UGANDA : KAMPALA SANITATION PROGRAMME ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY (ESIA)

AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT FUND

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ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY (ESIA) Project Name : Kampala Sanitation Programme Country : Uganda Project Number : P-UG-E00-008 Department : Water and Sanitation (OWAS) Date : July 2008

I. Introduction

Kampala is an important capital city in the country, hosting diplomatic community, businesses and an engine for commercial development and economic growth. The city’s population is estimated at 1.2 million in 2002 and growing at twice the rate of national population estimated at 3%. Rapid population growth and increasing demand for infrastructure is putting pressure on current facilities supporting provisions of water supply and sanitation. Continuous lack of adequate resources to cope with the demand has resulted into inadequate connections of new developments to main sewer lines, disposal of raw sewage into tunnels, un-controlled storm water and waste water increasing water born diseases, and pollution of Lake Victoria. Inadequate provisions of water and sanitary services increase health hazards and environmental risks.

In response to meeting development challenges and coping with demand for water supply and sanitation problems, the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), on behalf of the Government of Uganda is mobilizing resources necessary to address water and sanitation problems. Funding is anticipated from AfDB, KfW Entwicklungsbank (KfW) and 10% contribution from the government. The total funding of about 64 million UA will achieve a total of 53,000 m3/day of sewage treatment and 500m3/day of sludge treatment. Thus far, KfW commissioned a study for the Kampala Sanitation Program (KSP) required by National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) and AfDB for the ESIA. The outcomes of the feasibility study generated information and data used to develop detailed terms of reference (TOR) approved by NEMA in June 2008 for undertaking a full blown ESIA. The Kampala Sanitation Programme has been categorized as 1 since the programme involves major construction works, development in wetlands and displacement of informal settlements.

The Sanitation Program has the objective of protection of the Inner Murchison Bay of Lake Victoria through improved sanitation and sewerage in the city of Kampala. The Programme is multifaceted combining infrastructure development and improving on-site sanitation. The overall objective of the programme is the sustainable management and protection of Lake Victoria from pollution in order to preserve its water quality for the production of drinking water. In order to achieve this long term goal, the programme focuses on immediate works including: rehabilitation and extension of sewer pipelines; construction and operation of Nakivubo sewage and treatment works; improvement of faecal sludge management; construction of Kinawataka sewerage system; support of health and sanitation for the urban poor; engineering services and accompanying measures; land acquisition and compensation schemes for informal settlements.

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II. Programme Area Description and Justification

The population of Kampala District has grown from 0, 8 million in 1991 to 1, 2 million in 2002. It is projected that the future population could increase to 2, 2 million by 2033. Human settlement and industrial development are extending from the many hills to the lower lying areas on the banks of the drainage channels within the floodplains. The current Kampala District has been taken as project area for the 2033 project horizon.

Less than 10% of Kampala residents are served by a public sewer with the vast majority reliant on various forms of on-site sanitation of variable quality and effectiveness. Shortage of adequate funds for both investment and routine operation and maintenance over the years means that even the existing limited sewerage and sewage treatment facilities do not provide an adequate level of service in terms of protection of Kampala’s urban environment and water resources. The Bugolobi STW is currently not capable of complying with nutrient and coliform removal standards. Furthermore, the location of the plant is such that 45% of the catchment is drained by a series of siphons and the remaining 55% of the catchment area through pumping stations.

All treated and untreated waste effluents (sewage, faecal sludge and Nakivubo Channel) are finally discharged through the Nakivubo Channel into the Inner Murchison Bay. In practise the Nakivubo Channel has become a surrogate open sewer and extend almost right trough the wetland and into the Inner Murchison Bay. Much of the rest of the wetlands has been ‘canalised’ by farmers, who drain land so as to be able to grow food crop. The potential of the Nakivubo wetland to provide some natural pre-filtering has been almost lost entirely. The quality of raw water in Inner Murchison Bay has steadily deteriorated over the years. Consequently there is a need to protect the Inner Murchison Bay of Lake Victoria from the increasing pollution resulting from inadequate waste water management in Kampala.

III. Scope and Objectives of the ESIA

The Kampala Sanitation Program (KSP) has the objective of the protection of the Inner Murchison Bay of Lake Victoria through improved sanitation and sewerage in the city of Kampala. The overall objective of the programme is the sustainable protection of Lake Victoria from pollution in order to preserve its water quality for the production of drinking water.

Specific Objectives

• Define both positive and negative significant environmental impacts during construction and operation of the proposed actions that can affect the quality of the environment.

• Suggestion of mitigation measures to enhance positive impacts and reduce negative impacts careful design, construction and operation of project features.

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• Develop Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) for the project during construction and after implementation.

IV. Project Activities of the Kampala Sanitation Programme (KSP)

The new sewage treatment plants are proposed to be constructed in the Nakivubo and Kinawataka wetland area. This will require approximately 38 hectares and 7.5 hectares respectively. Lubigi and Nakulongo wetlands will be used as faecal sludge treatment plants and will each require approximately 6.0 and 6.5 hectares respectively.

Process Description The overall aim of the modifications measures proposed within the existing network is the reduction of the need, demand and costs for operation and maintenance. In a first stage, the sewage will undergo mechanical treatment by means of screening and grit chamber for sand removal. There will be need for grease- and oil separation since it is an energy-rich feed for the UASB (Upstream Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) will be converted to methane The UASB reactor will be fed by sewage only. Hence its construction can be phased: 8 reactors in 2013 and another 4 reactors in 2023. The biogas produced as a result of carbon degradation in the UASB reactor has a high energetic value. After storage in a gas holder it will drive a gas engine. The effluent of the UASB reactor together with the degritted surface-water of the Nakivubo channel will be blended and distributed to the tricklers. The pre-treated sewage flow and the relatively diluted surface water flow will show a BOD concentration of 150 to 200 mg/L. Therefore no recycling is required. Sufficient flush flow can be achieved by a periodic slow down of the speed of the distributor drive. Effluent pipes of all 8 filters will be connected to the central distribution shaft of the 4 clarifiers, which will serve as a flocculation zone for the P-precipitants, which will settle in the clarifiers. The long distribution pipe to the 8 parallel ponds will be integrated in the flood-protection dam along the channel where peak-flows will be by-passed to the down-stream regions of the wetlands. The inlets to the ponds will be located near the corners to induce diagonal flow towards the opposite corner of each pond. The treated effluent will be well distributed to the natural wetlands in order to increase the water table and to extend the retention time. The surplus sludge produced in the trickling filter and settled in the clarifiers still contains a relatively high portion of organic fraction. That is why the excess sludge will be pumped into the UASB reactor for digestion and for thickening.

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Gravity Flow Lines

For transfer of sewerage to the new Nakivubo STW a new low level sewer will be constructed along the Nakivubo Channel between Entebbe Road and the new STW with approximately 5,200m. New LL Sewer will run partially through railway cooperation compound, parallel to railway line and possibly through private land of which most is currently fallow land Rights of way have to be obtained. The total amount of land required is about 7,000m

Pumping Stations (PS)

• New PS will be constructed close to existing East Bugolobi STW (East Bugolobi STW will be abandoned)

• New pressure main from new PS to high point in Binayomba Road to be constructed • The existing network will have to deal in the future with increased flows Within the

framework of this conceptual report the lengths of pipes having to be replaced owing to hydraulic needs can only be estimated from the values given in the KSMP as final hydraulic calculations have not yet been carried out. In the KSMP the length of pipes to be replaced was estimated at about 3500m.

Manhole Rehabilitation and Cleaning of blocked sewers In order to remedy this situation the following rehabilitation works have been identified within the framework of the KSMP: Many sewers in the existing sewer network are filled up with silt and debris leading to blockages and subsequent flooding. Thus, a comprehensive program of sediment/debris removal will be done urgently. Extension of existing Sewerage system

Extension of the existing NWSC sewerage system within the Nakivubo, Kinawatak,Nalukolongo and Lubigi Catchment area will cover the following:. Naguru / Nakawa,Bukesa,Namirembe Kibuli– Kabalagala– Wabigalo – Kisugu Muyenga, Mengo, Katwe 2, Lubigi will serve north and north eastern of Kampala (Nasaana, Kawempe, Bwaise, Kasubi,Kalerwe and Kayanya.Kinawataka will serve Ntida,Kisaasi,Kyambogo,Kireka,Byeyogere,Mbuya,Biina, Butabilka.Nalukolongo will serve Natete, Ndeeba, Rubanga, Nalukolongo, Lugujja, Busega,Wakulukuku and Kyegera.

V. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

As part of the EIA/SIA a review of the institutional, policy and legal framework was conducted to determine the framework for environmental management of the proposed Kampala sanitation project. The study has been prepared in accordance with Schedule 3 of the National Environmental, Act Cap 153. Because the proposed development falls under the category of "major infrastructure development" which is listed under Schedule 3 of the National Environment Act, Cap 152 under Part 1 (General) sections a, b, and c

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and also under Part 4 (Water and Sewerage works) sections a, b, and c among the projects requiring mandatory Environmental Impact Assessment before implementation, an Environmental Impact Study is thus required before the proposed Kampala Sanitation Programme (KSP) can be implemented.

According to the Uganda EIA Guidelines (1997), and AfDB the Environmental Impact Study process starts with the scoping exercise which identifies areas and issues which should be included and addressed in the EIA study process. It is also contained in the EIA Guidelines (1997) and Regulations (1998) that the issues identified through the scoping process should be developed into Terms of Reference (TOR). The TOR was submitted to NEMA and to other stakeholders (Lead agencies) for review and was approved for the environmental assessment of the proposed Kampala Sanitation Programme. The proposed Kampala Sanitation Plan (KSP) will comply with all Ugandan legal requirements. The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is mandated to be the “principal agency in Uganda for the management of the environment” (National Environment Act Cap 153). While NEMA is entirely responsible for the coordination of sectoral environmental issues, NWSC must ensure that environmental and social impact assessments for the Kampala Sanitation programme is adequately carried out, that mitigation is incorporated as appropriate, and that the construction process is environmentally and legally compliant. Furthermore, NWSC will be responsible for monitoring the environmental and social repercussions of the Kampala Sanitation Programme during and after construction. Existing laws applicable to environmental and social management with respect to the Kampala Sanitation Project are: • The Constitution of Uganda,1995 • The National Environment Act, Cap 153 • The Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 1998 • The Land Act,1998 • The Local Government’s Act, 1997 • The Town and Country Planning Act,1964 • The Water Act, Cap 152 • The National Gender Policy,1997 • The National Environment(Standards for Discharge of Effluent into Water or on

Land)Regulations,1999 • The Policy on Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources,1995 • The National Environment(wetlands, River Banks and Lake Shores

Management)Regulations 2000

African Development Bank and its Relevant Policies The AfDB policy on environmentally sustainable development in Africa is described in the 2004 Bank Group Policy on the Environment. The policy acknowledges the need to

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preserve and enhance ecological capital to sustain and enrich economic growth in Africa. The main goals of the new policy are to: • Promote a long-term view and perspective of economic and social development; • Reverse, where possible, and halt the impoverishment process in Africa by enhancing

the access of the poor to environmental resources; • Help Regional Member Countries to build their human capacity and sensitise

policymakers on environmental issues and bring about institutional changes to achieve sustainable development; and,

• Reinforce the existing partnerships with international institutions and network also with regional and sub regional organisations to coordinate interventions in environmental sustainable development.

Two procedural guidelines central to the new Policy on the Environment were completed in 2004, namely the Strategic Impact Assessment Guidelines (SIA) and the Integrated Environmental and Social Assessment Guidelines (IESA). The SIA is a systematic process of evaluating the environmental consequences of any proposed policy or programme, as well as a tool for assessing social and environmental sustainability of policy-based lending, structural adjustment, and sector investment lending. The IESA Guidelines are designed to ensure the inclusion of environmental and social issues in Bank projects throughout the project cycle. These provide guidelines for sector-specific issues and impacts that should be taken into account during the preparation and assessment phases of a project. The companion documents to the IESA Guidelines are the Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures for African Development Bank’s Public Sector Operations (2001) of the African Development Bank and the AfDB’s Policies on Environment and Involuntary Resettlement (2003). These documents provide the procedural process by which public sector sponsored projects are categorised and assessed. More information on the AfDB’s environmental and social requirements can be viewed at www.afdb.org VI. Description of the Project Environment Baseline Conditions The project area is largely urbanised. Kampala, the capital city of the Republic of Uganda, is situated on the northern shores of Lake Victoria. Kampala District, comprising an area of about 150km2, extends over a series of hills with gentle to steep slopes separated by valleys consisting of natural streams or drainage channels and wetlands. Nakivubo Wetland The Nakivubo wetland forms the boundary between Nakawa and Makindye Divisions in the valley between Bugolobi, Mpanga and Muyenga hills (see Figure 3, Volume 6). It is permanently water logged and is fed by the Nakivubo channel. It is one of the major wetlands on the north-western shores of Lake Victoria.Papyrus and Mischanthus sp. dominate the plant community at Nakivubo, although the less waterlogged areas have been modified by the cultivation of yams and sugar cane, especially around Namuwongo and Bugolobi. This wetland, which is under threat from filling in, drainage channels, brick pits and water hyacinth infestation is earmarked for protection through the National

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Wetlands Programme. The slum close to Namuwongo is expanding into the wetland and the wetland is used for tertiary treatment of effluent from the National Water and Sewerage Works, for cultivation, papyrus harvesting, and brick-making. Although more than 50% of the wetland has been modified, the lower part of this wetland is in a relatively good condition. Kinawataka Wetland The Kinawataka – Bukasa wetland is the second major wetland after Nakivubo wetland in protecting Lake Victoria inner Murchison Bay from the catchments of Mutungo, Mbuya, Nakawa, Ntinda, Kyambogo, Banda, Kireka, Bweyogerere, Namboole, Kirinya and Butabika. Like Nakivubo, these catchments are heavily industrialized and densely populated leading to release of nutrient rich effluents which are a potential pollutants to Lake Victoria. However, unlike Nakivubo, the Kinawataka catchments are not connected to the central sewerage system and there is not evidence of pretreatments both from industrialists and residential areas. Therefore the streams of Kinawataka, Mayindo, Kasokoso and Namboole are major carriers of raw sewerage effluents from the catchments. Vegetation comprises dense thickets and riverine trees. It is dominated by papyrus downstream, with patches of Phragmites sp, Typha sp, Echinochloa sp and Afromomum sp. Lubigi wetland Lubigi is one of the largest wetlands in the Kampala District running along its western borders.It is permanently waterlogged, being fed by the Nsooba River, Nabisisasiro River and others. It drains into and forms part of the lake Mayanja Kato. The plant community is dominated by papyrus with patches of Loudetia sp., Typha sp., Mischantus sp., Echinochloa sp. and Phoenix palms, although significant cultivation takes place at the fringes. The wetland is used for brick-making and sand extraction and papyrus and palms are harvested here. Subsistence cultivation, brick-making and settlement occur on the surrounding land. This wetland has been given a score of three for its moderately good condition, and it has a low to medium preservation status. The Kampala Northern By Pass traverses Lubiigi wetland and is close to the road. Nakulongo Wetland The Nalukolongo wetland is located in Lubaga and generally runs along and south of Masaka Road. It comprises both permanent and seasonal wetland stretching along the Nalukolongo and Mayanja rivers. Most of the original vegetation has been modified through agricultural activity and settlements but there is still some papyrus and sedges to be seen. The area floods excessively during peak rains, affecting many homes and industries. The existing channel does not accommodate the storm water discharge from surrounding hills.The wetland is gazetted as an industrial area by the Kampala City Council in its Urban Planning Structure Plan. A large part (the Mayanja to the south) of this wetland

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falls outside the Kampala District. Although approximately 50% modified, the lower part is in relatively good condition. VII. Public Participation Community participation and consultation has been undertaken among people living within Kampala city and the area of influence (AOI). A synopsis of the views of the policy makers, Lead agencies, sanitation users and beneficiaries, likely project affected people, as well as representatives of the Local Councils, who have been interviewed has been presented.

Interviews with stakeholders were undertaken on formal and informal basis to address issues that arose out of the site inspections and environmental assessment exercise. Interviews and discussions played a key role in the environmental assessment and were of particular benefit in cases where documents were not available. The objective of the stakeholders’ workshop/ consultations by the Consultant was therefore two-fold: (i) to inform the major stakeholders about the proposed project and (ii) to elicit views on acceptability of the proposed project, possible adverse impacts and practical mitigation measures.

Meetings and regular consultations were held with National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), Directorate of Water Development (DWD), Wetland Department (WD),National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA),Kampala City Council(KCC), Makerere University (Makerere Institute of Environmental and Natural Resources, Department of Technology, Department of Zoology and Botany), Physical Planning Department, Kampala Integrated Environmental management programme (KIEMP),Lake Victoria Environmental Management Plan(LVEMP) and Directorate of Water Resource Management(DWRM). These meetings where held to discuss the likely environmental impacts and mitigation of the proposed Kampala Sanitation Plan with site locations for Nakivubo &Kinawataka Sewerage Treatment Works and Nalukologo &Lubigi Faecal Treatment Plants. Stakeholders Views and Opinions Stakeholders were consulted to solicit their views about the project in the area and specifically about the likely impacts resulting from the development. A stake holder’s workshop was organised at Hotel Africa 29th February 2008 and 12th February 2008. According to the public meetings/consultations and interviews with key stakeholders the social acceptability of the proposed sewerage treatment plants was high despite the potential short term and long term impacts. Perceived benefits included improved environmental quality to Lake Victoria in general. Issues of concern which were raised during the consultations included;

• site location near settlements, odour,/social nuisance; • permanent destruction of wetlands; • inconvenience during construction; • compensation of crops and property that could be affected ,

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• costs of connection by individuals to the sewer network; • prospects for getting employment, the local leaders also urged the Consultant to

ensure that the local people were employed during construction phase of the STW; • The relocation of the present Bugolobi STW as it often causes bad odour in the

vicinity; • the industrialist were happy with the proposed development as they would be served

by the sewer line as most of them were not connected especially those beyond the present sewer network;

• Technology options and cost implications and the capacity to treat the effluent being discharged. The current permissible discharge standards where found unpractical and called for NEMA’s review; and

• Whether appropriate mitigation and management measures have been incorporated into the proposed design and overall project

How concerns were addressed?

During the consultation process with the public criteria for selection of the sites were determined and explained so as to determine preferred options of treatment and sites. These were site constraints like sewage temperature, land availability, distance from settlements, and limitations in acceptable operating cost and requirements in energy, chemicals and technical equipment.

Nine possible alternative sites and treatment options were discussed and four where found acceptable and have been agreed upon through this process. This was in the case for Nakivubo STW and Nalukolongo which had originally been proposed up stream but later proposed down stream further away towards the railway line. The stakeholders were assured that the location of the sites would not be close to settlements (over 200 m).

It was explained to the participants that a sequence of meetings will be held and that compensation and resettlement will be dealt with in detail at a later time when a separate "Resettlement Action Plan" exercise is undertaken when found necessary. Stakeholders generally hold the view that with appropriate mitigation measures these impacts can be minimized.

VIII. Project Alternatives The concept of alternatives is aimed at ensuring that the best among all possible options is selected. Various options for the Kampala Sanitation Project were considered and were based on sewage temperature, land availability and environmental implication, limitations in acceptable operating cost and requirements in energy, chemicals and technical equipment. Loads discharged from the channel to the wetlands have significantly increased and the corresponding water quality in the Inner Murchison Bay has been deteriorated. The overall goal to reduce loads (especially P-loads) to the Murchison Bay leads directly to the requirement to treat not only the collected sewage

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and faecal sludge but also the channel surface water. Four sites were found to be suitable and these were Nakivubo, Kinawataka( near Butabika),Nalukolongo and Lubigi Wetlands. The following drainage and wetlands systems in the project area were identified and evaluated to determine those with least environmental impacts for the proposed STW and FTP for the Kampala Sanitation Plan. Drainage and Wetlands Systems in the Project Area Drainage system Wetlands Nakivubo Nakivubo Lubigi Lubigi

Jugula Nabisisasiro Nsooba Bulyera Kyabatola

Nalukolongo Nalukolongo Mayanja

Kansanga Kansanga Gaba Kansanga Mayanja/Kaliddubi Mayanja

Kaliddubi Kawagga

Kinawataka Kinawataka Nalubaga Nalubaga

Nyanjerade Walufumbe Walufumbe Mayanja North Mayanja North IX. Potential Impacts The sources of environmental impacts during the implementation and operation of the Kampala sanitation Programme will include project inputs (Nakivubo and Kinawaka sewerage Treatment works, Lubigi and Nalukolongo facael sludge treatment plants, .extension of the sewer network in selected areas and the sensitive ecological aspects of the selected wetlands and construction materials), programme activities (programme citing, construction and operation) and project outputs (treated sewerage and construction wastes). The receptors of these impacts need special attention (because of the ecological sensitivity of Lake Victoria) during implementation and operation of the project. This calls for implementation of mitigation measures to minimise the negative environmental impacts and enhance the positive impacts. The potential environmental impacts are discussed based on the phase of the project i.e. site selection, construction, operation and closure.

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Potential Positive Impacts of the Project • Waste water collection system will provide an immediate benefit to the human health

by improving sanitation in Kampala area and consequently reducing the risk of disease caused by micro-organism in the waste water;

• The proposed Kampala sanitation programme will improve water quality in Lake Victoria which would in turn have positive impact on fishing;

• The enlargement of the sewered catchment area using adequate sewer materials will have positive impact on ground water quality. Benefits are accrued particularly where wastewater collection takes waste to suitable waste water treatment system prior to disposal;

• Decrease in total pollutant load due to sewerage network improvements which decrease potential for untreated effluent to spill to surface water courses from overflows on the sewerage system or from emergency overflows at pumping stations;

• There will be Improved health due to better sanitation and industrial connection that is likely to be enforced because of more accessibility to sewer network system;

• Creation of new employment opportunities(200-300 workers) during construction and operation of the system

Potential Negative Impacts from Site Selection Potential negative impacts arising from the site preparations of (Nakivubo, Lubigi, Kinawataka and Nalukolongo) for the sewerage treatment works and Faceal Treatment Plants will include: • Permanent loss of some part of the wetlands in Kampala totaling to approximately

31.5 ha. As follows: Nakivubo wetland (approximately 10 ha.) Kinawataka (approximately 7 ha.), Nalukolongo (approximately 8 ha.) and Lubigi (approximately 6.5 ha.); as a result of land take requirements of the proposed sewerage treatments works.

• Modification of the wetlands of Nakivubo, Lubigi, Kinawataka and Nalukolongo ecological wetland as a result of either land clearing for the treatment works and associated infrastructure e.g access, sewer line roads, excavating of peat etc;

• construction of ponds, sewers and demolition of buildings or infrastructures at existing Bugolobi STW will create noise, dust and removal of existing sewage matter will need to be carried out carefully;

• Pollution of surface water may occur during decommissioning and diversions of flows from existing Bugolobi STW to the proposed Nakivubo STW;

• Contamination of soil, surface water and groundwater from oil, grease and solid waste as a result of construction activities.Such as Water contamination from:

o the dumping of soil from land levelling into watercourses; o runoff from on-site machine maintenance (oil change, refueling, washing)

affecting surface and groundwater supplies; and • Lack of adequate sanitary facilities for construction workers; • Erosion from construction of buildings for offices and access roads, resulting in

destruction of wetland sedimentation of watercourses, etc.

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• Creation of an environment favoring disease vectors. For example, construction debris may serve as a breeding ground for rats; standing water may serve as a breeding ground for insect vectors and harbor water-borne diseases.

• Marring of aesthetic qualities by failure to properly dispose of construction waste (including trash produced by workers)

In general, the consequences of these impacts persist after construction is complete. Eroded land does not regain its fertility. Contaminated waterways will recover only slowly.

Impacts from Construction Fill: During construction there will be imported material (soil) fill for leveling of the embankments for the for the sewerage ponds (maturation and, facultative). The approximate quantity of volume of soil will be 301,349 m3. Access road: The width of the access roads will be 4 metres and will be filled and tarmacked. This will necessitate filling of the proposed area with construction materials. Because of the nature of the sensitivity of the wetland system oils, grease, may contaminate the water course. Access road for Nakivubo will be 964.1 m, Kinawataka 500 m, Lubigi 200 m and Nalukolongo 500 m. Ecological Impacts: Construction activities will have ecological impacts as the implementation of the project is carried out. Disruption to local hydrology, drainage patterns, flows and volumes of sub-surface water as a result of earth works. The impacts associated with construction activities will include: • Impact on the wetland during the construction of the sewerage network; • Clearance of vegetation on selected of Nakivubo, Kinawataka, Nalukolongo and Lubigi sewerage site, transmission lines and distribution network. This will result in soil erosion and increases concentration of total suspended solids temporary to the respective wetlands; Social - cultural Impacts • Land acquisition and compensation in cases where sewerage pipes traverse private

lands, crops and property though the design will as much as possible avoid affecting property;

• Generation of waste such as from the Contractor and construction debris; • Increased noise and dust levels as a consequence of construction traffic hence health

impacts to workers ; • The effect of noise and dust on the local population will be significant because most

of the construction works will be “medium key” and “machine based”; • The magnitude of such works will have many workers (200-300) and in the process

of construction AIDS/HIV is likely to be transmitted amongst workers and within the project area;

• Cultural impacts in form of graves if any found during construction

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Erosion • Once the wetland clearing and construction have begun, erosion will inevitable occur.

While erosion is a natural process that shapes the landscapes, construction of the proposed sewerage sites will accelerate the process and cause volumes of material to be transported and potentially adversely impact to aquatic resources.

• Construction of access roads associated with this project such as the construction of Nakivubo sewerage treatments works will open up land and expose it to soil erosion. Such roads if not well maintained, may become susceptible to erosion.

However, these access roads are very short. With the proposed kind of works on these access roads, there is no significant potential soil erosion expected as a result. Good engineering practices will be enough. Flora and Fauna It is likely that the propose sewerage and treatment facilities will only have a very localised impact on any existing urban life apart from future pond STWs-which usually attract birdlife and water based species. The sites of the proposed wetland catchment area are already degraded by encroachment and informal agricultural activity. Permanent Severance of land and change in land rights arising from scheme activities Whenever the pipelines are to be laid especially where privately owned land is crossed, a right of access for maintenance purposes will be required and this will affect the rights of the original owner of the land forever. A system of “easement” as provided for in the Water Statute 1995 could be established to have granted access to the pipelines at any time. However, in practice this may be difficult to control and experience shows that restrictions on building permanent structures over public utilities may be ignored. Easement may not be the best option to guarantee access unless enforcement is guaranteed. Impacts from Operation Phase During the operational phase, the site will mainly serve as a sewerage treatment works. Ecological impacts of this phase will be less than those of the construction phase. Fauna: Infrastructure such as buildings and roads will act as barriers in the natural movement corridors of the fauna that currently exists in the study area. That might also make the fauna prone to vehicular accidents as they try to cross the roads within the project site. Odour : The sewage treatment areas have possible risks of odours and vectors emission. For the primary sedimentation tanks there is no difference this kind of tank treating faecal sludge is usually covered by a relatively compact scum layer avoiding diffusion of bad odours. In anaerobic ponds odours occur when the pond is overloaded. Taking into consideration that in the basic options the anaerobic ponds are loaded directly with still

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high concentrated pre-settled sludge subject to significant variation in volume and in quality, this option shall be considered as more sensitive to the risk of odours. In the alternative option the organic load is buffered by the trickling filter prior to the anaerobic pond and a significant fraction of the pollution is removed by aerobic processes.

Land acquisition /Compensation: Although most of the land for the sewerage works will be in the wetland which by law is owned by Government there are cases of people having crops and property which might be affected by sewerage works in form of access road and pipe laying though they are minimal.

Decommissioning of the existing Bugolobi Sewerage Treatment Works (STW): During the decommissioning of the existing Bugolobi STW there will be debris as a result of demolition works. A major impact associated with decommissioning is arise from occupational, health and safety i.e injuries, accidents, dust, noise etc. The extent of impacts during the construction phase has been rated as summarised in the table 2 in the annex on Rating Evaluation Criteria. X. Mitigation/Enhancement measures Mitigation Measures In order to protect the environment from adverse effects of the Kampala Sanitation Project and in particular the Nakivubo, Kinawataka, Lubigi and Nalukolongo sites, there are a number of mitigation measures and management options that can be implemented. Virtually, all the undesirable impacts identified in the previous chapter can be minimised by implementing appropriate measures.These measures and options can be undertaken individually or combined. They can also be prevented without fundamental changes in the design and /or location of the project because an impact would have to be serious for such changes. Proper Designs One of the ways to mitigate the potential negative impacts is to ensure proper designs are done prior to development of the sewerage treatment works/ site and implementation of the project. Topographical surveys were carried out to 0.5 m contour interval in order to obtain the existing site elevations and to facilitate the design of the final site slopes. Detailed geotechnical investigations have been carried to ascertain the nature and depth of sub-surface material, depth of wetland cover/water table and the drainage characteristics of the overburden soils should be carried out. Effective planning measures in implementing of the Kampala sanitation project are very crucial in minimising negative environmental impacts of the project. Some of the planning measures include: • Planning the project site and scale to avoid the Kampala Sanitation Project at

Nakivubo and Kinawataka sewerage treatment works conflicting with other users (wetland, Nakivubo channel, railway, lake water quality, National World Wide Housing Estate, Butabika) and to minimise land loss. The faecal sludge treatment

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plant at Nalukolongo and Lubigi to avoid conflict with other users(wetland, Kampala Northern By Pass)

• Forward planning taking into account aesthetic impacts and applying the proposed mitigation measures;

• Conforming to land use planning and strengthening land use controls to regulate secondary developments;

• Designing sanitation component to remain within minimum waste assimilation capacity of receiving surface waters; and

• Assessing potential impacts on aquatic biota of receiving water. Mitigation to Storm Water Proper surface drainage will be put in place to control storm water. Special attention will be taken to ensure that the storm water does not flood the site. Methods of soil erosion control such as silt fencing, diversion channels, seeding of completed areas, site grading, etc will be employed. Furthermore, the area to be opened at any one time will be minimised and no loose soil will be kept on the slopes or open to storm water wash. Servicing of the vehicles or machines at the site will be prohibited unless an area has been designated for that purpose.

Mitigation Measures of Wetland System The conversion of Nakivubo the wetland will be planned carefully to take into account the flows from the catchments which largely include storm water from the wider catchment but also to include that from the project area. The importance of this is to continue the protection of the lake while maintaining the habitat that can continue to perform naturally. Both the seasonal and permanent wetlands are important for this function. For the development of the sewerage treatment works to be undertaken in this area, an Environmental certificate/ permit will be obtained from NEMA. • The drain from the project area will be re-designed to delay storm water by spreading

/ diffusing it upstream. • Protection from invasive alien species: wetland plants are instrumental in removing

toxins and nutrients from water entering the lake, therefore care will be taken to avoid introduction of invasive alien species which could cause extinction of the native species.

• Preservation of Permanent Wetland vegetation: all vegetation within 20 meters from the shoreline is gazetted by law (National Environment (Wetlands, River Banks and Lake Shores) Regulations (2000) and will only be cleared after obtaining permission from NEMA.

• As far as possible, plants that are used by local communities, like Phoenix reclinata whose leaves are raw materials for crafts, will be preserved and where possible, access to them maintained.

• Works will be planned; scheduled and performed in such a manner that quality of waste being discharged into the wetland and into Lake Victoria from the sewerage works at all times is acceptable and meets the NEMA Standards.

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• Conditions will be maintained to protect the aquatic environment of Nakivubo wetland and Lake Victoria within the project area not only during construction, but also during periods of suspended construction activity;

• Permanent and temporary soil erosion features will be constructed at the earliest practicable time, and will be inspected daily during adverse weather conditions or when construction operations are proceeding in the wetland. Control measures will be capable of continuous operation during working and non-working hours, and will be subject to approval by the Supervisors Representative;

• Provision of adequate safety procedures and supervision of works, including the provision of appropriate training for the workforce, especially when undertaking potentially hazardous activities;

• Restricting working time to daylight hours to minimise rate of accidents, due to noise and impact of dust generation;

• Realignment of sewer pipeline routes to avoid existing building, mature trees, and other facilities in the city. If it is unavoidable compensation to owners should be effected;

• Ensuring that contractors complete all reinstatement work to high standard before approval is given;

• Local sourcing of materials to reduce the number of additional machinery and to give jobs to more people;

• Where possible construction activities in areas of for the sewerage will be planned in the dry season of the year;

• Equipment movement in the sewerage site scooping prone to erosion during periods of heavy precipitation will be restricted;

• Retain as much existing wetland cover/vegetation as possible; • Construction drawings identifying areas of clearing and grubbing are designed to

minimize the loss of vegetation; • Avoid exposing sensitive soils; • Show on construction drawings “close-cut” clearing methods rather than clearing and

grubbing; • Re-vegetate/protect cleared areas and bare soils; • Topsoil exposed in areas for the sewerage construction, stockpile or storage areas

should be stripped to sub soil and stored for use in the reclamation phase; • Seed or re-vegetate cut and fill slopes and disturbed natural slopes. Seeding can be an

affective temporary measures for erosion control; • Protect temporary fills, stockpiles or exposed soils within Nakivubo, Nalukolongo,

Kinawataka and Lubigi wetlands with slope blankets or covers. Plastic sheeting, geo-textiles and other manufactured products can be used as cover. Angular rocks may be used in protecting sensitive soils; and

• Use mulches and other organic stabilizers to minimize erosion until re-vegetation can be re-established.

Mitigation to Socio-Economic Impacts • Incorporating health and sanitation education into the Kampala sanitation programme

addressing operation of facilities and hygiene; • AIDS/HIV standardized programme to be in built in the programme;

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• Instituting companion education activities like sanitation or hygiene education, project maintenance education, public meetings to introduce the system and pictorial signs displayed where sanitation problems occur;

• Personal Protective Equipment to be provided and enforced during construction and operational phases of the project.

Mitigation of Impacts on Surface and Ground Water • Ensuring adequate provisions for the operation, management and maintenance

(including preventive maintenance) of facilities such as staff training; • Designing facilities for ease of maintenance and reliability; • Controlling land use in wetland and ensuring soil conservation methods; • Maintaining the dumping site for faecal sludge at Bugolobi STW with the

construction of a new preliminary treatment including screen and grit removal as well as the sedimentation / thickening tanks;

• Transfer of the liquid phase of the pre-settled faecal sludge to the new Nakivubo STW by gravity;

• Rehabilitation of the existing sludge drying beds at Bugolobi STW for dewatering / drying of the solids from primary treatment of faecal sludge;

• Implementation of additional storage areas at Bugolobi STW for hygienisation of the dried sludge prior to agricultural reuse.

XI. Environmental and Social Management Plan and Monitoring Programme

In order to implement the Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) responsibilities have been assigned to various parties within Kampala sanitation programme framework. The recommended mitigation measures will be outlined in the detailed design drawings, and detailed in the Technical Specifications. These mitigation measures will form part of the contract documentation for the Kampala sanitation programme works. For example, there is to be a component for grassing and tree planting of appropriate species as catchment protection and reduction measures for odour. This activity will be undertaken with substantial women’s participation.

The ESIA and EMMP will be availed to prospective bidders in order to ensure that normal environmental mitigation costs are factored into construction costs. The Contractor is expected to prepare work plans for environmental management in line with the ESMP presented in the EIA. The costs of incorporating the recommended mitigation measures, including compensation for property and crops and relocation activities, as well as costs for unforeseen/additional mitigation and environmental and social monitoring are presented below and subject to confirmation at appraisal.

NWSC, assisted by supervising environment/social specialists, will be responsible for reviewing civil works contracts in accordance with the ESIA report; coordinating the implementation of the EMMP among the contractors, local environmental authorities (e.g., District Councils and local Council, monitoring the implementation of the EMMP

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and the civil works contracts in collaboration with NEMA; and, preparing monthly environmental progress reports.

The cost of standard construction mitigation measures have been integrated into the Project’s Bills of Quantities. The total project cost for environmental mitigation and monitoring, the HIV/AIDS campaign and compensation is currently estimated at Ug Shs. 2,676,000,000 ($ 1,621,900) in table 7 (Annex):

Monitoring Programme

• Monitoring of sludge disposal in agriculture: The qualities of sludge and soils have to be audited in regular intervals in order to ensure that there is no risk for animal and human food.

o Sludge from sewerage treatment works with capacity of 200,000 m3 per day should be analyses 6 times a year;

o Soil samples should also be analysed before the first sludge application to document the situation before spreading and then in intervals of 10 years;

o 25 core samples have to be taken over a surface not exceeding 5 ha and mixed together as a representative soil sample

• Water quality monitoring: NEMA should be the responsible authority for monitoring of Inner Murchison Bay’s water quality. A certified laboratory that is controlled regularly by round-robin tests is required to undertake the analyses. NEMA should publish the data in a yearly report .All data should be collected in a centralised GIS/MIS, where all relevant institutions/authorities could input their data.

In principle, the number of monitoring stations in Inner Murchison Bay run by NWSC can be considered to be sufficient. Unfortunately, monitoring actions have been reduced to a minimum since end of 2005. A basic monitoring programme that would give an overview of the development of water quality in Inner Murchison Bay consists of: pH, Oxygen (O2), conductivity, Chlorophyll among others as shown in table 6 (Water Quality Program - Basic Parameter Set).

XII. Conclusion It is not considered that the implementation of the Kampala sanitation programme is likely to cause serious adverse impacts. It has been established that almost all undesirable impacts can be minimised by implementing recommended mitigation measures. Certain minor pipe laying routes remain to be decided upon and environmental and social criteria will be applied in determination of an optimal routing.

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Generally, the proposed Kampala sanitation programme will result in appreciable benefits to the people in its area of influence and bring opportunities for an improved Lake Victoria and hence safer drinking water and fishing industry development. Urban poverty as a government programme will be reduced and also set to achieve the millennium development goals.

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ANNEXES

TABLE 1: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION PLAN FOR THE PROPOSED KAMPALA SANITATION PLAN

Component Negative Impact Mitigation

measures Responsibility

Nakivubo,Kinawataka STW, Lubigi and Nalukolongo FTP and Pipe layout

Noise and air pollution during

Machines with less noise and in good conditions are the ones to be used during construction. Encourage labour intensive except for the caterpillar/dozer when excavating

Contractor/NWSC

Health and safety of public and construction workforce

Provision of adequate safety measures Limited public access during construction

Contractor/NWSC

Waste/spoil generation and disposal

spoil generation to be stockpiled and taken to designated areas. wastes expected since demolition will be done at Bugolobi during decommissioning

NWSC/NEMA/Contractor

Changes in water quality and quantity downstream

Treat Sewer before being discharge into lake Victoria and use wetland for reticulation

NWSC/NEMA

Clearance of vegetation/papyrus

Minimisation of land for construction activities

NWSC/ Contractor/WD

Disruption of local hydrology and drainage patterns as a result of earth works

Provision of adequate drainage during construction. Culverts and embankments to avoid pollution

NWSC /Contractor

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Loss of Vegetation wetland cover/papyrus and crops /property

Avoid loss of vegetation Advance warning compensation

Contractor NWSC Consultant

Effects of Contractors compound

Preferably use existing camps if available Avoid erecting permanent structures in the wetland Discourage a lot of people from residing in compound

Contractor

Effects of Workers camps

Outright discouraged Employ locals from near construction sites

Contractor

Disruption of access roads, tracks and temporary severance

All works that cause severance should be carried out in one day Advance warning to the affected

Contractor NWSC Consultant

Alienation of communities not served by this scheme

Include specifications for future expansion in the design Support other water and sanitation programmes in the project area. Generally price of water will go down when the scheme operates

Consultant NWSC

Risk of inadequate reinstatement

Retention fund to ensure works are completed Photographic survey before works begin Change in land-rights as a result of pipelines laid on private land

Contractor NWSC Consultant

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TABLE 2: OPERATION MITIGATION MEASURES

Impact Mitigation measures Responsibility Odour Careful design and sitting

away from nearest settlements 200m away. Operational and maintenance procedures to be followed

NWCS

Increased Number of vacuum tanker deliveries of septage and latrine sludge

Designate permitted access routes and working hours Construction of special access roads by passing bottlenecks and residential areas if necessary Perhaps continue to discharge tankers at Bugolobi site until Lubigi is constructed.

NWSC/KCC

Impacts on wetland habitants and sustainable use on the hand and conversion of wetland for ponds and STW

Liaise with Wetland Department and agree on practical wetland management where the proposed STW are being proposed.

NWSC/NEMA/WD

Increased heavy metal levels Increased industrial effluent/sludge treatment coverage and ensure surveillance and licensing of discharge to sewer.

NWSC/NEMA

Increased in total pollutant due to enlargement of the sewered catchment area

Aim for control of pollutant load by; Application of enhanced treatment techniques Making use of enhanced purification capacity of wetlands.

NWSC/NEMA/WRDD/WD

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TABLE 3: SUMMARY OF MITIGATION PLAN FOR THE PROPOSED KAMPALA SANITATION PROGRAMME Negative Impact Mitigation measures Responsibility Noise and air pollution during

Machines with less noise and in good conditions are the ones to be used during construction. Encourage labour intensive except for the caterpillar/dozer when excavating

Contractor

Health and safety of public and construction workforce

Provision of adequate safety measures in form of Personal Protective Equipment(PPE) Limited public access during construction

Contractor

Waste/spoil generation and disposal

Spoil generation to be stockpiled and taken to designated areas. wastes expected since demolition will be done at Bugolobi during decommissioning

Contractor

Changes in water quality and quantity downstream

Treat Sewer before being discharge into lake Victoria and use wetland for reticulation Geo-textile cover

NWSC

Clearance of vegetation/papyrus

Minimisation of land for construction activities

NWSC Contractor

Disruption of local hydrology and drainage patterns as a result of earth works

Provision of adequate drainage during construction. Culverts and embankments to avoid pollution

Contractor Consultant NWSC

Loss of Vegetation wetland cover/papyrus and crops /property

Avoid loss of vegetation Advance warning compensation

Contractor NWSC Consultant

Effects of Contractors compound

Preferably use existing camps if available Avoid erecting permanent structures in the wetland Discourage a lot of people from residing in compound

Contractor

Effects of Workers camps

Outright discouraged Employ locals from near construction sites

Contractor

Disruption of access roads, tracks and temporary severance

All works that cause severance should be carried out in one day Advance warning to the affected

Contractor NWSC Consultant

Alienation of communities not served by this scheme

Include specifications for future expansion in the design Support other water and sanitation programmes in the project area. Generally price of water will go down when the scheme operates

Consultant NWSC

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Risk of inadequate reinstatement

Retention fund to ensure works are completed Photographic survey before works

begin Change in land-rights as a result of

pipelines laid on private land

Contractor NWSC Consultant

Operational Measures TABLE 4: OPERATION MITIGATION MEASURES Impact Mitigation measures Odour Careful design and siting away from nearest

settlements 200m away. Operational and maintenance procedures to be followed.

Increased Number of vacuum tanker deliveries of septage and latrine sludge

Designate permitted access routes and working hours Construction of special access roads by passing bottlenecks and residential areas if necessary Perhaps continue to discharge tankers at Bugolobi site until Lubigi is constructed.

Impacts on wetland habitants and sustainable use on the hand and conversion of wetland for ponds and STW

Liaise with Wetland Department and agree on practical wetland management where the proposed STW are being proposed.

Increased heavy metal levels Increased industrial effluent/sludge treatment coverage and ensure surveillance and licensing of discharge to sewer.

Increased in total pollutant due to enlargement of the sewered catchment area

Aim for control of pollutant load by; -Application of enhanced treatment techniques -Making use of enhanced purification capacity of wetlands.

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TABLE 5: RATING EVALUATION CRITERIA Extent of impact:

= high negative = medium negative = low negative = nil = locally positive

= regionally positive CONSTRUCTION PHASE Impact Extent

of impact

Comment

Land acquisition/Compensation

This land (wetland) is already owned by government. For additional land needed for the project a proper compensation will be paid to the owner’s i.e for cases of sewerage pipes, crops etc. Resettlement activities will not be necessary.

Land use (change from wetland to sewerage works)

A permanent loss of wetland (about 31.5 ha) with possible crop damage allocated for the proposed STW and FSTP sites(Nakivubo,Nalukolongo,Kinawataka and Lubigi)

Special facilities and operational procedures

Presence of a solid legal background for the enforcement of all the environmental obligations relevant to contractor responsibility

Water bodies The dumping of soil from land leveling into watercourses; runoff from on-site machine maintenance (oil change, refueling, washing)

Loss of Soil Excavation of the soil for the sewerage sites and pipe laying in areas having already disturbed soil structures and functions i.e. aside of paved or unpaved roads in the road reserve within the urban areas

Flora Future pond STWs and FSTP-which usually attract birdlife and water based species.

Toxic or hazardous materials

Project will not use any toxic or hazardous materials

Historical and cultural sites

The project is expected to have no impact on the sites of national historical, cultural heritage and nature conservation areas.

Traffic aspects Traffic will increase during construction and will affect other users(motorists and pedestrians) especially during pipe lay outs at road crossing. Delays and inconveniences are likely to occur

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CONSTRUCTION PHASE Impact Extent

of impact

Comment

Noise aspects Noise from Vehicles and machinery

Dust Dust production by excavation and transport of construction material to the sites

Socio-economy Benefits with regard to local employment opportunities where opportunities for 200-300 workers will be provided over two years Another some 20 skilled employees will be needed to operate both WTP and WWTP and to collect monthly bills The project will additionally require various skills and services for which appropriate firms will be contracted

Solid waste Debris from construction materials

Landscape Visual intrusion will have an effect to the general area

Occupational, safety and health issues

Accidents and injuries from construction activities

Project Alternatives

Alternative 1: Bugolobi STW • The present Bugolobi STW has capacity constraints and is unable to meet discharge

standards for COD,BOD, f faecal coli forms and nutrients even at current flows • None of the pumping stations is currently fully operational this is as a result of the

high costs, mechanical failure and security failures • None of the siphons is currently fully operational this is caused by blockages and

inherit difficulties in maintenance • Storm water and flooding has affected the present system The site is very close to settlements and the wetland function has been greatly affected by agricultural activities. There was likely resistance from the community for fear of odour and smell and would have some property compensated.

Alternative 2: Nakivubo and Kinawataka STW The new sewage treatment plant is proposed to be constructed in the Nakivubo wetland area and will require about 10 hectares of the wetland. The proposed site will use UASB-waste stabilization ponds (facultative and maturation) Restored wetlands thereby providing tertiary treatment, the siphons will be eliminated and thus pumping reduced.

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This area is located further east of the existing Bugolobi STW and at a significantly lower elevation and thus:

Requires the construction of a new trunk sewer, which connects the existing NWSC sewer network to the new Nakivubo STW;

Offers the possibility to abandon existing siphons or convert them into gravity sewers;

Offers the possibility to abandon existing pumping stations or to reduce the quantities to be pumped and/or the pump heads;

Offers the possibility to abandon the existing East Bugolobi Treatment Ponds and to connect the East Bugolobi sewer network to the new Nakivubo STW. Alternative 3: Nalukolongo STW and Lubigi Faecal Sludge Treatment The proposed Lubigi faecal sludge treatment plant will be in the northern part of Kampala and is along the Kampala Northern by Pass (KNBP) in Bwaise. The Nalukonlongo faecal Sludge will be west of the Masaka road. The proposed sites will use UASB-waste stabilization ponds (facultative and maturation).There will be restored wetlands component in the programme thereby providing tertiary treatment. The siphons will be eliminated and thus pumping reduced.

Two main aspects shall be considered in the development of options for faecal sludge treatment: Options for the location (centralised vs. decentralised) and Options for the treatment technology.

The sedimentation / thickening tank is designed as two parallel batch operated tanks with operation cycles of 4 weeks loading followed by 4 weeks resting Anaerobic ponds are designed for a volumetric BOD loading of 310 g BOD/m3/d and a minimum hydraulic retention time of 1 d. For the basic option a desludging of the anaerobic ponds would be required twice a year. Two primary facultative ponds operated in parallel and followed by one serial secondary facultative pond are foreseen for the faecal sludge treatment works.

Alternative 4: Do Nothing The do nothing scenario is assessed under two main components of the scheme: the Kampala sanitation programme The existing Bugolobi sewerage treatment works remaining as it is and its operation span and costs. The other do nothing is the situation remaining as it is for the entire sewerage service area. This would have more environmental effects to Lake Victoria water quality in general.

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Preferred option-Nakivubo, Kinawataka STW and Lubigi, Nalukolongo Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant The rehabilitation of the Nakivubo wetlands for a reestablishment of the original treatment capabilities has been recognized as an important issue. Still this goal is a multi-task objective: On the one hand the organic load needs to be significantly reduced and on the other hand the active wetland area has to be substantially increased. Therefore, the pre-treatment of the Nakivubo channel water and a sufficient redistribution of the treated water at rising water table are preconditions for a reactivation of removal rates in a similar range as stated above. In case both - channel water pre-treatment and wetland rehabilitation - can be achieved, the aimed maturation treatment for nutrient removal gets in reach. The proposed disposal scheme for the residues of the faecal sludge treatment shall ensure that no harm may arise to the environment and public health. Agricultural reuse of the dewatered faecal sludge shall always be the preferred options with regard to economical and environmental aspects for the following main reasons: TABLE 6: WATER QUALITY PROGRAM - BASIC PARAMETER SET Parameter Method Remarks pH on spot, electrode monthly O2 on spot, electrode monthly T on spot, electrode monthly Conductivity on spot, electrode monthly Secchi depth on spot, secchi disk monthly Ptot Laboratory (ascorbic acid method) monthly Chlorophyll a Laboratory, methanol acetone extraction monthly Total coliforms Faecal coliforms Escheri coliforms

Shall be performed weekly at the intake chamber of Gaba waterworks.

TABLE 7: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING COSTS

Item Quantity Cost Total Cost (U Shs.)

Grassing/Re-vegetation 10 Ha 2,000,000 per Ha

20,000,000

Soil Erosion control measures Lump sum 120,000,000 120,000,000

Personal Protective Equipment(PPE) Ear muff, Dust protector, Helmets etc

200 people 400,000 80,000,000

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Provision of road safety measures during construction of vehicle speed control, accident reduction etc

Lump sum 120,000,000 120,000,000

Awareness and sensitization on sanitation programmes

Lump Sum 50,000,000 50,000,000

HIV/AIDS Campaign Lump Sum 20,000,000 20,000,000

Environmentalist-Intermittent 6 Months 6,000.000 36,000,000

Tree planting activities and conservation measures

Lump sum 85,000,000 80,000,000

Land Acquisition and compensation Lump Sum 1,750,000,000 1,750.000.000

Sewerage and sludge monitoring, effluent monitoring

Lump Sum 150,000,000 150,000,000

Pollution Control Lump Sum 250,000,000 250,000,000

Grand Total Costs Ug.shs.2,676,000,000($1,621,900)

NB: 1 $= Ug shs.1650 References and Contacts NWSC National Water and Sewerage Corporation Plot 39 Jinja Road,Kampala P.O Box 7053 Kampala-Uganda Tel +256 414 315 100 Fax =256 414 265 929 Website: www.nwsc.co.ug NEMA National Environmental Management Authority NEMA House 1st Floor Plot 17/19/21 Jinja Road PO Box 22255 Kampala Uganda Tel. 256 41 251064/5/8 www.nemaug.org