Ugaritic Paradigms for both verbal and non-verbal forms
Compiled by Joshua L. Harper
Fall 2008
Based on information from:
Daniel Sivan, A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language (HdO 1:28; Atlanta: SBL, 2001)
William M. Schniedewind and Joel H. Hunt, A Primer on Ugaritic: Language,
Culture and Literature (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007)
and course materials produced by Meredith M. Kline
Noun Paradigms Masculine Feminine
Singular Unbound Bound Singular Unbound Bound
Nom mlk malku mlk malku Nom mlkt malkatu mlkt malkatu
Gen mlk malki mlk malki Gen mlkt malkati mlkt malkati
Acc mlk malka mlk malka Acc mlkt malkata mlkt malkata
Dual Dual
Nom mlkm malkāmi mlk malkā Nom mlktm malkatāmi mlkt malkatā
Obl mlkm malkēmi mlk malkē Obl mlktm malkatēmi mlkt malkatē
Plural Plural
Nom mlkm malkūma mlk malkū Nom mlkt malkātu mlkt malkātu
Obl mlkm malkīma mlk malkī Obl mlkt malkāti mlkt malkāti
Independent Pronouns
3ms hw huwa 3cd hm humā 3mp hm hum(ū) Independent Oblique
3fs hy hiya 3fp hn hin(ā) 3ms hwt huwāti
2ms at ʾatta 2cd atm ʾattumā 2mp atm ʾattum(ū) 3fs hyt hiyāti
2fs at ʾatti
1cs ank ʾanāku 3cd hmt humāti
an ʾanā 3mp hmt humūti
Pronoun Suffixes 3ms -h/n/nh/nn -hu 3cd -hm -humā 3mp -hm -hum(ū)
3fs -h/n/nh/nn -ha 3fp -hn -hun(ā)
2ms -k -ka 2cd -km -kumā 2mp -km -kumū (?)
2fs -k -ki 2fp -kn -kun(ā)
1csNOM -ø -ī 1cd -ny -nayā 1cp -n -ni/-na (?)
OBL -y -ya VBL -n -nī
Other PronounsDeterminative-Relative
ms d dū/dī/dā
fs dt dātu/dāti/dāta
mp dt dūtu/dūti (?)
fp dt dūtu/dūti (?)
hnd hānādū (hannadū) “this”
Interrogatives
my mīyu/i/a “who(m)”
mh mahu/i/a “what”
mn mannu/i/a
or: mīnu/i/a “which”
Demonstratives
hnk hānāka (masc) “that”
Indefinite
mnk mīnuku “whatever,
mnkm mīnukumu whoever, any-
mnm mīnuma one, whichever”
kl kullu/i/a “all, every”
klkl kulkullu “every, all”
ay ʾayyu “which, any”
hnkt hānākata (fem) “that”
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Cardinal Numbers Feminine Masculine
1 aḥt ʾaḥ(ḥ)attu aḥd ʾaḥ(ḥ)adu Tens and Greater - Common
2 ṯt ṯittā/ṯittê ṯn ṯinā/ṯinê 20 ʿšrm ʿašrāma/i
3 ṯlṯ ṯalāṯu ṯlṯt ṯalāṯatu 30 ṯlṯm ṯalāṯūma
4 arbʿ ʾarbaʿu arbʿt ʾarbaʿatu 40 arbʿm ʾarbaʿūma
5 ḫmš ḫamišu ḫmšt ḫamišatu 50 ḫmšm ḫamišūma
6 ṯṯ ṯīṯṯu ṯṯt ṯīṯṯatu 60 ṯṯm ṯīṯṯūma
7 šbʿ šabʿu šbʿt šabʿatu 70 šbʿm šabʿūma
8 ṯmn ṯamānû ṯmnt ṯamānîtu 80 ṯmnym ṯamāniyūma
9 ṯšʿ ṯišʿu ṯšʿt ṯišʿatu 90 ṯšʿm ṯišʿūma
10 ʿšr ʿašaru ʿšrt ʿašaratu 100 mit miʾtu
11 ʿšt ʿšr ʿaštê ʿašaru ʿšt ʿšr/ʿšrh ʿaštê ʿašaru/ʿišrêh 200 mitm miʾtāma/i
12 ṯt ʿšr ṯittā ʿašaru ṯn ʿšr/h ṯinā ʿašaru/ʿišrêh 300 ṯlṯ mat ṯalāṯ(u) miʾātu/i
ṯn ʿšrt ṯinā ʿašaratu 1000 alp ʾalpu
13 ṯlṯ ʿšr ṯalāṯu ʿašaru ṯlṯ ʿšr/h ṯalāṯu ʿašaru/ʿišrêh 2000 alpm ʾalpāma/i
ṯlṯt ʿšrt ṯalāṯatu ʿašaratu 3000 ṯlṯ alpm ṯalāṯ(u) ʾal(a)pūma
53 ḫmšm ṯlṯ ḫamišūma ṯalāṯu 10000 rbtm ribbatu
37 ṯlṯm w šbʿ ṯalāṯūma wa šabʿu 20000 rbtm ribbatāma/i
122 mit ʿšrm ṯn miʾtu ʿašrāma ṯinā 30000 ṯlṯ rbbt ṯalāṯ(u) ribabātu
Prepositions and Particles u ʾu או or
id ʾida when, after
aḫr ʾaḫra/ê אחרי after, behind
ik ʾêka ?how אי
Iy ʾiyyi אי where?
al ʾal אל to, toward
an ʾan where?
in ʾêna אין there isn’t
ap ʾappa אף also
iṯ ʾiṯê יש (BA יאית )
aṯr ʾaṯra after
b bi ב in, with, by, etc.
bd bādi from the hands of
bl bal negates noun clauses
bn bēna בין between
bʿd baʿda behind/after
-h -ah ־◌ה directional
hlm halumma here
hlny hallinīya here
hm him(ma) אם if/or
hn hinnī הנה\הן behold
ht hitta now
w wa ו and
y yā vocative marker
yd yada with
k ki כ like, as, while
k- kî- emphatic before verbs
kbd kabida midst of
l le ל to, for, etc.
l la לא no, not
l lu לו or vocative marker
lm lamma למה why?
lpn lepani לפני before
-m -ama/i on noun > adverb
-m -ma emphatic suff. on
nouns or vbl. forms
mdʿ madduʿa מדוע why?
mʿ maʿ א־נ after impv
ʿd ʿadi/ê עד up to, until
ʿl ʿalê על/על upon, over
ʿm ʿimma עם with
ʿnt ʿanata עתה now
p pa then, and
qdm qudāma before (BA קדם)
qrb qirbu/a midst of
tḥt taḥtu/a תחת under, beneath
tk tôku/a inside, middle ( (תו
ṯm ṯamma שמה there
The Strong Verb:1111 QṬL
G Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m qṭl qaṭala qṭl qaṭalā qṭl qaṭalū
3f qṭlt qaṭalat qṭlt qaṭal(a)tā qṭl qaṭalā
2m qṭlt qaṭalta qṭltm qaṭaltumā qṭltm qaṭaltum(ū)
2f qṭlt qaṭalti qṭltm qaṭaltumā qṭltn qaṭaltunā
1c qṭlt qaṭaltu (?) qṭlny qaṭalniyā qṭln qaṭalnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭl yaqṭul y/tqṭl y/taqṭulā tqṭl taqṭulū
3f tqṭl taqṭul tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭln taqṭulna
2m tqṭl taqṭul tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭl taqṭulū
2f tqṭl taqṭulī tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭln taqṭulna
1c aqṭl ʾaqṭul nqṭl naqṭulā nqṭl naqṭul
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation2222
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭl yaqṭulu y/tqṭln y/taqṭulāni tqṭln taqṭulūna
3f tqṭl taqṭulu tqṭln taqṭulāni tqṭln taqṭulnā
2m tqṭl taqṭulu tqṭln taqṭulāni tqṭln taqṭulūna
2f tqṭln taqṭulīna tqṭln taqṭulāni tqṭln taqṭulnā
1c aqṭl ʾaqṭulu nqṭln naqṭulāni nqṭl naqṭulu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭl yaqṭula y/tqṭl y/taqṭulā tqṭl taqṭulū
3f tqṭl taqṭula tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭln taqṭulna
2m tqṭl taqṭula tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭl taqṭulū
2f tqṭl taqṭulī tqṭl taqṭulā tqṭln taqṭulna
1c aqṭl ʾaqṭula nqṭl naqṭulā nqṭl naqṭula
1 This also includes all I-Guttural verbs, which are strong in Ugaritic. 2 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
3 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative4444
ms qṭl quṭul/ quṭla
fs qṭl quṭulī
dual qṭl quṭulā
mp qṭl quṭulū
Active Participle
ms qṭl qāṭilu
fs qṭlt qāṭilatu
mp qṭlm qāṭilūma
fp qṭlt qāṭilātu
Passive Participle5555
ms qṭl qaṭūlu
fs qṭlt qaṭūlatu
mp qṭlm qaṭūlūma
fp qṭlt qaṭūlātu
Infinitive6666
qṭl qaṭālu
4 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is on the BH pattern. 6 If in bound relationship, then Infinitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
Strong: N Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m nqṭl naqṭala nqṭl naqṭalā nqṭl naqṭalū
3f nqṭlt naqṭalat nqṭlt naqṭal(a)tā nqṭl naqṭalā
2m nqṭlt naqṭalta nqṭltm naqṭaltumā nqṭltm naqṭaltum(ū)
2f nqṭlt naqṭalti nqṭltm naqṭaltumā nqṭltn naqṭaltunā
1c nqṭlt naqṭaltu (?) nqṭlny naqṭalniyā nqṭln naqṭalnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭl yiqqaṭil y/tqṭl y/tiqqaṭilā tqṭl tiqqaṭilū
3f tqṭl tiqqaṭil tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭln tiqqaṭilna
2m tqṭl tiqqaṭil tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭl tiqqaṭilū
2f tqṭl tiqqaṭilī tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭln tiqqaṭilna
1c iqṭl ʾiqqaṭil nqṭl niqqaṭilā nqṭl niqqaṭil
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation1111
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭl yiqqaṭilu y/tqṭln y/tiqqaṭilāni tqṭln tiqqaṭilūna
3f tqṭl tiqqaṭilu tqṭln tiqqaṭilāni tqṭln tiqqaṭilnā
2m tqṭl tiqqaṭilu tqṭln tiqqaṭilāni tqṭln tiqqaṭilūna
2f tqṭln tiqqaṭilīna tqṭln tiqqaṭilāni tqṭln tiqqaṭilnā
1c iqṭl ʾiqqaṭilu nqṭln niqqaṭilāni nqṭl niqqaṭilu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation2222
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭl yiqqaṭila y/tqṭl y/tiqqaṭilā tqṭl tiqqaṭilū
3f tqṭl tiqqaṭila tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭln tiqqaṭilna
2m tqṭl tiqqaṭila tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭl tiqqaṭilū
2f tqṭl tiqqaṭilī tqṭl tiqqaṭilā tqṭln tiqqaṭilna
1c iqṭl ʾiqqaṭila nqṭl niqqaṭilā nqṭl niqqaṭila
1 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
2 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative3333
Participle4444
ms nqṭl naqṭalu
fs nqṭlt naqṭalatu
mp nqṭlm naqṭalūma
fp nqṭlt naqṭalātu
Infinitive5555
nqṭl naqṭalu
3 There are no attestations for the Imperative; the Jussive is used instead. The pattern would
presumably be nqṭl naqṭil, but the last vowel is questionable. 4 Very rare. 5 The final a may be long. If in bound relationship, then Infi-nitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
Strong: D Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m qṭl qaṭṭila qṭl qaṭṭilā qṭl qaṭṭilū
3f qṭlt qaṭṭilat qṭlt qaṭṭil(a)tā qṭl qaṭṭilā
2m qṭlt qaṭṭilta qṭltm qaṭṭiltumā qṭltm qaṭṭiltum(ū)
2f qṭlt qaṭṭilti qṭltm qaṭṭiltumā qṭltn qaṭṭiltunā
1c qṭlt qaṭṭiltu (?) qṭlny qaṭṭilniyā qṭln qaṭṭilnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation1111
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭil y/tqṭl y/tuqaṭṭilā tqṭl tuqaṭṭilū
3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭil tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭln tuqaṭṭilna
2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭil tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭl tuqaṭṭilū
2f tqṭl tuqaṭṭilī tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭln tuqaṭṭilna
1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭil 2 nqṭl nuqaṭṭilā nqṭl nuqaṭṭil
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭilu y/tqṭln y/tuqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭilūna
3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭilu tqṭln tuqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭilnā
2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭilu tqṭln tuqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭilūna
2f tqṭln tuqaṭṭilīna tqṭln tuqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭilnā
1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭilu nqṭln nuqaṭṭilāni nqṭl nuqaṭṭilu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation4444
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭila y/tqṭl y/tuqaṭṭilā tqṭl tuqaṭṭilū
3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭila tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭln tuqaṭṭilna
2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭila tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭl tuqaṭṭilū
2f tqṭl tuqaṭṭilī tqṭl tuqaṭṭilā tqṭln tuqaṭṭilna
1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭila nqṭl nuqaṭṭilā nqṭl nuqaṭṭila
1 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 2 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 3 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
4 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative
ms qṭl qaṭṭil
fs qṭl qaṭṭilī
dual qṭl qaṭṭilā
mp qṭl qaṭṭilū
Participle
ms mqṭl muqaṭṭilu
fs mqṭlt muqaṭṭilatu
mp mqṭlm muqaṭṭilūma
fp mqṭlt muqaṭṭilātu
Infinitive5555
qṭl quṭṭalu
5 If in bound relationship, then Infinitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
Strong: Š Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m šqṭl šaqṭila šqṭl šaqṭilā šqṭl šaqṭilū
3f šqṭlt šaqṭilat šqṭlt šaqṭil(a)tā šqṭl šaqṭilā
2m šqṭlt šaqṭilta šqṭltm šaqṭiltumā šqṭltm šaqṭiltum(ū)
2f šqṭlt šaqṭilti šqṭltm šaqṭiltumā šqṭltn šaqṭiltunā
1c šqṭlt šaqṭiltu (?) šqṭlny šaqṭilniyā šqṭln šaqṭilnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation1111
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšqṭl yušaqṭil y/tšqṭl y/tušaqṭilā tšqṭl tušaqṭilū
3f tšqṭl tušaqṭil tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭln tušaqṭilna
2m tšqṭl tušaqṭil tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭl tušaqṭilū
2f tšqṭl tušaqṭilī tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭln tušaqṭilna
1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭil 2 nšqṭl nušaqṭilā nšqṭl nušaqṭil
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšqṭl yušaqṭilu y/tšqṭln y/tušaqṭilāni tšqṭln tušaqṭilūna
3f tšqṭl tušaqṭilu tšqṭln tušaqṭilāni tšqṭln tušaqṭilnā
2m tšqṭl tušaqṭilu tšqṭln tušaqṭilāni tšqṭln tušaqṭilūna
2f tšqṭln tušaqṭilīna tšqṭln tušaqṭilāni tšqṭln tušaqṭilnā
1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭilu nšqṭln nušaqṭilāni nšqṭl nušaqṭilu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation4444
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšqṭl yušaqṭila y/tšqṭl y/tušaqṭilā tšqṭl tušaqṭilū
3f tšqṭl tušaqṭila tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭln tušaqṭilna
2m tšqṭl tušaqṭila tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭl tušaqṭilū
2f tšqṭl tušaqṭilī tšqṭl tušaqṭilā tšqṭln tušaqṭilna
1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭila nšqṭl nušaqṭilā nšqṭl nušaqṭila
1 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 2 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 3 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
4 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative
ms šqṭl šaqṭil
fs šqṭl šaqṭilī
dual šqṭl šaqṭilā
mp šqṭl šaqṭilū
Participle
ms mšqṭl mušaqṭilu
fs mšqṭlt mušaqṭilatu
mp mšqṭlm mušaqṭilūma
fp mšqṭlt mušaqṭilātu
Infinitive5555
šqṭl šuqṭalu
5 The vowels are contested. If in bound relationship, then Infini-tive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
Strong: Gp Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m qṭl quṭila 2 qṭl quṭilā qṭl quṭilū
3f qṭlt quṭilat qṭlt quṭil(a)tā qṭl quṭilā
2m qṭlt quṭilta qṭltm quṭiltumā qṭltm quṭiltum(ū)
2f qṭlt quṭilti qṭltm quṭiltumā qṭltn quṭiltunā
1c qṭlt quṭiltu (?) qṭlny quṭilniyā qṭln quṭilnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭl yuqṭal y/tqṭl y/tuqṭalā tqṭl tuqṭalū
3f tqṭl tuqṭal tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭln tuqṭalna
2m tqṭl tuqṭal tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭl tuqṭalū
2f tqṭl tuqṭalī tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭln tuqṭalna
1c aqṭl ʾaqṭal 3 nqṭl nuqṭalā nqṭl nuqṭal
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation4444
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭl yuqṭalu y/tqṭln y/tuqṭalāni tqṭln tuqṭalūna
3f tqṭl tuqṭalu tqṭln tuqṭalāni tqṭln tuqṭalnā
2m tqṭl tuqṭalu tqṭln tuqṭalāni tqṭln tuqṭalūna
2f tqṭln tuqṭalīna tqṭln tuqṭalāni tqṭln tuqṭalnā
1c aqṭl ʾaqṭalu nqṭln nuqṭalāni nqṭl nuqṭalu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation5555
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭl yuqṭala y/tqṭl y/tuqṭalā tqṭl tuqṭalū
3f tqṭl tuqṭala tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭln tuqṭalna
2m tqṭl tuqṭala tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭl tuqṭalū
2f tqṭl tuqṭalī tqṭl tuqṭalā tqṭln tuqṭalna
1c aqṭl ʾaqṭala nqṭl nuqṭalā nqṭl nuqṭala
1 This stem may not exist at all. The forms in the text may be 3mp indefinites (they killed him = he was killed), or in the Imperfect may be N forms. (Cf. Sivan 126) 2 The stem vowel may be either i or a. 3 Presumably preformative vowel a, but no 1cs forms attested. 4 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
5 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative6666
Participle7777
ms qṭl qaṭūlu
fs qṭlt qaṭūlatu
mp qṭlm qaṭūlūma
fp qṭlt qaṭūlātu
Infinitive8888
6 None attested. 7 I.e. the G Passive Participle. 8 None attested.
Strong: Gt Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation1111
Singular Dual Plural
3m iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭala iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalā iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalū
3f iqtṭlt ʾiqtaṭalat iqtṭlt ʾiqtaṭal(a)tā iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalā
2m iqtṭlt ʾiqtaṭalta iqtṭltm ʾiqtaṭaltumā iqtṭltm ʾiqtaṭaltum(ū)
2f iqtṭlt ʾiqtaṭalti iqtṭltm ʾiqtaṭaltumā iqtṭltn ʾiqtaṭaltunā
1c iqtṭlt ʾiqtaṭaltu (?) iqtṭlny ʾiqtaṭalniyā iqtṭln ʾiqtaṭalnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqtṭl yiqtaṭal 2 y/tqtṭl y/tiqtaṭalā tqtṭl tiqtaṭalū
3f tqtṭl tiqtaṭal tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭln tiqtaṭalna
2m tqtṭl tiqtaṭal tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭl tiqtaṭalū
2f tqtṭl tiqtaṭalī tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭln tiqtaṭalna
1c iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭal nqtṭl niqtaṭalā nqtṭl niqtaṭal
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqtṭl yiqtaṭalu y/tqtṭln y/tiqtaṭalāni tqtṭln tiqtaṭalūna
3f tqtṭl tiqtaṭalu tqtṭln tiqtaṭalāni tqtṭln tiqtaṭalnā
2m tqtṭl tiqtaṭalu tqtṭln tiqtaṭalāni tqtṭln tiqtaṭalūna
2f tqtṭln tiqtaṭalīna tqtṭln tiqtaṭalāni tqtṭln tiqtaṭalnā
1c iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalu nqtṭln niqtaṭalāni nqtṭl niqtaṭalu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation4444
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqtṭl yiqtaṭala y/tqtṭl y/tiqtaṭalā tqtṭl tiqtaṭalū
3f tqtṭl tiqtaṭala tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭln tiqtaṭalna
2m tqtṭl tiqtaṭala tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭl tiqtaṭalū
2f tqtṭl tiqtaṭalī tqtṭl tiqtaṭalā tqtṭln tiqtaṭalna
1c iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭala nqtṭl niqtaṭalā nqtṭl niqtaṭala
1 When clause initial, the form has a prosthetic ʾ with i vowel; otherwise, the t and q
seem to undergo metathesis: tqṭl taqṭal(?) (Schniedewind 175, n17). 2 The stem vowel may be i not a (cf. Sivan 129-30). 3 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
4 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative5555
ms iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭal
fs iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalī
dual iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalā
mp iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭalū
Participle6666
ms mqtṭl muqtaṭilu
fs mqtṭlt muqtaṭilatu
mp mqtṭlm muqtaṭilūma
fp mqtṭlt muqtaṭilātu
Infinitive7777
tqtṭl tVqtaṭilu
5 Prosthetic ʾ with i vowel; the stem vowel may be either a or i. 6 This form is speculative. 7 This form is also speculative.
Strong: Dp Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m qṭl quṭṭila 2 qṭl quṭṭilā qṭl quṭṭilū
3f qṭlt quṭṭilat qṭlt quṭṭil(a)tā qṭl quṭṭilā
2m qṭlt quṭṭilta qṭltm quṭṭiltumā qṭltm quṭṭiltum(ū)
2f qṭlt quṭṭilti qṭltm quṭṭiltumā qṭltn quṭṭiltunā
1c qṭlt quṭṭiltu (?) qṭlny quṭṭilniyā qṭln quṭṭilnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭal y/tqṭl y/tuqaṭṭalā tqṭl tuqaṭṭalū
3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭal tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭln tuqaṭṭalna
2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭal tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭl tuqaṭṭalū
2f tqṭl tuqaṭṭalī tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭln tuqaṭṭalna
1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭal 4 nqṭl nuqaṭṭalā nqṭl nuqaṭṭal
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation5555
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭalu y/tqṭln y/tuqaṭṭalāna tqṭln tuqaṭṭalūna
3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭalu tqṭln tuqaṭṭalāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭalnā
2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭalu tqṭln tuqaṭṭalāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭalūna
2f tqṭln tuqaṭṭalīna tqṭln tuqaṭṭalāni tqṭln tuqaṭṭalnā
1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭalu nqṭln nuqaṭṭalāni nqṭl nuqaṭṭalu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation6666
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭl yuqaṭṭala y/tqṭl y/tuqaṭṭalā tqṭl tuqaṭṭalū
3f tqṭl tuqaṭṭala tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭln tuqaṭṭalna
2m tqṭl tuqaṭṭala tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭl tuqaṭṭalū
2f tqṭl tuqaṭṭalī tqṭl tuqaṭṭalā tqṭln tuqaṭṭalna
1c aqṭl ʾaqaṭṭala nqṭl nuqaṭṭalā nqṭl nuqaṭṭala
1 This stem is rare, and the forms are difficult to interpret. Cf. Sivan 137-38. 2 The stem vowel may also be a: quṭṭala. 3 The preformative vowel may also be a. 4 The 1cs is not attested, so the form may be either ʾa or ʾu. 5 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
6 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative
Participle7777
ms mqṭl muqaṭṭalu
fs mqṭlt muqaṭṭalatu
mp mqṭlm muqaṭṭalūma
fp mqṭlt muqaṭṭalātu
Infinitive
7 The form interpreted as a Dp participle may in fact be a noun.
Strong: tD Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m itqṭl ʾitqaṭṭila 2 itqṭl ʾitqaṭṭilā itqṭl ʾitqaṭṭilū
3f itqṭlt ʾitqaṭṭilat itqṭlt ʾitqaṭṭil(a)tā itqṭl ʾitqaṭṭilā
2m itqṭlt ʾitqaṭṭilta itqṭltm ʾitqaṭṭiltumā itqṭltm ʾitqaṭṭiltum(ū)
2f itqṭlt ʾitqaṭṭilti itqṭltm ʾitqaṭṭiltumā itqṭltn ʾitqaṭṭiltunā
1c itqṭlt ʾitqaṭṭiltu (?) itqṭlny ʾitqaṭṭilniyā itqṭln ʾitqaṭṭilnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m ytqṭl yutqaṭṭil y/tqṭl y/tutqaṭṭilā tqṭl tutqaṭṭilū
3f tqṭl tutqaṭṭil tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭln tutqaṭṭilna
2m tqṭl tutqaṭṭil tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭl tutqaṭṭilū
2f tqṭl tutqaṭṭilī tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭln tutqaṭṭilna
1c aqṭl ʾatqaṭṭil 4 nqṭl nutqaṭṭilā nqṭl nutqaṭṭil
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation5555
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭl yutqaṭṭilu y/tqṭln y/tutqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tutqaṭṭilūna
3f tqṭl tutqaṭṭilu tqṭln tutqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tutqaṭṭilnā
2m tqṭl tutqaṭṭilu tqṭln tutqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tutqaṭṭilūna
2f tqṭln tutqaṭṭilīna tqṭln tutqaṭṭilāni tqṭln tutqaṭṭilnā
1c aqṭl ʾatqaṭṭilu nqṭln nutqaṭṭilāni nqṭl nutqaṭṭilu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation6666
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭl yutqaṭṭila y/tqṭl y/tutqaṭṭilā tqṭl tutqaṭṭilū
3f tqṭl tutqaṭṭila tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭln tutqaṭṭilna
2m tqṭl tutqaṭṭila tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭl tutqaṭṭilū
2f tqṭl tutqaṭṭilī tqṭl tutqaṭṭilā tqṭln tutqaṭṭilna
1c aqṭl ʾatqaṭṭila nqṭl nutqaṭṭilā nqṭl nutqaṭṭila
1 This stem, too, is quite rare and debatable. 2 The stem vowel may be a: ʾitquṭṭala, there may be an a after the t: ʾitaquṭṭi/ala, and the form may not take a prosthetic ʾ at all: taquṭṭi/ala. 3 The preformative vowel may also be a. 4 The 1cs is not attested, so the form may be either ʾa or ʾu. 5 Any Pret form ending in C3
gets -u; long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
6 Any Pret form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative7777
ms tqṭl taqaṭṭil
fs tqṭl taqaṭṭilī
dual tqṭl taqaṭṭilā
mp tqṭl taqaṭṭilū
Participle
Infinitive50
tqṭl tuqaṭṭilu
7 The form identified by Sivan as an imperative is identified by Schniedewind and Hunt as an infinitive. Thus, one or the other may be doubtful.
Strong: Šp Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m šqṭl šuqṭala 2 šqṭl šuqṭalā šqṭl šuqṭalū
3f šqṭlt šuqṭalat šqṭlt šuqṭal(a)tā šqṭl šuqṭalā
2m šqṭlt šuqṭalta šqṭltm šuqṭaltumā šqṭltm šuqṭaltum(ū)
2f šqṭlt šuqṭalti šqṭltm šuqṭaltumā šqṭltn šuqṭaltunā
1c šqṭlt šuqṭaltu (?) šqṭlny šuqṭalniyā šqṭln šuqṭalnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšqṭl yušaqṭal y/tšqṭl y/tušaqṭalā tšqṭl tušaqṭalū
3f tšqṭl tušaqṭal tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭln tušaqṭalna
2m tšqṭl tušaqṭal tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭl tušaqṭalū
2f tšqṭl tušaqṭalī tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭln tušaqṭalna
1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭal 4 nšqṭl nušaqṭalā nšqṭl nušaqṭal
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation5555
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšqṭl yušaqṭalu y/tšqṭln y/tušaqṭalāni tšqṭln tušaqṭalūna
3f tšqṭl tušaqṭalu tšqṭln tušaqṭalāni tšqṭln tušaqṭalnā
2m tšqṭl tušaqṭalu tšqṭln tušaqṭalāni tšqṭln tušaqṭalūna
2f tšqṭln tušaqṭalīna tšqṭln tušaqṭalāni tšqṭln tušaqṭalnā
1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭalu nšqṭln nušaqṭalāni nšqṭl nušaqṭalu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation6666
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšqṭl yušaqṭala y/tšqṭl y/tušaqṭalā tšqṭl tušaqṭalū
3f tšqṭl tušaqṭala tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭln tušaqṭalna
2m tšqṭl tušaqṭala tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭl tušaqṭalū
2f tšqṭl tušaqṭalī tšqṭl tušaqṭalā tšqṭln tušaqṭalna
1c ašqṭl ʾašaqṭala nšqṭl nušaqṭalā nšqṭl nušaqṭala
1 This stem is fairly rare. 2 The stem vowel may also be i. 3 The preformative vowel may be either u or a. 4 The 1cs is not attested, so the form may be either ʾa or ʾu. 5 Any Pret form ending in C3
gets -u; long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
6 Any Pret form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative
Participle
ms mšqṭl mušaqṭalu
fs mšqṭlt mušaqṭalatu
mp mšqṭlm mušaqṭalūma
fp mšqṭlt mušaqṭalātu
Infinitive
Strong: At a Glance
Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive
G Stem qṭl qaṭala yqṭl yaqṭul- qṭl quṭul (act) qṭl qāṭilu qṭl qaṭālu
(ps) qṭl qaṭūlu
N Stem nqṭl naqṭala yqṭl yiqqaṭil- nqṭl naqṭalu nqṭl naqṭalu
D Stem qṭl qaṭṭila yqṭl yuqaṭṭil-1 qṭl qaṭṭil mqṭl muqaṭṭilu qṭl quṭṭalu
Š Stem šqṭl šaqṭila yšqṭl yušaqṭil57 šqṭl šaqṭil mšqṭl mušaqṭilu šqṭl šuqṭalu
Gp Stem qṭl quṭila 2 yqṭl yuqṭal qṭl qaṭūlu3
Gt Stem iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭala4 yqtṭl yiqtaṭal 5 iqtṭl ʾiqtaṭal61 mqtṭl muqtaṭilu tqtṭl tVqtaṭilu
Dp Stem qṭl quṭṭila 6 yqṭl yuqaṭṭal57 mqṭl muqaṭṭalu
tD Stem itqṭl ʾitqaṭṭila 7 ytqṭl yutqaṭṭil57 tqṭl taqaṭṭil8 tqṭl tuqaṭṭilu
Šp Stem šqṭl šuqṭala61 yšqṭl yušaqṭal57 mšqṭl mušaqṭalu
1 The preformative vowel may u or a. 2 The stem vowel may be either i or a. 3 I.e. the G Passive Participle. 4 When clause initial, the form has a prosthetic ʾ with i vowel; otherwise, the t and q seem to undergo metathesis: tqtqtqtqṭṭṭṭl l l l taqṭal(?) (Schniedewind 175, n17). 5 The stem vowel may be i not a. 6 The stem vowel may also be a: quṭṭala. 7 The stem vowel may be a: ʾitquṭṭala, there may be an a after the t: ʾitaquṭṭi/ala, and the form may not take a prosthetic ʾ at all: taquṭṭi/ala. 8 The form identified by Sivan as an imperative is identified by Schniedewind and Hunt as an infinitive. Thus, one or the other may be doubtful.
i-Stative: KBD
G Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation1111
Singular Dual Plural
3m kbd kabida kbd kabidā kbd kabidū
3f kbdt kabidat kbdt kabid(a)tā kbd kabidā
2m kbdt kabidta kbdtm kabidtumā kbdtm kabidtum(ū)
2f kbdt kabidti kbdtm kabidtumā kbdtn kabidtunā
1c kbdt kabidtu (?) kbdny kabidniyā kbdn kabidnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m ykbd yikbad y/tkbd y/tikbadā tkbd tikbadū
3f tkbd tikbad tkbd tikbadā tkbdn tikbadna
2m tkbd tikbad tkbd tikbadā tkbd tikbadū
2f tkbd tikbadī tkbd tikbadā tkbdn tikbadna
1c ikbd ʾikbad nkbd nikbadā nkbd nikbad
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation2222
Singular Dual Plural
3m ykbd yikbadu y/tkbdn y/tikbadāni tkbdn tikbadūna
3f tkbd tikbadu tkbdn tikbadāni tkbdn tikbadnā
2m tkbd tikbadu tkbdn tikbadāni tkbdn tikbadūna
2f tkbdn tikbadīna tkbdn tikbadāni tkbdn tikbadnā
1c ikbd ʾikbadu nkbdn nikbadāni nkbd nikbadu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m ykbd yikbada y/tkbd y/tikbadā tkbd tikbadū
3f tkbd tikbada tkbd tikbadā tkbdn tikbadna
2m tkbd tikbada tkbd tikbadā tkbd tikbadū
2f tkbd tikbadī tkbd tikbadā tkbdn tikbadna
1c ikbd ʾikbada nkbd nikbadā nkbd nikbada
1 Cf. יכבד/כבד The N, D, and Š stems are regular, as are the minor stems. 2 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
3 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative4444
ms kbd kabad/ kabda
fs kbd kabadī
duad kbd kabadā
mp kbd kabadū
Active Participle
ms kbd kābidu
fs kbdt kābidatu
mp kbdm kābidūma
fp kbdt kābidātu
Passive Participle5555
ms kbd kabūdu
fs kbdt kabūdatu
mp kbdm kabūdūma
fp kbdt kabūdātu
Infinitive6666
kbd kabādu
4 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is on the BH pattern. 6 If in bound relationship, then Infinitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
u-Stative: QṬN
G Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m qṭn qaṭuna qṭn qaṭunā qṭn qaṭunū
3f qṭnt qaṭunat qṭnt qaṭun(a)tā qṭn qaṭunā
2m qṭnt qaṭunta qṭntm qaṭuntumā qṭntm qaṭuntum(ū)
2f qṭnt qaṭunti qṭntm qaṭuntumā qṭntn qaṭuntunā
1c qṭnt qaṭuntu (?) qṭnny qaṭunniyā qṭnn qaṭunnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭn yaqṭan y/tqṭn y/taqṭanā tqṭn taqṭanū
3f tqṭn taqṭan tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭnn taqṭanna
2m tqṭn taqṭan tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭn taqṭanū
2f tqṭn taqṭanī tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭnn taqṭanna
1c iqṭn ʾiqṭan nqṭn naqṭanā nqṭn naqṭan
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation2222
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭn yaqṭanu y/tqṭnn y/taqṭanāni tqṭnn taqṭanūna
3f tqṭn taqṭanu tqṭnn taqṭanāni tqṭnn taqṭannā
2m tqṭn taqṭanu tqṭnn taqṭanāni tqṭnn taqṭanūna
2f tqṭnn taqṭanīna tqṭnn taqṭanāni tqṭnn taqṭannā
1c iqṭn ʾiqṭanu nqṭnn naqṭanāni nqṭn naqṭanu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqṭn yaqṭana y/tqṭn y/taqṭanā tqṭn taqṭanū
3f tqṭn taqṭana tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭnn taqṭanna
2m tqṭn taqṭana tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭn taqṭanū
2f tqṭn taqṭanī tqṭn taqṭanā tqṭnn taqṭanna
1c iqṭn ʾiqṭana nqṭn naqṭanā nqṭn naqṭana
1 Cf. יקטן/קטן The N, D, and Š stems are regular, as are the minor stems. 2 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
3 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative4444
ms qṭn qaṭan/ qaṭna
fs qṭn qaṭanī
Dual qṭn qaṭanā
mp qṭn qaṭanū
Active Participle
ms qṭn qāṭinu
fs qṭnt qāṭinatu
mp qṭnm qāṭinūma
fp qṭnt qāṭinātu
Passive Participle5555
ms qṭn qaṭūnu
fs qṭnt qaṭūnatu
mp qṭnm qaṭūnūma
fp qṭnt qaṭūnātu
Infinitive6666
qṭn qaṭānu
4 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is on the BH pattern. 6 If in bound relationship, then Infinitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
II-Guttural: MḪṢ
G Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m mḫṣ maḫaṣa mḫṣ maḫaṣā mḫṣ maḫaṣū
3f mḫṣt maḫaṣat mḫṣt maḫaṣ(a)tā mḫṣ maḫaṣā
2m mḫṣt maḫaṣta mḫṣtm maḫaṣtumā mḫṣtm maḫaṣtum(ū)
2f mḫṣt maḫaṣti mḫṣtm maḫaṣtumā mḫṣtn maḫaṣtunā
1c mḫṣt maḫaṣtu (?) mḫṣny maḫaṣniyā mḫṣn maḫaṣnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m ymḫṣ yimḫaṣ y/tmḫṣ y/timḫaṣā tmḫṣ timḫaṣū
3f tmḫṣ timḫaṣ tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣn timḫaṣna
2m tmḫṣ timḫaṣ tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣ timḫaṣū
2f tmḫṣ timḫaṣī tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣn timḫaṣna
1c imḫṣ ʾimḫaṣ nmḫṣ nimḫaṣā nmḫṣ nimḫaṣ
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation2222
Singular Dual Plural
3m ymḫṣ yimḫaṣu y/tmḫṣn y/timḫaṣāni tmḫṣn timḫaṣūna
3f tmḫṣ timḫaṣu tmḫṣn timḫaṣāni tmḫṣn timḫaṣnā
2m tmḫṣ timḫaṣu tmḫṣn timḫaṣāni tmḫṣn timḫaṣūna
2f tmḫṣn timḫaṣīna tmḫṣn timḫaṣāni tmḫṣn timḫaṣnā
1c imḫṣ ʾimḫaṣu nmḫṣn nimḫaṣāni nmḫṣ nimḫaṣu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m ymḫṣ yimḫaṣa y/tmḫṣ y/timḫaṣā tmḫṣ timḫaṣū
3f tmḫṣ timḫaṣa tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣn timḫaṣna
2m tmḫṣ timḫaṣa tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣ timḫaṣū
2f tmḫṣ timḫaṣī tmḫṣ timḫaṣā tmḫṣn timḫaṣna
1c imḫṣ ʾimḫaṣa nmḫṣ nimḫaṣā nmḫṣ nimḫaṣa
1 Cf ימחץ/מחץ The N, D, and Š stems are regular, as are the minor stems. 2 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
3 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative4444
ms mḫṣ maḫaṣ/ maḫṣa
fs mḫṣ maḫaṣī
Dual mḫṣ maḫaṣā
mp mḫṣ maḫaṣū
Active Participle
ms mḫṣ māḫiṣu
fs mḫṣt māḫiṣatu
mp mḫṣm māḫiṣūma
fp mḫṣt māḫiṣātu
Passive Participle5555
ms mḫṣ maḫūṣu
fs mḫṣt maḫūṣatu
mp mḫṣm maḫūṣūma
fp mḫṣt maḫūṣātu
Infinitive6666
mḫṣ maḫāṣu
4 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is on the BH pattern. 6 If in bound relationship, then Infinitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
III-Guttural: ŠLḤ
G Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m šlḥ šalaḥa šlḥ šalaḥā šlḥ šalaḥū
3f šlḥt šalaḥat šlḥt šalaḥ(a)tā šlḥ šalaḥā
2m šlḥt šalaḥta šlḥtm šalaḥtumā šlḥtm šalaḥtum(ū)
2f šlḥt šalaḥti šlḥtm šalaḥtumā šlḥtn šalaḥtunā
1c šlḥt šalaḥtu (?) šlḥny šalaḥniyā šlḥn šalaḥnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšlḥ yišlaḥ y/tšlḥ y/tišlaḥā tšlḥ tišlaḥū
3f tšlḥ tišlaḥ tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥn tišlaḥna
2m tšlḥ tišlaḥ tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥ tišlaḥū
2f tšlḥ tišlaḥī tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥn tišlaḥna
1c išlḥ ʾišlaḥ nšlḥ nišlaḥā nšlḥ nišlaḥ
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation2222
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšlḥ yišlaḥu y/tšlḥn y/tišlaḥāni tšlḥn tišlaḥūna
3f tšlḥ tišlaḥu tšlḥn tišlaḥāni tšlḥn tišlaḥnā
2m tšlḥ tišlaḥu tšlḥn tišlaḥāni tšlḥn tišlaḥūna
2f tšlḥn tišlaḥīna tšlḥn tišlaḥāni tšlḥn tišlaḥnā
1c išlḥ ʾišlaḥu nšlḥn nišlaḥāni nšlḥ nišlaḥu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšlḥ yišlaḥa y/tšlḥ y/tišlaḥā tšlḥ tišlaḥū
3f tšlḥ tišlaḥa tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥn tišlaḥna
2m tšlḥ tišlaḥa tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥ tišlaḥū
2f tšlḥ tišlaḥī tšlḥ tišlaḥā tšlḥn tišlaḥna
1c išlḥ ʾišlaḥa nšlḥ nišlaḥā nšlḥ nišlaḥa
1 Cf. ישלח/שלח The N, D, and Š stems are regular, as are the minor stems. 2 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
3 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative4444
ms šlḥ šalaḥ/ šalḥa
fs šlḥ šalaḥī
Dual šlḥ šalaḥā
mp šlḥ šalaḥū
Active Participle
ms šlḥ māḫiṣu
fs šlḥt māḫiṣatu
mp šlḥm māḫiṣūma
fp šlḥt māḫiṣātu
Passive Participle5555
ms šlḥ maḫūṣu
fs šlḥt maḫūṣatu
mp šlḥm maḫūṣūma
fp šlḥt maḫūṣātu
Infinitive6666
šlḥ maḫāṣu
4 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is on the BH pattern. 6 If in bound relationship, then Infinitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
I-N:1111 NPL
G Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m npl napala npl napalā npl napalū
3f nplt napalat nplt napal(a)tā npl napalā
2m nplt napalta npltm napaltumā npltm napaltum(ū)
2f nplt napalti npltm napaltumā npltn napaltunā
1c nplt napaltu (?) nplny napalniyā npln napalnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m ypl yappul y/tpl y/tappulā tpl tappulū
3f tpl tappul tpl tappulā tpln tappulna
2m tpl tappul tpl tappulā tpl tappulū
2f tpl tappulī tpl tappulā tpln tappulna
1c apl ʾappul npl nappulā npl nappul
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation2222
Singular Dual Plural
3m ypl yappulu y/tpln y/tappulāni tpln tappulūna
3f tpl tappulu tpln tappulāni tpln tappulnā
2m tpl tappulu tpln tappulāni tpln tappulūna
2f tpln tappulīna tpln tappulāni tpln tappulnā
1c apl ʾappulu npln nappulāni npl nappulu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m ypl yappula y/tpl y/tappulā tpl tappulū
3f tpl tappula tpl tappulā tpln tappulna
2m tpl tappula tpl tappulā tpl tappulū
2f tpl tappulī tpl tappulā tpln tappulna
1c apl ʾappula npl nappulā npl nappula
1 And LQḤ 2 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
3 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative4444
ms pl pul/ pula
fs pl pulī
dual pl pulā
mp pl pulū
Active Participle
ms npl nāpilu
fs nplt nāpilatu
mp nplm nāpilūma
fp nplt nāpilātu
Passive Participle5555
ms npl napūlu
fs nplt napūlatu
mp nplm napūlūma
fp nplt napūlātu
Infinitive6666
npl napālu
4 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 5 Uncertain vocalization; this is on the BH pattern. 6 If in bound relationship, then Infinitive Construct; if unbound, then Infinitive Absolute.
I-N: N Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation1111
Singular Dual Plural
3m npl nappala npl nappalā npl nappalū
3f nplt nappalat nplt nappal(a)tā npl nappalā
2m nplt nappalta npltm nappaltumā npltm nappaltum(ū)
2f nplt nappalti npltm nappaltumā npltn nappaltunā
1c nplt nappaltu (?) nplny nappalniyā npln nappalnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m ynpl yinnapil y/tnpl y/tinnapilā tnpl tinnapilū
3f tnpl tinnapil tnpl tinnapilā tnpln tinnapilna
2m tnpl tinnapil tnpl tinnapilā tnpl tinnapilū
2f tnpl tinnapilī tnpl tinnapilā tnpln tinnapilna
1c inpl ʾinnapil nnpl ninnapilā nnpl ninnapil
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation2222
Singular Dual Plural
3m ynpl yinnapilu y/tnpln y/tinnapilāni tnpln tinnapilūna
3f tnpl tinnapilu tnpln tinnapilāni tnpln tinnapilnā
2m tnpl tinnapilu tnpln tinnapilāni tnpln tinnapilūna
2f tnpln tinnapilīna tnpln tinnapilāni tnpln tinnapilnā
1c inpl ʾinnapilu nnpln ninnapilāni nnpl ninnapilu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m ynpl yinnapila y/tnpl y/tinnapilā tnpl tinnapilū
3f tnpl tinnapila tnpl tinnapilā tnpln tinnapilna
2m tnpl tinnapila tnpl tinnapilā tnpl tinnapilū
2f tnpl tinnapilī tnpl tinnapilā tnpln tinnapilna
1c inpl ʾinnapila nnpl ninnapilā nnpl ninnapila
1 Presumably C1 assimilates to C2, though there is the form nlqḥt nalqaḥt, where this
apparently does not happen—unless LQḤ behaves regularly in the N, as HLQ does in the Š. 2 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
3 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative4444
Participle5555
Infinitive6666
4 There are no attestations for the Imperative; the Jussive is used instead. The pattern would
presumably be nqṭl naqṭil, but the last vowel is questionable. 5 Unattested in I-N 6 Unattested in I-N
I-N: At a Glance with D, Š, and Minor Stems
Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive
G Stem npl napala ypl yappul- pl pul npl nāpilu npl napālu
npl napūlu
N Stem npl nappala ynpl yinnapil-
D Stem npl nappila ynpl yunappil [ npl nappil mnpl munappilu npl nuppalu ]
Š Stem1111 špl šappila [ yšpl yušappil- špl šappil mšpl mušappilu špl šuppalu ]
Gp Stem [ npl nupila ] ypl yuppal- [ npl napūlu ]
Gt Stem [ itpl ʾittapala ] ytpl yittapil- [ itpl ʾittapal ] mtpl muttapilu [ ttpl tVttapilu ]
Šp Stem [ špl šuppala yšpl yušappal- ] mšpl mušappalu
1 Only one I-N form is found in the Š Stem: šsʿn šassiʿanī “he brought [the silver] to me” from NSʿ
I-Y:1111 YRD
G Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m yrd yarada yrd yaradā yrd yaradū
3f yrdt yaradat yrdt yarad(a)tā yrd yaradā
2m yrdt yaradta yrdtm yaradtumā yrdtm yaradtum(ū)
2f yrdt yaradti yrdtm yaradtumā yrdtn yaradtunā
1c yrdt yaradtu (?) yrdny yaradniyā yrdn yaradnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m yrd yarid y/trd y/taridā trd taridū
3f trd tarid trd taridā trdn taridna
2m trd tarid trd taridā trd taridū
2f trd taridī trd taridā trdn taridna
1c ard ʾarid nrd naridā nrd narid
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation2222
Singular Dual Plural
3m yrd yaridu y/trdn y/taridāni trdn taridūna
3f trd taridu trdn taridāni trdn taridnā
2m trd taridu trdn taridāni trdn taridūna
2f trdn taridīna trdn taridāni trdn taridnā
1c ard ʾaridu nrdn naridāni nrd naridu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yrd yarida y/trd y/taridā trd taridū
3f trd tarida trd taridā trdn taridna
2m trd tarida trd taridā trd taridū
2f trd taridī trd taridā trdn taridna
1c ard ʾarida nrd naridā nrd narida
1 And HLK 2 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
3 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative4444
ms rd rid/ rida
fs rd ridī
dual rd ridā
mp rd ridū
Active Participle
ms yrd yāridu
fs yrdt yāridatu
mp yrdm yāridūma
fp yrdt yāridātu
Passive Participle5555
ms mrd môrūdu
fs mrdt môrūdatu
mp mrdm môrūdūma
fp mrdt môrūdātu
Infinitive6666
yrd yarādu
OR rdt ridatu
4 The y y y y is lost. 5 The yyyy contracts, based on whe-ther the verb was I-Y or I-W in Proto Semitic: I-y forms are ê < *ay, while I-W forms are ô < *aw; unless the extant forms are actually nouns. Cf. Sivan 149-50. 6 As in BH, there seem to be two Infinitive forms: one preserving the yyyy, and the other adding a t t t t to the end.
I-Y: Š Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m šrd šôrida šrd šôridā šrd šôridū
3f šrdt šôridat šrdt šôrid(a)tā šrd šôridā
2m šrdt šôridta šrdtm šôridtumā šrdtm šôridtum(ū)
2f šrdt šôridti šrdtm šôridtumā šrdtn šôridtunā
1c šrdt šôridtu (?) šrdny šôridniyā šrdn šôridnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation2222
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšrd yušôrid y/tšrd y/tušôridā tšrd tušôridū
3f tšrd tušôrid tšrd tušôridā tšrdn tušôridna
2m tšrd tušôrid tšrd tušôridā tšrd tušôridū
2f tšrd tušôridī tšrd tušôridā tšrdn tušôridna
1c ašrd ʾašôrid nšrd nušôridā nšrd nušôrid
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšrd yušôridu y/tšrdn y/tušôridāni tšrdn tušôridūna
3f tšrd tušôridu tšrdn tušôridāni tšrdn tušôridnā
2m tšrd tušôridu tšrdn tušôridāni tšrdn tušôridūna
2f tšrdn tušôridīna tšrdn tušôridāni tšrdn tušôridnā
1c ašrd ʾašôridu nšrdn nušôridāni nšrd nušôridu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation4444
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšrd yušôrida y/tšrd y/tušôridā tšrd tušôridū
3f tšrd tušôrida tšrd tušôridā tšrdn tušôridna
2m tšrd tušôrida tšrd tušôridā tšrd tušôridū
2f tšrd tušôridī tšrd tušôridā tšrdn tušôridna
1c ašrd ʾašôrida nšrd nušôridā nšrd nušôrida
1 In this stem, the verb HLQ behaves like a strong verb in attested forms. The yyyy contracts in all forms in this stem, based on whether the verb was I-Y or I-W in Proto Semitic: I-y forms are ê < *ay, while I-W forms are ô < *aw. 2 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 3 Any Short form in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
4 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative
ms šrd šôrid
fs šrd šôridī
dual šrd šôridā
mp šrd šôridū
Participle
ms mšrd mušôridu
fs mšrdt mušôridatu
mp mšrdm mušôridūma
fp mšrdt mušôridātu
Infinitive5555
šrd šûradu
5 Vocalization based on the D Infinitive; û < *uw or *uy
I-Y: At a Glance with N, D, and Minor Stems
Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive
G Stem yrd yarada yrd yarid- rd rid yrd yāridu yrd yarādu
mrd môrūdu rdt ridatu
N Stem nrd nôrada1
D Stem2222 wrd warrida ywrd yuwarrid-
Š Stem šrd šôrida yšrd yušôrid- šrd šôrid mšrd mušôridu šrd šûradu
Gp Stem yrd yûrad-3
Gt Stem4444 ytrd yi(t)tarad- itrd ʾi(t)tarad5
Šp Stem6666 yšrd yušôrad-
1 Only one form is attested: ntn ntn ntn ntn nêtana/nôtana. The yyyy contracts, based on whether the verb was I-Y or I-W in Proto Semitic: I-y forms are ê < *ay, while I-W forms are ô < *aw. 2 The D Stem of I-Y verbs acts normally—as if the verb were a I-W—when it occurs. 3 yûrad- < *yuyrad- 4 The yyyy may or may not assimilate to the infixed tttt, hence the parenthesis. 5 Then again, the only Gt Imperative form attested has elided the prosthetic ʾ and may not actually be Gt but G from TQǴ. 6 Only YṮB is attested in the Šp, and in this case, the šššš partially assimilates to the ṯṯṯṯ: yuṯôṯab- < yušôṯab- < yušawṯab-.
II-Y/W: QWM, ŠYR, BWṮ
G Stem, QWM Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m qm qâma1 qm qâmā qm qâmū
3f qmt qâmat qmt qâm(a)tā qm qâmā
2m qmt qâmta qmtm qâmtumā qmtm qâmtum(ū)
2f qmt qâmti qmtm qâmtumā qmtn qâmtunā
1c qmt qâmtu (?) qmny qâmniyā qmn qâmnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqm yaqūm2 y/tqm y/taqūmā tqm taqūmū
3f tqm taqūm tqm taqūmā tqmn taqūmna
2m tqm taqūm tqm taqūmā tqm taqūmū
2f tqm taqūmī tqm taqūmā tqmn taqūmna
1c aqm ʾaqūm nqm naqūmā nqm naqūm
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqm yaqūmu y/tqmn y/taqūmāni tqmn taqūmūna
3f tqm taqūmu tqmn taqūmāni tqmn taqūmnā
2m tqm taqūmu tqmn taqūmāni tqmn taqūmūna
2f tqmn taqūmīna tqmn taqūmāni tqmn taqūmnā
1c aqm ʾaqūmu nqmn naqūmāni nqm naqūmu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation4444
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqm yaqūma y/tqm y/taqūmā tqm taqūmū
3f tqm taqūma tqm taqūmā tqmn taqūmna
2m tqm taqūma tqm taqūmā tqm taqūmū
2f tqm taqūmī tqm taqūmā tqmn taqūmna
1c aqm ʾaqūma nqm naqūmā nqm naqūma
1 Contracted from a presumed *qayama/qawama. 2 ū lengthened to compensate for the loss of w; Sivan argues (154) that those forms without vocalic endings would have u: yaqum instead of yaqūm. 3 Any Short form in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
4 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative5555
ms qm qum
fs qm qūmī6
dual qm qūmā
mp qm qūmū
Active Participle
ms qm qâmu7
fs qmt qâmatu
mp qmm qâmūma
fp qmt qâmātu
Passive Participle8888
Infinitive
qm qûmu
5 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 6 Perhaps the u should be short. 7 Perhaps contracted from *qāwimu? 8 Unattested in II-W.
II-Y: G Stem, ŠYR Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m šr šâra1 šr šârā šr šârū
3f šrt šârat šrt šâr(a)tā šr šârā
2m šrt šârta šrtm šârtumā šrtm šârtum(ū)
2f šrt šârti šrtm šârtumā šrtn šârtunā
1c šrt šârtu (?) šrny šârniyā šrn šârnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšr yašīr2 y/tšr y/tašīrā tšr tašīrū
3f tšr tašīr tšr tašīrā tšrn tašīrna
2m tšr tašīr tšr tašīrā tšr tašīrū
2f tšr tašīrī tšr tašīrā tšrn tašīrna
1c ašr ʾašīr nšr našīrā nšr našīr
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšr yašīru y/tšrn y/tašīrāni tšrn tašīrūna
3f tšr tašīru tšrn tašīrāni tšrn tašīrnā
2m tšr tašīru tšrn tašīrāni tšrn tašīrūna
2f tšrn tašīrīna tšrn tašīrāni tšrn tašīrnā
1c ašr ʾašīru nšrn našīrāni nšr našīru
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation4444
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšr yašīra y/tšr y/tašīrā tšr tašīrū
3f tšr tašīra tšr tašīrā tšrn tašīrna
2m tšr tašīra tšr tašīrā tšr tašīrū
2f tšr tašīrī tšr tašīrā tšrn tašīrna
1c ašr ʾašīra nšr našīrā nšr našīra
1 Contracted from a presumed *šayara. 2 ī lengthened to compensate for the loss of y; Sivan argues (154) that those forms without vocalic endings would have i: yašir instead of yašīr. 3 Any Short form in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
4 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative5555
ms šr šir
fs šr šīrī6
dual šr šīrā
mp šr šīrū
Active Participle
ms šr šâru7
fs šrt šâratu
mp šrm šârūma
fp šrt šârātu
Passive Participle8888
Infinitive
šr šîru
5 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 6 Perhaps the u should be short. 7 Perhaps contracted from *šāwiru? 8 Unattested in II-Y.
II-W: G Stem, BWṮ Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m bṯ bâṯa1 bṯ bâṯā bṯ bâṯū
3f bṯt bâṯat bṯt bâṯ(a)tā bṯ bâṯā
2m bṯt bâṯta bṯtm bâṯtumā bṯtm bâṯtum(ū)
2f bṯt bâṯti bṯtm bâṯtumā bṯtn bâṯtunā
1c bṯt bâṯtu (?) bṯny bâṯniyā bṯn bâṯnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m ybṯ yabāṯ2 y/tbṯ y/tabāṯā tbṯ tabāṯū
3f tbṯ tabāṯ tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯn tabāṯna
2m tbṯ tabāṯ tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯ tabāṯū
2f tbṯ tabāṯī tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯn tabāṯna
1c abṯ ʾabāṯ nbṯ nabāṯā nbṯ nabāṯ
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m ybṯ yabāṯu y/tbṯn y/tabāṯāni tbṯn tabāṯūna
3f tbṯ tabāṯu tbṯn tabāṯāni tbṯn tabāṯnā
2m tbṯ tabāṯu tbṯn tabāṯāni tbṯn tabāṯūna
2f tbṯn tabāṯīna tbṯn tabāṯāni tbṯn tabāṯnā
1c abṯ ʾabāṯu nbṯn nabāṯāni nbṯ nabāṯu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation4444
Singular Dual Plural
3m ybṯ yabāṯa y/tbṯ y/tabāṯā tbṯ tabāṯū
3f tbṯ tabāṯa tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯn tabāṯna
2m tbṯ tabāṯa tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯ tabāṯū
2f tbṯ tabāṯī tbṯ tabāṯā tbṯn tabāṯna
1c abṯ ʾabāṯa nbṯ nabāṯā nbṯ nabāṯa
1 Contracted from a presumed *bawaṯa. 2 ā lengthened to compensate for the loss of w; Sivan argues (154) that those forms without vocalic endings would have a: yabaṯ instead of yabāṯ. 3 Any Short form in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
4 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative5555
ms bṯ baṯ
fs bṯ bāṯī6
dual bṯ bāṯā
mp bṯ bāṯū
Active Participle
ms bṯ bâṯu7
fs bṯt bâṯatu
mp bṯm bâṯūma
fp bṯt bâṯātu
Passive Participle8888
Infinitive
bṯ bâṯu
5 The vowel is the theme vowel of the Imperfect/Prefix Conju-gation, doubled. The second may be apocopated. 6 Perhaps the u should be short. 7 Perhaps contracted from *bāwiṯu? 8 Unattested in II-W.
II-Y/W: L Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m qmm qāmima qmm qāmimā qmm qāmimū
3f qmmt qāmimat qmmt qāmim(a)tā qmm qāmimā
2m qmmt qāmimta qmmtm qāmimtumā qmmtm qāmimtum(ū)
2f qmmt qāmimti qmmtm qāmimtumā qmmtn qāmimtunā
1c qmmt qāmimtu (?) qmmny qāmimniyā qmmn qāmimnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation2222
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqmm yuqāmim y/tqmm y/tuqāmimā tqmm tuqāmimū
3f tqmm tuqāmim tqmm tuqāmimā tqmmn tuqāmimna
2m tqmm tuqāmim tqmm tuqāmimā tqmm tuqāmimū
2f tqmm tuqāmimī tqmm tuqāmimā tqmmn tuqāmimna
1c aqmm ʾaqāmim 3 nqmm nuqāmimā nqmm nuqāmim
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation4444
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqmm yuqāmimu y/tqmmn y/tuqāmimāni tqmmn tuqāmimūna
3f tqmm tuqāmimu tqmmn tuqāmimāni tqmmn tuqāmimnā
2m tqmm tuqāmimu tqmmn tuqāmimāni tqmmn tuqāmimūna
2f tqmmn tuqāmimīna tqmmn tuqāmimāni tqmmn tuqāmimnā
1c aqmm ʾaqāmimu nqmmn nuqāmimāni nqmm nuqāmimu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation5555
Singular Dual Plural
3m yqmm yuqāmima y/tqmm y/tuqāmimā tqmm tuqāmimū
3f tqmm tuqāmima tqmm tuqāmimā tqmmn tuqāmimna
2m tqmm tuqāmima tqmm tuqāmimā tqmm tuqāmimū
2f tqmm tuqāmimī tqmm tuqāmimā tqmmn tuqāmimna
1c aqmm ʾaqāmima nqmm nuqāmimā nqmm nuqāmima
1 The L stem replaces the D stem for II-Y/W verbs. 2 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 3 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 4 Any Short form ending in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
5 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative
ms qmm qāmim
fs qmm qāmimī
dual qmm qāmimā
mp qmm qāmimū
Participle
Infinitive
II-Y/W: Š Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m šqm šaqīma šqm šaqīmā šqm šaqīmū
3f šqmt šaqīmat šqmt šaqīm(a)tā šqm šaqīmā
2m šqmt šaqīmta šqmtm šaqīmtumā šqmtm šaqīmtum(ū)
2f šqmt šaqīmti šqmtm šaqīmtumā šqmtn šaqīmtunā
1c šqmt šaqīmtu (?) šqmny šaqīmniyā šqmn šaqīmnū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation2222
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšqm yušaqīm y/tšqm y/tušaqīmā tšqm tušaqīmū
3f tšqm tušaqīm tšqm tušaqīmā tšqmn tušaqīmna
2m tšqm tušaqīm tšqm tušaqīmā tšqm tušaqīmū
2f tšqm tušaqīmī tšqm tušaqīmā tšqmn tušaqīmna
1c ašqm ʾašaqīm 3 nšqm nušaqīmā nšqm nušaqīm
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation4444
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšqm yušaqīmu y/tšqmn y/tušaqīmāni tšqmn tušaqīmūna
3f tšqm tušaqīmu tšqmn tušaqīmāni tšqmn tušaqīmnā
2m tšqm tušaqīmu tšqmn tušaqīmāni tšqmn tušaqīmūna
2f tšqmn tušaqīmīna tšqmn tušaqīmāni tšqmn tušaqīmnā
1c ašqm ʾašaqīmu nšqmn nušaqīmāni nšqm nušaqīmu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation5555
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšqm yušaqīma y/tšqm y/tušaqīmā tšqm tušaqīmū
3f tšqm tušaqīma tšqm tušaqīmā tšqmn tušaqīmna
2m tšqm tušaqīma tšqm tušaqīmā tšqm tušaqīmū
2f tšqm tušaqīmī tšqm tušaqīmā tšqmn tušaqīmna
1c ašqm ʾašaqīma nšqm nušaqīmā nšqm nušaqīma
1 Note, in this stem for the common verb ṮṮṮṮWBWBWBWB, the š of the stem assimilates to the ṯ, thus ṯṯṯṯṯṯṯṯbbbb ṯaṯība < *šaṯība < *šaṯwiba (?) 2 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 3 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 4 Any Short form in C3
gets -u; in long V gets -na, except Dual -ni; fp -na lengthened.
5 Any Short form ending in C3 gets -a.
Imperative
ms šqm šaqim6
fs šqm šaqimī
dual šqm šaqimā
mp šqm šaqimū
Participle
Infinitive
šqm šuqāmu
6 Perhaps this vowel should be long.
II-Y/W: At a Glance with Minor Stems
Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive
G Stem qm qâma yqm yaqūm- qm qum qm qâmu qm qûmu
šr šâra yšr yašīr- šr šir šr šâru šr šîru
bṯ bâṯa ybṯ yabāṯ- bṯ baṯ bṯ bâṯu bṯ bâṯu
L Stem1111 qmm qāmima yqmm yuqāmim- qmm qāmim
Š Stem šqm šaqīma yšqm yušaqīm- šqm šaqim
Gp Stem yqm yuqām-
Gt Stem yqtmyqtmyqtmyqtm yiqtân-/yiqtîn-2
Šp Stem3333 yšqm yušaqām- (?)
1 The L Stem replaces the D Stem for II-Y/W verbs. 2 From *yiqtawin-/yiqtawan-. 3 Only YṮB is attested in the Šp, and in this case, the šššš partially assimilates to the ṯṯṯṯ: yuṯôṯab- < yušôṯab- < yušawṯab-.
III-Y: BNY
G Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m bny banaya1 bny banayā bny banayū
3f bnyt banayat bnyt banay(a)tā bny banayā
2m bnt banêta2 bntm banêtumā bntm banêtum(ū)
2f bnt banêti bntm banêtumā bntn banêtunā
1c bnt banêtu (?) bnny banêniyā bnn banênū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m ybn yabnî y/tbny y/tabniyā tbny tabniyū
3f tbn tabnî tbny tabniyā tbnn tabnîna
2m tbn tabnî tbny tabniyā tbny tabniyū
2f tbny tabniyī tbny tabniyā tbnn tabnîna
1c abn ʾabnî nbny nabniyā nbn nabnî
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation4444
Singular Dual Plural
3m ybny yabniyu y/tbnyn y/tabniyāni tbnyn tabniyūna
3f tbny tabniyu tbnyn tabniyāni tbnn tabnînā
2m tbny tabniyu tbnyn tabniyāni tbnyn tabniyūna
2f tbnyn tabniyīna tbnyn tabniyāni tbnn tabnînā
1c abny ʾabniyu nbnyn nabniyāni nbny nabniyu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation5555
Singular Dual Plural
3m ybny yabniya y/tbny y/tabniyā tbny tabniyū
3f tbny tabniya tbny tabniyā tbnn tabnîna
2m tbny tabniya tbny tabniyā tbny tabniyū
2f tbny tabniyī tbny tabniyā tbnn tabnîna
1c abny ʾabniya nbny nabniyā nbny nabniya
1 The forms with y may also contract: banaya > banâ; banayū > banû. 2 Contracted from *banayta; the form could be banîta < *baniyta (cf. BH בנית) 3 The y is usually preserved in the forms with a vowel after it; otherwise it contracts: *yabniy > yabnî. Sometimes, even a triphthong will contract: yabniyu > yabnû. 4 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.
5 Any endingless Short form gets -a.
Imperative6666
ms bn(y) banî/baniya
fs bn(y) banî/baniyī
dual bny baniyā
mp bn(y) banû/baniyū
Active Participle
ms bny bāniyu
fs bnyt bāniyatu
mp bnym bāniyūma
fp bnyt bāniyātu
Passive Participle
ms bny banūyu
fs bnyt banūyatu
mp bnym banūyūma
fp bnyt banūyātu7
Infinitive
bny banāyu
bn banâ
6 These appear both with and without the y; the forms are not certain. 7 This form is also written bnwtbnwtbnwtbnwt banūwātu, with the w as a glide?
III-Y: D Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m bny banniya bny banniyā bny banniyū
3f bnyt banniyat bnyt banniy(a)tā bny banniyā
2m bnt bannîta bntm bannîtumā bntm bannîtum(ū)
2f bnt bannîti bntm bannîtumā bntn bannîtunā
1c bnt bannîtu (?) bnny bannîniyā bnn bannînū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation1111
Singular Dual Plural
3m ybn yubannî y/tbny y/tubanniyā tbny tubanniyū
3f tbn tubannî tbny tubanniyā tbnn tubannîna
2m tbn tubannî tbny tubanniyā tbny tubanniyū
2f tbny tubanniyī tbny tubanniyā tbnn tubannîna
1c abn ʾabannî 2 nbny nubanniyā nbn nubannî
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m ybny yubanniyu y/tbnyn y/tubanniyāni tbnyn tubanniyūna
3f tbny tubanniyu tbnyn tubanniyāni tbnn tubannînā
2m tbny tubanniyu tbnyn tubanniyāni tbnyn tubanniyūna
2f tbnyn tubanniyīna tbnyn tubanniyāni tbnn tubannînā
1c abny ʾabanniyu nbnyn nubanniyāni nbny nubanniyu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation4444
Singular Dual Plural
3m ybny yubanniya y/tbny y/tubanniyā tbny tubanniyū
3f tbny tubanniya tbny tubanniyā tbnn tubannîna
2m tbny tubanniya tbny tubanniyā tbny tubanniyū
2f tbny tubanniyī tbny tubanniyā tbnn tubannîna
1c abny ʾabanniya nbny nubanniyā nbny nubanniya
1 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 2 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 3 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.
4 Any endingless Short form gets -a.
Imperative
Participle
ms mbny mubanniyu
fs mbnyt mubanniyatu
mp mbnym mubanniyūma
fp mbnyt mubanniyātu
Infinitive5555
bn bunnû
5 From the syllabic texts, not the alphabetic: ḫu-wu-ú ḥuwwû < *ḥuwwayu.
III-Y: Š Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation
Singular Dual Plural
3m šbny šabniya šbny šabniyā šbny šabniyū
3f šbnyt šabniyat šbnyt šabniy (a)tā šbny šabniyā
2m šbnt šabnîta šbntm šabnîtumā šbntm šabnîtum(ū)
2f šbnt šabnîti šbntm šabnîtumā šbntn šabnîtunā
1c šbnt šabnîtu (?) šbnny šabnîniyā šbnn šabnînū
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation1111
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšbn yušabnî y/tšbny y/tušabniyā tšbny tušabniyū
3f tšbn tušabnî tšbny tušabniyā tšbnn tušabnîna
2m tšbn tušabnî tšbny tušabniyā tšbny tušabniyū
2f tšbny tušabniyī tšbny tušabniyā tšbnn tušabnîna
1c ašbn ʾašabnî 2 nšbny nušabniyā nšbn nušabnî
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšbny yušabniyu y/tšbnyn y/tušabniyānitšbnyn tušabniyūna
3f tšbny tušabniyu tšbnyn tušabniyāni tšbnn tušabnînā
2m tšbny tušabniyu tšbnyn tušabniyāni tšbnyn tušabniyūna
2f tšbnyn tušabniyīna tšbnyn tušabniyāni tšbnn tušabnînā
1c ašbny ʾašabniyu nšbnyn nušabniyāni nšbny nušabniyu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation4444
Singular Dual Plural
3m yšbny yušabniya y/tšbny y/tušabniyā tšbny tušabniyū
3f tšbny tušabniya tšbny tušabniyā tšbnn tušabnîna
2m tšbny tušabniya tšbny tušabniyā tšbny tušabniyū
2f tšbny tušabniyī tšbny tušabniyā tšbnn tušabnîna
1c ašbny ʾašabniya nšbny nušabniyā nšbny nušabniya
1 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 2 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 3 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.
4 Any endingless Short form gets -a.
Imperative5555
ms šbn(y) šabnî (-iy?)
fs šbny šabniyī
dual šbny šabniyā
mp šbny šabniyū
Participle
Infinitive
5 Only the fs is attested.
III-Y: At a Glance with Minor Stems
Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive
G Stem bny banaya ybn yabnî bn banî (act) bny bāniyu bny banāyu
bnt banêta1 ybny yabniyu bny baniya (ps) bny banūyu bn banâ
N Stem nbny nabnaya2 ynbny yinbaniyu3
D Stem bny banniya ybn yubannî mbny mubanniyu bn bunnû
bnt bannîta ybny yubanniyu
Š Stem šbny šabniya yšbn yušabnî (fs) šbny šabniyī
šbnt šabnîta yšbny yušabniyu
Gp Stem bny bunaya ybn yubnê4
Gt Stem ibtnibtnibtnibtn ʾibtanê5
Dp Stem ybn yabannê6
Št Stem7777 yštḥw yištaḥwî8
1 Contracted from *banayta; the form could be banîta < *baniyta (cf. BH בנית) 2 The 2ms would presumably be nbnt nbnt nbnt nbnt nabnêta (cf. BH נבנית). 3 In the only occurrence of an N prefixed form (ynphy ynphy ynphy ynphy yinpahiyu) the n does not assimilate, unexpectedly. 4 < *yubnay. 5 < *ʾibtanay, but perhaps the form should be ʾibtanî < *ʾibtaniy. 6 < *yabannay. 7 As in BH, the Št Stem only occurs with the root ḤWY. 8 < *yištaḥwiy-.
II=III: RBB1111
G Stem Perfect/Suffix Conjugation2222
Singular Dual Plural
3m rb rabba [ rb rabbā rb rabbū ]
3f [ rbt rabbat rbt rabb(a)tā rb rabbā ]
2m rbt rabbata [ rbtm rabbatumā rbtm rabbatum(ū) ]
2f [ rbt rabbati rbtm rabbatumā rbtn rabbatunā ]
1c [ rbt rabbatu (?) rbny rabbaniyā rbn rabbanū ]
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yrb yarub y/trb y/tarubbā trb tarubbū
3f trb tarub trb tarubbā trbn tarubna
2m trb tarub trb tarubbā trb tarubbū
2f trb tarubbī trb tarubbā trbn tarubna
1c arb ʾarub nrb narubbā nrb narub
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation4444
Singular Dual Plural
3m yrb yarubbu y/trbn y/tarubbāni trbn tarubbūna
3f trb tarubbu trbn tarubbāni trbn tarubnā
2m trb tarubbu trbn tarubbāni trbn tarubbūna
2f trbn tarubbīna trbn tarubbāni trbn tarubnā
1c arb ʾarubbu nrbn narubbāni nrb narubbu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation5555
Singular Dual Plural
3m yrb yarubba y/trb y/tarubbā trb tarubbū
3f trb tarubba trb tarubbā trbn tarubna
2m trb tarubba trb tarubbā trb tarubbū
2f trb tarubbī trb tarubbā trbn tarubna
1c arb ʾarubba nrb narubbā nrb narubba
1 Not infrequently, this class of verbs is treated like the strong verb, with both radicals written in the text; this paradigm will only treat the “irregular” forms. 2 Only 3ms and 2ms are attested in weak forms; 3fs is attested once in a strong form. 3 The form is yaCzuC2C3- if followed by a vowel, otherwise yaCzuCc. 4 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.
5 Any endingless Short form gets -a.
Imperative
ms rb rub
fs rb rubblī
dual rb rubbā
mp rb rubbū
Active Participle6666
ms rb rabbu
fs rbt rabbatu
mp [ rbbm rābibūma ]
fp [ rbbt rābibātu ]
Passive Participle7777
ms rbb rabūbu
fs rbbt rabūbatu
mp rbbm rabūbūma
fp rbbt rabūbātu
Infinitive8888
rbt ribbatu
6 The plurals aretreated as strong. 7 Treated as strong throughout. 8 The attested form is ḥḥḥḥnth nth nth nth ḥinnatihu (with 3ms suffix).
Cf. BH חנות (Ps 77:10).
II=III: D Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation2222
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yrbb yurabbib y/trbb y/turabbibā trbb turabbibū
3f trbb turabbib trbb turabbibā trbbn turabbibna
2m trbb turabbib trbb turabbibā trbb turabbibū
2f trbb turabbibī trbb turabbibā trbbn turabbibna
1c arbb ʾarabbib 4 nrbb nurabbibā nrbb nurabbib
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation5555
Singular Dual Plural
3m yrbb yurabbibu y/trbbn y/turabbibāni trbbn turabbibūna
3f trbb turabbibu trbbn turabbibāni trbbn turabbibnā
2m trbb turabbibu trbbn turabbibāni trbbn turabbibūna
2f trbbn turabbibīna trbbn turabbibāni trbbn turabbibnā
1c arbb ʾarabbibu nrbbn nurabbibāni nrbb nurabbibu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation6666
Singular Dual Plural
3m yrbb yurabbiba y/trbb y/turabbibā trbb turabbibū
3f trbb turabbiba trbb turabbibā trbbn turabbibna
2m trbb turabbiba trbb turabbibā trbb turabbibū
2f trbb turabbibī trbb turabbibā trbbn turabbibna
1c arbb ʾarabbiba nrbb nurabbibā nrbb nurabbiba
1 With this class of verbs, it is not clear whether the stem would be D, with a doubling of C2, or L, with a lengthening of the vowel after C1. 2 The suffix conjugation is not attested in this stem. 3 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 4 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 5 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.
6 Any endingless Short form gets -a.
Imperative
ms rbb rabbib
fs rbb rabbibī
dual rbb rabbibā
mp rbb rabbibū
Participle
ms mrbb murabbibu
fs mrbbt murabbibatu
mp mrbbm murabbibūma
fp mrbbt murabbibātu
Infinitive
II=III: L Stem1111 Perfect/Suffix Conjugation2222
Preterite/Jussive/Short Prefix Conjugation3333
Singular Dual Plural
3m yrbb yurābib y/trbb y/turābibā trbb turābibū
3f trbb turābib trbb turābibā trbbn turābibna
2m trbb turābib trbb turābibā trbb turābibū
2f trbb turābibī trbb turābibā trbbn turābibna
1c arbb ʾarābib 4 nrbb nurābibā nrbb nurābib
Imperfect/Prefix Conjugation5555
Singular Dual Plural
3m yrbb yurābibu y/trbbn y/turābibāni trbbn turābibūna
3f trbb turābibu trbbn turābibāni trbbn turābibnā
2m trbb turābibu trbbn turābibāni trbbn turābibūna
2f trbbn turābibīna trbbn turābibāni trbbn turābibnā
1c arbb ʾarābibu nrbbn nurābibāni nrbb nurābibu
Volitive/Extended Short Prefix Conjugation6666
Singular Dual Plural
3m yrbb yurābiba y/trbb y/turābibā trbb turābibū
3f trbb turābiba trbb turābibā trbbn turābibna
2m trbb turābiba trbb turābibā trbb turābibū
2f trbb turābibī trbb turābibā trbbn turābibna
1c arbb ʾarābiba nrbb nurābibā nrbb nurābiba
1 With this class of verbs, it is not clear whether the stem would be D, with a doubling of C2, or L, with a lengthening of the vowel after C1. 2 The suffix conjugation is not attested in this stem. 3 The preformative vowel may be u like other Semitic languages (cf. Akkadian) or a like the 1cs. 4 Note, 1cs has ʾa not ʾu 5 Any endingless Short form gets -u; in long V gets -na (Dual -ni); fp -na lengthened.
6 Any endingless Short form gets -a.
Imperative
ms rbb rābib
fs rbb rābibī
dual rbb rābibā
mp rbb rābibū
Participle
ms mrbb murābibu
fs mrbbt murābibatu
mp mrbbm murābibūma
fp mrbbt murābibātu
Infinitive
II=III: At a Glance with N, Š, and Minor Stems1111
Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive
G Stem rb rabba yrb yarub rb rub (act) rb rabbu rbt ribbatu
yrb yarubbu (ps) rbb rabūbu
N Stem nrb narabba
D Stem2222 yrbb yurabbib- rbb rabbib mrbb murabbibu
OR: L Stem yurābib- rābib murābibu
Š Stem šrb šaribba yšrbb yašarbib-
Gp Stem yrb yurabb-
Dp Stem yrbb yarabbab- mrbb murabbabu
OR: Lp Stem yarābab- murābabu
tD Stem ytrbb yatarabbib-
OR: tL Stem yatarābib-
Quadrilateral Verbs
Prefix Conj
R Stem ykrkr yakarkiru/yukarkiru
1 Not infrequently, this class of verbs is treated like the strong verb, with both radicals written in the text; this paradigm will only treat the “irregular” forms. 2 With this class of verbs, it is not clear whether the stem would be D, with a doubling of C2, or L, with a lengthening of the vowel after C1.
G Stem: At a Glance
Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Act Participle Ps Participle Infinitive
Strong1111 qṭl qaṭala yqṭl yaqṭul- qṭl quṭul qṭl qāṭilu qṭl qaṭūlu qṭl qaṭālu
i-Stative kbd kabida ykbd yikbad- kbd kabad kbd kābidu kbd kabūdu kbd kabādu
u-Stative qṭn qaṭuna yqṭn yaqṭan- qṭn qaṭan qṭn qāṭinu qṭn qaṭūnu qṭn qaṭānu
II-Gutt mḫṣ maḫaṣa ymḫṣ yimḫaṣ- mḫṣ maḫaṣ mḫṣ māḫiṣu mḫṣ maḫūṣu mḫṣ maḫāṣu
III-Gutt šlḥ šalaḥa yšlḥ yišlaḥ- šlḥ šalaḥ šlḥ māḫiṣu šlḥ maḫūṣu šlḥ maḫāṣu
I-N npl napala ypl yappul- pl pul npl nāpilu npl napūlu npl napālu
I-Y yrd yarada yrd yarid- rd rid yrd yāridu mrd môrūdu yrd yarādu
or rdt ridatu
II-WQWM qm qâma2 yqm yaqūm-3 qm qum qm qâmu4 qm qûmu
II-YSYR šr šâra yšr yašīr- šr šir šr šâru šr šîru
II-WBWT bṯ bâṯa ybṯ yabāṯ- bṯ baṯ bṯ bâṯu bṯ bâṯu
III-Y bny banaya ybn yabnî bn banî bny bāniyu bny banūyu bny banāyu
bnt banêta5 ybny yabniyu bny baniya bn banâ
II=III rb rabba yrb yarub- rb rub rb rabbu rbb rabūbu rbt ribbatu
1 This includes I-Guttural verbs, which are fully strong in Ugaritic. 2 Contracted from a presumed *qayama/qawama. 3 ū lengthened to compensate for the loss of w; Sivan argues (154) that those forms without vocalic endings would have u: yaqum instead of yaqūm. 4 Perhaps contracted from *qāwimu? 5 Contracted from *banayta; the form could be banîta < *baniyta (cf. BH בנית)
N Stem: At a Glance
Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive
Strong1111 nqṭl naqṭala yqṭl yiqqaṭil- nqṭl naqṭalu nqṭl naqṭalu
I-N npl nappala ynpl yinnapil-
I-Y nrd nôrada2
II-Y/W
III-Y nbny nabnaya3 ynbny yinbaniyu4
II=III nrb narabba
1 This includes I-Guttural, II-Guttural, III-Guttural verbs and statives, which are fully strong in the N Stem. 2 Only one form is attested: ntn ntn ntn ntn nêtana/nôtana. The yyyy contracts, based on whether the verb was I-Y or I-W in Proto Semitic: I-y forms are ê < *ay, while I-W forms are ô < *aw. 3 The 2ms would presumably be nbnt nbnt nbnt nbnt nabnêta (cf. BH נבנית). 4 In the only occurrence of an N prefixed form (ynphy ynphy ynphy ynphy yinpahiyu) the n does not assimilate, unexpectedly.
D/L/R Stems: At a Glance
Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive
Strong:1111 D qṭl qaṭṭila yqṭl yuqaṭṭil-2 qṭl qaṭṭil mqṭl muqaṭṭilu qṭl quṭṭalu
I-Y: D wrd warrida ywrd yuwarrid-214
II-Y: L qmm qāmima yqmm yuqāmim-214qmm qāmim
III-Y: D bny banniya ybn yubannî 214 mbny mubanniyu bn bunnû
bnt bannîta ybny yubanniyu 214
II=III: D yrbb yurabbib-214 rbb rabbib mrbb murabbibu
OR: L yurābib-214 rābib murābibu
Quad: R ykrkr yakarkir-214
1 This includes I-Guttural, II-Guttural, III-Guttural, I-N verbs and statives, which are fully strong in the D Stem. 2 The preformative vowel can be either u or a.
Š Stem: At a Glance
Suffix Conj Prefix Conj Imperative Participle Infinitive
Strong1111 šqṭl šaqṭila yšqṭl yušaqṭil-2 šqṭl šaqṭil mšqṭl mušaqṭilu šqṭl šuqṭalu
I-N špl šappila
I-Y šrd šôrida yšrd yušôrid-214 šrd šôrid mšrd mušôridu šrd šûradu
II-Y/W šqm šaqīma yšqm yušaqīm-214 šqm šaqim
III-Y šbny šabniya yšbn yušabnî 214(fs) šbny šabniyī
šbnt šabnîta yšbny yušabniyu 214
II=III šrb šaribba yšrbb yašarbib-214
1 This includes I-Guttural, II-Guttural, III-Guttural verbs, statives, and HLQHLQHLQHLQ which are fully strong in the Š Stem. 2 The preformative vowel can be either u or a.