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Udawattakele: A Sanctuary Destroyed From Within

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    Udawattakele: A Sanctuary Destroyed From Within

    Bhikkhu Nyanatusita,Forest Hermitage, Udawattakele, Kandy, Sri Lanka &Rajith DissanayakehD F!S F"S FRAS, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK

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    $ntroduction

    'n the heart o the !usy ity o 5andy there is an e$traordinary, green, "ild spae alledda"attakele. his orest santuary ontains re7nants o the pri7eval orest that used to overthe hills and 7ountains o ri 6anka. ;any o the inha!itants o that orest, plants as "ell asani7als, oten sare and unkno"n, still live here. Due to its diversity o "ildlie, its loation and

    aessi!ility and the level o protetion !esto"ed on it !y the =orest Depart7ent, it serves as a7aor entre or nature study and eduation.

    he da"attakele is "ithin "alking distane o the entre o 5andy to"n and has "ell7aintained easily aessi!le paths that provide pleasant "alks. :arties o shool and universitystudents regularly visit !oth the orest and the Nature >duation Centre near the Distrit =orestOie "here they deepen their understanding o this rainorest. 't is a popular attration ororeign tourists9espeially !ird "athers "ho appreiate the great diversity o !irds that inha!itthe orest. ientists and university students have used the orest or arrying out researh on treesand ani7als. 't is also a plae o religious and historial signiiane !eause it lanks the e7ple othe ooth, ontains three Buddhist 7onasteries, t"o anient orest angha ave d"ellings ?=ig. 1@

    and the re7ains o t"o ortresses ro7 the olonial period. 't is also a ath7ent area or so7estrea7s.

    #t the ti7e o the 5andyan 5ingdo7 the area "as a proteted Royal =orest. 'n 1+1&, at thestart o British olonial rule, the royal orest strethed ro7 the 5andy 6ake right up to the;aha"eli river to the north and east and "as 7ore than 400 hetares ?1,000 ares@ in e$tent. By1+A*, the orest had !een redued to 1(* hetares ?*-- ares@. 't is urrently 104 hetares ?2(- ares@and overs a hill ridge running ro7 the 5andy 6ake to"ards the north. 't !ea7e a reserve in1+(& and a santuary in 1A*+. 5arunaratna ?1A+&@ provides a o7prehensive aount o its historyand !iodiversity in his !ook Udavattakl: The Foridden Forest of the !in"s of !andy, no" out oprint.

    Despite !eing "ell proteted against hunters and loggers !y its guardian, the =orest

    Depart7ent, "hih has t"o oies in the reserve, its health is not as good as it 7ay at irst appear.ninor7ed visitors entering the orest are i7pressed !y the stately trees enveloped !y largereepers along the path around the Royal :ond and think the7selves in unspoilt virgin rainorest.o the diserning naturalist, ho"ever, the sight is inreasingly disonerting. he naturalistinstead "ill see a orest ra7pant "ith oreign, invasive plants that are hoking it and threateningits preious "ildlie.

    he invasive plants "ere 7ostly introdued in the British olonial period. 'n the 1Athand early20thenturies, large a7ounts o ti7!er "ere e$trated ro7 da"attakele to supply ire"ood orthe adoining British overnor

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    or other eono7i purposes.1#ter independene, reorestation "ith e$oti speies ontinued inaordane "ith standard orestry praties that ai7 at 7a$i7u7 short/ter7 eono7ial !eneit.he Cari!!ean :ine tree plantation in the da"attakele near the plands Gousing >state, plantedin the 1A&0s or

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    holo"lottis ?the sole$eran"is speies ourring outside o #ria, and only so in ri 6anka@ and the"o Coloured Cy7!idiu7, *y&idiu& icolor. DoIens o ern speies and 7any speies o7ushroo7s gro" in the orest.

    Native trees inlude Eak ?$rtocar'us hetero'hyllus, 5os@, 5itul :al7 ?*aryota urens@, Cinna7on?*inna&o&u& veru&, 5urundu@, 6ongan ?.i&ocar'us lon"an, ;ora@, oapnut?Sa'indus e&ar"inatus,

    :enela@ and the rare ende7i Ceylon :aper ;ul!erry ?/roussonetia )eylanica, #landu@. 6arge, oldnative anopy trees, nota!ly the Blak!oard ree ?$lstonia scholaris Rukattana@, $'hananthecus'idata ?Hal/7una7al@,$rtocar'us noilis?Hal Del@, Red ilk/otton ?/o&a0 ceia,5atu i7!ul@,'ndian ;ahogany ?*hukrasia taularis, Gulan/hik@, >!ony ?.ios'yros eenu&, 5alu"ara@, Ficusnervosa ?5ala 7adu"a@, Sterculia alan"has ?Na"a@, Beleri ?Ter&inalia ellirica, Bulu@, and thethreatened ende7i Hild ;ango ?(an"ifera 1eylanica, >ta7!a@ indiate "hat the original anopyo the da"attakele "ould have looked like. #ll these trees have eologial, eono7i, 7edial, orultural i7portane ?see #shton et al 1AA-@.

    he orest is also kno"n or its 7any lianas and vines, o "hih there are 7ore than ortyspeies. ;ost nota!le is the ende7i giant reeper 2ntada )eylanica?:us"el, =ig. *@, o "hih thereare huge representatives hanging over the traks. 6ianas "ith 7edial and other uses, inlude$na&irta cocculus ?itta"el@, *ans3era rheedii, *yclea 'eltata ?5ahi pitta7@, .i'loclisia "laucescens,Naravelia )eylanica?Naraveli@, Cat

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    #lien, invasive plant speies generally have no natural ene7ies suh as inverte!rate pests,disease agents or larger her!ivores that onsu7e the7L thus they gro", spread and oten dispersee$plosively to a greater degree than ro7 their original ha!itats and out/o7pete native ri 6ankanspeies that are kept in hek !y loally adapted organis7s.

    'nvasive plant speies are a 7assive pro!le7 the "orld over, ausing untold eologial and

    eono7i loss. o7e speies that are rare or inonspiuous in their native natural environ7ent an!eo7e highly invasive and do7inant else"here. 7%loally, e0otic naturali)ed 'lants that ehaveinvasively and occu'y 4ildlands are res'onsile for "reater losses of iodiversity than any other factor e0ce'thaitat loss and direct e0'loitation of 'lant s'ecies y 'eo'le# $out 8 9 ; of naturali)ed e0otic s'ecieseco&e invasive in character, infestin" and so&eti&es destroyin" 'arks, 'reserves and refu"es#$eutive Diretor o N>: esti7ates that invasive speies ost the glo!al eono7yM1.4 trillion or 7ore, a staggering su7 ?teiner 200A@. 'nvasive speies an lead to the e$tintion onative plant, inset and ani7al speies that ould !e potential soures o ne" 7ediines, and haveother valua!le uses, suh as in the ield o !io7i7iry and as a tourist attration. Hild anestors orops, or related speies, that an !e used to develop disease/resistant and 7ore produtive rop/varieties an !e lost.

    he dire situation in the da"attakele is a grave "arning on ho" e$oti plant speies an!eo7e highly invasive "ithin a ri 6ankan orest environ7ent and ro"d a"ay all nativevegetation and the ani7als and inverte!rates that o7prise its identity and heritage. i7ilarproesses o native vegetation !eing replaed !y invasive "eeds are taking plae all over ri 6ankain dierent environ7ents. =or e$a7ple, the e" re7aining pathes o 7ontane orest let on theGantana 7ountain range a!ove 5andy are rapidly s7othered !y the :ith #pple tree ?*lusia rosea,al oraka@ ro7 the Carri!ean and the shru! 5oster see Boye 2004. C. >pipre7nu7 aureu7 ?6inden ) #ndr@ .. Bunting at he >$oti Rainorest "e!site

    at """.e$otirainorest.o7.

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    sha7poos, and 7ediines.ADespite there !eing relatively e", large, adult :eru Balsa7 trees,thousands o young trees and seedlings are to !e seen in su!stantial parts o the orest suh asalong 6ady Gorton

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    suh as the da"attakele. #round the Royal :ond and ro7 there "est and north to the:residential :alae and the e7ple o the ooth respetively, the reepers o7pletely over severalhetares o the orest loor and tree trunks, leaving no spae or other vegetation and young trees.hey li7! high up tree trunks and then, "ith their leaves !eo7ing inreasingly larger the higherthey gro", !lok the light or young trees and other plants underneath ?=ig. (a/!@. By overgro"ing

    their host trees they stunt their gro"th and so7eti7es kill the7. he reepers are graduallyspreading urther to other areas. o7e years ago they "ere even planted along the "estern part o6ady Gortonosyste7s at Risk ?:'>R@, at """.hear.org.1*ee ott Hallae, ;ahoganyR@, at """.hear.org.1+ee 6iegel 6. G. and tead, E. H. 1AA0.1A Cordia alliodora at :aii 'sland >osyste7s at Risk ?:'>R@ at """.hear.org, and Cordia alliodora at """.tropial/!iology.org.

    20Cordia alliodora ?al7"ood at BioNet/>#=R'N>, at keys.luidentral.org.

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    overhanging the road. ;any seedlings and young trees are gro"ing along the !oundary ene andin light plaes in the adoining orest. #lthough in its native ha!itat the tree an gro" to *( 7eterstall, the trees in the da"attakele are yet not larger than (& 7eters, !ut nevertheless lo"era!undantly. >$ept or a e" trees at the entrane o the Range =orest Depart7ent oie, it isortunately not yet ound else"here in the orest. iven that this is a pioneer speies that naturally

    gro"s in a "ide range o onditions, it ertainly "ill !eo7e a pro!le7ati invasive in theda"attakele and else"here in ri 6anka too. 't ould !e spread !y gardeners attrated !y thelo"ers. 't is thereore i7portant that this tree is eradiated soon.

    Besides these 7ain invasive speies, there are also others that are invasive. Gard ;ilk"ood or$lstonia &acro'hylla?Gavari nuga@ is the 7ost o77on tree in the orest along "ith the ;ahogany.'t is a pioneer speies and its seeds only sprout in sunny, distur!ed areas suh as gaps in the orest?see Binggeli 1AA+82*@. #lthough they are not as large a threat as the other invasive tree speies,they are pro!le7ati in so ar that they ro"d a"ay eologially i7portant native pioneer speiessuh as 5enda ?(acaran"a 'eltata@. :ana7a Ru!!er ?*astilla elastica@, ro7 Central #7eria, is a3uik gro"ing, large sot"ood tree. Joung trees and seedlings are ound around the large 7othertrees that gro" in various plaes in the orest. 't is an invasive in :olynesia, #ustralia, and

    ingapore.21Coee shru!s ?*offea cane'hora or hy!rid@ ro7 #ria are invasive, or7ing densethikets espeially in valleys, ust they are doing in the near!y annoru"a =orest Reserve and atGantana 7ountain range, and in the Hestern hats in 'ndia, Ga"aii, #ustralia, et.22he lo"%ine ?Saritaea &a"nifica@, an orna7ental vine ro7 BraIil, overs several large trees near the ;aitriave and is steadily spreading. #nother large orna7ental reeper alled the Bengal ru7pet?Thuner"ia "randiflora@ overgro"s trees near the 7ain entrane. # yet unidentiied invasive vine othe legu7e a7ily ?pro!a!ly a .errisor (illettia@ is o7pletely s7othering a large area near thelookout a!ove the e7ple o the ooth. he tar #pple tree ?*hryso'hyllu& cainito@ ro7 the Hest'ndies and invasive else"here in the "orld also is invasive in a e" areas. #rian ulip trees?S'athodea ca&'anulata@ gro" sattered throughout the orest, 7ostly in previously distur!ed areas.Rusty :ittosporu7 ?Pittos'oru&ferru"ineu&@, ro7 outheast #sia, is also ound here and there inthe orest. he :hilippine >vergreen ?$"laonea&a co&&unatu&@, introdued as a deorative gardenground over plant, is also invasive. #ording to Ranil et al ?200+@, the invasive lossy;aidenhair =ern ?$diantu& 'ulverulentu&@ ro7 outh #7eria, along "ith the :eru Bal7, ro"dsa"ay native ern speies, so7e o "hih are rare and not reorded else"here ro7 ri 6anka.

    he orest areas that are 7ost severely degraded due to invasive speies are situated in the"estern side o the orest !et"een the e7ple o the ooth, the :residentR@, """.hear.org.22Coee *offea araica at Heeds o #ustralia "e!sites at keyserver.luidentral.organd Eoshi et al 200A.

    2*ee ;ara7!e et al 20018 #tual 7anage7ent o invasive alien speies is rare in ri 6anka. C. Binggeli 1AA+82A.

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    o ontrol the spread o invasive speies a syste7ati long/ter7 7anage7ent plan needs to !einstigated and i7ple7ented that ensures that the santuary is reed ro7 invasive plant speiesand kept that "ay ontinuously. Regular hek/ups "ould need to !e done to ensure thatseedlings and young trees earlier overlooked are re7oved and that no ne" invasive speies take ahold. 't is !etter to prevent than to have to re7ove 7assive invasions that have !een ignored or

    7any years. #s the da"attakele Reserve is surrounded !y 5andy to"n and its su!ur!s, it is3uite vulnera!le to ne" introdutions o invasive speies ro7 surrounding gardens. he invasiveoee shru!s and tar #pple ruit trees that are !oth spread !y 7onkeys ro7 surroundinggardens are an e$a7ple o this. Binggeli ?1AA+824@8 7Susce'tiility of natural areas to invasions is hi"herif a lar"e seed source is availale around it# The s&aller the area of natural ve"etation the &ore likely it is toe invaded#osyste7s at Risk ?:'>R@, at """.hear.org.

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    areas ?see oodland et al 1AA+8 Chapter (@. Replanting "ith a "ide variety o loally native treesand shru!s should !e done in areas that have !eo7e denuded ater the re7oval o the Pinvasivesduation a7paigns a!out the threat o invasive speies ould !eheld at shools and o77unity entres. ;any people ontinue to spread invasive speies suh as

    *0>.g. """.invasive.orgL see also oodland et al 1AA+.*16egal o!ligations regarding invasive alien plants in outh #ria at """.ar.agri.Iaand Cath7ent and 6and :rotetion #t

    1AA4 at """.dpi.vi.gov.au. ee also Heeds #ustralia Data!ase at """."eeds.org.au.

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    =ig. 2 'ndian ;unta deer ?(untiacus &unt3ak@ and ri 6ankan Orna7ental arantula

    =ig. * :us"el ?2ntada )eylanica@ and another liana ?Uvaria &acro'oda@

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    =ig. 4a/! :eru Bal7 seedlings and young trees ?(yro0ylon alsa&u&@

    =ig. (a/! Devils 'vy ?2'i're&nu& aureu&@

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    =ig. &a/! ;ahogany ?S4ietenia &acro'hylla@, 7ature and young trees;ore pitures o "ildlie in the da"attakele =orest are availa!le at8https8KKpiasa"e!.google.o7K11*44--((-A(-1+(+11&0Kda"atta5eleQauthkeyv1sRgCEG(is:#npGvl#>and the invasive "eeds at8https8KKpiasa"e!.google.o7K11*44--((-A(-1+(+11&0KHeedsda"attakeleQauthkeyv1sRgC:5sp5suSSkJT

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    Areas $n%aded

    Fi* - Areas most hea%ily in%aded, oogle >arth satellite piture ro7 2010. Orange line8 Devil

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    A+ND$.: "ist o( animals and lants in the Udawattekele in /012

    his list is tentative as the survey o plant speies is still ongoing, so7e speies still have to !edeter7ined, and ta$ono7i status 7ay have hanged. he lists "ere o7piled !y Nyanatusita.

    :lant speies "ere deter7ined !y Nyanatusita and Dr. E. de %las. ?No grasses, erns, 7osses andungi "ere surveyed.@ he list o !irds is li7ited to !irds oten seen. he list o plant speies in5arunaratna ?#ppendi$ U'''@ ontains 7any garden speies suh as the Coonut tree and Durianthat "ere likely o!served in the ultivated gardens adoining the orest, "hile this list oninesitsel to "ild areas in the santuary itsel. he list o e$oti speies only ontains those speies thatare o77on and 7ultiply the7selves "ithin the da"attakele. #lthough the Na tree(esua ferreais not loally native and in the da"attakele only gro"s in a grove that "as planted during areorestation progra7, it is nevertheless inluded in the setion o native trees. 6ike"ise Hhiteeak or %&elina arorea is not loally native and "as planted in the 1A20s. ?+ndemic secies are*i%en in #old.@

    )ammals1@ #sian :al7 Civet ?Parado0urus her&a'hroditus@/3 Dusky stried s4uirrel 5Funacaambulus obscurus3*@ 6olden alm 7i%et 5Paradourus !eylonesis34@ reater Bandioot Rat ?/andicota indica@(@ reater =alse %a7pire Bat ?(e"ader&a lyra@&@

    'ndian Bro"n 7ongoose ?Ber'estes fuscus@-@ 'ndian =lying/o$ ?Ptero'us "i"anteus@+@ 'ndian iant =lying 3uirrel ?Petaurista 'hili''ensis@A@

    'ndian ;unta ?*ervus &unt3ak@10@'ndian :angolin ?(anis crassicaudata@11@

    'ndian "ild !oar ?Sus scrofa cristatus@1/3ale8(ronted 9o4ue )aca4ue 5"acaca sinica aurifrons31*@:orupine ?Bystri0 indica@14@Ruddy ;ongoose ?Ber'esthes s&ithii@1(@hneider

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    12@ri 6anka Cat nake ?/oi"a ceylonensis@1*@Sri "anka =an*aroo8li

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    [email protected]'yroseenu&, >!ony, ?5alu"ara@22@2laeocar'us serratus, Ceylon Olive, ?Heralu@2*@

    2rythrina varie"ata,Coral ree or Dadap, ?>ra!adu@24@Ficus nervosa,?5ala 7adu"a@2(@Ficus race&osa, Cluster ig, ?#ttikka@

    2&@

    Ficus tinctoria, ?Hal >hetu@2-@Ficus ts3ahela,?5iri/pela@2+@Filiciu& deci'iens,=ern ree, ?:ihi7!iya@2A@%arcinia ca&o"ia,a7!ooge, ?oraka@*0@%arcinia (orella,?okatiya@*1@%arcinia 0anthochy&us,our 7angosteen, ?5olon Rata oraka@*2@6lenniea uniju*a, 5Wal8mora@**@

    %&elina arorea,Hhite teak, ?>thde7ata@*4@*yrino$s walla,5Walla atta3*(@Bar'ulia arorea,?Na i7!ul@*&@Bydnocar'us venenata,?;akulu@

    *-@

    Le'isanthes tetra'hylla,orh"ood, ?Da7!u@*+@(an"ifera indica, ;ango, ?#7!a@GH+(elios&a si&'licifolia, ?>l!edda@40@

    (esua ferrea,Ceylon 'ron/"ood, ?Na@41@(acaran"a 'eltata,?5enda@42@(allotus 'hilli'ensis,Red 5a7ala, ?Ga7parilla@4*@

    (allotus tetracoccus,?Bu/kenda@223"angifera +eylanica,Wild )an*o, 5Atam#a34(@(yristica dactyloides,Bitter Nut7eg, ?(alaoda@4&@(eolitsea cassia,6rey Bollywood, 5Dawul =urundu34-@

    Pteros'er&u& suerifoliu&,=ishing Rod ree, ?Helan@

    4+@

    Psydra0 dicoccos,Ceylon Bo$"ood, ?also alled *anthiu& dicoccu& inh. :anderu@4A@Sa'indus e&ar"inatus,Nothed 6ea oapnut,?:enela@(0@Se&ecar'us oscurus,;arking/nut ree, ?Badulla@(1@S'ondias 'innata,Gog :lu7, ?Hal #7!arella@(2@Sterculia alan"has,?Na"a@(*@Stereos'er&u& 'ersonatu&,ru7pet tree, ?:alol@(4@Sy)y"iu& "ardneri,?Da7!a@((@Ter&inalia ellirica,Beleri, ?Bulu@(&@Tetra&eles nudiflora,=alse Ge7p ree, ?inhala8 Nigunu@(-@

    Tre&a orientalis,Charoal tree, ?edu7!a@(+@ite0 altissi&a,:eaok Chaste ree, ?;illa@

    $ndi*enous shru#s and small trees

    1@ $cronychia 'edunculata,?inhala8 #nkenda@2@ $"laia elaea"noidea,?:u"anga@*@ $llo'hylus coe,?Bu/ko!!e@4@ Allohylus

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    -@ $rtaotrys )eylanicus,?Jakada/"el@+@ $s'ara"us falcatus, ?Gata"ariya@H+ *aesal'ina onduc or &a3or, ?5u7!uru/"el@10@*ala&us 'seudotenuis11@*ala&us )eylanicusor ovoideus, ?He/"el@

    12@

    *ans3era rheedii, ?>ta/7ura@1*@*a''aris ro0ur"hii,?5alu/illan/gedi@14@*ayratia 'edata, ?erandi/dul/"el, ;ediya/"el@1(@*hone&or'ha fra"rans, =rangipani %ine,?Bulu/"alanguna@1&@*issa&'elos 'areira,?Diya/7itta@1-@*issus "ardneri1+@*issus heyneana8H+*issus lonchi'hylla20@

    *o&retu& alidu&,?Raengun vael@21@*yclea 'eltata,?5ehipiththan@[email protected]"ia 'seudo=sissoo,Gornet Creeper, ?Ba7!ara/"el@

    2*@

    .i'loclisia "laucescens, lauous Diplolisia, ?#ta hiththa Hel@24@-erris $arviflora, 5Sudu8kala Wel32(@.erris canarensis, 5anara Derris, ?Diya/kala Hel@2&@2lea"nus latifolia,Bastard oleaster, ?>7!illa@/-3)ntada !eylanica,5uswel3C+2rycie 'aniculata, ?>ta7!iriya@2A@%loriosa su'era,=la7e lily, ?Niyangala@*0@%ouania &icrocar'a*1@

    %re4ia car'inifolia*2@Biiscusfurcatus,?Napiritta@**@Bi'ta"e en"alensis,Giptage, ?:u"ak/gediya/"el@

    *4@

    Hi$tage $arviflora*(@By'ser'a nitida,?Niri"el@*&@Jas&inu& fle0ile*-@(allotus re'andus*+@

    (orinda u&ellate,?5iri/"el@*A@Naravelia )eylanica,?Naraveli@40@Dla0 i&ricate,outh #sian Ola$41@

    Para&i"nya &ono'hylla,?Hellangiriya@42@Pi'er )eylanicu&, Hild :epper, ?Hal a77iris@4*@Pi'er sylvestre, Hild :epper, ?Hal a77iris@44@Pothos scandens, ?:ota "el@

    M+

    eissantia indicaM+ourea &inor, ?oda/kirindi@4-@Stenochlaena 'alustris4+@Schefflera stellata,?'ttha@4A@

    S&ila0 'erfoliata,?;aha/ka!arassa@K+Tetrasti"&a nila"iricu&(1@Tetrasti"&a s'#+Uncaria elli'tica,Cat

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    2*

    (&@1i)i'hus oeno'lia,Eakal Euu!e, ?Gin/era7iniya@(-@1i)y'hus ru"osa,Hild Euu!e, ?;aha/era7iniya@

    +Cotic 9rees 5in%asi%e and non8in%asi%e3

    1@ $li)ia sa&an or Sa&anea sa&an, a7an or Rain ree, ?:ara ;ara, Nunga@

    2@

    $lstonia &acro'hylla,Gard ;ilk"ood or Gard #lstonia, ?Gavari nuga@*@ *anan"a odorata,Jlang ylang, ?Hana sapu@4@

    *astilla elastica,:ana7a Ru!!er(@ *hryso'hyllu& cainito, tar apple, ?Rata la"ulu@&@ *ordia alliodora,>uador 6aurel or al7"ood-@

    *ourou'ita "uianensis,Cannon!all ree, ?al@+@ .ieffenachia se"uine,Du7!/aneA@ (anilkara )a'ota,apodila, ?Rata/7e apadila@10@(ichelia cha&'aca,Cha7paka,?apu@11@(yro0ylon alsa&u&,:eru !alsa7, ?5atuku7unara@12@Pinus cariaea,Cari!!ean :ine1*@

    Pittos'oru& ferru"ineu&,Rusty :ittosporu78M+

    Sa'iu& "landulosu&,u7tree1(@S'athodea ca&'anulata, #rian ulip ree, ?5udella gaha@1&@S4ietenia &acro'hylla,;ahogany

    +Cotic Shru#s

    1@ /ru"&ansia suavolens?or7erly .atura suavolens@, #ngel


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