W15 Anatomy D170 Lab 2: Cartilage, Skeletal Tissue, Skull, Axial Skeleton Station 1: Histology and bone anatomy Be able to find the following structures on the images from your powerpoint slides. Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage Chondroblasts, chondrocytes Osteoblasts – Osteocytes – osteon, lamella, central canal, perforating canal, and canaliculi. Label the following on this bone (the femur) Diaphysis Epiphysis Epiphyseal line Medullary cavity Periosteum Endosteum Note: For the following exercises it may help to use your textbook, atlas, or the guidebook that came with the skeleton model to identify structures. If you do not have a guidebook, you can access it at this website: http://www.a3bs.com/product-manual/A05-2_A11_A13.pdf
Station 1: Histology and bone anatomyBe able to find the following structures on the images from your powerpoint slides. Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilageChondroblasts, chondrocytesOsteoblasts –Osteocytes –osteon, lamella, central canal, perforating canal, and canaliculi.
Label the following on this bone (the femur)DiaphysisEpiphysisEpiphyseal lineMedullary cavityPeriosteumEndosteum
Note: For the following exercises it may help to use your textbook, atlas, or the guidebook that came with the skeleton model to identify structures. If you do not have a guidebook, you can access it at this website: http://www.a3bs.com/product-manual/A05-2_A11_A13.pdf
CAREFULLY take the skull off of the skeleton and examine its external structures (DON’T LOSE THE WASHER THAT IS THREADED ON THE BOLT!!) Make sure everyone in your group gets a chance to hold the skull and view it from multiple points of view: lateral, superior, inferior, etc.
Identify the following cranial bone structures on the external surface of the skull. Be able to identify these structures from several points of view (lateral, superior, etc). Check each box when you are able to confidently identify these structures.
Identify the following facial bone structures on the external surface of the skull. Be able to identify these structures from several points of view (lateral, superior, etc). You may need to move the jaw to view some of the structures.
Ramus Coronoid process Condylar process Mandibular notch
CAREFULLY remove the superior portion of the skull to expose the inner structures of the skull. Identify the following cranial bone structures on the internal surface of the skull. Be able to identify these structures from a superior point of view.
Ethmoid bone Cribiform plates Crista galli
Frontal bone Occipital bone
Foramen magnum Parietal bones
Sphenoid bone Sella turcica Hypophyseal fossa Pterygoid processes Optic canal
Temporal bones
Palpate (feel) the following structures on your own head and skull. Ask your group for assistance if you need it!
o Zygomatic bone and archo Mastoid processo Temporomandibular joints (open and close your mouth to locate these)
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o Hyoid bone (place a thumb and index finger beneath the chin just anterior to the mandibular angles, and squeeze gently. Exert pressure with the thumb, and feel the horn of the hyoid bone with the index finger)
Return the skull to the counter in the back so another group can use it.
Answer the following questions regarding the skull:o Describe the location of the temporal bone with regards to the frontal bone, parietal bone, and
occipital bone using anatomical directions.
o Describe the location of the ethmoid bone with regards to the frontal bone, parietal bone, and occipital bone.
o If you took a transverse section through the skull at the level of the tip of the nasal bones, what bones would you cut through?
o What suture connects the occipital bone to the parietal bones?
o What is the difference between the condylar process and the coronoid process of the mandible?
o Which bone is considered to be the “keystone” facial bone? Why does this nickname apply?
Station 3: Axial skeleton – vertebral column (human skeleton model) Examine the shape of the vertebral column. Identify the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral
regions. How many vertebrae are in each region? What type of curvature (convex or concave) is present in each region?
CAREFULLY bend the vertebral column at each of the main regions to examine the range of motion possible (rotation, flexion, extension)
Examine the vertebrae within the vertebral column. Identify the following features of a vertebra and the vertebral column. Be able to identify these structures from a superior and from a lateral point of view. Check each box when you are able to confidently identify these structures. NOTE: It may be difficult to view the vertebrae from a superior point of view, so examine vertebrae using your atlas / textbook / PAL images.
Body Vertebral arch Vertebral foramen Spinous process
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Transverse process Inferior articular process
Superior articular process Intervertebral formamina
Examine the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum on the human skeleton model. Identify the following specialized features or structures of the different types of vertebrae (and sacrum). For each structure, indicate what type of vertebrae it belongs to. Be able to identify these structures from a superior and from a lateral point of view. Check each box when you are able to confidently identify these structures
Atlas Axis Dens Transverse foramen Vertebra prominens
Identify C5, T4, and L2 on the skeleton. How are these vertebrae similar? How are they different? Look in your atlas or on PAL for superior and lateral views of the vertebrae. As a group, come up with flowchart or guide to help you distinguish between the three types of vertebrae depending on whether you are looking at them superiorly or laterally.
o Show your instructor your flowchart / guide before moving on.
Using the skeleton model and your atlas / PAL / textbook, compare and contrast the structures and functions of the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2). How do these vertebrae differ from other cervical vertebrae?
CAREFULLY put the skull back on the skeleton (AND THREAD THE WASHER BACK ON THE BOLT!) and notice how it articulates with the atlas and axis (C1 and C2).
o Which structure of the atlas interacts with what structures of the skull to allow the skull to nod “yes” (flexion and extension)? Which structure of the axis allows the skull to rotate left and right?
Palpate your vertebral prominens (C7). How does it feel compared to your other cervical vertebrae? What type of projection is the prominent feature of C7?
o Consider T4 and T5. What structure(s) on T4 articulate with what structure(s) on T5? What type of cartilage lines these structures?
o Which movements can the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae undertake? Which of these three regions has the most restricted movements?
o What structure(s) is(are) lacking on T11 and T12?
