collection38
4.2.1 1967-1973: IBM international attitude survey program (IBM data bank)38
4.2.2 1971: Yugoslavia survey program38
4.2.3 Around 1985: Chinese Value Survey (CVS)38
4.2.4 1997: European Media and Marketing Survey (EMS)38
4.3 Index Scores for Countries and Regions39
References44
Appendix A-1: Complete Matrix for 89 Countries & Regions…………………………………………………………………..46
Appendix A-2: Modified Matrix for 48 Countries & Regions…………………………………………………………………..47
Appendix A-3: Matrix for 48 Countries & Regions (Sorted by Year)………………………………………………………….48
Appendix B-1: FGI by Country………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….52
Appendix B-2: FGI by Year……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….53
Appendix B-3: Hofstede’s by Country………………………………………………………………………………………………………54
Appendix B-4: Hofstede’s by Year…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….55
Appendix B-5: GLOBE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………56
Section I: Country & Region Name of Variable
Table 1-1 Country & region name of variable
Sorted by lable value
Sorted by countries & regions' names
Country & Region Names
Label
Country & Region Names
Label
Albania
ALB
Albania
ALB
Arab Countries
ARA
Arab Countries
ARA
Argentina
ARG
Argentina
ARG
Australia
AUS
Australia
AUS
Austria
AUT
Austria
AUT
Belgium
BEL
Bangladesh
BGD
Bangladesh
BGD
Belgium
BEL
Bulgaria
BGR
Bolivia
BOL
Bolivia
BOL
Brazil
BRA
Brazil
BRA
Bulgaria
BGR
Canada
CAN
Canada
CAN
Switzerland
CHE
Chile
CHL
Switzerland (French-speaking)
CHE (F)
China
CHN
Chile
CHL
Colombia
COL
China
CHN
Costa Rica
CRI
Colombia
COL
Czech Republic
CZE
Costa Rica
CRI
Czechia
CZC
Czechia
CZC
Denmark
DNK
Czech Republic
CZE
East Africa
EAF
Germany
DEU
Ecuador
ECU
Germany (former East)
DEU (E)
Egypt
EGY
Germany (former West)
DEU (W)
El Salvador
SAL
Denmark
DNK
Estonia
EST
East Africa
EAF
Finland
FIN
Ecuador
ECU
France
FRA
Egypt
EGY
Georgia
GEO
Spain
ESP
Germany
DEU
Estonia
EST
Germany (former East)
DEU (E)
Finland
FIN
Germany (former West)
DEU (W)
France
FRA
Greece
GRC
United Kingdom
GBR
Guatemala
GTM
Georgia
GEO
Hong Kong
HKG
Greece
GRC
Hungary
HUN
Guatemala
GTM
Iceland
ISL
Hong Kong
HKG
India
IND
Hungary
HUN
Indonesia
IDN
Indonesia
IDN
Iran
IRN
India
IND
Ireland
IRL
Ireland
IRL
Israel
ISR
Iran
IRN
Italy
ITA
Iceland
ISL
Jamaica
JAM
Israel
ISR
Japan
JPN
Italy
ITA
Jordan
JOR
Jamaica
JAM
Kazakhstan
KAZ
Jordan
JOR
Kuwait
KWT
Japan
JPN
Luxembourg
LUX
Kazakhstan
KAZ
Malaysia
MYS
South Korea
KOR
Malta
MLT
Kuwait
KWT
Mexico
MEX
Luxembourg
LUX
Morocco
MAR
Morocco
MAR
Namibia
NAM
Mexico
MEX
Netherlands
NLD
Malta
MLT
New Zealand
NZL
Malaysia
MYS
Nigeria
NGA
Namibia
NAM
Norway
NOR
Nigeria
NGA
Pakistan
PAK
Netherlands
NLD
Panama
PAN
Norway
NOR
Peru
PER
New Zealand
NZL
Philippines
PHL
Pakistan
PAK
Poland
POL
Panama
PAN
Portugal
PRT
Peru
PER
Qatar
QAT
Philippines
PHL
Romania
ROM
Poland
POL
Russian
RUS
Portugal
PRT
Singapore
SGP
Qatar
QAT
Slovakia
SVK
Romania
ROM
Slovenia
SVN
Russian
RUS
South Africa
ZAF
El Salvador
SAL
South Africa (black sample)
ZAF (b)
Singapore
SGP
South Africa (white sample)
ZAF (w)
Suriname
SUR
South Korea
KOR
Slovakia
SVK
Spain
ESP
Slovenia
SVN
Suriname
SUR
Sweden
SWE
Sweden
SWE
Thailand
THA
Switzerland
CHE
Trinidad
TTO
Switzerland (French-speaking)
CHE (F)
Turkey
TUR
Taiwan
TWN
Taiwan
TWN
Thailand
THA
Uruguay
URY
Trinidad
TTO
United States
USA
Turkey
TUR
Venezuela, RB
VEN
United Kingdom
GBR
Vietnam
VNM
United States
USA
West Africa
WAF
Uruguay
URY
Yugoslavia
YUG
Venezuela, RB
VEN
South Africa
ZAF
Vietnam
VNM
South Africa (black sample)
ZAF (b)
West Africa
WAF
South Africa (white sample)
ZAF (w)
Yugoslavia
YUG
Zambia
ZMB
Zambia
ZMB
Zimbabwe
ZWE
Zimbabwe
ZWE
Note:
1. Arabic speaking region (ARA): Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Republic. Hofstede was forced to treat the 7 countries as one area due to the loss of data for individual countries.
2. East African region (EAF): Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Zambia. The number of respondents in each occupational category in these countries was very small, so Hofstede put the 5 countries into one region.
3. West African region (WAF): Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. The number of respondents in each occupational category in these countries was very small, so Hofstede put the 4 countries into one region.
Section II: Facilitative Government Index (FGI)
Contents of Section II
2.1 FGI Variable Sources & Definitions
2.2 Description of FGI Scale Construction
2.3 FGI Scale Item Wording
2.3.1 FGI Scale Item Wording – by Item
2.3.2 FGI Scale Item Wording – by Year
2.4 FGI Data Process and final scores
4
2.1 FGI Variable Sources & Definitions
Table 2.1-1 FGI Variable Sources and Definition
Variable Name
Full Name
Data Source
Definition
FGI1995
Facilitative government index in 1995
WEFIMD (1995)
FGI: The degree to which government facilitates independent organization. It is a composite measure including the following items:
1. Protectionism;
2. Bureaucracy;
3. Bribing and corruption;
4. Justice;
5. Legal regulation of financial institutions;
6. Intellectual property rights. (This item is n.a. in the year 2005 and 2006.)
FGI1996
Facilitative government index in 1996
IMD (1996)
FGI1997
Facilitative government index in 1997
IMD (1997)
FGI1998
Facilitative government index in 1998
IMD (1998)
FGI1999
Facilitative government index in 1999
IMD (1999)
FGI2000
Facilitative government index in 2000
IMD (2000)
FGI2001
Facilitative government index in 2001
IMD (2001)
FGI2002
Facilitative government index in 2002
IMD (2002)
FGI2003
Facilitative government index in 2003
IMD (2003)
FGI2004
Facilitative government index in 2004
IMD (2004)
FGI2005
Facilitative government index in 2005
IMD (2005)
FGI2006
Facilitative government index in 2006
IMD (2006)
2.2 Description of FGI Scale Construction[footnoteRef:1] [1: This step was done by Kenji Klein.]
Due to problems with non-independence of items in the old FGI (World Bank items and the CPI item included data from the IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook), we redid the FGI using only the survey data from the World Economic Forum and Institute for Management Development 1995 World Competitiveness Report (Geneva: EMF Foundation). We started with the 32 items that Rao (2005) had taken from IMD World Competitiveness yearbook. These items were chosen as items that might be connected to the concept of facilitative government, governance quality, and order in the economy. It is called FGI1995 in all publications. The 32 items are below:
Table 2.2-1 FGI1995 – Original 32 Items
Parallel economy - impairs (1.10)
Political risk rating (3.51)
Economic risk taking (1.28)
Fair Justice (3.52)
Restructuring needed (1.29)
Financial risk (4.25)
Protectionism (2.42)
Legal regulation is adequate (4.35)
Foreigner treatment (2.44)
Corporate credibility (6.20)
Strategic alliances common (2.46)
Organization of the workplace - efficient (6.28)
Cross border venture controls (2.47)
Willingness to delegate (6.31)
State interference (3.17)
Managerial rewards long-term (6.32)
State control of enterprises (3.18)
Employee turnover (6.35)
Investment (3.19)
Industrial relations (6.36)
Price controls (3.20)
Intellectual property (7.22)
Hiring & firing restrictions (3.25)
Women career opportunities (8.13)
Transparency - govt communicates intentions (3.27)
In-company training (8.38)
Bureaucracy hinders (3.31)
Retraining willingness (8.50)
Improper practices - bribery or corruption (3.32)
Worker motivation (8.51)
Fiscal policy encourages entrep. (3.48)
Value competitiveness (8.56)
Note: Numbers in parentheses refer to numbering system used in 1995. Numbers change each year
Factor analysis was performed on these items as follows:
1. Requested all factors with eigenvalues > 1. Got 6 factors.
2. Dropped all items not loading > .40 or cross loaing unless represented a core FGI concept. Got 5 factors.
3. Dropped items not loading at least .40 on any factor. Got 5 factors.
4. Dropped items that loaded strongly on a factor that additionally had only weak cross loading items. Got 4 factors.
5. Dropped cross loading items (border controls and women’s opportunities). Got 4 factors.
6. Dropped items loading strongly on factor that additionally had only weak cross loadings (foreigner treatment). Constrained to 2 factors.
7. Dropped item (price controls) loading > 1.0 on a factor
8. Got final two factors with clear loadings, getting Facilitative Government Index and Internal Organizational Effectiveness scales.
Table 2.1-2 FGI1995 Factor Analysis Result – 10 items
Facilitative Government Index 1995
Component
1
2
Intellectual property (7.22) - 95
0.881
0.045
Improper practices - bribery or corruption (3.32) - 95
0.842
0.072
State control of enterprises (3.18) - 95
0.837
0.052
Political risk rating (3.51) - 95
0.826
-0.124
Protectionism (2.42) - 95
0.795
-0.181
State interference (3.17) - 95
0.778
0.189
Legal regulation is adequate (4.35) - 95
0.754
0.175
Fair Justice (3.52) - 95
0.727
0.162
Investment (3.19) - 95
0.716
0.127
Bureaucracy hinders (3.31) - 95
0.669
0.260
alpha = .829
Internal Organizational Effectiveness 1995
Value competitiveness (8.56) – 95
-0.069
0.887
Managerial rewards long-term (6.32) – 95
0.019
0.876
Retraining willingness (8.50) – 95
-0.015
0.859
Fiscal policy encourages entrep. (3.48) – 95
-0.126
0.787
Corporate credibility (6.20) – 95
0.171
0.715
In-company training (8.38) – 95
0.215
0.680
Worker motivation (8.51) – 95
0.263
0.642
Industrial relations (6.36) – 95
0.367
0.622
Parallel economy - impairs (1.10) – 95
0.036
0.621
Hiring & firing restrictions (3.25) – 95
-0.039
0.566
Strategic alliances common (2.46) – 95
0.258
0.454
alpha = .908
Rotation Method: Oblimin with Kaiser Normalization.
The eigenvalues for the two scales are:
FGI1995 (Factor 1): 11.72Internal Organizational Effectiveness 1995 (Factor 2): 2.04
From 1996 to 1998, the IMD Executive Opinion Survey was slightly modified from the 1995 survey. In the process, 4 items that had been included in 1995 that are part of our FGI were dropped from the IMD Survey. These 4 items are the four below:
1. Investment (3.19) - 95
2. Political risk rating (3.51) - 95
3. State control of enterprises (3.18) - 95
4. State interference (3.17) - 95
This leaves only 6 items available to continue from the 1995 FGI. These 6 items are below:
Table 2.1-3 FGI1995 item generation – 6 items
Protectionism (2.42) - 95
Bureaucracy hinders (3.31) - 95
Improper practices - bribery or corruption (3.32) - 95
Fair Justice (3.52) - 95
Legal regulation is adequate (4.35) - 95
Intellectual property (7.22) - 95
2.3 FGI Scales Item Wording2.3.1 FGI Scale Item Wording - by Item
Below are exact wording of the IMD survey questionnaire items for the scale.
Below also is the explanation of the survey collection method taken from the World Competitiveness Yearbook (1995 to 2006). Bold marks words that have changed.
Table 2.3.1-1 Item Wording - Protectionism
Year
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
1995199619971998199920002001
P95P96P97P98P99P00P01
Protectionism
National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.
National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being imported
2002
P02
Protectionism in your country negatively affects the conduct of business in your country.
Protectionism in your country does not affect the conduct of business in your country.
20032004
P03P04
Protectionism in your economy negatively affects the conduct of your business.
Protectionism in your economy does not negatively affect the conduct of your business.
20052006
P05P06
Protectionism in your economy impairs the conduct of your business.
Protectionism in your economy does not impair the conduct of your business.
Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1995-2006.
Table 2.3.1-2 Item Wording - Bureaucracy
Year
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
1995199619971998199920002001
B95B96B97B98B99B00B01
Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy hinders business development.
Bureaucracy hinders business development.
20022003200420052006
B02B03B04B05B06
Bureaucracy hinders business activity.
Bureaucracy does not hinder business activity.
Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1995-2006.
Table 2.3.1-3 Item Wording – Improper Practices / Bribing and Corruption
Year
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
199519961997
C95C96C97
Improper Practices
Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) prevail in the public sphere.
Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not prevail in the public sphere.
1998
C98
Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) exist in the public sphere.
Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not exist in the public sphere.
199920002001
C99C00C01
Bribing and corruption
Bribing and corruption exist in the public sphere.
Bribing and corruption do not exist in the public sphere.
20022003200420052006
C02C03C04C05C06
Bribing and corruption exist in the economy.
Bribing and corruption do not exist in the economy.
Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1995-2006.
Table 2.3.1-4 Item Wording - Justice
Year
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
1995199619971998
J95J96J97J98
Justice
There is no confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.
There is full confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.
1999200020012002200320042005
J99J00J01J02J03J04J05
Justice is not fairly administered in society.
Justice is fairly administered in society.
2006
J06
Justice is not fairly administered [in society].
Justice is fairly administered [in society].
Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1995-2006.
Table 2.3.1-5 Item Wording – Legal Regulation of Financial Institutions
Year
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
1995199619971998199920002001200220032004
L95L96L97L98L99L00L01L02L03L04
Legal Regulation of Financial Institutions
Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.
Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.
20052006
-
-
-
-
Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1995-2006.
Note: The item “Legal Regulation of Financial Institutions” is not included in the IMD Yearbook 2005 and 2006.
Table 2.3.1-6 Item Wording – Intellectual Property / Patent and Copyright Protection / Intellectual Property Rights
Year
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
1995199619971998
I95I96I97I98
Intellectual Property
Intellectual property is inadequately protected in your country.
Intellectual property is adequately protected in your country.
199920002001
I99I00I01
Patent and copyright protection
Patent and copyright protection is not enforced in your country.
Patent and copyright protection is enforced in your country.
2002
I02
Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced in your country.
Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced in your country.
20032004
I03I04
Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced [in your country].
Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced [in your country].
2005
I05
Intellectual property rights.
Intellectual property rights are not adequately enforced in your economy.
Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced in your economy.
2006
I06
Intellectual property rights are not adequately enforced [in your economy].
Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced [in your economy].
Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1995-2006.
2.3.2 FGI Scale Item Wording - by Year
Below are exact wording of the IMD survey questionnaire items for the scale.
Below also is the explanation of the survey collection method taken from the World Competitiveness Yearbook (1995 to 2006). Bold marks words that have changed.
Table 2.3.2-1 Item Wording – FGI1995
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
P95
Protectionism (2.42)
National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.
National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being imported
B95
Bureaucracy (3.31)
Bureaucracy hinders business development.
Bureaucracy does not hinder business development.
C95
Improper practices (3.32)
Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) prevail in the public sphere.
Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not prevail in the public sphere.
J95
Justice (3.52)
There is no confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.
There is full confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.
L95
Legal regulation of financial institutions (4.35)
Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.
Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.
I95
Intellectual property (7.22)
Intellectual property is inadequately protected in your country.
Intellectual property is adequately protected in your country.
Source: World Economic Forum and Institute for Management Development (1995). The World Competitiveness Report 1995. Geneva, Switzerland: EMF Foundation.
Table 2.3.2-2 Item Wording – FGI1996
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
P96
Protectionism (2.22)
National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.
National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being imported
B96
Bureaucracy (3.21)
Bureaucracy hinders business development.
Bureaucracy does not hinder business development.
C96
Improper practices (3.22)
Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) prevail in the public sphere.
Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not prevail in the public sphere.
J96
Justice (3.32)
There is no confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.
There is full confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.
L96
Legal regulation of financial institutions (4.17)
Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.
Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.
I96
Intellectual property (7.08)
Intellectual property is inadequately protected in your country.
Intellectual property is adequately protected in your country.
Source: International Institute for Management Development (1996). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1996. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.
Table 2.3.2-3 Item Wording – FGI1997
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
P97
Protectionism (2.3)
National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.
National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being imported
B97
Bureaucracy (3.27)
Bureaucracy hinders business development.
Bureaucracy does not hinder business development.
C97
Improper practices (4.20)
Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) prevail in the public sphere.
Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not prevail in the public sphere.
J97
Justice (3.29)
There is no confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.
There is full confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.
L97
Legal regulation of financial institutions (3.37)
Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.
Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.
I97
Intellectual property (7.20)
Intellectual property is inadequately protected in your country.
Intellectual property is adequately protected in your country.
Source: International Institute for Management Development (1997). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1997. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.
Table 2.3.2-3 Item Wording – FGI1998
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
P98
Protectionism (2.30)
National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.
National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being imported
B98
Bureaucracy (3.31)
Bureaucracy hinders business development.
Bureaucracy does not hinder business development.
C98
Improper practices (3.34)
Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) exist in the public sphere.
Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not exist in the public sphere.
J98
Justice (3.41)
There is no confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.
There is full confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.
L98
Legal regulation of financial institutions (4.20)
Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.
Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.
I98
Intellectual property (7.20)
Intellectual property is inadequately protected in your country.
Intellectual property is adequately protected in your country.
Source: International Institute for Management Development (1998). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1998. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.
Note:
The wording of C98 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 & 1997. (See Table 2.3.1-3)
Table 2.3.2-4 Item Wording – FGI1999
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
P99
Protectionism (2.33)
National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.
National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being imported
B99
Bureaucracy (3.34)
Bureaucracy hinders business development.
Bureaucracy does not hinder business development.
C99
Bribing and corruption (3.36)
Bribing and corruption exist in the public sphere.
Bribing and corruption do not exist in the public sphere.
J99
Justice (3.44)
Justice is not fairly administered in society.
Justice is fairly administered in society.
L99
Legal regulation of financial institutions (4.21)
Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.
Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.
I99
Patent and copyright protection (7.26)
Patent and copyright protection is not enforced in your country.
Patent and copyright protection is enforced in your country.
Source: International Institute for Management Development (1999). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1999. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.
Note:
1. The wording of C99 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, and changed in 1999 from 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-3)
2. The wording of J99 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)
3. The wording of I99 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-6)
Table 2.3.2-5 Item Wording – FGI2000
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
P00
Protectionism (2.33)
National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.
National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being imported
B00
Bureaucracy (3.34)
Bureaucracy hinders business development.
Bureaucracy does not hinder business development.
C00
Bribing & corruption (3.36)
Bribing and corruption exist in the public sphere.
Bribing and corruption do not exist in the public sphere.
J00
Justice (3.42)
Justice is not fairly administered in society.
Justice is fairly administered in society.
L00
Legal regulation of financial institutions (4.21)
Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.
Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.
I00
Patent & copyright protection (7.25)
Patent and copyright protection is not enforced in your country.
Patent and copyright protection is enforced in your country.
Source: International Institute for Management Development (2000). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2000. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.
Note:
1. The wording of C00 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, and changed in 1999 from 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-3)
2. The wording of J00 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)
3. The wording of I00 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-6)
Table 2.3.2-6 Item Wording – FGI2001
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
P01
Protectionism (2.4.02)
National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.
National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being imported
B01
Bureaucracy (2.3.15)
Bureaucracy hinders business development.
Bureaucracy does not hinder business development.
C01
Bribing and corruption (2.3.16)
Bribing and corruption exist in the public sphere.
Bribing and corruption do not exist in the public sphere.
J01
Justice (2.3.18)
Justice is not fairly administered in society.
Justice is fairly administered in society.
L01
Legal regulation of financial institutions (2.4.14)
Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.
Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.
I01
Patent and copyright protection (4.3.20)
Patent and copyright protection is not enforced in your country.
Patent and copyright protection is enforced in your country.
Source: International Institute for Management Development (2001). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2001. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.
Note:
1. The wording of C01 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, and changed in 1999 from 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-3)
2. The wording of J01 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)
3. The wording of I01 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-6)
Table 2.3.2-7 Item Wording – FGI2002
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
P02
Protectionism (2.4.03)
Protectionism in your country negatively affects the conduct of business in your country.
Protectionism in your country does not affect the conduct of business in your country.
B02
Bureaucracy (2.3.16)
Bureaucracy hinders business activity.
Bureaucracy does not hinder business activity.
C02
Bribing and corruption (2.3.17)
Bribing and corruption exist in the economy.
Bribing and corruption do not exist in the economy.
J02
Justice (2.3.18)
Justice is not fairly administered in society.
Justice is fairly administered in society.
L02
Legal regulation of financial institutions (2.4.16)
Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.
Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.
I02
Patent and copyright protection (4.3.20)
Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced in your country.
Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced in your country.
Source: International Institute for Management Development (2002). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2002. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.
Note:
1. The wording of P02 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-1)
2. The wording of B02 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-2)
3. The wording of C02 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, changed in 1999 from 1998, and changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-3)
4. The wording of J02 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)
5. The wording of I02 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, and changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-6)
Table 2.3.2-8 Item Wording – FGI2003
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
P03
Protectionism (2.4.03)
Protectionism in your economy negatively affects the conduct of your business.
Protectionism in your economy does not negatively affect the conduct of your business.
B03
Bureaucracy (2.3.16)
Bureaucracy hinders business activity.
Bureaucracy does not hinder business activity.
C03
Bribing and corruption (2.3.17)
Bribing and corruption exist in the economy.
Bribing and corruption do not exist in the economy.
J03
Justice (2.5.01)
Justice is not fairly administered in society.
Justice is fairly administered in society.
L03
Legal regulation of financial institutions (2.4.18)
Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.
Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.
I03
Patent and copyright protection (4.3.20)
Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced [in your country].
Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced [in your country].
Source: International Institute for Management Development (2003). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2003. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.
Note:
1. The wording of P03 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2003 from 2002. (See Table 2.3.1-1)
2. The wording of B03 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-2)
3. The wording of C03 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, changed in 1999 from 1998, and changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-3)
4. The wording of J03 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)
5. The wording of I03 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2003 from 2002. (See Table 2.3.1-6)
Delete “in your country”.
Table 2.3.2-8 Item Wording – FGI2004
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
P04
Protectionism (2.4.02)
Protectionism in your economy negatively affects the conduct of your business.
Protectionism in your economy does not negatively affect the conduct of your business.
B04
Bureaucracy (2.3.16)
Bureaucracy hinders business activity.
Bureaucracy does not hinder business activity.
C04
Bribing and corruption (2.3.17)
Bribing and corruption exist in the economy.
Bribing and corruption do not exist in the economy.
J04
Justice (2.5.01)
Justice is not fairly administered in society.
Justice is fairly administered in society.
L04
Legal regulation of financial institutions (2.4.17)
Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.
Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.
I04
Patent and copyright protection (4.3.19)
Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced.
Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced.
Source: International Institute for Management Development (2004). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2004. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.
Note:
1. The wording of P04 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2003 from 2002. (See Table 2.3.1-1)
2. The wording of B04 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-2)
3. The wording of C04 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, changed in 1999 from 1998, and changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-3)
4. The wording of J04 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)
5. The wording of I04 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2003 from 2002. (See Table 2.3.1-6)
Table 2.3.2-10 Item Wording – FGI2005
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
P05
Protectionism (2.4.02)
Protectionism in your economy impairs the conduct of your business.
Protectionism in your economy does not impair the conduct of your business.
B05
Bureaucracy (2.3.15)
Bureaucracy hinders business activity.
Bureaucracy does not hinder business activity.
C05
Bribing and corruption (2.3.16)
Bribing and corruption exist in the economy.
Bribing and corruption do not exist in the economy.
J05
Justice (2.5.01)
Justice is not fairly administered in society.
Justice is fairly administered in society.
I05
Intellectual property rights (4.3.19)
Intellectual property rights are not adequately enforced in your economy.
Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced in your economy.
Source: International Institute for Management Development (2005). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2005. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.
Note:
1. The wording of P05 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001, changed in 2003 from 2002, and changed in 2005 from 2003 & 2004. (See Table 2.3.1-1)
2. The wording of B05 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-2)
3. The wording of C05 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, changed in 1999 from 1998, and changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-3)
4. The wording of J05 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)
5. The wording of I05 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001, changed in 2003 from 2002, and changed in 2005 from 2003 & 2004. (See Table 2.3.1-6)
6. IMD 2005 does not include the item “legal regulation of financial institutions”. Thus we have only 5 FGI items here. (See Table 2.3.1-5)
Table 2.3.2-11 Item Wording – FGI2006
Item Code
Item Name
Low Score on Scale
High Score on Scale
P06
Protectionism (2.4.02)
Protectionism in your economy impairs the conduct of your business.
Protectionism in your economy does not impair the conduct of your business.
B06
Bureaucracy (2.3.15)
Bureaucracy hinders business activity.
Bureaucracy does not hinder business activity.
C06
Bribing and corruption (2.3.16)
Bribing and corruption exist in your economy.
Bribing and corruption do not exist in your economy.
J06
Justice (2.5.01)
Justice is not fairly administered [in society].
Justice is fairly administered [in society].
I06
Intellectual property rights (4.3.19)
Intellectual property rights are not adequately enforced [in your economy].
Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced [in your economy].
Source: International Institute for Management Development (2006). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2006. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.
Note:
1. The wording of P06 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001, changed in 2003 from 2002, and changed in 2005 from 2003 & 2004. (See Table 2.3.1-1)
2. The wording of B06 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-2)
3. The wording of C06 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, changed in 1999 from 1998, changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2006 from 2002, 2003, 2004 & 2005. (See Table 2.3.1-3)
4. The wording of J06 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, and changed in 2006 from 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 & 2005. (See Table 2.3.1-4)
Delete “in society”.
5. The wording of I06 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001, changed in 2003 from 2002, changed in 2005 from 2003 & 2004, and changed in 2006 from 2005. (See Table 2.3.1-6)
Delete “in your economy”.
6. IMD 2006 does not include the item “legal regulation of financial institutions”. Thus we have only 5 FGI items here. (See Table 2.3.1-5)
2.4 FGI Data Process and Final Scores
1. Values for each of the 6 scale items were first standardized using the data for all available countries.
2. A mean value was calculated by adding these 6 standardized item values together for each country and dividing by 6.
3. These mean values were standardized for the available countries to create the FGI values.
The Table below list FGI scores for 1995-2006:
Table 2.4-1 FGI Scores for Countries and Regions (1995-2006)
Lable
Country & Region Name
FGI95
FGI96
FGI97
FGI98
FGI99
FGI00
FGI01
FGI02
FGI03
FGI04
FGI05
FGI06
ARG
Argentina
-0.40
-0.91
-0.36
-0.85
-0.77
-0.98
-0.98
-1.96
-1.97
-1.93
-1.62
-1.52
AUS
Australia
1.15
0.94
0.87
1.05
1.05
1.11
1.30
1.05
1.12
1.40
1.15
1.14
AUT
Austria
0.93
0.85
0.66
0.61
0.61
0.83
1.24
1.17
1.02
1.35
1.08
1.34
BEL
Belgium
0.49
0.36
-0.06
-0.09
0.13
0.27
0.32
0.23
0.37
0.20
0.37
0.22
BRA
Brazil
-1.00
-1.22
-0.68
-0.73
-0.67
-0.70
-0.88
-0.44
-0.67
-0.85
-0.94
-1.18
CAN
Canada
0.87
0.95
1.01
1.10
1.06
1.08
1.06
0.99
0.78
1.21
1.00
0.88
CHE
Switzerland
1.15
0.76
0.92
1.05
1.01
1.02
1.07
1.10
1.01
0.76
0.99
0.89
CHL
Chile
0.41
0.79
-0.11
0.02
0.58
0.43
0.52
0.56
0.53
0.71
0.67
0.49
CHN
China
-1.49
-1.14
-0.85
-0.93
-0.96
-1.16
-1.23
-0.83
-0.52
-0.65
-0.94
-0.42
COL
Colombia
-0.50
-0.69
-1.18
-1.19
-1.16
-1.27
-1.18
-0.86
-0.58
-0.33
-0.89
-0.69
CZE
Czech Republic
-0.89
-0.69
-0.88
-0.69
-1.04
-1.08
-0.71
-0.33
-0.38
-0.51
-0.35
-0.17
DEU
Germany
0.87
0.80
0.76
0.84
0.81
0.86
0.97
0.66
0.60
0.57
0.71
0.60
DNK
Denmark
1.44
1.48
1.63
1.51
1.58
1.58
1.43
1.50
1.53
1.68
1.71
1.71
EGY
Egypt, Arab Rep.
0.14
ESP
Spain
-0.15
-0.30
0.12
0.04
0.50
0.15
-0.01
0.05
0.01
0.24
0.00
-0.20
EST
Estonia
0.39
0.38
0.60
0.62
0.55
0.64
FIN
Finland
1.13
1.15
1.42
1.42
1.59
1.64
1.77
1.83
1.91
1.65
1.76
1.71
FRA
France
0.08
0.24
0.19
0.09
0.17
0.12
-0.09
0.00
0.34
0.40
0.30
0.28
GBR
United Kingdom
0.90
0.50
0.93
0.74
0.57
0.85
0.61
0.45
0.57
0.24
0.30
0.30
GRC
Greece
-0.59
-0.64
-0.40
-0.61
-0.39
-0.55
-0.14
-0.44
-0.28
-0.54
-0.71
-0.51
HKG
Hong Kong
1.23
1.23
1.10
1.05
1.07
0.81
0.98
0.85
0.94
0.96
1.28
1.31
HUN
Hungary
-0.61
-0.53
-0.50
-0.30
-0.08
0.02
-0.20
-0.26
-0.17
-0.20
0.10
0.05
IDN
Indonesia
-1.02
-1.27
-1.01
-1.42
-1.82
-1.67
-1.87
-1.70
-1.93
-1.83
-1.60
-1.47
IND
India
-0.91
-0.88
-1.06
-1.00
-1.03
-1.11
-1.03
-1.12
-1.00
-0.61
-0.68
-0.55
IRL
Ireland
0.95
0.92
1.06
1.15
0.89
1.02
1.04
0.85
0.68
0.53
0.73
0.98
ISL
Iceland
0.30
0.45
0.37
0.67
0.55
0.68
0.94
0.81
1.38
1.11
1.43
1.55
Lable
Country & Region Name
FGI95
FGI96
FGI97
FGI98
FGI99
FGI00
FGI01
FGI02
FGI03
FGI04
FGI05
FGI06
ISR
Israel
0.53
0.62
0.33
0.40
0.50
0.36
0.62
0.45
0.16
-0.01
0.20
0.07
ITA
Italy
-0.91
-0.91
-1.03
-0.70
-0.66
-0.86
-0.64
-0.57
-0.52
-0.91
-0.69
-0.72
JOR
Jordan
-0.41
-0.06
0.09
0.20
0.06
JPN
Japan
-0.32
-0.57
-0.63
-1.04
-0.50
-0.38
-0.56
-0.49
-0.28
-0.21
0.15
0.35
KOR
Korea, Rep.
-0.76
-0.88
-1.30
-1.68
-1.47
-0.97
-0.82
-0.53
-0.83
-0.57
-0.03
-0.57
LUX
Luxembourg
0.49
1.08
1.05
0.92
1.19
1.04
0.98
1.18
1.10
0.88
0.53
0.41
MEX
Mexico
-1.08
-0.97
-1.06
-0.99
-1.02
-0.87
-0.76
-0.95
-0.99
-1.24
-1.03
-1.20
MYS
Malaysia
0.25
0.35
0.32
0.01
-0.29
-0.44
-0.77
0.13
0.44
0.36
-0.28
0.32
NLD
Netherlands
1.00
0.99
1.12
1.22
1.09
1.43
1.31
1.17
0.84
0.90
1.04
0.89
NOR
Norway
0.85
1.27
1.10
1.12
0.80
0.79
0.24
0.70
0.95
0.87
0.72
1.11
NZL
New Zealand
1.69
1.44
1.70
1.56
1.40
1.33
1.28
1.15
1.26
1.10
1.20
1.13
PER
Peru
-0.30
PHL
Philippines
-1.17
-0.88
-0.86
-0.60
-0.63
-0.88
-1.04
-1.35
-1.10
-1.23
-1.34
-1.37
POL
Poland
-1.63
-1.37
-1.31
-1.66
-1.16
-0.80
-1.20
-1.71
-1.53
-1.69
-1.61
-1.92
PRT
Portugal
-0.01
-0.21
-0.15
0.03
0.07
-0.28
-0.34
-0.43
-0.30
-0.22
-0.54
-0.65
ROM
Romania
-1.40
-1.40
-1.60
-1.52
RUS
Russian
-2.27
-2.31
-2.49
-1.45
-2.30
-2.07
-1.72
-1.48
-1.79
-1.31
-1.75
-1.69
SCO
Scotland
-0.13
0.01
SGP
Singapore
1.72
1.52
1.50
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.41
1.49
1.43
1.40
1.48
1.36
SVK
Slovak Republic
-1.22
-1.15
-0.85
-0.63
-0.58
-0.48
SVN
Slovenia
-1.25
-1.15
-1.02
-0.87
-0.64
-0.84
-1.11
-0.87
SWE
Sweden
1.24
1.18
0.75
1.07
1.11
1.18
1.40
1.35
1.19
1.16
0.99
1.06
THA
Thailand
-0.44
-0.66
-0.62
-1.18
-0.87
-0.89
-0.65
-0.47
-0.25
-0.24
-0.29
-0.52
TUR
Turkey
-1.12
-0.76
-0.61
-0.77
-0.62
-0.66
-1.00
-1.05
-0.95
-1.03
-0.45
-0.70
TWN
Taiwan
0.03
-0.29
-0.51
0.05
0.01
-0.33
-0.24
-0.10
-0.12
0.16
0.38
-0.11
USA
United States
0.74
0.51
0.80
0.70
0.55
0.71
0.74
0.81
0.47
0.66
0.61
0.56
VEN
Venezuela, RB
-2.22
-2.01
-1.76
-1.61
-1.30
-1.39
-1.16
-1.64
-2.04
-2.20
-2.20
-2.19
Lable
Country & Region Name
FGI95
FGI96
FGI97
FGI98
FGI99
FGI00
FGI01
FGI02
FGI03
FGI04
FGI05
FGI06
ZAF
South Africa
-0.37
-0.27
-0.27
-0.38
-0.36
-0.28
-0.16
-0.17
-0.09
-0.03
-0.24
-0.18
Section III: GLOBE Culture Database
Contents of Section III
3.1 Variable Sources and Definitions
3.2 Data collection
3.3 Index scores for countries and regions
3.1 Variable Sources and Definitions
Table 3.1 GLOBE Culture Value Variable Sources and Definitions
Variable Name
Full Name
Data Source
Author Definitions
UA_P
Uncertainty Avoidance Practices
House, et al. (2004)
The extent to which a society actually engages in Uncertainty Avoidance practices. Uncertainty Avoidance: “the extent to which members of collectives seek orderliness, consistency, structure, formalized procedures, and laws to cover situations in their daily lives.”
FO_P
Future Orientation Practices
House, et al. (2004)
“The extent to which an a society actually engages in Future Orientation practices.” Future Orientation: “the extent to which members of a society or an organization believe that their current actions will influence their future, focus on investment in their future, believe that they will have a future that matters, believe in planning for developing their future, and look far into the future for assessing the effects of their current actions.”
PD_P
Power Distance Practices
House, et al. (2004)
The extent to which a society actually engages in Power Distance practices. Power Distance: “the degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that power should be shared unequally.”
IC_P
Institutional Collectivism Practices
House, et al. (2004)
The extent to which a society actually engages in Institutional Collectivism practices. Institutional Collectivism: the degree to which organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action.
PO_P
Performance Orientation Practices
House, et al. (2004)
“The extent to which a society engages in Performance Orientation practices.” Performance Orientation: “the degree to which a community encourages and rewards innovation, high standards, and performance improvement.”
HO_P
Humane Orientation Practices
House, et al. (2004)
“The extent to which an organization engages in Humane Orientation practices.” Humane Orientation: “Descriptions of ideas and values and prescriptions for behavior associated with the dimension of culture.”
IGC_P
In-Group Collectivism Practices
House, et al. (2004)
The extent to which a society actually engages in In-Group Collectivism practices. In-Group Collectivism: “the degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty and cohesiveness” in their organizations or families.
GE_P
Gender Egalitarianism Practices
House, et al. (2004)
The extent to which a society actually engages in Gender Egalitarian practices. Gender Egalitarian: the degree to which a society seeks to “minimize differences between the roles of females and males in homes, organizations, and communities.”
A_P
Assertiveness Practices
House, et al. (2004)
“The extent to which a society engages in Assertiveness practices” Assertiveness: “the degree to which individuals in organizations or societies are assertive, tough, dominant and aggressive in social relationships.”
UA_V
Uncertainty Avoidance Values
House, et al. (2004)
The extent to which a society should engages in Uncertainty Avoidance practices. Uncertainty Avoidance: “the extent to which members of collectives seek orderliness, consistency, structure, formalized procedures, and laws to cover situations in their daily lives.”
FO_V
Future Orientation Values
House, et al. (2004)
“The extent to which a society should engages in Future Orientation practices.” Future Orientation: “the extent to which members of a society or an organization believe that their current actions will influence their future, focus on investment in their future, believe that they will have a future that matters, believe in planning for developing their future, and look far into the future for assessing the effects of their current actions.”
PD_V
Power Distance Values
House, et al. (2004)
The extent to which a society should engages in Power Distance practices. Power Distance: “the degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that power should be shared unequally.”
IC_V
Institutional Collectivism Values
House, et al. (2004)
The extent to which a society should engages in Institutional Collectivism practices. Institutional Collectivism: the degree to which organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action.
PO_V
Performance Orientation Values
House, et al. (2004)
The extent to which a society should engages in Performance Orientation practices. Performance Orientation: “the degree to which a community encourages and rewards innovation, high standards, and performance improvement.”
HO_V
Humane Orientation Values
House, et al. (2004)
“The values of respondents regarding how humane-orientated they would like their organizations to be.” Humane Orientation: “Descriptions of ideas and values and prescriptions for behavior associated with the dimension of culture.”
IGC_V
In-Group Collectivism Values
House, et al. (2004)
The extent to which a society should engages in In-Group Collectivism practices. In-Group Collectivism: “the degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty and cohesiveness” in their organizations or families.
GE_V
Gender Egalitarianism Values
House, et al. (2004)
The extent to which a society should engages in Gender Egalitarian practices. Gender Egalitarian: the degree to which a society seeks to “minimize differences between the roles of females and males in homes, organizations, and communities.”
A_V
Assertiveness Values
House, et al. (2004)
“The extent to which a society exhibits Assertiveness values.” Assertiveness: “the degree to which individuals in organizations or societies are assertive, tough, dominant and aggressive in social relationships.”
3.2 Data Collection
“Data were collected from 62 countries during the interval between 1994 and 1997.” (House, 2004, p.xxii)
The GLOBE culture index contains 9 core dimensions: Uncertainty Avoidance, Future Orientation, Power Distance, Institutional Collectivism, Performance Orientation, Humane Orientation, In-Group Collectivism and Gender Egalitarian. Each of them is measured from two aspects: a) the practices (“As Is”); b) the values (“Should Be”).
3.3 Index Scores for Countries and Regions
Table 3.3 GLOBE Index Scores for Countries and Regions
Country & Region
1994-1997
PO_P
PO_V
FO_P
FO_V
GE_P
GE_V
AS_P
AS_V
ICL_P
IC_V
IGC_P
IGC_V
PD_P
PD_V
HO_P
HO_V
UA_P
UA_V
ALB
4.81
5.63
3.86
5.42
3.71
4.19
4.89
4.41
4.54
4.44
5.74
5.22
4.62
3.52
4.64
5.34
4.57
5.37
ARG
3.65
6.35
3.08
5.78
3.49
4.98
4.22
3.25
3.66
5.32
5.51
6.15
5.64
2.33
3.99
5.58
3.65
4.66
AUS
4.36
5.89
4.09
5.15
3.40
5.02
4.28
3.81
4.29
4.40
4.17
5.75
4.74
2.78
4.28
5.58
4.39
3.98
AUT
4.44
6.10
4.46
5.11
3.09
4.83
4.62
2.81
4.30
4.73
4.85
5.27
4.95
2.44
3.72
5.76
5.16
3.66
BOL
3.61
6.05
3.61
5.63
3.55
4.75
3.79
3.73
4.04
5.10
5.47
6.00
4.51
3.41
4.05
5.07
3.35
4.70
BRA
4.04
6.13
3.81
5.69
3.31
4.99
4.20
2.91
3.83
5.62
5.18
5.15
5.33
2.35
3.66
5.68
3.60
4.99
CAN*
4.49
6.15
4.44
5.35
3.70
5.11
4.05
4.15
4.38
4.17
4.26
5.97
4.82
2.70
4.49
5.64
4.58
3.75
CHE
4.94
5.82
4.73
4.80
2.97
4.92
4.51
3.21
4.06
4.69
3.97
4.94
4.90
2.44
3.60
5.54
5.37
3.16
CHE (F)
4.25
5.98
4.27
4.79
3.42
4.69
3.47
3.78
4.22
4.31
3.85
5.35
4.86
2.80
3.93
5.62
4.98
3.83
CHN
4.45
5.67
3.75
4.73
3.05
3.68
3.76
5.44
4.77
4.56
5.80
5.09
5.04
3.10
4.36
5.32
4.94
5.28
COL
3.94
6.42
3.27
5.68
3.67
5.00
4.20
3.43
3.81
5.38
5.73
6.25
5.56
2.04
3.72
5.61
3.57
4.98
CRI
4.12
5.90
3.60
5.20
3.56
4.64
3.75
4.05
3.93
5.18
5.32
6.08
4.74
2.58
4.39
4.99
3.82
4.58
DEU (E)
4.09
6.09
3.95
5.23
3.06
4.90
4.73
3.23
3.56
4.68
4.52
5.22
5.54
2.69
3.40
5.44
5.16
3.94
DEU (W)
4.25
6.01
4.27
4.85
3.10
4.89
4.55
3.09
3.79
4.82
4.02
5.18
5.25
2.54
3.18
5.46
5.22
3.32
DNK
4.22
5.61
4.44
4.33
3.93
5.08
3.80
3.39
4.80
4.19
3.53
5.50
3.89
2.76
4.44
5.45
5.22
3.82
ECU
4.20
6.32
3.74
5.94
3.07
4.59
4.09
3.65
3.90
5.41
5.81
6.17
5.60
2.30
4.65
5.26
3.68
5.16
EGY
4.27
5.90
3.86
5.80
2.81
3.18
3.91
3.28
4.50
4.85
5.64
5.56
4.92
3.24
4.73
5.17
4.06
5.36
ESP
4.01
5.80
3.51
5.63
3.01
4.82
4.42
4.00
3.85
5.20
5.45
5.79
5.52
2.26
3.32
5.69
3.97
4.76
FIN
3.81
6.11
4.24
5.07
3.35
4.24
3.81
3.68
4.63
4.11
4.07
5.42
4.89
2.19
3.96
5.81
5.02
3.85
FRA
4.11
5.65
3.48
4.96
3.64
4.40
4.13
3.38
3.93
4.86
4.37
5.42
5.28
2.76
3.40
5.67
4.43
4.26
GBR
4.08
5.90
4.28
5.06
3.67
5.17
4.15
3.70
4.27
4.31
4.08
5.55
5.15
2.80
3.72
5.43
4.65
4.11
GEO
3.88
5.69
3.41
5.55
3.55
3.73
4.18
4.35
4.03
3.83
6.19
5.66
5.22
2.84
4.18
5.60
3.50
5.24
GRC
3.20
5.81
3.40
5.19
3.48
4.89
4.58
2.96
3.25
5.40
5.27
5.46
5.40
2.39
3.34
5.23
3.39
5.09
GTM
3.81
6.14
3.24
5.91
3.02
4.53
3.89
3.64
3.70
5.23
5.63
6.14
5.60
2.35
3.89
5.26
3.30
4.88
HKG
4.80
5.64
4.03
5.50
3.47
4.35
4.67
4.81
4.13
4.43
5.32
5.11
4.96
3.24
3.90
5.32
4.32
4.63
HUN
3.43
5.96
3.21
5.70
4.08
4.63
4.79
3.35
3.53
4.50
5.25
5.54
5.56
2.49
3.35
5.48
3.12
4.66
Country & Region
1994-1997
PO_P
PO_V
FO_P
FO_V
GE_P
GE_V
AS_P
AS_V
ICL_P
IC_V
IGC_P
IGC_V
PD_P
PD_V
HO_P
HO_V
UA_P
UA_V
IDN
4.41
5.73
3.86
5.70
3.26
3.89
3.86
4.72
4.54
5.18
5.68
5.67
5.18
2.69
4.69
5.16
4.17
5.23
IND
4.25
6.05
4.19
5.60
2.90
4.51
3.73
4.76
4.38
4.71
5.92
5.32
5.47
2.64
4.57
5.28
4.15
4.73
IRL
4.36
5.98
3.98
5.22
3.21
5.14
3.92
3.99
4.63
4.59
5.14
5.74
5.15
2.71
4.96
5.47
4.30
4.02
IRN
4.58
6.08
3.70
5.84
2.99
3.75
4.04
4.99
3.88
5.54
6.03
5.86
5.43
2.80
4.23
5.61
3.67
5.36
ISR
4.08
5.75
3.85
5.25
3.19
4.71
4.23
3.76
4.46
4.27
4.70
5.75
4.73
2.72
4.10
5.62
4.01
4.38
ITA
3.58
6.07
3.25
5.91
3.24
4.88
4.07
3.82
3.68
5.13
4.94
5.72
5.43
2.47
3.63
5.58
3.79
4.47
JPN
4.22
5.17
4.29
5.25
3.19
4.33
3.59
5.56
5.19
3.99
4.63
5.26
5.11
2.86
4.30
5.41
4.07
4.33
KAZ
3.57
5.41
3.57
5.05
3.84
4.75
4.46
3.84
4.29
4.04
5.26
5.44
5.31
3.15
3.99
5.62
3.66
4.42
KOR
4.55
5.25
3.97
5.69
2.50
4.22
4.40
3.75
5.20
3.90
5.54
5.41
5.61
2.55
3.81
5.60
3.55
4.67
KWT
3.95
6.03
3.26
5.74
2.58
3.45
3.63
3.76
4.49
5.15
5.80
5.43
5.12
3.17
4.52
5.06
4.21
4.77
MAR
3.99
5.76
3.26
5.85
2.84
3.74
4.52
3.44
3.87
5.00
5.87
5.68
5.80
3.11
4.19
5.51
3.65
5.32
MEX
4.10
6.16
3.87
5.86
3.64
4.73
4.45
3.79
4.06
4.92
5.71
5.95
5.22
2.85
3.98
5.10
4.18
5.26
MYS
4.34
6.04
4.58
5.89
3.51
3.78
3.87
4.81
4.61
4.87
5.51
5.85
5.17
2.97
4.87
5.51
4.78
4.88
NAM
3.67
6.40
3.49
6.12
3.88
4.25
3.91
3.91
4.13
4.38
4.52
6.07
5.29
2.86
3.96
5.40
4.20
5.13
NGA
3.92
6.27
4.09
6.04
3.01
4.24
4.79
3.23
4.14
5.03
5.55
5.48
5.80
2.69
4.10
6.09
4.29
5.60
NLD
4.32
5.49
4.61
5.07
3.50
4.99
4.32
3.02
4.46
4.55
3.70
5.17
4.11
2.45
3.86
5.20
4.70
3.24
NZL
4.72
5.90
3.47
5.54
3.22
4.23
3.42
3.54
4.81
4.20
3.67
6.21
4.89
3.53
4.32
4.49
4.75
4.10
PHL
4.47
6.31
4.15
5.93
3.64
4.58
4.01
5.14
4.65
4.78
6.36
6.18
5.44
2.72
5.12
5.36
3.89
5.14
POL
3.89
6.12
3.11
5.20
4.02
4.52
4.06
3.90
4.53
4.22
5.52
5.74
5.10
3.12
3.61
5.30
3.62
4.71
PRT
3.60
6.40
3.71
5.43
3.66
5.13
3.65
3.58
3.92
5.30
5.51
5.94
5.44
2.38
3.91
5.31
3.91
4.43
QAT
3.45
5.96
3.78
5.92
3.63
3.38
4.11
3.80
4.50
5.13
4.71
5.60
4.73
3.23
4.42
5.30
3.99
4.82
RUS
3.39
5.54
2.88
5.48
4.07
4.18
3.68
2.83
4.50
3.89
5.63
5.79
5.52
2.62
3.94
5.59
2.88
5.07
SAL
3.72
6.58
3.80
5.98
3.16
4.66
4.62
3.62
3.71
5.65
5.35
6.52
5.68
2.68
3.71
5.46
3.62
5.32
SGP
4.90
5.72
5.07
5.51
3.70
4.51
4.17
4.41
4.90
4.55
5.64
5.50
4.99
3.04
3.49
5.79
5.31
4.22
SVN
3.66
6.41
3.59
5.42
3.96
4.83
4.00
4.59
4.13
4.38
5.43
5.71
5.33
2.57
3.79
5.25
3.78
4.99
SWE
3.72
5.80
4.39
4.89
3.84
5.15
3.38
3.61
5.22
3.94
3.66
6.04
4.85
2.70
4.10
5.65
5.32
3.60
THA
3.93
5.74
3.43
6.20
3.35
4.16
3.64
3.48
4.03
5.10
5.70
5.76
5.63
2.86
4.81
5.01
3.93
5.61
TUR
3.83
5.39
3.74
5.83
2.89
4.50
4.53
2.66
4.03
5.26
5.88
5.77
5.57
2.41
3.94
5.52
3.63
4.67
TWN
4.56
5.74
3.96
5.20
3.18
4.06
3.92
3.28
4.59
5.15
5.59
5.45
5.18
3.09
4.11
5.26
4.34
5.31
USA
4.49
6.14
4.15
5.31
3.34
5.06
4.55
4.32
4.20
4.17
4.25
5.77
4.88
2.85
4.17
5.53
4.15
4.00
VEN
3.32
6.35
3.35
5.79
3.62
4.82
4.33
3.33
3.96
5.39
5.53
6.17
5.40
2.29
4.25
5.31
3.44
5.26
ZAF (b)
4.66
4.92
4.64
5.20
3.66
4.26
4.36
3.82
4.39
4.30
5.09
4.99
4.11
3.65
4.34
5.07
4.59
4.79
Country & Region
1994-1997
PO_P
PO_V
FO_P
FO_V
GE_P
GE_V
AS_P
AS_V
ICL_P
IC_V
IGC_P
IGC_V
PD_P
PD_V
HO_P
HO_V
UA_P
UA_V
ZAF (w)
4.11
6.23
4.13
5.66
3.27
4.60
4.60
3.69
4.62
4.38
4.50
5.91
5.16
2.64
3.49
5.65
4.09
4.67
ZMB
4.16
6.24
3.62
5.90
2.86
4.30
4.07
4.38
4.61
4.74
5.84
5.77
5.31
2.43
5.23
5.53
4.10
4.67
ZWE
4.24
6.45
3.77
6.07
3.04
4.46
4.06
4.60
4.12
4.87
5.57
5.85
5.67
2.67
4.45
5.19
4.15
4.73
Data source: House, Robert J., et al. (Ed.) (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: the GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Part IV: Empirical Findings.
Note:
Canada (CAN): Data are collected in English-speaking areas in Canada.
House et al. (2004) also provides the response bias corrected GLOBE index scores for 60 countries and regions. (Table B.2 in Hofstede (2004)) This index removes the culturally based response bias through a statistical standardization correction procedure. However, we use the original data set instead of the corrected one for the following reasons:
1. The corrected values are impossible to interpret.
2. The corrected values are ipsative, and thus it is difficult to make between-group comparisons.
3. The corrected index is based on the assumption that the cultural response bias is attributable to the entire sample.
Section IV: Hofstede’s Culture Database
Contents of Section IV
4.1 Variable Sources and Definitions
4.2 Data Collection
4.2.1 1962-1973 IBM data bank
4.2.2 1971 Yugoslavia survey program
4.2.3 Around 1985 Chinese Value Survey
4.2.4 1997 European Media and Marketing Survey
4.3 Index Scores for Countries and Regions
4.1 Variable Sources and Definitions
Table 4.1 Hofstede Culture Value Variable Sources and Definitions
Variable Name
Full Name
Data Source
Author Definitions
PDI
Power Distance
Hofstede (1980, 2001)
The extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.
UAI
Uncertainty Avoidance
Hofstede (1980, 2001)
The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situation.
IDV
Individualism/Collectivism
Hofstede (1980, 2001)
Individualism stands for a society in which the ties between individuals are loose: Everyone is expected to look after him/herself and her/his immediate family only. Collectivism stands for a society in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups. Which throughout people’s lifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.
MAS
Masculinity/Feminity
Hofstede (1980, 2001)
Masculinity stands for a society in which social gender roles are clearly distinct: Men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success; women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. Feminity stands for a society in which social gender roles overlap: Both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life.
LTO
Long Term Orientation
Hofstede (2001)
Long term orientation stands for the fostering of virtues oriented towards future rewards, in particular, perseverance and thrift. Its opposite pole, short term orientation, stands for the fostering of virtues related to the past and present, in particular, respect for tradition, preservation of “face” and fulfilling social obligation.
4.2 Data collection4.2.1 1967-1973: IBM international attitude survey program (IBM data bank)
“The company’s international employee attitude survey program between 1967 and 1973 in two survey rounds produced answers to more than 116,000 questionnaires from 72 countries in 20 languages.” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 41)
Initial analysis of the IBM data: “The initial analysis was limited to 40 countries with more than 50 respondents each.” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 41) “For reason of stability of data, ecological correlations and factor analyses were limited to 40 countries.” (Hofstede, 1980, p. 54)
Reanalysis of the IBM data in 1982 adds 10 more countries (Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Indonesia, Jamaica, Malaysia, Panama, Salvador, South Korea, and Uruguay) and 3 regions (Arab countries, East Africa, and West Africa). (Hofstede, 2001, p. 41, p. 44)
4.2.2 1971: Yugoslavia survey program
“In 1971 an opportunity arose to include data from Yugoslavia… It is thus possible to add the Yugoslav data to our list...” (Hofstede, 1980, pp. 62-63)
“When Yugoslavia disintegrated in 1991, I reanalyzed the Yugoslav data on file and was able to split them into Croatia (Zagreb branch office), Serbia (Beograd branch office), and Slovenia (Ljubljana head office).”
4.2.3 Around 1985: Chinese Value Survey (CVS)
“The new dimension, long- versus short-term orientation, was found in the answers of student samples from 23 countries around 1985 to the Chinese Value Survey (CVS)…” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 351)
4.2.4 1997: European Media and Marketing Survey (EMS)
“The EMS 97 covered…16 European countries, of which 15 were part of the IBM set, but only 4 of CVS set. The EMS 97 represented the first larger-scale use of the LTO questions on new respondents.” (Hofstede, 2001, p355)
4.3 Index Scores for Countries and Regions
Table 4.3-1 Hofstede’s Culture Index Scores for Countries and Regions over the Years
Country & Region
1967-1973
Around 1985
1989
1993
1994
1997
Year N. A.
PDI
UAI
IDV
MAS
LTO1
MAS
MAS
MAS
LTO2
PDI
UAI
IDV
MAS
LTO
ARA3
80
68
38
53
ARG
49
86
46
56
AUS
36
51
90
61
31
AUT
11
70
55
79
31
BGD4
40
80
60
20
55
BEL
65
94
75
54
38
BLG5
70
85
30
40
BRA
69
76
38
49
65
CAN
39
48
80
52
23
CHE
34
58
68
70
40
CHE (F)
70
70
64
58
CHL
63
86
23
28
CHN6
118
66
80
30
20
COL
67
80
13
64
CRI
35
86
15
21
CZC7
57
74
58
57
13
DEU (W)
35
65
67
66
31
31
DNK
18
23
74
16
46
EAF8
64
52
27
41
25
ECU
78
67
8
63
ESP
57
86
51
42
19
Country & Region
1967-1973
Around 1985
1989
1993
1994
1997
Year N. A.
PDI
UAI
IDV
MAS
LTO1
MAS
MAS
MAS
LTO2
PDI
UAI
IDV
MAS
LTO
EST9
30
40
60
60
FIN
33
59
63
26
41
FRA
68
86
71
43
39
GBR
35
35
89
66
25
GRC
60
112
35
57
GUA
95
101
6
37
HKG
68
29
25
57
96
HUN10
46
82
80
88
50
IDN
78
48
14
46
IND
77
40
48
56
61
IRN
58
59
41
43
IRL
28
35
70
68
43
ISR
13
81
54
47
ITA
50
75
76
70
34
JAM
45
13
39
68
JPN
54
92
46
93
80
KOR11
60
85
18
39
75
LUX12
40
70
60
50
MEX
81
82
30
69
MLT13
56
96
59
47
MAR14
68
53
70
46
MYS
104
36
26
50
NGA
16
NLD
38
53
80
14
44
NOR
31
50
69
8
44
NZL
22
49
79
58
30
Country & Region
1967-1973
Around 1985
1989
1993
1994
1997
Year N. A.
PDI
UAI
IDV
MAS
LTO1
MAS
MAS
MAS
LTO2
PDI
UAI
IDV
MAS
LTO
PAK
55
70
14
50
0
PAN
95
86
11
44
PER
64
87
16
42
PHL
94
44
32
64
19
POL15
32
68
93
60
64
PRT
63
104
27
31
30
ROM16
42
90
90
30
RUS17
36
93
95
39
SAL
66
94
19
40
SGP
74
8
20
48
48
SUR18
85
92
47
37
SVK19
104
51
52
110
38
SVN20
71
88
27
19
SWE
31
29
71
5
33
THA
64
64
20
34
56
TTO21
47
55
16
58
TUR
66
85
37
45
TWN
58
69
17
45
87
URY
61
100
36
38
USA
40
46
91
62
29
VEN
81
76
12
73
VNM22
70
30
20
40
80
WAF23
77
54
20
46
16
YUG
76
88
27
21
ZAF
49
49
65
66
ZWE
25
Source: Hofstede, G. H. (2001). Culture’s consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Exhibit A5.1 (p. 500), Exhibit A5.2 (p. 501), Exhibit A5.3 (p. 502), Exhibit 7.1 (p. 356) and Exhibit 7.3 (p. 357).
Notes:
1. LTO scores in this column are based on Chinese Value Survey (CVS). See Hofstede (2001) Exhibit 7.1, p. 356.
2. LTO scores in this column are based on European Media and Marketing Survey (EMS). See Hofstede (2001) Exhibit 7.3, p. 357.
3. Arabic-speaking region (ARA): include Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Republic. Hofstede was forced to treat the 7 countries as one area due to the loss of individual country data.
4. Bangladesh (BGD): Data collection time is not available. Scores are “based on descriptive information” (Hofstede , 2001, p. 502).
5. Bulgaria (BLG): Data collection time is not available. Scores are based on descriptive information and observation. (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502)
6. China (CHN): MAS score based on the Wacoal survey in which 50 subjects in Beijing were interviewed in 1993. (Hofstede, 1996).
The PDI, UAI, IND data collection time is not available. These dimensions are “based on observation and an extensive literature” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502).
7. Czechia (CZC): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).
8. East African Region (EAF): include Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Zambia. The number of respondents in each occupational category in these countries was very small, so Hofstede put the 5 countries into one region.
9. Estonia (EST): MAS score based on data collected in 1989 (Hofstede et al., 1996). Other dimensions are based on observation (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502) and data collection time is not available.
10. Hungary (HUN): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).
11. South Korea (KOR): The LTO data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).
12. Lunxembourg (LUX): Scores are based on “observation and clustering in European Union data” and the data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).
13. Malta (MLT): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).
14. Morocco (MAR): UAI and MAS scores are Arabic-speaking region (ARA) scores. The IDV and PDI data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).
15. Poland (POL): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).
16. Romania (ROM): MAS score is based on data collected in 1994 (Hofstede et al., 1996). Other dimensions are based on “observation, and descriptive data,” and the data collection time is not available. (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502)
17. Russia (RUS): MAS score is based on data collected in 1989 (Hofstede et al., 1996). Other dimensions are based on “raw data from unpublished studies by Bollinger(1988) and Bradley (1998), observation and descriptive data” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502), and data collection time is not available.
18. Surinam (SUR): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).
19. Slovakia (SVK): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).
20. Slovenia (SVN): Scores are based on reanalysis of IBM data after the disintegration of Yugoslavia. (Hofstede, 2001, p. 501).
21. Trinidad (TTO): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).
22. Vietnam (VNM): Scores are based on “observation and descriptive information” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502), and data collection time is not available.
23. West African Region (WAF): include Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone.
References
Hofstede, G. H. (1980). Culture’s consequences: international differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills & London: Sa