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(Ug) Chapter IV

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33 CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Research Findings and Description To meet the objective of this research, the researcher analysed the data collected using descriptive statistic and parametric (inferential) statistic analysis technique. In order to calculate the data, the researcher used SPSS version 21.0 for Windows. The results of analysis are described as follows: 1. Participants’ Initial Competence in Reading Comprehension Based on the analysis results of the pre-test scores of both control and experimental groups from the participants’ worksheet on reading comprehension, the mean, minimum, and maximum scores of control and experimental groups found are described on Table 4.1 and the complete output of the descriptive statistic technique used is put in Appendix. Table 4.1 Statistic Description of Pre-Test Score in Control and Experimental Groups Pre-Test Group Mean Minimum Maximum Control 73.09 60.00 90.00 Experimental 74.24 60.00 87.00 X 73.66 60.00 88.50
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Page 1: (Ug) Chapter IV

33

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

A. Research Findings and Description

To meet the objective of this research, the researcher analysed the data

collected using descriptive statistic and parametric (inferential) statistic analysis

technique. In order to calculate the data, the researcher used SPSS version 21.0 for

Windows. The results of analysis are described as follows:

1. Participants’ Initial Competence in Reading Comprehension

Based on the analysis results of the pre-test scores of both control and

experimental groups from the participants’ worksheet on reading

comprehension, the mean, minimum, and maximum scores of control and

experimental groups found are described on Table 4.1 and the complete output

of the descriptive statistic technique used is put in Appendix.

Table 4.1

Statistic Description of Pre-Test Score in Control and

Experimental Groups

Pre-Test

Group Mean Minimum Maximum

Control 73.09 60.00 90.00

Experimental 74.24 60.00 87.00

X 73.66 60.00 88.50

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34

As shown in Table 4.1, the mean of the control group is 73.09

points; while that of the experimental group is 74.24. It indicates that the

respondents’ competence of the experimental group in reading

comprehension is higher than that of the control group. Table 4.1 also

indicates that the minimum and maximum scores of the control group are

60.00 and 90.00 respectively; while those of the experimental group are

60.00 and 87.00 respectively. It shows that both groups have the same

minimum score but the maximum score of control group are higher than

that of the experimental group. The average of the mean, minimum and

maximum scores between the control and the experimental groups are

respectively calculated as: 73.66; 60.00; and 88.50 points. The participants’

initial competences in reading comprehension are figured in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1

Pre-Test Score Histogram of Control and Experimental Groups

Scores

Control Group Experimental Group

Scores

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35

2. Participants’ Achievement in Reading Comprehension

Based on the results of data analysis on the post-test and pre-test scores

of the control and experimental groups, the researcher found some differences

showing achievements. The achievements were resulted from the gains that are

the post-test and pre-test differences of the two groups. The followings are the

descriptions of the participants’ gains.

a. The Participants’ Achievement in Reading Comprehension of Control

Group

Based on the data analysis results, the gains of the control group are

as described in the following table:

Table 4.2

Statistic Description of Post-Test and Pre-Test Scores in

Control Group

Group Test Mean Minimum Maximum

Control Post-Test 76.48 63.00 90.00

Pre-Test 73.09 60.00 90.00

Differences

(Gains)

3.39 3.00 0

From the table above, it is known that there was an increase of

scores in post-test compared to those in the pre-test, except the maximum

score. It could be evidenced through the scores gained of the post-test and

pre-test. In the pre-test, the mean score is 73.09 points, the minimum score

is 60.00 points, and the maximum score is 90.00 points. However, after

Page 4: (Ug) Chapter IV

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teaching, the post-test increased to 76.48 points for mean score, 63.00

points for minimum score, and no increase for maximum score. It was

reasonable because the data of pre-test scores were the initial scores that

reflected their initial average competences and the conventional technique

factually worked.

Compared, the increase differences of the mean, minimum,

maximum scores of post-test and pre-test are respectively: 3.39 points

(76.48 – 73.09) or %; 3.00 points (63.00 – 60.00) or %; and 0 points (90.00

– 90.00) or 0%. In general, it can be said that there was an increase of

reading comprehension score in the control group. The results of the post-

test and pre-test of control group are displayed in Figure 4.2 below:

Figure 4.2

Post-Test and Pre-Test Score Histogram of Control Group

Scores

Post-Test Pre-Test

Scores

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b. The Participants’ Achievement in Reading Comprehension of

Experimental Group

Based on the research results of the gain scores, the researcher

found that the gain of the experimental group, in general, increased. The

data of the experimental group gains are displayed in the following table.

Table 4.3

Statistic Description of Post-Test and Pre-Test Scores in

Experimental Group

Group Test Mean Minimum Maximum

Experimental Post-Test 80.76 70.00 93.00

Pre-Test 74.24 60.00 87.00

Differences

(Gains)

6.52 10.00 6.00

Based on the table above, it is known that in experimental group,

there were increases of scores in post-test compared to those in the pre-test.

The output of the descriptive statistic technique shows that the mean,

minimum, and maximum scores of the post-test are respectively 80.76;

70.00; and 93.00 points. While those of the pre-test, Table 4.3 exposes that

the mean, minimum, and maximum scores of pre-test are respectively

74.24; 60.00; and 87.00 points.

The differences between the post-test and pre-test scores indicated

that as a whole, there was an increase in the post test in the experimental

group. The differences are respectively as follows: mean = 6.52 points

Page 6: (Ug) Chapter IV

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(80.76 – 74.24) or %; minimum score = 10.00 points (70.00 – 60.00) or %;

and the maximum score = 6.00 points (93.00 – 87.00) or %. The following

figure displays the post-test and pre-test scores in the experimental group.

Figure 4.3

Post-Test and Pre-Test Score Histogram of Experimental Group

Compared to the increase differences of control group, the scores

of experimental group were highly greater. It can be proved by the

calculation as follows: mean = 3.13 points (6.52 – 3.39); minimum = 7.00

points (10.00 – 3.00); and maximum = 6.00 points (6.00 – 0.00). The

achievement differences between the control and experimental groups are

presented in Figure 4.4.

Post-Test

Scores

Pre-Test

Scores

Page 7: (Ug) Chapter IV

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Figure 4.4

The Gains in Control and Experimental Groups

3. Test Analyzes

Test analyzes were conducted before hypotheses test did. Any

hypotheses must be tested in order to decide whether the hypotheses of

research proposed, especially the expected result of research, is accepted or

rejected. The requirement of hypotheses test is the data must be distributed

normally and both variables have the same variance (homogeneous).

Normality and homogeneity tests are necessarily carried out in order to make

a decision to use appropriate analysis technique, parametric (inferential) or

non-parametric one.

a. Normality Test

The normality test was conducted to determine whether the

obtained data was distributed normally or not. The hypotheses of normality

test are formulated as follows:

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Mean Minimum Maximum Control

Experimental

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H0: The sample data are taken from normally-distributed

population;

Ha: The sample data are not taken form normally-distributed

population.

Test of normality in this research using Kolmogorov Smirnov test

which significance level at (α) of 0.05. A criterion for normal distribution

(H0 is accepted) is if the significant score (Sig.) is higher than the

significance level (α) of 0.05.

Significance score (Sig.) > Significance level (α) 0.05

The finding of the normality test is shown in the table below:

Table 4.4

Tests of Normality

Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

Control .136 33 .130 .967 33 .399

Experimental .131 34 .148 .947 34 .098

Table 4.4 indicates that the Sig. value (0.130) > Sig. α (0.05) for

control group. It implies that H0 was accepted and Ha was rejected. In other

words, that the data from the control group derived from population which

distributed normally. For experimental group, the Sig. value (0.148) > Sig.

α (0.05). It also implies that H0 was accepted and Ha was rejected. It means

the sample data were normally distributed in the experimental group.

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As we know that if the data are normally distributed, the data points

in Q-Q plot will be close to the diagonal line. According to figure below,

the points of control and experimental groups were close to the diagonal

line. It means that the data from both of groups are taken from normally-

distributed population.

Figure 4.5

Q-Q Plots of Scores of Control and Experimental Groups

b. Homogeneity Test

The homogeneity test was conducted to determine whether the two

samples have the same variance (homogeneous) or not. The hypotheses of

data homogeneity are formulated as follows:

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H0: Sample data are taken from homogeneous population variances;

Ha: Sample data are taken from non-homogeneous population

variances.

Test of homogeneity using the variance equality test with both

samples criteria has the same/homogeneous variance (H0 is accepted), if

the significant score of Based on Mean is higher than the significant level

(α) of 0.05.

Significant score (Sig.) of Based on Mean > Significant level (α) 0.05

The finding of homogeneity test of pre-test and post-test in the

control class is shown in Table 4.5 below:

Table 4.5

Test of Homogeneity of Variances

Levene

Statistic

df1 df2 Sig.

Scores Based on Mean .493 3 18 .692

Based on Median .585 3 18 .632

Based on Median and

with adjusted df

.585 3 14.674 .634

Based on trimmed

mean

.556 3 18 .651

Based on the table above, it is known that the significant score of

Based on Mean is 0.692. The Sig. value (0.692) is higher than the Sig. α

(0.05); it means two samples have the same variance (homogeneous).

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4. Hypotheses Test

After the test for analysis requirements through the data normality and

homogeneity has met the criteria of each hypotheses, the research hypotheses

were tested using parametric or inferential technique. In order to test the

hypotheses of this research, the researcher used Independent Sample t-test to

see the compare means. The hypotheses of this research were formulated as

follows:

H0 = There is insignificant effect of using TGT to the eleventh graders’

reading comprehension.

Ha = There is significant effect of using TGT to the eleventh graders’

reading comprehension.

The criteria of decision of the hypotheses test should obey the following:

- If Sig (2-tailed) value < Sig. α; H0 is rejected or Ha is accepted;

- If Sig. (2-tailed) value > Sig. α, H0 is accepted or Ha is rejected;

Where Sig. α = 0.05.

The results of the t-test are as displayed on Table 4.6 below:

Since Table 4.6 shows that if the Sig. value (2-tailed) is less than the

standard significant, the hypothesis null (H0) is rejected and alternative

hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. It means the average in both of groups are

different. Based on the criteria of the research hypotheses, the Sig. (2-tailed)

0.000 < Sig. α 0.05, H0 is rejected or Ha iss accepted. Therefore, it can be

Page 12: (Ug) Chapter IV

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concluded that TGT technique significantly affected the eleventh graders’

reading comprehension at SMAN 55 Jakarta.

B. Discussion


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